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2013ATAGLANCE
SUCCESSFULCOMPLETIONOFTHEAUSTRALASIANLEGALHISTORY
PROJECT
In2013,theARCfundedAustralasianLegalHistoryProjectwascompleted.Thisinvolvedtheadditionofover30newdatabases.Australianhistoricallegislationandcaselawdatingbacktothefoundingofeachcolonycannowbeaccessedonline.
BillsandExplanatoryMemorandafromtheCommonwealth,NewSouthWalesandVictoriahavealsobeenadded.AustLIInowcontainsthemostcomprehensivecollectionofAustralianlegislationandcaselawfromthefoundingofthevariouscoloniesuntilatleast1950andsometimescompletelyuptodate.
AllHighCourtjudgmentsto1951cannowbedownloadedandprintedasPDFfacsimilesfromtheCommonwealthLawReports.Similarly,theauthorisedlawreportseriesofeachState(exceptQueensland)to1950arenowavailable.Someoftheguestsofhonouratthevariouslaunchesofthesedatabasesincluded:ChiefJusticeBathurst(NewSouthWales),ChiefJusticeKourakis(SouthAustralia),ChiefJusticeMartin(WesternAustralia)andChiefJusticeBlow(Tasmania).
Apositiveoutcomeofthehistoryprojectisthatithasledtoarenewedinterestinthedigitisationofspecialisedhistoricallegaldocuments.Forexample,asaresultofacollaborationbetweenAustLIIandcoalindustrystakeholders,AustLIIhasdigitisedandpublishedthedecisionsmadebytheCoalIndustryTribunalduringitsexistencefrom1947to1995.Papercopiesofthesedecisionsareextremelyrare.BycombiningvolumesobtainedfromtheCFMEUMiningDivision,membersoftheNSWMineralsCounciland,forsomedecisions,theonlyexistingmastercopyfromtheFairWork
Commission,AustLIIwasabletoscanandmakeavailablethecompletesetofdecisionsofthisimportanthistoricaltribunal.
INFRASTRUCTUREENHANCEMENTS
During2013,AustLIIacquiredsignificantnewcomputingandotherinfrastructure.Thisincludedspecialisedequipmenttoenablethedigitisationoflegalresourcesheldaspaperrecords.Inparticular,AustLIIisnowresourcedtomakedigitalcopiesofrareandvaluablelegaltextsinanautomatedandsafeway.Thesystemusesairtofanandgentlyturnthepagesofthebookyetisstillabletoproduceahighqualitydigitalscanatarateofover1,200pagesperhour.
AmajoradvanceinAustLII’sabilitytodeliverahighspeedreliableservicetoitsuserbasewasachievedwhenadirectconnectiontoAARNETbecameoperational.ThismeansthatAustLII’sserversarenowdirectlyconnectedtothemainnationalresearchinternetbackboneratherthanthroughintermediaryconnectionsmadeviaourhostuniversities.
TWONEWMAJORARCRESEARCHGRANTS
AustLIIwassuccessfulinsecuringathree‐yearAustralianResearchCouncil(ARC)IndustryLinkagegrantwithpartnersincludingtheHighCourtofAustralia,theFamilyCourtofAustralia,andtheFederalCircuitCourtofAustralia.Thepurposeoftheprojectistoresearchtheconceptsofauthorityandintegrityofprimarylegalsourcesinthecontextoffreeonlineaccess.
AustLIIalsoreceivedanARCLinkageInfrastructure,EquipmentandFacilities(LIEF)grantof$284,000withanadditionof$395,000fromindustrypartnerstoenhanceWorldLII’sInternationalLawLibrary.
AustralasianLegalInformationInstitute(AustLII)
AustLIIResearchCentreAjointfacilityofUTSandUNSWFacultiesofLaw
AustLIIFoundationLimitedACN:134717972ABN:41134717972
Level12,Building10,UTS235‐253JonesStUltimoNSW2007Australia
Tel: +61295144921 Fax: +61295144908Web: www.austlii.edu.au Email: [email protected]
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AUSTRALASIANLEGAL INFORMATIONINSTITUTE
2013YEAR IN REVIEW
CONTENTS
2013AtAGlance.............................................................................................................................................2
AustLIIFoundationLtdChair’sReport...................................................................................................4
AustLIICo‐Directors’Report.......................................................................................................................5
AboutAustLII....................................................................................................................................................6
Governance.......................................................................................................................................................8
ManagementandStaff................................................................................................................................10
AustralianDevelopments.........................................................................................................................12
NewDatabasesonAustLII....................................................................................................................................12 AustLIIUsage.................................................................................................................................................14
AustLII’sDatabaseUsageandMarketShare.................................................................................................14 AustLII’sMajorUsers..............................................................................................................................................15
InternationalSystemsandDevelopments..........................................................................................20
DatabasesSearchableThroughMulti‐LIISystems.....................................................................................20 InternationalSystemsUsage...............................................................................................................................21 DevelopmentsinIndividualSystems...............................................................................................................22 CollaborationswithotherLegalInformationInstitutes...........................................................................23 AustLIIinvolvementintheFreeAccesstoLawMovement....................................................................25
Research..........................................................................................................................................................26
ResearchandResearchInfrastructureGrants.............................................................................................26 ResearchPublicationsandPresentations......................................................................................................32 AustLIIResearchSeminarseries........................................................................................................................32
FoundationIncome.....................................................................................................................................34
ListofDonorsandResearchPartners..................................................................................................34
AustLIIFoundationLimitedAnnualReport.......................................................................................38
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AUSTLIIFOUNDATIONLTDCHAIR’SREPORT
2013hasbeenaveryproductiveyearfortheFoundation.IthasseenaverysignificantincreaseinthehistoricaldepthandcoverageofAustLII’scollectionsasaresultoftherapiddevelopmentoftheAustralasianLegalHistoryLibrary.Asaconsequence,AustLIIisnowamajorresourceforthestudyofAustralianhistory,inadditiontobeingAustralia’smostpopularsourceofcontemporarylegalinformation.Moreover,thecurrentARCfunded“AuthorityandIntegrity”oflegalmaterialsprojectcanonlyenhancethevalueandusefulnessofAustLII’slegalelectroniclibraryservicesinthenextfewyears
TheFoundation’sfinancialsituationhascontinuedtobesatisfactoryinthesensethattheinvestmentreturnsofouraccumulatedsurplushavecontinuedtoallowtheFoundationtorecordasmalloperatingsurplus.Whilethisissustainableintheshortterm,fortheFoundationtoflourishandimproveitscontributiontothecommunity,theFoundationwillneedtogrowitssourcesoffunding.TheBoardisactivelyconsideringanumberofoptionstoincreasethesustainabilityofthefundingneededforitsoperations.AsthetwentiethanniversaryofAustLIIin2015approaches,theBoardwilllooktoimplementarangeofstrategiestargetingthoseoptions.
TheBoardisgratefulforthesupportreceivedfromfederalandstategovernmentdepartmentsandagenciesandregulators.IttruststhatthegovernmentsofAustraliawillcontinuetofullyrecognisethevalueoftheservicestheAustLIIFoundationprovidestotheAustraliancommunity.Theseservicesinvolvefacilitatingaccesstojusticeaswellasprovidingaresourcethatallgovernmentdepartmentsandagenciescananddousefreelyandefficiently.
TheBoardandallAustLIIusersoweaparticulardebtofappreciationtothosewhocontributetothecontinuedmaintenanceoftheAustLIIservice–fromthelegalprofession,fromgeneralbusinessandindustry;fromcourtsandtribunals;andfromindividualsandthecommunityatlarge.
TheBoardisparticularlypleasedtoacknowledgetheveryhighlevelsofsupporttheFoundationhasreceivedduringtheyearfromthetwomemberuniversities,theUniversityofTechnology,SydneyandtheUniversityofNewSouthWales,aswellasmostotherAustralianuniversitylawschools.
TheBoardisalsoverypleasedtoreportthatduring2013themanagementandstaffofAustLIIhavecontinuedtoimproveboththequalityandtimelinessofAustLII’sservicesandquantityofaccessiblelegalmaterials.MoreovertheverysuccessfulimplementationofaInternSchemehasmateriallyimprovedAustLII’scapacitytoexploreanumberofareas,initiativesandopportunitiesthatwouldotherwisehavebeen“outofreach”aswellascontributingmateriallytothecareersofanumberofbrightcommencingprofessionals.
