29122012191644-renewable-energy

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ABSTRACT:

Today's crisis in the field of energy

supplies, environmental control, population

increase, poverty and shortage of food and

materials are closely interrelated. It is

gradually realized that they demand a

holistic, systematic and integrated approach

to deal with. Now we see that a 5 % yearly

increase in the use of energy not only points

to fuel depletion, but is also a main cause for

increase in pollution level and related

disasters. Too many ambitious single

purpose plans are made with little or no

regard to the interdependent short and long

term socialeconomic and environmental

effects, which has caused concern over the

arising global environmental issues.

The present paper highlights the

perspectives and some issues related tointegrated renewable energy system. Though

the global issues related to renewable energy

are discussed here, the paper concentrates on

the issues, which are more directly related to

developing country li!e India. "#tensive

survey has been carried out in $olar a dry

district in $arnata!a &tate so as to cover

domestic, agricultural and industrial sector

to !now their energy related details. The

study shows that bio energy caters about

()% of the domestic energy needs. This

study shows that the present use pattern is

nonsustainable and planning of regional

energy lac!s integrated approach. Thus,

even though the bioenergy is a renewable

resource, because of vast gap between rate

of consumption and rate of regeneration has

led to unsustainability. The factors, which

directly and indirectly affect the use and

promotion of energy sources in the area, are

discussed in detail.

INTRODUCTION:

"ver since *+- oil crises, many

countries have ustifiably maintained an

abiding interest in renewable energy sources

and as a result many renewable energy

programs were developed. &ince then,

research and development in the field were

more promising and reliable. /ain

advantage of renewable energy is that its

main ingredient is renewable and it plays

crucial role in meeting environmental

standards by combating global warming and

other threats. 0t the current rate of energy

consumption, the limited reserves of coal,

oil, and gas may last only for *+, )1, and

52 years respectively. 3ur forests on theother hand are declining due to many

reasons and recent studies show that

firewood demand is not the only reason for

forest degradation, though it contributes

significantly. "nvironmental health of our

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planet is degrading and it is losing its

ecological balance. 4limate change, ozone

depletion, acid rain, global warming, loss of

biodiversity are some of the threats to be

tac!led if planet earth has to survive for long

time. "nergy issues are the focus of all these

threats and therefore it needs special

attention. enewable energy sources

promise to meet all the challenges, so as to

attain the sustainable development.

The principle types of renewable

energies available today are6

&olar energy

7ydro power

8ind power

9iomass energy

/unicipal waste

Industrial waste

8ave energy

Tidal power :eo thermal energy

0ll the above renewable could ma!e a maor

contribution to meet the present energy

needs.

1. SOLAR ENERGY:

1. SOLAR ENERGY6

"nergy from sun. The sun gives out

-. ; *1uivalent

to*. ; *1ual to the

world energy consumption during a year.

?hotovoltaic ?@ panels use silicon cells,

which transform solar radiation into direct

current. The energy is used simultaneously

for e#ample to pump water or is stored in

batteries to provide electricity. &olar energy

can also be used to coo! food by trapping

and concentrating the sun's heat in a coo!er,

and to heat water or to generate steam

which, in turn, can be utilized for

mechanical applications. This is usually

done by flat plate collectors which are

e#posing a large thin surface, containing ali>uid, to the sun. The sun's heat can be

intensified with lenses and mirrors and

stored in salts and stones. &olar energy is

still not viable on economic front to many

2

The five renewable sources used most often include

*. &olar energy

=. 8ater energy

-. 8ind energy

). :eothermal energy

5. 9iomass energy


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developing countries therefore its use is

promoted by various agencies. The 8orld

9an! has a program to install home lighting

system in =11,111 homes to Indonesia. 3f

the =11 million Indonesian, 21 million

people still rely on !erosene for lighting.

The Aominican epublic is

another e#ample of growing rural ?@

mar!et. 4urrently there are five N:3's

providing revolving credits for the purchase

of B)11 to B(11 solar home systems. Capan

is providing generous subsidy for roof top

solar power system, which has led to solar

boom. 0bout +)11 solar home systems were

installed in *++ and the number is e#pected

to reach 1111 mar! by the year =111.

