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ABSTRACT:
Today's crisis in the field of energy
supplies, environmental control, population
increase, poverty and shortage of food and
materials are closely interrelated. It is
gradually realized that they demand a
holistic, systematic and integrated approach
to deal with. Now we see that a 5 % yearly
increase in the use of energy not only points
to fuel depletion, but is also a main cause for
increase in pollution level and related
disasters. Too many ambitious single
purpose plans are made with little or no
regard to the interdependent short and long
term socialeconomic and environmental
effects, which has caused concern over the
arising global environmental issues.
The present paper highlights the
perspectives and some issues related tointegrated renewable energy system. Though
the global issues related to renewable energy
are discussed here, the paper concentrates on
the issues, which are more directly related to
developing country li!e India. "#tensive
survey has been carried out in $olar a dry
district in $arnata!a &tate so as to cover
domestic, agricultural and industrial sector
to !now their energy related details. The
study shows that bio energy caters about
()% of the domestic energy needs. This
study shows that the present use pattern is
nonsustainable and planning of regional
energy lac!s integrated approach. Thus,
even though the bioenergy is a renewable
resource, because of vast gap between rate
of consumption and rate of regeneration has
led to unsustainability. The factors, which
directly and indirectly affect the use and
promotion of energy sources in the area, are
discussed in detail.
INTRODUCTION:
"ver since *+- oil crises, many
countries have ustifiably maintained an
abiding interest in renewable energy sources
and as a result many renewable energy
programs were developed. &ince then,
research and development in the field were
more promising and reliable. /ain
advantage of renewable energy is that its
main ingredient is renewable and it plays
crucial role in meeting environmental
standards by combating global warming and
other threats. 0t the current rate of energy
consumption, the limited reserves of coal,
oil, and gas may last only for *+, )1, and
52 years respectively. 3ur forests on theother hand are declining due to many
reasons and recent studies show that
firewood demand is not the only reason for
forest degradation, though it contributes
significantly. "nvironmental health of our
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planet is degrading and it is losing its
ecological balance. 4limate change, ozone
depletion, acid rain, global warming, loss of
biodiversity are some of the threats to be
tac!led if planet earth has to survive for long
time. "nergy issues are the focus of all these
threats and therefore it needs special
attention. enewable energy sources
promise to meet all the challenges, so as to
attain the sustainable development.
The principle types of renewable
energies available today are6
&olar energy
7ydro power
8ind power
9iomass energy
/unicipal waste
Industrial waste
8ave energy
Tidal power :eo thermal energy
0ll the above renewable could ma!e a maor
contribution to meet the present energy
needs.
1. SOLAR ENERGY:
1. SOLAR ENERGY6
"nergy from sun. The sun gives out
-. ; *1uivalent
to*. ; *1ual to the
world energy consumption during a year.
?hotovoltaic ?@ panels use silicon cells,
which transform solar radiation into direct
current. The energy is used simultaneously
for e#ample to pump water or is stored in
batteries to provide electricity. &olar energy
can also be used to coo! food by trapping
and concentrating the sun's heat in a coo!er,
and to heat water or to generate steam
which, in turn, can be utilized for
mechanical applications. This is usually
done by flat plate collectors which are
e#posing a large thin surface, containing ali>uid, to the sun. The sun's heat can be
intensified with lenses and mirrors and
stored in salts and stones. &olar energy is
still not viable on economic front to many
2
The five renewable sources used most often include
*. &olar energy
=. 8ater energy
-. 8ind energy
). :eothermal energy
5. 9iomass energy
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developing countries therefore its use is
promoted by various agencies. The 8orld
9an! has a program to install home lighting
system in =11,111 homes to Indonesia. 3f
the =11 million Indonesian, 21 million
people still rely on !erosene for lighting.
The Aominican epublic is
another e#ample of growing rural ?@
mar!et. 4urrently there are five N:3's
providing revolving credits for the purchase
of B)11 to B(11 solar home systems. Capan
is providing generous subsidy for roof top
solar power system, which has led to solar
boom. 0bout +)11 solar home systems were
installed in *++ and the number is e#pected
to reach 1111 mar! by the year =111.