In2013theBoardbidafondfarewelltoRogerAllsep,whosteppeddownasCompanySecretary,havingservedwithdistinctionsince2009.WethankhimforhiswisecounselduringtheestablishmentandearlyyearsoftheFoundation.GiovanniCrasto,theFoundation’sFinanceandAdministrationManager,hastakenhisplaceasCompanySecretary.
Earlyin2014theBoardandstaffofAustLIIweredelightedtolearnthatBoardmemberTimBugghadbeenappointedaMemberoftheOrderofAustralia(AM)intheAustraliaDayHonours–awell‐deservedrecognitionofhissignificantongoingcontributiontotheAustralianlegalprofessionandtoitscapacitytoservethepublicinterest.
Onapersonalnote,IamveryhappytoreportthatAustLII’sprogramofresearchandrelatedseminarshasprovidedbothintellectualstimulationandrenewedenthusiasmformeetingthechallengesinprovidingfree,forward‐looking,andveryeffectiveelectroniclegallibraryservicesforthewholeAustraliancommunity.
DrJeffFitzGerald(Chair,AustLIIFoundationLimited)
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AUSTLIICO‐DIRECTORS’REPORT
2013hasbeenasignificantyearforAustLIIwithcompletionof,orprogresson,keyprojects.WealsoreceivedtwonewmajorgrantsfromtheAustralianResearchCouncil(ARC).
TheAustralasianLegalHistoryLibrarywasa2013highlight.ThisprojecthasledtoamajorenhancementofthedepthoflegalcoveragethatAustLIIprovides.ThishasbeenofbenefittoAustLII’straditionalusersbuthasalsoextendedinterestinAustLIItoawideraudiencesuchashistoriansandsocialscientists.
WehavecommencedthedevelopmentandexpansionofourLegalScholarshipresourcesaspartofanARCfundedLinkageInfrastructureEquipmentFund(LIEF)project.AustLIIalreadyhasthelargestonlinecollectionofAustralianlawjournalsandotherformsoflegalscholarship,withover55,000searchableitems.Thisprojectwillcontinueinto2014tofurtherexpandiscontent,andenhancethefacilitiesforusers.
TheAustLIIResearchCentrewassuccessfulinapplyingforanARCIndustryLinkagegranttoexplorenewwaysinwhichprimarylegalmaterials(caselaw,legislationandtreaties)canbedeliveredonlineinsuchawayastoensuretheirauthority(designationasan‘official’version,withconsequencesincludingadmissibilityincourt)andintegrity(demonstrabilitythattheyareunchangedfromtheversionprovidedbytheofficialsource).Bothlegislationandrulesofparticularcourtsaffecttheseissues,usuallybylegalpresumptionsconcerningwhencopiesareauthoritativeorauthentic.Thetwoissuesintersect:provisionsandprocedureswhichmakecopiesauthoritativealsoprovidemeansofdemonstratingtheyareauthentic.OurindustrypartnersinthisprojectincludetheHighCourtofAustralia,theFamilyCourtofAustralia,theFederalCircuitCourt,theSupremeCourtLibraryofVictoria,the
DepartmentofForeignAffairsandTrade,theOfficeoftheQueenslandParliamentaryCounselandtheOfficeoftheChiefParliamentaryCounselofVictoria.
AustLII’sinternationalprojectworkcontinuedin2013withmajorcollaborationswiththePacificIslandsLegalInformationInstitute(PacLII)andtheSouthernAfricanLegalInformationInstitute(SAFLII).WewerealsosuccessfulinobtaininganewARCLIEFgranttoredevelopandextendtheInternationalLawLibraryonWorldLII.
AustLIIFoundationLtdhadanothersuccessfulyearwithcontributionsfromover230organisationsandindividuals.Weareverygratefultoeveryonewhohascontinuedtoprovidesupportandwelcomenewcontributors.
AustLIIisalsogratefultoitsdataproviders,partneruniversitiesandotherpartnerorganisationsandinvestigatorsinvolvedinAustLII’svariousresearchandresearchinfrastructureprojects.
WewouldliketothankourLawDeans(ProfDavidDixonandProfLesleyHitchens),theChairoftheFoundation,DrJeffFitzGerald,andthemembersoftheFoundationBoardandtheAustLIIResearchCentreManagementCommitteefortheirworkandsupportin2013.
Asalways,weareverygratefultooursmallteamofstaff.Forthefirsttimein2013,thishasincludedanumberofinternsandvolunteersfromourhostuniversities.ThesuccessofAustLIIreliesuponthehardworkandon‐goingcommitmentofeveryoneinvolved.
AndrewMowbray,PhilipChungandGrahamGreenleaf(Co‐Directors,AustLII)
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ABOUTAUSTLII
TheAustralasianLegalInformationInstitute(AustLII)wasfoundedin1995.Itisthelargestfree‐accessproviderofonlineAustralianlegalmaterials,afoundingmemberoftheFreeAccesstoLawMovement,andoneofthelargestprovidersofworld‐widefree‐accesslegalcontent.AustLIIcollaborateswithotherfreeaccessLIIsaroundtheworldtooperatethreeinternationalmulti‐LIIsystemsforlegalinformation:AsianLegalInformationInstitute(AsianLII);CommonwealthLegalInformationInstitute(CommonLII);WorldLegalInformationInstitute(WorldLII);aswellasdevelopingtheLawCiteinternationalcitatorwiththesamegroupofcollaborators.Inaddition,AustLIIjointlyoperatestheNewZealandLegalInformationInstitute(NZLII)andtheLIIofIndia,incooperationwithlocalpartnersinthosecountries.
AustLIIcomprisestheAustLIIResearchCentreandtheAustLIIFoundationLimited,anot‐for‐profitcompanylimitedbyguaranteeoperatingasacharity.TheFoundationraisesdonationstooperateandmaintainAustLII’sAustralianinfrastructureandservices.TheAustLIIResearchCentreconductsresearchandisresponsibleforAustLII’sinternationalcollaborationsincludingAsianLII,CommonLIIandWorldLII.
AustLIIispartoftheinternationalFreeAccesstoLawMovementandadherestothefollowingprinciples:
Publiclegalinformationfromallcountriesandinternationalinstitutionsispartofthecommonheritageofhumanity.Maximisingaccesstothisinformationpromotesjusticeandtheruleoflaw;
Publiclegalinformationisdigitalcommonpropertyandshouldbeaccessibletoallonanon‐profitbasisandfreeofcharge;
Organisationssuchaslegalinformationinstituteshavetherighttopublishpubliclegalinformationandthegovernmentbodiesthatcreateorcontrolthatinformationshouldprovideaccesstoitsothatitcanbepublishedbyotherparties.
TheAustLIIFoundationLimited’sobjectsareto:
Beanotforprofitentitytopromotethesoundadministrationanddevelopmentofthelawby:
PromotingandsupportingfreeandeffectiveaccesstopubliclegalinformationinAustraliabymeansofanelectronicpubliclibrary;
Providing,andsupportingtheprovisionbyitsmembersof,freeanonymouspublicaccessinAustraliatoasearchableandregularlyupdatedcomprehensiveandreliableinternet‐basedelectronicpubliclibraryofAustralianpubliclegalmaterials;
Maintainsystems,programmesanddatabasesfortheeffectivehandlingofanelectronicpubliclibraryofinformationandrelatedpolicydevelopment,collaboratewithotherresearchersandprovidersofsuchinformation,anddevelop,implementanddisseminateimprovementsandassociatedtechnicalassistanceandadvice;
Advancelegaleducationbypromotingandencouragingresearchinthefieldoflegalinformationsystemsanddisseminationoftheusefulresultsthereof;and
Doallotherthingsasmaybeincidentalorancillarytotheattainmentoftheseobjects.
TheAustLIIResearchCentre’smissionistobeacentreofexcellenceinthedevelopmentoflegalinformationsystemsthroughresearch,theoperationofpublicfreeaccesslegalresearchfacilities,andeducationinlegalresearchtechniquesandinfrastructure.Indoingso,AustLIIwill
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advancethepublicinterestinfreeaccesstopubliclegalinformationwithinAustraliaandinternationally.
Bypursuingitsmission,theAustLIIResearchCentreadvancesthemissionsofeachourLawFacultiestoberecognisedasnationalleadersinresearch,researchinfrastructureprovisionandlegaleducation;tocontributetobroadercommunityobjectives;andtoberecognisedasLawFacultiesofinternationalstandingwithamajorcommitmenttoengagementininternationallegalaffairsofsignificancetoAustralia.
