superior performance. powerful technology.
SuperPower Inc. is a subsidiary of Furukawa Electric Co. Ltd.
WAMHTS-4 – Barcelona, Spain
2G HTS Wire Development at SuperPower
Drew W. Hazelton
February 16, 2017
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
Acknowledgements
• I would like to acknowledge the contributions of the all the members
of the SuperPower team, in particular….
– Yifei Zhang (electromechanical characterization)
– Ryusuke Nakasaki (pinning development)
– Aarthi Sundaram (30 mm development)
– Paul Brownsey (IcBT measurements)
– Gene Carota (MOCVD)
– Masayasu Kasahara (buffer development)
– Allan Knoll (post MOCVD)
2
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
2G HTS Tape Production
3
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
2G HTS wire production at SuperPowerIBAD-MOCVD based REBCO wire on Hastelloy substrate
4
• REBCO formulation:
– AP (Advanced Pinning) – with enhanced in-field performance for B//c,
targeting at coil applications such as high-field magnets, SMES,
motors/generators
– CF (Cable Formulation) – for cables, transformers, FCL
• Ic(77K, s.f.)/12mm = 400-600A, piece length = up to 500m.
• Variations in width (2-12mm), substrate thickness (30, 50 or 100µm)
Ag thickness (1-5µm), Cu thickness (10-115µm), and insulation
• Bonding conductors : 2x2mm, 2x4mm, 2x12mm (face to face / back to back )
Cross-sectional image of a Cu-plated wire
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
2G HTS wire has been produced since 2006
Continuous improvements introduced into processing
MOCVDSubstrate Electropolishing
Buffer Sputtering
IBAD
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
Conductor development areas
• Manufacturing improvements are a current focus area
– Longer uniform piece lengths
– Run-to-run repeatability
– Tightening process windows
– Improving process hardware
– Maximizing yield
• Enhancing understanding of pinning optimization for operating conditions (4K/high field, 20-50K/2-5 T, 65-77K, lower fields)
– Artificial pinning centers (BZO, others)
– Process control (temperature, growth rate, precursor delivery, etc….)
• Maximizing Je
– Thinner substrates
– Thicker films
6
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
Ic performance of production enhanced A.P.
wire at 77K/s.f
7
• Magnetic, non-contact measurement
• High special resolution, high speed, reel-to-reel
• Monitoring Ic at multiple production points after MOCVD
• Capable of quantitative 2D uniformity inspection
0m 300m 500m400m200m100m
200A
400A
600A
12mmW
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
Ic performance of enhanced A.P wire at 77K/s.f
8
• Transport measurement by every 5m, with 40µm copper.
• Extend the piece length up to 500m
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 100 200 300 400 500
Ic [
A]
at 4
mm
Piece length [m]
500m /4mmW
Ic : production A Ic : production B n-value : production A n-value : production B
1 µV/cm
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
1
10
100
1000
1 10
Ic [
A]
at
4m
mW
B [T]
77.3K
65K
30K
20K
10K
4.2K
Performance of enhanced A.P wire (7.5% Zr)
9
B//c 4mm
• Enhanced A.P wire shows high in-field performance
Measured by Tohoku University
Ic = 190.9A at 77K
Production Wire
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
High field IcBT data on 7.5% Zr doped sample
10
M4-288-6
Measured at Tohoku Univ
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
IcBT typical data – enhanced AP
11
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
2G HTS Tape R&D
• Pinning
• Thick film
• Thinner substrates
12
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
TEM analysis for enhanced Zr doping
13
Zr = 7.5%
Size : 4.4~6.2nm
Distance: 20.8~26.8nm
Zr = 11.5%
Size : 4.4~5.6nm
Distance: 16~20.7nm
Zr = 15%
Size : 4.4~5.6nm
Distance: 12.8~18.3nm
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
0.1 1 10
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400 M3-1176-4 N1
M3-1176-4 N2
M3-1176-4 N3
M3-1176-4 N1new
M3-1211-5 N1
M3-1211-5 N2
M3-1211-5 N3
M3-1211-5 N1new
M3-1216-2 N4
M3-1216-2 N7
M3-1216-2 N8
M3-1216-2 N3new
M3-1216-2 N4new
M3-1216-4 N4
M3-1216-4 N5
M3-1216-4 N1new
M3-1216-4 N2new
M3-1216-4 N1a
M3-1216-4 N2
SP215
M3-1216-2 HFI c(B
), A
B, T
Below ≈2T 15% Zr tape has lower Ic than 7.5% Zr production line
tape
Combination of Ic(B,4K) measured in resistive and superconducting magnets
7.5% Zr,
production line
(M3-1211-5)
7.5% Zr,
production
line
(M3-1176)
7.5% Zr,
R&D (M3-
1216-2)
15% Zr, R&D
(M3-1216-4)
Highest Jc tape
from purchased
for 32T project
2
0
3
0
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
R&D tapes with Zr=15%
15
2-1
2-3
M3-1166-10
A.P. type with 15%
M3-1216-4
High-mag type with 15%
1-1
1-3
1-4
Vertical BZO nano-rods with additional horizontal REOx growths
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
Production line 7.5%
Zr
(M3-1211-5)
7.5% Zr R&D
(M3-1216-2)
15% Zr, R&D
(M3-1216-4)
Production line 7.5%
Zr
(M3-1176-4)
ReBCO surface of R&D tapes are free from a-axis grains and
CuO grains
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 2000
100
200
300
400
500I c
(4.2
K, 1
5T
, B
IIc),
A
Ic(77K, SF), A
15% Zr,
R&D