"urope and D& have launched ambitious
solar power program. "ach has announced a
million roof initiatives to boost the domestic
system mar!et. 0round the world there are
many proects utilizing ?@ in such diverse
climates, cultures and economies as
:ermany, with =11 homes, the D&
Aepartment of "nergy sponsoring a rural
electrification proect in 9razil for 511,111
homes. There are *11,111 families in rural
developing countries of Aominican
epublic, $enya, &ri Ean!a and Fimbabwe,
all using ?@
India also is ma!ing its mar!
in solar energy development and use. India
lies in the sunny regions of the world. /ost
part of the country receives ) to !8h of
solar radiation per s>uare meter per day,
with =51 to -11 sunny days in a year. This
ma!es India potential area in solar energy.
0s a result solar energy development is seen
all over the country. 0uroville ?ondicherry
has successfully tried solar energy options.
0s a result there are more than *11 houses
fully e>uipped with ?@ panels and -5
houses using solar power in conunction
with a Tamil Nadu "lectricity 9oard grid
connection. /ost of the ?@ panels are
manufactured in India. These panels are
used for home lighting systems, solar
pumping for drin!ing water and agriculture,
and solar hybrid power systems. The solar
power program see!s to produce grid >uality
power using solar thermal and solar
photovoltaic technologies. 0 *)1 /8
capacity solar thermal power proect is
coming up in aasthan as a centrally
assisted proect. In the solar photovoltaic
power program, ** proects with anaggregate installed capacity of (*1 /8 are
now functioning satisfactorily. The main
problem with solar power is that it has not
yet reached the stage of commercial
viability. 9ut with :ovt. initiatives and3
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subsidy it can be brought in commercialize.
&"EG &olar "lectric Eight Gund,
Inc. operates a rural solar enterprise in
$arnata!a, which provides solar services to
rural households, and arrange financing and
leasing of solar electric system.
2. WATER ENERGY:
7ydropower is a wellestablished
technology, which has been producing firmpower at competitive price for about a
century. It is the principal source of electric
power in some -1 countries, and provides
about one fifth of the world's annual
electrical supply. Its power stations include
some of the largest artificial structures in the
world. The dams, which are
constructed during the process, are
considered as most vulnerable because much
of the forests and fertile soil is lost under the
dam spread. Therefore, recent development
in hydropower concentrates on smaller
proects. The classification of hydropower
is6 /icro H*11 !8, mini H up to 5/8
and small hydro about 5-1 /8. 3nly
*1% of the developing countries' potential
has been e#ploited so far. )JIndia has large
hydroelectric resource with an estimated
potential of (),111 /8 at 21% load factor.
/uch of this large potential is yet to be
tapped. 8orlds' undeveloped potential has
been estimated at *.5= million /8. Nearly
=1,111 /8 of hydropower is being added
every year and most of this is ta!ing place in
0sia.
The potential energy of falling water,
captured and converted to mechanical
energy by waterwheels, powered the start of
the Industrial evolution. The water wheel
gave way to the water turbine. This device
uses ets of water to spin the cup shaped
blades of the turbine which drives an
alternator, generating electricity.
How hydro power work:
Dnderstanding the water cycle is important
to Dnderstanding hydropower.
&olar energy heats water on the
surface, causing it to evaporate.
This water vapor condenses into
clouds and falls bac! onto the
surface as precipitation.
The water flows through rivers bac!
into the oceans, where it can
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evaporate K begin the cycle over
again.
.WIND ENERGY:
7arnessing wind energy was one ofmanLs earliest achievements. 8inds results
from differential heating of the earth and its
atmosphere by the sun and are subected to
several forces altering their direction and
speed of flow. The flow of wind through the
surface of wind turbines, these wind
turbines capture the !inetic energy and
convert it into electrical energy in the form
of electricity.
WIND !ILLS
/ore than =111 wind turbines are
in use around the world for generating
electricity, and over a million for pumping
water. 0lthough e#perimental wind turbines
up to several megawatts in size have been
built, the optimum size currently appears to
be around -11511 !ilowatt. There are many
areas in the world in which wind energy is
plentiful. It is a pollution free means of
generating electricity on a potentially
significant scale that is attracting most
current interest in the subect. 8ind
resources in the developing countries are
sufficient to produce thousands of
megawatts of power in 0sia and Eatin
0merica. It is especially strong along coasts,
8estern 4hina, parts of India, northeast and
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&outh 9razil, the 0ndes and North 0frica.