TheAustLIIResearchCentreaimstoachieveitsmissionbypursuitofthefollowingobjectives:
1. Researchanddevelopment
Toconductinternationalstandardresearchintechnologiesfordevelopinglegalinformationsystems,andinthedevelopmentofstandardsnecessarytomakesuchtechnologiesoperational.
TodevelopAustLII’sowntoolsforbuildinglegalinformationsystemswhereverappropriate,soastomaintainAustLII’spublicaccessfacilitiesasinnovativeexamplesofinternationalstandardsystems.
WhereconsistentwithAustLII’sotherobjectives,toprovideinnovationsdevelopedbyAustLIIasopensourcesoftwareandstandardstoenabletheirusebyothers.
2. Publicpolicy
Throughouradvocacyandexample,toachieveanddefendfreepublicaccessviatheInternettopubliclegalinformationinAustralia.
Throughouradvocacyandexample,ourassistancetoothersbymakingavailableAustLII’sexpertiseandsoftware,andourcollaborationswithotherparties,toassistothersinternationallytoachievefreepublicaccessviatheInternettopubliclegalinformationfromallcountries.
ToupholdtheDeclarationonFreeAccesstoLawadoptedbyAustLIIandotherLegalInformationInstituteinMontrealin2002.
3. Publicaccesslawfacilities
Tobuildcost‐effectivefreeaccesspublicfacilitiesforaccesstolawbymaximisingtheautomatedconversionandprocessingoflegalinformationandminimisingthenecessityforhandediting.
ToprovideonAustLII’sAustralasianservice(the‘AustLII’website)acomprehensivecollectionofthemostimportantdatabasesofAustralianpubliclegalinformation(legislation,caselaw,treaties,lawreformreportsandothersoflikeimportance);legalscholarshipthatisavailableforfreeaccess;andotherlegaldatabasesofstrategicimportanceinadvancingthepublicinterest,andwhichadvanceAustLII’sresearchactivities.
ToprovideoninternationalservicesoperatedbyAustLII(includingWorldLII,CommonLII,AsianLIIandLawCite),orthroughcollaborationwithotherfreeaccessprovidersoflegalinformationintheoperationofthoseinternationalservices,freeaccesstolegalinformationofvaluetoAustralianlegalresearchers,andtolegalinformationwhichcontributestoAustLIIachievingitsotherobjectives.
ToprovideonalloftheservicesoperatedbyAustLIIthemosteffectiveaccessmechanismstoonlinelegalinformation.
ToachieveahighlevelofusersatisfactionforalloftheservicesoperatedbyAustLII.
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Throughopenstandards,andthroughtoolsAustLIIprovides,toenableotherstobuildvalue‐addedlegalserviceswhichmakeappropriateuseofdatalocatedonservicesoperatedbyAustLII,butwhichalsorespectAustLII’sinterestsinthevalueitaddstoitssourcedataandwhichalsorespecttheinterestsofothersinthatdata.
4. Operational
ToadvancethemissionsofourhostLawFacultiesbypursuitofconsistentgoals. Toprovideastimulatingandsatisfyinglong‐termworkenvironmentforAustLII
staff. TomaintainfreeaccesstoservicesoperatedbyAustLII,withnoaccesschargesto
end‐users,andwiththemaintenanceofuser’sreasonableexpectationsofprivacyandfreedomfrommanipulation.
Tocooperatewithotherprovidersoflegalinformation,bothfreeaccessandcommercial,inAustraliaandinternationally,tomaximisethepublicbenefitinobtainingfreeaccesstoaswidearangeofresourcesasisfeasible.
GOVERNANCE
TheAustLIIFoundationLimitedisanincometaxexemptcharitableorganisation,incorporatedasacompanylimitedbyguarantee.TheFoundationhasobtainedDeductibleGiftRecipientstatusfromtheAustralianTaxationOffice,hencedonationsaretaxdeductible.ItisgovernedbyaBoardofDirectors.
TheAustLIIFoundationLimitedBoardasat31December2013iscomprised:
DrJeffFitzGerald(Chair)(appointedtotheBoardon22December2008)FormerRegistraroftheUniversityofTechnology,Sydney;formerDeputy‐SecretaryoftheVictorianAttorney‐General’sDepartment
ProfCarrickMartin(Chair,FinanceCommittee)(appointedtotheBoardon22December2008)FormerDeputyVice‐Chancellor,Administration,MacquarieUniversity
MrPhilipChung(ManagingDirector)(appointedtotheBoardon23June2009)SeniorLecturer,FacultyofLaw,UniversityofNewSouthWales;ExecutiveDirector,AustLIIResearchCentre
ProfGrahamGreenleaf(ExecutiveDirector)(appointedtotheBoardon22December2008)Professor,FacultyofLaw,UniversityofNewSouthWales;Co‐Director,AustLIIResearchCentre
ProfAndrewMowbray(ExecutiveDirector)(appointedtotheBoardon27April2009)Professor,FacultyofLaw,UniversityofTechnology,Sydney;Co‐Director,AustLIIResearchCentre
MrTimBugg(appointedtotheBoardon23June2009)Partner,DobsonMitchell&Allport;Chair,InternationalLegalServicesAdvisoryCouncil(ILSAC);PastpresidentoftheLawCouncilofAustralia
ProfDavidDixon(appointedtotheBoardon22December2008)Dean,FacultyofLaw,UniversityofNewSouthWales
MrIanGovey(appointedtotheBoardon23June2009)ChiefExecutiveOfficer,AustralianGovernmentSolicitor
ProfLesleyHitchens(appointedtotheBoardon18February2013)Dean,FacultyofLaw,UniversityofTechnology,Sydney
TheCompanySecretaryuntiltheendof2013wasRogerAllsep(appointed20May2009).
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AustLIIFoundationLimitedBoardofDirectors‐Frontrow(LtoR):ProfLesleyHitchens,DrJeffFitzGerald(Chair),ProfCarrickMartin.Backrow(LtoR):ProfDavidDixon,ProfGrahamGreenleaf(ExecutiveDirector),ProfAndrewMowbray(ExecutiveDirector),andMrPhilipChung(ManagingDirector).Boardmembersnotinphotograph:MrTimBuggandMrIanGovey.
TheAustLIIResearchCentreisajointfacilityoftheFacultiesofLawattheUniversityofTechnology,SydneyandtheUniversityofNewSouthWalesandisgovernedunderanMOUbetweenthetwoLawSchools.ItisgovernedbyaManagementCommitteethatcomprisedthefollowing:
MrPhilipChung(ExecutiveDirector,AustLIIResearchCentre;SeniorLecturer,FacultyofLaw,UniversityofNewSouthWales)
ProfDavidDixon(Dean,FacultyofLaw,UniversityofNewSouthWales) ProfLesleyHitchens(Dean,FacultyofLaw,UniversityofTechnology,Sydney) ProfAndrewMowbray(Professor,FacultyofLaw,UniversityofTechnology,Sydney;
Co‐Director,AustLIIResearchCentre) MrPaulHolt(FacultyManager,FacultyofLaw,UniversityofTechnology,Sydney) MsFeiWong(FacultyGeneralManager,FacultyofLaw,UniversityofNewSouthWales)
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MANAGEMENTANDSTAFF
ManagingandExecutiveDirectors
TheAustLIIResearchCentreisjointlymanagedbythreeco‐directors:
AndrewMowbray(ProfessorofLawandInformationTechnology,FacultyofLaw,UTS)(Co‐Director)
PhilipChung(SeniorLecturer,FacultyofLaw,UNSW)(ExecutiveDirector) GrahamGreenleaf(ProfessorofLawandInformationSystems,FacultyofLaw,UNSW)(Co‐
Director)
TheManagingDirectoroftheAustLIIFoundationLimitedisPhilipChung.GrahamGreenleafandAndrewMowbrayserveasExecutiveDirectorsoftheCompany.
Full‐timeStaff
GiovanniCrasto(FinanceandAdministrationManager) RichardHunter(DevelopmentManager) ChrisKenward(AustralianDatabasesManager)fromOctober2013 JonesOlatunji(SystemsAdministrator) CathyQuigley(AdministrativeOfficer) KentSoesanto(ProjectOfficer) ArminWittfoth(ProjectOfficer) CarolWong(ProjectOfficer)toJuly2013
Part‐timeStaff
ChrisConnley(ProjectOfficer)fromNovember2013 JenniferKwong(ProjectOfficer)fromDecember2013 JillMatthews(ProjectOfficer) TrevorRoydhouse(SystemsDeveloper)fromFebruary2013 ArmandaScorrano(ProjectOfficer)toOctober2013 DavidVaile(ExternalRelations/TrainingOfficer)
LtoR:KentSoesanto,AndrewMowbray,ChrisConnley,JenniferKwong,andRichardHunter
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Interns/volunteers
Anewinitiativeintroducedin2013wastheAustLIIintern/volunteerprogramme.ThiswasavailabletolawstudentsfromUNSWandUTS.Interns/volunteersparticipatedinAustLII’sprojectsincludingdigitisationofhistoricallegalmaterialsinprint(usingbothdestructiveandnon‐destructivescanningapproaches),extractionofmetadata,aswellasstakeholderengagementactivities.