"urope and D& have launched ambitious

solar power program. "ach has announced a

million roof initiatives to boost the domestic

system mar!et. 0round the world there are

many proects utilizing ?@ in such diverse

climates, cultures and economies as

:ermany, with =11 homes, the D&

Aepartment of "nergy sponsoring a rural

electrification proect in 9razil for 511,111

homes. There are *11,111 families in rural

developing countries of Aominican

epublic, $enya, &ri Ean!a and Fimbabwe,

all using ?@

India also is ma!ing its mar!

in solar energy development and use. India

lies in the sunny regions of the world. /ost

part of the country receives ) to !8h of

solar radiation per s>uare meter per day,

with =51 to -11 sunny days in a year. This

ma!es India potential area in solar energy.

0s a result solar energy development is seen

all over the country. 0uroville ?ondicherry

has successfully tried solar energy options.

0s a result there are more than *11 houses

fully e>uipped with ?@ panels and -5

houses using solar power in conunction

with a Tamil Nadu "lectricity 9oard grid

connection. /ost of the ?@ panels are

manufactured in India. These panels are

used for home lighting systems, solar

pumping for drin!ing water and agriculture,

and solar hybrid power systems. The solar

power program see!s to produce grid >uality

power using solar thermal and solar

photovoltaic technologies. 0 *)1 /8

capacity solar thermal power proect is

coming up in aasthan as a centrally

assisted proect. In the solar photovoltaic

power program, ** proects with anaggregate installed capacity of (*1 /8 are

now functioning satisfactorily. The main

problem with solar power is that it has not

yet reached the stage of commercial

viability. 9ut with :ovt. initiatives and3


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subsidy it can be brought in commercialize.

&"EG &olar "lectric Eight Gund,

Inc. operates a rural solar enterprise in

$arnata!a, which provides solar services to

rural households, and arrange financing and

leasing of solar electric system.

2. WATER ENERGY:

7ydropower is a wellestablished

technology, which has been producing firmpower at competitive price for about a

century. It is the principal source of electric

power in some -1 countries, and provides

about one fifth of the world's annual

electrical supply. Its power stations include

some of the largest artificial structures in the

world. The dams, which are

constructed during the process, are

considered as most vulnerable because much

of the forests and fertile soil is lost under the

dam spread. Therefore, recent development

in hydropower concentrates on smaller

proects. The classification of hydropower

is6 /icro H*11 !8, mini H up to 5/8

and small hydro about 5-1 /8. 3nly

*1% of the developing countries' potential

has been e#ploited so far. )JIndia has large

hydroelectric resource with an estimated

potential of (),111 /8 at 21% load factor.

/uch of this large potential is yet to be

tapped. 8orlds' undeveloped potential has

been estimated at *.5= million /8. Nearly

=1,111 /8 of hydropower is being added

every year and most of this is ta!ing place in

0sia.

The potential energy of falling water,

captured and converted to mechanical

energy by waterwheels, powered the start of

the Industrial evolution. The water wheel

gave way to the water turbine. This device

uses ets of water to spin the cup shaped

blades of the turbine which drives an

alternator, generating electricity.

How hydro power work:

Dnderstanding the water cycle is important

to Dnderstanding hydropower.

&olar energy heats water on the

surface, causing it to evaporate.

This water vapor condenses into

clouds and falls bac! onto the

surface as precipitation.

The water flows through rivers bac!

into the oceans, where it can

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evaporate K begin the cycle over

again.

.WIND ENERGY:

7arnessing wind energy was one ofmanLs earliest achievements. 8inds results

from differential heating of the earth and its

atmosphere by the sun and are subected to

several forces altering their direction and

speed of flow. The flow of wind through the

surface of wind turbines, these wind

turbines capture the !inetic energy and

convert it into electrical energy in the form

of electricity.

WIND !ILLS

/ore than =111 wind turbines are

in use around the world for generating

electricity, and over a million for pumping

water. 0lthough e#perimental wind turbines

up to several megawatts in size have been

built, the optimum size currently appears to

be around -11511 !ilowatt. There are many

areas in the world in which wind energy is

plentiful. It is a pollution free means of

generating electricity on a potentially

significant scale that is attracting most

current interest in the subect. 8ind

resources in the developing countries are

sufficient to produce thousands of

megawatts of power in 0sia and Eatin

0merica. It is especially strong along coasts,

8estern 4hina, parts of India, northeast and

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&outh 9razil, the 0ndes and North 0frica.