The wind energy potential in the D$ can
supply all the electricity needs of all 8estern
"urope. The progress in wind power
generation has earned India recognition as a
M8orld &uperpowerM in the state of the
world *++( eport of the 8orld watch
Institute. 0ccording to mid(1s estimates the
wind power potential of India is around
=1,111 /8. The installed capacity of the
grid >uality power generation has reached
*,-11 and the ninth plan aims at the addition
of -111 /8. This shows remar!able
progress India made in wind power sector.
Grom 0uroville's foundation in *+2(, the
absence of ade>uate electrical connections
provided the motivation to start wor! on
pumping water with wind energy. In *++,
the first prototype highoutput windmill was
designed in 0urovilleLs, which later led to
new models being designed and constructed.
". GEOTHER!AL ENERGY:
The earthLs core consists of hot
lava generates heat. In some places earthLs
crust is very thin layer and transfers heat to
underground water. In this case the
underground water gets boiled and comes
out with high pressure from these
evaporation can be collected used to turn the
turbines to produce electricity. India has
nearly =51 geothermal sources (1 at
7imalaya, *1 at ?eninsula. It is available
at free of cost and environmental pollution is
very less.
This is the energy which lies embedded
within the earth. The geothermal energy has
great potential and is already being
commercialized in some developed
countries. 0t present end of*++5 about
*511/8 of power is being generated in the
world from geothermal source. :eothermal
over growth rate is accelerating, as more and
more countries are e#ploring and evaluating
their courses of earth heat. In India
.:eothermal power plant of */8 using hot
spring
0t puga valley in lada!h is in progress .the
further investigation in this area are
continued. The potential power at puga is
estimated to be 5/8 .9esides, the state of
7imachal ?radesh eported to posses
geothermal energy in e#ploitable
amount.D&0, Italy new Fealand Indonesia
and D&& have also entered in the field ofgeothermal ?ower generation .0 -11/8
!amoang geothermal power station first of
its !ind Indonesia .7as been completed and
presently operating successfully.
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critical role. In this conte#t it is necessary
that the regional planning e#ercises
formulate policies to develop sustainable
bioenergy systems consistent with the
obectives of ecodevelopment and
environmental conservation.
Aomestic activities such as coo!ing and
water heating are the maor thrust areas,
where energy consumption in the form of
bioresource is more in rural areas.
Technological advancement fortunately
made way for cleaner energies such as
biogas, electricity from biomass even in
remote rural region. 3f all renewable, non
conventional energy programs, biogas
program in India is considered as a
successful one, but only *1% of the
available potential is harnessed so far.
B+o%() S*(*,):
9iogas Dsage6 9iogas can be used for many
purposes, mainly for coo!ing and lighting in
rural area. 9iogas can be burned with a gas
mantle or can be converted to electricity,
using a dual mode engine. The per capita
re>uirement of gas for coo!ing is in the
range 1.-)1.)- m-Oday efficiency of a
standard burner is about 21%. The gas
re>uirement to generate one unit of
electricity !8h is about 1.5) m-. The
calorific value of m- of gas is about )*-
!cals.
B+o%() -o*e$*+(:/ Girewood is a primary
energy source and much of the world still
relies on firewood for domestic and
industrial energy need.
/uch of the estimated potential is yet to be
tapped. Aevelopment of renewable energy
needs proper planning strategies. &upply and
service networ! is the bac!bone of success
to any technology, which should ta!en into
consideration while formulating policies for
energy issues. Integrated approach in energy
planning is the !ey for sustainable
development. /any factors affect
technology progress and use. The maor
being :overnment intervention in promotion
and development.
CONCLUSION
enewable energy sources include the sun,
wind, water, geothermal energy and
biomass.These renewable sources are all
natural occurring elements. If these sources
are utilized properly we can able to produce
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energy in large scale without disturbing
earthLs nature and not ma!ing pollution.
RE0ERENCES:
1. ?rinciples of ?ower systems by
@.$./"7T70 K37IT /"7T70
&.470NA K43/?0NP ETA.2. "lectrical ?ower systems by
4.E.80A780New 0ge International
? ltd.A/", "s!om,4&I,
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