Theinterns/volunteersin2013were:ChrisConnley,MadeleineHarkin,JonathanKoukoumas,JenniferKwong,YanLiu,MelissaLiu,andShetalJas.
ChrisConnleyandJenniferKwongjoinedAustLIIaspart‐timestaffmembersafterthecompletionoftheirinternships.
LtoR:GrahamGreenleaf,MelissaLiu,CarolWong,MadeleineHarkin,JonathanKoukoumas,YanLiu,RichardHunter,andPhilipChung
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AUSTRALIANDEVELOPMENTS
NEWDATABASESONAUSTLII
In2013,18newdatabasesaswellastwonewlibraries(AustralianColonialLawandFederationLaw)wereaddedtoAustLII.ThisbroughtthetotalnumberofdatabasesthatAustLIImaintainedin2013to551.
Inaddition,17existingdatabasesweresignificantlyexpandedasaresultoftheAustralianLegalHistoryprojectofback‐capturingdigitiseddatafromcolonialandfederationperiods.
ThefollowingnewAustralianlegaldatabaseswereaddedin2013:
AustralianCoalIndustryTribunal1940‐1995 AustralianTradeMarksOfficeGeographicalIndication2013‐ FairWorkCommission–EnterpriseAgreement2013‐ FairWorkCommission–FullBench2013‐ FairWorkCommission–GeneralManagerandDelegates2013‐ FairWorkCommission2013‐ FederalCircuitCourtofAustralia2013‐ ForestPracticesTribunalofTasmania2002‐ LawReports(NewSouthWales)1880‐1900 QueenslandHistoricalActs1867‐1951 SouthAustralianLawReports1863‐1920 StateReports(NewSouthWales)1901‐1950 StateReports(SouthAustralia)1921‐1950 SuperiorCourtsofWesternAustralia1840‐1849 TasmanianLawReports1897‐1940 TasmanianStateReports1941‐1978 TasmanianStateReports1979‐1991 WesternAustralianLawReports1898‐1958
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LtoR:ProfGrahamGreenleaf,PhilipChung,MiriamStiel,theHonTomBathurst,ProfLesleyHitchens,andProfAndrewMowbray
ThefollowingAustralianlegaldatabaseswereupdatedandexpandedin2013:
AustralianLawReformCommissionpublications:BackgroundPapers;ConsultationPapers;DiscussionPapers;DraftRecommendationPapers;IssuesPapers
CommonwealthNumberedActs1901‐nowcompletewiththeadditionofmissing1900sActsand1950‐1973Acts
LawJournals:AustralianandNewZealandMaritimeLawJournal;MacquarieLawJournal;UniversityofNewSouthWalesLawJournal
NorthernTerritoryNumberedRegulationsexpandedtocover1961‐1988 QueenslandLawReformCommissionpublications:Reports,WorkingPapers,
MiscellaneousPapers TasmanianLawReformInstitutepublications:Reports,IssuesPapers,ResearchPapers TasmanianNumberedActsexpandedtocover1826todate
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AUSTLIIUSAGE
AUSTLII’SDATABASEUSAGEANDMARKETSHARE
Totalhitsfor2013exceeded214millionandaveraged588,663hitsperday.
ThemostpopulardatabasesonAustLIIin2013weretheCommonwealthlegislationdatabases,followedbyNSWandVictorianlegislation.Overall,accesstocaselawcollectionsinmostjurisdictionsincreasedin2013.ThefollowinggraphsshowthenumberofaccessestoAustLII’slegislationandcaselawdatabasesbyjurisdiction.
Legislationrequestsincludedpermittedaccessesbysearchenginewebspidersandincludedrequeststoaccessindividualsectionsoflegislation.
Cth, 36,825,372
NSW, 25,891,169
Vic, 13,504,613
Qld, 7,157,718
WA, 6,414,946
SA, 4,494,143 Tas, 3,060,935
ACT, 2,728,744 NT, 2,505,576
Australian legislation requests by jurisdiction in 2013
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CaselawrequestsdidnotgenerallyincludeaccessesbysearchenginewebspiderswhichAustLIIexcludesfromaccess.
AustLIImaintainedthenumberonemarketpositionintheonlinelegalcategorythroughout2013andincreaseditsmarketsharefromabout25%toover30%(accordingtoHitwise).Thiscategoryincludedwebsitesfromgovernment,publishers,courtsandtribunals,lawsocieties,legalfirmsandbarristers.Thevolumeofdatadownloadedwas14.92terabytes.
AUSTLII’SMAJORUSERS
ManyofAustLII’susersaccessAustLIIthroughlargeinternetserviceproviders,aswellasthroughUniversityservicesorthroughotherwebserversthatmaintainmultipleIPaddresses.Consequently,AustLIIisunabletoidentifyahighpercentageofitsusersbecauseAustLIIdoesnotreceiveinternetprotocoladdresses(IPaddresses)specifictothem.
Whereweareabletoidentifyuserswecanclassifythemintofoursectors:
commercial(mostlycomprisingthelegalprofession) education government generalcommunity
In2013ofthetopidentifiedusers,44%arefromthecommercialsector,29%fromthegovernmentsector,26%fromtheeducationsectorand1%fromthecommunitysector.ThisconfirmsatrendthatcommercialuseofAustLIIisincreasingasapercentageofoverallusecomparedtotheothersectors.
Cth, 12,449,848
Vic, 4,783,687
NSW, 3,561,317
SA, 1,175,988
Qld, 1,104,036
WA, 909,142
Tas, 561,702 ACT, 309,457
NT, 177,701
Australian case requests by jurisdiction in 2013
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COMMERCIALSECTOR
Identifiedusersinthecommercialsectorfalllargelyintothefollowingcategories:
barristers(identifiedthroughspecificbarinternetserviceprovidersandchambers) legalpractices(includingprivatelawfirmsandpatentandtrademarkattorneys) legalpublishers businesses
WhileusageofAustLIIbythecommercialsectorcontinuestogrowitisnotedthatthenumberofthetop50identifiablecommercialusers(30,000ormorerequestsperannum)thatcontributetoAustLII’srunningcostsfellfrom21to17.Onlyhalfofthetop10identifiablecommercialuserssupportAustLIIandcontributionsfromAustLII’slargestidentifiableusersfromthecommercialsectorcontinuetoremainbelowtheirratesofusage.WecontinuetourgeallAustLIIusersthatcanaffordtodosotocontributetowardskeepingusonline.
Barristers, 5,019,148
Legal practice, 3,788,562
Business , 569,482
Legal Publishers , 413,753
Number of requests from the top 50 identifiable commercial users in 2013
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COMMERCIALUSAGEOFAUSTLIIIN2013
CommercialCategory Numberofrequests Contributorin2013
1 Barrister‐Vic 2,193,6762 Barrister‐NSW 1,370,5963 Barrister‐NSW 1,051,275 4 LegalPractice 657,254 5 Business 472,7196 LegalPractice 409,435 7 LegalPractice 372,919 8 LegalPublisher 312,2479 LegalPractice 228,70310 LegalPractice 198,532 11 Barrister‐WA 191,405 12 LegalPractice 152,683 13 LegalPractice 136,350 14 LegalPractice 112,723 15 LegalPractice 110,608 16 Barrister‐Vic 102,99317 LegalPublisher 101,50618 LegalPractice 80,17419 LegalPractice 76,65520 LegalPractice 76,058 21 LegalPractice 75,74022 LegalPractice 74,94823 LegalPractice 72,73724 LegalPractice 64,64425 LegalPractice 64,346 26 Business 57,65627 LegalPractice 57,14628 LegalPractice 55,767 29 LegalPractice 53,081 30 LegalPractice 51,37831 LegalPractice 48,222 32 LegalPractice 47,765 33 LegalPractice 47,76234 LegalPractice 47,65235 Barrister 40,37236 LegalPractice 39,47737 Business 39,10738 LegalPractice 38,03439 LegalPractice 36,99140 Barrister 36,358 41 LegalPractice 35,72242 LegalPractice 34,67943 LegalPractice 33,92744 LegalPractice 33,84345 LegalPractice 33,19546 LegalPractice 32,94647 LegalPractice 32,59948 Barrister‐SA 32,47349 LegalPractice 32,02550 LegalPractice 31,842
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EDUCATIONSECTOR
TheeducationsectorinAustraliarepresentednearly26%ofAustLII’stopidentifiedusersin2013.AllUniversitiesinAustraliauseAustLIIandalmostallofthemprovideacontributiontowardsitsfunding.TotalusagefromtheUniversitysectorin2013wasnearlysevenmillionrequests.WearealsonoticingincreaseduseofAustLIIresourcesfromsomeinternationaluniversitiesincludingtheUniversitiesofOxford,Cambridge,Stanford,Princeton,AucklandandtheNationalUniversityofSingapore.