The wind energy potential in the D$ can

supply all the electricity needs of all 8estern

"urope. The progress in wind power

generation has earned India recognition as a

M8orld &uperpowerM in the state of the

world *++( eport of the 8orld watch

Institute. 0ccording to mid(1s estimates the

wind power potential of India is around

=1,111 /8. The installed capacity of the

grid >uality power generation has reached

*,-11 and the ninth plan aims at the addition

of -111 /8. This shows remar!able

progress India made in wind power sector.

Grom 0uroville's foundation in *+2(, the

absence of ade>uate electrical connections

provided the motivation to start wor! on

pumping water with wind energy. In *++,

the first prototype highoutput windmill was

designed in 0urovilleLs, which later led to

new models being designed and constructed.

". GEOTHER!AL ENERGY:

The earthLs core consists of hot

lava generates heat. In some places earthLs

crust is very thin layer and transfers heat to

underground water. In this case the

underground water gets boiled and comes

out with high pressure from these

evaporation can be collected used to turn the

turbines to produce electricity. India has

nearly =51 geothermal sources (1 at

7imalaya, *1 at ?eninsula. It is available

at free of cost and environmental pollution is

very less.

This is the energy which lies embedded

within the earth. The geothermal energy has

great potential and is already being

commercialized in some developed

countries. 0t present end of*++5 about

*511/8 of power is being generated in the

world from geothermal source. :eothermal

over growth rate is accelerating, as more and

more countries are e#ploring and evaluating

their courses of earth heat. In India

.:eothermal power plant of */8 using hot

spring

0t puga valley in lada!h is in progress .the

further investigation in this area are

continued. The potential power at puga is

estimated to be 5/8 .9esides, the state of

7imachal ?radesh eported to posses

geothermal energy in e#ploitable

amount.D&0, Italy new Fealand Indonesia

and D&& have also entered in the field ofgeothermal ?ower generation .0 -11/8

!amoang geothermal power station first of

its !ind Indonesia .7as been completed and

presently operating successfully.

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critical role. In this conte#t it is necessary

that the regional planning e#ercises

formulate policies to develop sustainable

bioenergy systems consistent with the

obectives of ecodevelopment and

environmental conservation.

Aomestic activities such as coo!ing and

water heating are the maor thrust areas,

where energy consumption in the form of

bioresource is more in rural areas.

Technological advancement fortunately

made way for cleaner energies such as

biogas, electricity from biomass even in

remote rural region. 3f all renewable, non

conventional energy programs, biogas

program in India is considered as a

successful one, but only *1% of the

available potential is harnessed so far.

B+o%() S*(*,):

9iogas Dsage6 9iogas can be used for many

purposes, mainly for coo!ing and lighting in

rural area. 9iogas can be burned with a gas

mantle or can be converted to electricity,

using a dual mode engine. The per capita

re>uirement of gas for coo!ing is in the

range 1.-)1.)- m-Oday efficiency of a

standard burner is about 21%. The gas

re>uirement to generate one unit of

electricity !8h is about 1.5) m-. The

calorific value of m- of gas is about )*-

!cals.

B+o%() -o*e$*+(:/ Girewood is a primary

energy source and much of the world still

relies on firewood for domestic and

industrial energy need.

/uch of the estimated potential is yet to be

tapped. Aevelopment of renewable energy

needs proper planning strategies. &upply and

service networ! is the bac!bone of success

to any technology, which should ta!en into

consideration while formulating policies for

energy issues. Integrated approach in energy

planning is the !ey for sustainable

development. /any factors affect

technology progress and use. The maor

being :overnment intervention in promotion

and development.

CONCLUSION

enewable energy sources include the sun,

wind, water, geothermal energy and

biomass.These renewable sources are all

natural occurring elements. If these sources

are utilized properly we can able to produce

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energy in large scale without disturbing

earthLs nature and not ma!ing pollution.

RE0ERENCES:

1. ?rinciples of ?ower systems by

@.$./"7T70 K37IT /"7T70

&.470NA K43/?0NP ETA.2. "lectrical ?ower systems by

4.E.80A780New 0ge International

? ltd.A/", "s!om,4&I,

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