7.5% Zr, R&D
7.5% Zr,
production 7.5% Zr,
production
Run Number Tape Lift Factor
M3-1216-4 15% Zr R&D 8.76
M3-1216-2 7.5% Zr, R&D 4.72
M3-1176-4
7.5% Zr, Production
line 3.06
M3-1211-5
7.5% Zr, Production
line 1.64
Very different lift factors for compared tapesInterpretation: Additional pinning centers are not effective at 77K,
SF
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
Thick film development progressing
18
Applied Field (T) Ic (A) – 4 mmW
5 1408
8 989
10 835
12 729
15 615
17 561
All B//c
R&D M4-364-2
Zr 7.5%, high mag
2.7 mm thick REBCO film
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Ic [
A]
at 4
.1K
/17
T
Film thickness [um]
R&D
Production
High-mag 7.5%
1 pass
2 pass
3 pass
5 pass
~0.6 mm
~1.25 mm
~1.75 mm
~2.6 mm
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
Development progress of 30µm substrate
19
• Base performance of 30µm substrates are comparable to 50µm.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
I c(A
) /
N-v
alu
e
Tape Length (m)
SCS4030, Ic SCS3030, Ic SCS2030, Ic
SCS4030, n-value SCS3030, n-value SCS2030, n-value
SCS2030, 75 A
SCS3030, 110A
SCS4030, 144 A
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
Electropolishing, buffer and MOCVD deposition
parameters of 30 mm Hastelloy C276 substrate
developed
20
AFM 5 x 5 um scan obtained from 30 um
thick electropolished Hastelloy C-276.
(a) In-plane texture and (b) (110) pole figure of LMO
buffered IBAD MgO template on 30 um substrate.
(103) Pole figure of
REBCO film with 7.5% Zr
deposited on IBAD MgO
template on 30 µm
substrate.
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
Improved Je demonstrated with 30 mm tapes
21
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 30
30
40
50
60
708090
100
200
300
400
500 SP-215, 50 um substrate
M4-337-2, 30 um substrate
Je (
B,
4.2
K),
kA
/cm
2
B, T
Engineering current
density at 4.2 K vs.
applied field for 30
um and 50 um
ReBCO tapes with
7.5% Zr
Measured at NHMFL
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
16 superpower tapes wound helically• Copper core: 2.2 mm diameter• 2 mm wide tapes with 30 μm substrate• 6 mm twist pitch with partially transposed
tapes for low AC loss • Wire outer diameter: 3 mm• Terminal diameter: 6.35 mm• Nominal wire Ic: > 1,000 A (77 K)
Applications• High field magnets• Accelerator magnets• Fusion magnets• High power density transmission
Value desired for
high-field research
magnets
Value desired for
accelerator magnets
such as CCT dipoles
High magnetic field critical current density obtainable by increasing wire diameter and decreasing substrate thickness
CORC®
Robust, Flexible, Compact.
CORC®
CORC® wires using SuperPower tapes
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
Prototyping of quasi-Rutherford style cable
structure
• 8x 30 mm substrate x
2mm wide tapes
wrapped around 14
mm x 2 mm core (1
mm radius) without Ic
degradation.
• Thinner substrates and
narrower tapes will
enable smaller, more
flexible core.
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
2G HTS Tape electromechanical
characterization
24
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
Studies on mechanical/electromechanical properties
• Mechanical behaviors under various stress conditions at RT and/or 77K
• Electromechanical testing for stress (strain) dependence of Ic at 77K
• Electromechanical strength determined by critical stress with 95% Ic retention
25
Axial tensile
RT or 77K w/ Ic
Transverse tensile
Stud method
RT or 77K w/ Ic
Fixture for mechanical/electromechanical testingNormalized Ic vs. axial tensile stress for
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017 26
Studies on mechanical/electromechanical properties
Transverse tensile
Pin-pull method
RT
Transverse tensile
Anvil method
RT or 77K Weibull analysis results – anvil test
90 Peel test, RT
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017 27
Electromechanical property - Ic under tension at 77K
New Process
550MPa
Ic/Ic(0)=0.95
A.P
Enhanced A.P
SCS12050 with 40µm copper
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017 28
Stress-strain relationship curves of four different SCS4050 wires. The critical
strain and irreversible strain as well as the corresponding critical stress and
irreversible stress illustrate the dependence and independence of these
properties on the Cu stabilizer thickness.
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017
Summary
29
• Strong focus on processing to improve uniformity, repeatability, piece lengths and yield.
• Maximize current capacity while developing next generation equipment
– When is the time to pull the trigger?
• Enhance performance parameters for developing operating spaces
– Thinner substrates
– Thicker films
– Optimized pinning
• Continue to improve mechanical properties
– Delamination mitigation
– Ic (e)
WAMHTS-4 Barcelona Spain 16 February, 2017All Rights Reserved. Copyright SuperPower® Inc. 2017 30
END
superior performance. powerful technology.
Thank you for your attention
http://www.superpower-inc.com/
SuperPower Inc. 450 Duane Ave. Schenectady, NY 12304 USA
Tel: (518) 346-1414
Fax: (518) 346-6080
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