MostAustralianUniversitiesmakeafinancialcontributiontoAustLIIbecausetheyrecogniseAustLII’svaluetotheirteachingandresearch,andthatthecostsofitsoperationneedtobewidelyshared.WearehopefulthatinfutureyearsallAustralianuniversitieswillbeinapositiontoprovidefinancialsupport.
NSW, 2,192,088
Vic, 1,418,093
Qld, 1,066,079
ACT, 264,567
WA, 322,019
SA, 329,367
Tas, 200,799 NT, 31,367
Number of requests from Universities based on jurisdiction in 2013
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GOVERNMENTSECTOR
Thegovernmentsectorin2013represented29%ofAustLII’stopidentifiableusers.Asignificantamountofgovernmentuseisidentifiableatagencylevel,includingCommonwealth,StateandTerritorygovernmentagencies.AlsoincludedinthisfigureisthesubstantialuseofAustLIIresourcesbythevariouscourts,tribunalsandotherregulators,mostofwhosedecisionsAustLIIre‐publishes.
AustLIIreceivesfundingsupportfromthefederalandstategovernmentsthroughtheNationalJusticeCEO’sgroup.InadditionanumberofcourtsandtribunalsmakesignificantcontributionsthusrecognisingthevalueoftheservicetheAustLIIFoundationprovides.
Jurisdiction NumberofRequestsin2013FederalGovernmentUsage 4,216,625State/TerritoryGovernmentUsage 5,749,531TotalIdentifiedGovernmentUsage 9,966,156
Cth, 4,216,625
Vic, 2,289,143
NSW, 1,851,747
Qld, 244,091
WA, 634,403
SA, 668,777 ACT, 55,413 Tas, 3,349 NT, 2,608
Number of identified requests from Australian governments in 2013
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INTERNATIONALSYSTEMSANDDEVELOPMENTS
TheAustLIIResearchCentreoperatesthreemulti‐LIIsystemsforinternationalfreeaccesslegalinformation(AsianLII,CommonLIIandWorldLII)incooperationwithagroupofcollaboratingLegalInformationInstitutesbasedinothercountries(whichwecallthe‘WorldLIIConsortium’).AustLIIhasdevelopedtheonlyinternationalfreeaccesscaseandjournalarticlecitator(LawCite)andoperatesitinconjunctionwiththesamegroupofcollaboratingLIIs.TheAustLIIResearchCentrehasassistedothernationsandregionstodeveloponlineaccesstotheirlawssince1999,usingopensourcesoftwareandotherLIItoolsdevelopedbyAustLII.AllofAustLII’sdevelopmentofmulti‐LIIsystems,itsjointoperationofoverseasLIIs,andtheassistanceitgivestoothercollaboratingLIIsformaintenanceanddevelopmentoftheirsystems,isfundedbygrantsforthesepurposes(seenextsection).
DATABASESSEARCHABLETHROUGHMULTI‐LIISYSTEMS
SeventeenLIIsnowcollaborateinprovidingthedatabasessearchableviaWorldLII.ThefollowingtablesetsouttheapproximatenumbersofdatabasessearchablefromeachoftheportalsoperatedbyAustLII(AsianLII,CommonLIIandWorldLII)asat31December2013,andthenumberofdatabasesfoundoneachcooperatingLIIallowingtheirdatatobesearchedaspartofthesesystems.The‘Countries’columnindicatesthenumberofcountriesthataparticularLIIaddstothetotalnumberofcountrieswhosedatabasesaresearchableviaWorldLII.
Tableofsearchabledatabasesinmulti‐LIIsystems(asat31December2013)
Systems AsianLII CommonLII WorldLII Countries AsianLII 166 0 166 23 *AustLII 0 484 484 1 BAILII 0 89 89 4 CommonLII 36 73 73 22 *CyLaw 0 6 6 1 Droit.org 0 0 1 1 HKLII 34 34 34 1 LawPhil 16 0 16 1 LIICornell 0 0 3 1 LiberLII 0 0 8 1 *NZLII 0 80 80 1 *LIIofIndia 154 154 154 1 *PacLII 25 265 265 19 SAFLII 0 87 87 8 SamLII 0 24 24 1 *ULII 0 16 16 1 WorldLII 0 0 107 55 *2013Total 431 1312 1613 142 6122012Total 433 1279 1635 183 5952011Total 430 1204 1552 182 5552010Total 300 905 1205 164 408
During2013,thetotalnumberofdatabasesavailableforsearchingviaWorldLIIwentdownslightly,whereasthetotalnumberavailableviaCommonLIIcontinuedtoincrease.TheprincipalreasonforthechangeinrelationtoWorldLIIisthattheGlobalLegalInformationNetwork(GLIN)attheUSLibraryofCongressisnolongeroperating,so49databasespreviously
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availableviaWorldLIIarenolongeravailable.Inaddition,fiftydatabasespreviouslyavailableviaSAFLIIarenowavailableonlyonindividualLIIsinAfricancountries,butnotyetsearchableviaWorldLII.
AustLIImaintains612oftheseinternationaldatabases(anincreasefrom595in2011),inadditiontothe484AustraliandatabasesonAustLII.TheyareonsevenLIIs(marked*).
ThenumberofdatabasessearchableviaWorldLIIwasnotrecordedforitsfirstfewyearsofoperationfrom2002,butoverthepastfewyears(asrecordedinAustLIIreportstoLIImeetings,andintheseannualreviews),therateofexpansionofsearchabledatabasesisasfollows:
INTERNATIONALSYSTEMSUSAGE
Therearetwomeasuresofaccessestothemulti‐LIIsystemswithwhichAustLIIcooperates(WorldLII,CommonLIIandAsianLII):(i)accesstothedatabasesofcollaboratingLIIsresultingfromsearchesviathemulti‐LIIsystems;and(ii)accessestodatabasesmaintainedbyAustLIIlocatedonthemulti‐LIIsystems.AustLIIdoesnotholdaccessstatisticson(i),asthoseaccessesareonlyrecordedonthesystemsconcerned.BecausethenumbersofdocumentsonAustLII,BAILII,PacLIIetcarefarlargerthanthenumbersofdocumentsindatabaseslocatedonAsianLII,WorldLIIorCommonLII,itislikelythat(i)ismuchlargerthan(ii).Thestatisticsbelowrelateonlyto(ii).
In2013,therewereover31millionaccessestothenon‐AustraliandatabasesmaintainedbyAustLIIandlocatedonAsianLII,CommonLII,NZLII,LIIofIndia,LiberLII,SamLIIandWorldLIIpluscitatorrecordsonLawCiteandCatalogpages.AustLIIblocksspideringofcaselawonanyoftheseservices.
Thefollowingchartshowsthetop10mostrequesteddatabasesmaintainedbyAustLII,bycountryorgrouping(excludingdatabasesonAustLII).Themostpopularinternationaldatabasesin2013arefromNewZealand,theInternationalCourtsandTribunals(aswellasinter‐governmentorganisations),SriLanka,ChinaandIndia.TheUKaccessesrefertotheEnglishReports1220‐1873locatedonCommonLII.
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Number of databases searchable via WorldLII
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BecausethereisahighlevelofoverlapbetweendatabasesmaintainedbyAustLIIsearchableviaAsianLII,CommonLIIandWorldLII,separatestatisticsarenotgivenbelowforeachofthesemulti‐LIIsystems.
DEVELOPMENTSININDIVIDUALSYSTEMS
InadditiontomaintainingWorldLII,CommonLIIandAsianLII,AustLIIalsocooperateswithanumberofpartnerinstitutionsinindividualcountriesbyjointlymanagingontheAustLIIinfrastructurethedatabasesoftheseLIIs(NZLII,SamLII,LiberLIIandSamLII).During2013,highlightsofdevelopmentsonsomeofthesesystemsareasfollows:
During2013thesuccessfulpartnershipbetweenNZLIIandAustLIIcontinued,withthirteennewdatabasesbeingaddedtoNZLII.NZLIIDirector,AssociateProfessorDonnaBuckinghamalsogaveanAustLIIResearchSeminar,andNZLIIstaffutilisedAustLII’sdigitisationfacilitiestoaddanumberofrarematerialstoNZLIIdatabases.The13newdatabasesare:
NewZealandRealEstateAgentsLicensingBoard1984‐ NewZealandPharmacyAuthority1978‐ CourtsMartialAppealCourtofNewZealand1988‐ NewZealandLegalAidReviewPanel2001‐
0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 3,500,000
Pakistan
Bermuda
Malaysia
United Kingdom
Vietnam
India
China
Sri Lanka
International Courts
New Zealand
Top ten most popular international and country databases in 2013
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NewZealandVictims'SpecialClaimsTribunal2009‐ NewZealandOnlineMediaStandardsAuthority2013‐ NewZealandAdvertisingStandardsAuthority2001‐ NewZealandRealEstateAgentsAuthority2010‐ NewZealandLostCases1842‐1882 NewZealandAlcoholRegulatoryandLicensingAuthority2013‐ NewZealandReviewAuthority2011‐ NewZealandSupremeCourtTranscripts2011‐ NewZealandLawStudents’Journal2010‐
Attheendof2013,AustLIIanditspartneracademicinstitutionsinIndiaagreedthatAustLIIwouldresumesolecontroloftheLegalInformationInstituteofIndia(LIIofIndia)<http://www.liiofindia.org/>withtheconclusionofthecurrentAusAIDandARC‐fundedphaseofLIIofIndia’sdevelopment.TheIndianacademicinstitutionshaveindicatedtheirintentiontocontinueworkingwith
AustLIItodeveloptheresourcesonLIIofIndia.
TheCommonwealthLegalInformationInstitute(CommonLII)<http://www.commonlii.org/>providesaccesstolawsfrom59Commonwealthandcommonlawjurisdictions.The2013highlightofCommonLII’sdevelopmentwastheexpansionoftheCaribbeanLawProject
<http://www.commonlii.org/caribbean/>.WithfundingassistancefromtheCommonwealthSecretariat’sLegal&ConstitutionalAffairsDivision(ComSecLCAD),thefollowingsevennewdatabaseswereaddedtotheProject,aswellasallexistingdatabasesbeingupdated,resultinginmorethan10,000searchabledocumentsintheproject’sdatabases.Thenewdatabasesare:
BermudaConsolidatedRegulations BermudaNumberedLegislation BermudaNumberedRegulations CourtofAppealforBermuda2007‐ SupremeCourtofBermuda2007‐ BahamasConsolidatedRegulations‐ AntiguaandBarbudaActs
AustLIIalsocontinuedtodevelopandmaintaintheCommonwealthCriminalLawLibrary<http://www.commonlii.org/int/special/crimlaw/>withComSecLCADsupport.
COLLABORATIONSWITHOTHERLEGALINFORMATIONINSTITUTES
AustLIIcontinuestocollaboratewithanumberofinternationalpartners.In2013,itworkedwiththePacificIslandsInformationInstitute(PacLII)toassistwiththedesign,selectionandpurchaseofreplacementITinfrastructureincludingserversandstorage.AustLIIpersonneltravelledtoVanuatutwiceduringtheyeartoparticipateinthePacLIIAdvisoryBoardandtoprovidegeneraltechnicalandotherassistance.
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LtoR:RossRayQC(Chair,SouthPacificLawyersAssoc),JohnDavidson(Minister‐Counsellor,AusAID),TuilomaNeroniSlade(SecretaryGeneral,PacificIslandsForumSecretariat),ProfRajeshChandra(Vice‐Chancellor,USP),KarenCollier(CthAGsDept),LenoreHamilton(Director,PacLII),JaindraKaran(USP),ProfAndrewMowbray(AustLII),ProfEricColvin(HeadofLaw,USP)
AustLIIalsoworkedcloselywiththeSouthernAfricanLegalInformationInstitute(SAFLII)toprovidegeneraltechnicalassistanceandinparticular,tohelpplanforthemigrationoftheSAFLIIsystemfromtheConstitutionalCourtinJohannesburgtotheUniversityofCapeTown.
LtoR:RogerGachago(CEO,SAFLII),ShirleyGilmore(UniofPretoria),AndrewMowbray(AustLII)
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AUSTLIIINVOLVEMENTINTHEFREEACCESSTOLAWMOVEMENT
AustLIIisoneofthefounders,andaveryactiveparticipantintheglobalFreeAccesstoLawMovement(FALM),whichhad54membersattheendof2013,havingaddedfivenewmembersduringtheyear.AlistofmembersisattheFALMwebsite<http://www.fatlm.org>,asistheDeclarationofFreeAccesstoLaw(2002,asamended)towhichAustLIIandothermemberssubscribe.ThelogosofthemembersofFALMareshownbelow.
AustLIIpresentedpapersatthe2013‘LawviaInternet’Conference,hostedbytheJerseyLegalInformationBoard.BeforeandduringtheConference,AustLIIDirectorsassistedindevelopingthetermsofreferenceforanewSecretariatforFALM,whichwasestablishedbytheFALMMeetingheldonthedaypriortotheLawviaInternetConference.AustLIIcontinuestohostandmaintaintheFALMmemberspagefortheSecretariat.AustLII’sproposaltohostthe2015LawviaInternetConferencehasbeenwelcomedbytheFALMmembership,andwillbethesubjectofaformalhostingproposalduring2014.AustLIIFoundationLtdsupportstheAustLIIResearchCentreinhostingthe2015Conference.TheLawviaInternetConferencesoriginatedwithAustLII,andwerehostedbyAustLIIin1997,1999,2001and2003.
FALMmembersattheLawviatheInternetConference2013inJersey,ChannelIslandsincludingAustLIICo‐DirectorsProfGrahamGreenleaf,ProfAndrewMowbrayandPhilipChung
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RESEARCH
OneofthetwomainfunctionsoftheAustLIIResearchCentreistocarryoutresearchinthefieldoflegalinformationsystems,whichcanusuallybecharacterisedas‘appliedresearch’.Fundingforthisresearchcomesfromvarioussources,includingconventionalresearchgrants(suchasAustralianResearchCouncilLinkagegrants),butresearchisalsoveryoftengeneratedbyresearchinfrastructuregrants(ARCLIEForotherwise)orinternationaldevelopmentgrants(includingAusAID,ComSec)wherethegoalsofinfrastructuredevelopmentposeresearchissueswhichmustberesolved.AustLIIisa‘researchinaction’organisation.
RESEARCHANDRESEARCHINFRASTRUCTUREGRANTS
AustLIIappliesforcompetitivegrantsforresearchandresearchinfrastructuredevelopmentofnewdatabasesandservices.In2013,AustLIIworkedontwoexistingAustralianResearchCouncil(ARC)researchgrantsandreceivedfundingfortwonewARCgrants.
THEAUSTRALASIANLEGALSCHOLARSHIPLIBRARY
In2013,AustLIIcompletedtheworkinYear1oftheAustralasianLegalScholarshipLibraryproject.ThisworkisfundedunderanARCLinkageInfrastructure,EquipmentFacilities(LIEF)grantentitled“TheAustralasianLegalScholarshipLibrary:Newcontentandsophisticationforaworld‐leadinglegalscholarshiprepositoryandcitator”.ThegrantfromtheARCisfor$290,000with10partnercontributionstotalinganadditional$400,000.
TheInvestigatorsofthisprojectare:ProfGrahamGreenleaf(UNSW),ProfAndrewMowbray(UTS),ProfAndrewKenyon(Melbourne),ProfBrianFitzgerald(ACU),ProfMichaelBlakeney(UWA),ProfAnneTwomey(Sydney),ProfPeterCane(ANU),ProfDanSvantesson(Bond),ProfArieFreiberg(Monash),A/ProfLeightonMcDonald(ANU),A/ProfDavidRolph(Sydney),MrAndrewWells(UNSW),ProfAndrewByrnes(UNSW),ProfRossGrantham(UQ),ProfAnitaStuhmcke(UTS),andProfJanetChan(UNSW).
Workcompletedin2013includedupdatingofexistingAustralianlawjournals;updatingthelawreformcollections;additionofnewsecondarymaterialsdatabases;andconductingnegotiationsfornewcontent.
ParticipantsattheMeetingoftheChiefInvestigatorsoftheARCLIEFgrantentitled‘TheAustralasianLegalScholarshipLibrary’projectincludingAustLII’sCo‐DirectorsProfGrahamGreenleaf,ProfAndrewMowbray,andPhilipChung.
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Investigator OrganisationProfAndrewMowbray UTSProfGrahamGreenleaf UNSWDrLisaFord UNSWProfAmandaNettelbeck UniversityofAdelaideProfRossGrantham UniversityofQueenslandA/ProfAnneTwomey UniversityofSydneyProfMarkFinnane GriffithUniversityProfJohnWilliams UniversityofAdelaideProfAndrewBuck MacquarieUniversityEm/ProfBruceKercher MacquarieUniversityProfMichaelAdams UniversityofWesternSydneyA/ProfRobertFoster UniversityofAdelaideA/ProfStefanPetrow UniversityofTasmaniaDrCatherineBond UNSWProfShaunnaghDorsett UTSProfMarkLunney AustralianNationalUniversityA/ProfPeterMcDermott UniversityofQueenslandEm/ProfWilfridPrest UniversityofAdelaideMsJudithJones AustralianNationalUniversityProfHelenIrving UniversityofSydneyProfMargaretOtlowski UniversityofTasmaniaMrNaishPeterson AustralianLawLibrariansAssociation
AUSTRALASIANLEGALHISTORYLIBRARY
In2011,AustLII(viaitshostuniversitiesUTSandUNSW)collaboratedwithtenUniversitiestoobtainanAustralianResearchCouncil(ARC)LIEF(Linkage,Infrastructure,EquipmentandFacilities)grant(commencedin2012)tobuildtheAustralasianLegalHistoryLibrary.TheARCprovided$330,000,withthepartnerinstitutionsprovidingthebalanceofthetotalprojectbudgetof$751,000.TheobjectoftheLibraryistobenefittheresearchofspecialistlegalhistorians;researchersinallaspectsofthehumanitiesbecauseoftheextenttowhichlawandlegalinstitutionspermeatetheirwork;familyandlocalhistoryresearchers;andallpractisinglawyersbecauseofthecontinuingrelevanceofhistoricalcaselawandlegislationtocurrentlegalproblems.TheAustralasianLegalHistoryLibraryprovidescomprehensivelegislationfromallcolonies(subsequentlyAustralianStates,TerritoriesorNewZealand)upto1950andinmostinstancesbeyondthisdatesuchthatthecollectionformostjurisdictionsisnowcomplete.TheLibraryalsocontainssubstantialcolonialcaselawcollectionsaswellastheauthorisedseriesofreportsfromallStates(exceptQueensland)to1950andinsomecasesbeyondthis.ThesematerialsareincludedaspartofthestandardAustLIIcollection.UsingAustLII’sautomatedcitatorLawCite,itispossibletoshowhowthesematerialshavebeenusedbycourtshistoricallyandhowtheyarestillbeingusedincurrentlegaldecisions.
“Itisdifficultformetooverstatetheimportanceofthisproject,bothasawholeandinrelationtowhatwearecelebratingtonight,namelythepublicationoftheNSWStateReports…makingthisinformationfreelyaccessiblewillbeofimmenseassistancetopractitioners,aswellastoallthoseinvolvedinlegalorhistoricalresearch…Thefreeandopendisseminationofinformationisalwaysimportant,andallthemoresowhenitrelatestotheadministrationofjustice.”
TheHonourableTomBathurst,ChiefJusticeofNewSouthWales,17June2013
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InordertoundertakethisprojectAustLIIinvestedasignificantamountoftheARCgrantfundingtoacquirenewresourcestoenablethedigitisationoflegalresourcesheldaspaperrecords.Thisequipmentincluded:
TreventusScanRobotfornon‐destructivehighqualityscanningofrarebooksandmanuscripts;and
AnadditionalhighspeedCanonImageFormuladoublesidedscannerforthedestructivescanningofstandardpapertexts.
AustLIIisnowresourcedtomakedigitalcopiesofrareandvaluablelegaltextsinanautomatedbutentirelysafeprocessthatdoesnodamagetotheitem.TheTreventusScanRobotwasdesignedinAustriaspecificallytohandlepreciousancientmanuscripts.Theprocessusesairtofanandgentlyturnthepagesofthebookyetisstillabletoproduceahighqualitydigitalscanatarateofapproximately1200pagesperhour.AustLII’sscanneriscurrentlyoneofonlythreeinAustralia.
“[T]hedigitalisationof,andgreateraccessibilityto,historicalreportsisofgreatimportance.ItisimportantfirstofallasahistoricalrecordofthechanginglegalandsocialconditionsoflifeinSouthAustralia.However,thereportsarealsoofgreatimportanceinprovidinganunderstandingofthedevelopmentofthelaw.”
TheHonourableChrisKourakis,ChiefJusticeofSouthAustralia,7August2013
LtoR:ProfAndrewMowbray,theHonChrisKourakis,ProfJohnWilliams,andPhilipChung
AsthescanningandprocessingofthehistoriclawreportseriesforeachstatewerecompletedAustLIIlaunchedeachserieswithaneventatwhichtherelevantstateChiefJusticewastheguestofhonour.LauncheswereheldinNewSouthWales,SouthAustralia,WesternAustraliaandTasmania.TheVictorianReportsandtheVictorianLawReportswerelaunchedin2012.“ThelaunchoftheWesternAustralianLawReportsdatabaseistobewelcomednotonlyasasignificantadvanceintheprovisionoffreeaccesstoWesternAustralia'slegalhistory,butalsoasafurtherstepinimprovingtheaccessibilityandtransparencyofourlegalsystemtothebroadercommunity…theonlinefacilitiesofthekindwhichwecommemoratetodayprovideanextremelyvaluableweaponinthearmourywhichisavailabletocombatthevariousbarrierstoimprovingaccesstojusticeforall.”
TheHonourableWayneMartin,ChiefJusticeofWesternAustralia,15November2013.
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On18DecembertheChiefJusticeofTasmania,theHonourableAlanBlowlaunchedtheuploadoftheTasmanianLawReports1897‐1940.Inaddition,withthesupportoftheSupremeCourtofTasmania,theCouncilofLawReportingforTasmaniaandThomsonReuters,AustLIIwasalsoabletomakeavailableSupremeCourtdecisionscontainedintheStateReportsofTasmaniafrom1941‐1978andtheTasmanianReportsfrom1979‐1991.ThismeansthatinthejurisdictionsofVictoriaandTasmaniathereisnowacompletesequentialrecordofSupremeCourtdecisionsfromtheearliesttimestothepresentday.
“[I]tisamajorachievementtohavetheauthorisedreportsofourSupremeCourtfortheyears1897to1991availableonline…AustLIIisanAustraliansuccessstory.Itisatriumphofcommonsense.Sinceitsestablishmentin1995,ithasperformedanexcellentserviceinmakinglegalinformationfreelyavailabletoall.Itsconcepthasbeencopiedinothercountries.”
TheHonourableAlanBlow,ChiefJusticeofTasmania,18December2013.
Abeneficialspin‐offofthehistoryprojectisthatAustLIInowhastheinfrastructureavailabletoundertakespecificprojectsformanyofourkeystakeholdergroupstosupporttheirparticularneeds.Thefollowingaretwoexamplesofrecentlycompletedprojectsthatutilisedournewdigitisationinfrastructureandhavestakeholderfundingsupport.TheAustralianLawLibrarians'Association,togetherwithmajorlawfirmsAllens,Mallesons,Freehills,andArnoldBlochLeiblerhaveprovidedfundingandthepapercopydatatoaddtoAustLII’sholdingsofBillsandExplanatoryMemorandafortheCommonwealth,NewSouthWalesandVictoriafortheperiodfromthemid1970’stothestartoftheonlinerecordforthesematerials.Thecoalindustry,asrepresentedbytheConstructionForestryMiningandEngineeringUnion(MiningDivision)andtheNSWMineralsCouncil,stillreliesheavilyondecisionsmadebytheCoalIndustryTribunalduringitsexistencefrom1947to1995.Howeverthepaperrecordofthesedecisionsisextremelyrare.ToimprovegeneralindustryaccesstothesedecisionstheindustryagreedtofundthecostofthedigitisationanduploadontoAustLIIofthecompletedecisionsoftheAustralianCoalIndustryTribunal.ThisturnedouttobeamorecomplextaskthanfirstthoughtasitwasnecessarytocombinevolumesobtainedfromtheCFMEUMiningDivisionandemployermembersoftheNSWMineralsCouncil.Indeed,forsomedecisionstheonlyexistingmastercopyfromtheFairWorkCommissionhadtobenon‐destructivelyscannedinordertomakeavailablethecompletesetofdecisionsofthisimportanthistoricaltribunal.OverthecomingyearsAustLIIwillactivelyseekrelevantindustrysupporttomakefreelyavailablemorehistoricalandotherlegalresourcesofinterestandrelevancetothecommunity.
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AUSTRALASIANLEGALHISTORYLIBRARYDATABASES
Commonwealth CommonwealthofAustraliaNumberedActs1901‐
CommonwealthBills1981‐ CommonwealthBillsExplanatoryMemoranda1980‐
CommonwealthLawReports1903‐1950(3422decisions)
AustralianCoalIndustryTribunal1940‐1995(4860decisions)
NewSouthWales NewSouthWalesActsAsMade1824‐ NSWBills1979‐ NSWBillsExplanatoryNotes1978‐ SuperiorCourtsofNewSouthWales1788‐1899(2329decisions)
LawReports(NewSouthWales)1880‐1900(1977decisions)
StateReports(NewSouthWales)1901‐1950(4304decisions)
Victoria VictorianHistoricalActs1851‐1995 VictorianBills1967‐ VictorianBillsExplanatoryMemoranda1967‐
VictorianLawReports1874‐1956(9157decisions)
VictorianReports1953‐1996(3792decisions)
SupremeCourtofVictoria(UnreportedJudgments)1953‐1998(19202decisions)
VictorianGovernmentGazettes1851‐1999(32942documents)
VictorianStatuteLawRevisionCommittee1949‐1965(120documents)
Queensland QueenslandHistoricalActs1867‐1951 SuperiorCourtsofNewSouthWales‐MoretonBay1851‐1859(287decisions)
WesternAustralia WesternAustralianNumberedActs1832‐
SuperiorCourtsofWesternAustralia1840‐1849(332decisions)
WesternAustralianLawReports1898‐1958(1857decisions)
SouthAustralia SouthAustralianNumberedActs1837‐ SuperiorCourtsofSouthAustralia1837‐1864(1925decisions)
SouthAustralianLawReports1863‐1920(1210decisions)
SouthAustralianStateReports1921‐1950(1794decisions)
Tasmania TasmanianNumberedActs1826‐ SuperiorCourtsofTasmania1824‐1843(563decisions)
TasmanianLawReports1897‐1940(926decisions)
TasmanianStateReports1941‐1978(639decisions)
TasmanianReports1979‐1991(310decisions)
AustralianCapitalTerritory AustralianCapitalTerritoryNumberedOrdinances1911‐
NorthernTerritory NorthernTerritoryNumberedOrdinances1960‐1978
NorthernTerritoryReprintedOrdinancesasat1January1961
NorthernTerritoryNumberedRegulations1961‐1988
NorthernTerritoryReprintedRegulationsasat1January1967
NewZealand(foundatNZLII) NewZealandActsAsEnacted1841‐1907 NewZealandLostDecisionsProject1841‐1882(4403decisions)
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AUTHORITYANDINTEGRITYOFPRIMARYLEGALMATERIALS
In2013,AustLII(viaitshostuniversitiesUTSandUNSW)andsevencollaboratingpartnerinstitutionsweresuccessfulinobtaininganARCLinkagegrantentitled“Re‐inventingauthorityandintegrityofprimarylegalsourcesfortheonlineworld,usingfreeaccesstomakethelegalsystemmoreefficientandjust”.Thisisathreeyeargrantfor$150,000fromtheARCwithanadditional$114,000frompartnerinstitutions.OurindustrypartnersinthisprojectincludetheHighCourtofAustralia,theFamilyCourtofAustralia,theFederalCircuitCourt,theSupremeCourtLibraryofVictoria,theDepartmentofForeignAffairsandTrade,theOfficeoftheQueenslandParliamentaryCounselandtheOfficeoftheChiefParliamentaryCounselofVictoria.
Theprincipalaimsofthisprojectare:
Todeterminetheroleofthehistoricalsystemofauthorisedreportsofcaselawinthecontextoftheubiquitousinternetavailabilityofallcaselawandhowthiscanbereconciledwiththeadvantageoffree‐accessinternetdistribution;
Totestandvalidatealternativemethodsofpreparinganddistributingauthorisedreports;
Todeterminehowcourtsandtribunalsoutsidetheexistingsystemofauthorisedreportscanbestensurethattheirdecisionspublishedviatheinternethaveauthorityandintegrity;and
Todeterminethebestpracticebywhichtreatiescanbeprovidedonlinewithauthorityandintegrity.
TheInvestigatorsofthisprojectare:ProfAndrewMowbray(UTS),ProfGrahamGreenleaf(UNSW),ProfDanSvantesson(Bond),ProfAnitaStuhmcke(UTS),ProfJillHunter(UNSW),MrDavidMason(DepartmentofForeignAffairsandTrade),MrJohnButera(OfficeoftheChiefParliamentaryCounselofVictoria),MsLynNewlands(FamilyCourtofAustralia),MsLaurieAtkinson(SupremeCourtofVictoria),MrAndrewPhelan(HighCourtofAustralia),JudgeGrantRiethmuller(FederalCircuitCourt),andMsStaceyTalbot(OfficeoftheQueenslandParliamentaryCounsel).
INTERNATIONALLAWLIBRARY
Attheendof2013,AustLII(viaitshostuniversitiesUTSandUNSW)and10partnerinstitutionsweresuccessfulinobtaininganotherARCgrantentitled“TheinternationallawlibraryonWorldLII:Newcontentandfacilitiesfortheleadingrepositoryandcitatorforinternationallaw”.ThisisaLIEFresearchinfrastructuregrantfor$284,000withanadditional$395,000contributionfrompartnerinstitutions.
TheInvestigatorsofthisprojectare:ProfAndrewMowbray(UTS),ProfGrahamGreenleaf(UNSW),ProfAndrewByrnes(UNSW),ProfErikaTechera(UWA),ProfDonaldRothwell(Sydney),ProfChesterBrown(Sydney),A/ProfAnthonyCassimatis(UQ),ProfDanSvantesson(Bond),ProfJaneMcAdam(UNSW),ProfRossBuckley(UNSW),ProfAnaVrdoljak(UYS),A/ProfJulieDebeljak(Monash),ProfDianneOtto(Melbourne),ProfMichaelBlakeney(UWA),A/ProfTimothyStephens(Sydney),ProfMichaelAdams(UWA),DrHitoshiNasu(ANU),A/ProfKevinHeller(Melbourne),ProfVaiIoLo(Bond),MrAndrewWells(UNSW),ProfHollyCullen(UWA),andDrRichardJoyce(Monash).
TheaimofthisprojectistoupdateandexpandtheInternationalLawLibraryonWorldLII.Itwillbecarriedoutduring2014and2015.
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OTHERGRANTSFORINTERNATIONALPROJECTS
During2013,AustLIIalsoreceivedanumberofsmallergrantsforinternationalprojects.Theseinclude:
CommonwealthSecretariatgrantfortheCommonwealthCriminalLawLibraryandCaribbeanLawonCommonLII:GBP20,000
JustisPublishingLimited(UK):AUD30,000 NewZealandMinistryofForeignAffairsandTrade:AUD7,500
RESEARCHPUBLICATIONSANDPRESENTATIONS
AustLIICo‐Directorspublishedthefollowingpapersandmadethefollowingpresentationsin2013:
GreenleafG,Mowbray,AandChungP,“Themeaningof‘freeaccesstolegalinformation’:Atwentyyearevolution”(onSSRN/LSN)(2013)JournalofOpenAccesstoLaw(JOAL),Vol1,No1
GreenleafG,Mowbray,AandChungP,‘FreeScholarship:DevelopingaNationalLegalScholarshipLibrary’–LawviaInternetConference,Jersey,September2013,[2013]UNSWLRS60
ChungP,Mowbray,AandGreenleafG,‘Linkinglegalthesauritoenablesemi‐automatedmultilingualsearching’–LawviaInternetConference,Jersey,September2013
Mowbray,A,ChungPandGreenleafG,‘Tenyearsafter:WhatWorldLIIoffersusers,andcollaboratingLIIs’–LawviaInternetConference,Jersey,September2013
AUSTLIIRESEARCHSEMINARSERIES
AustLIIoffersaseriesoflunchtimeseminarsonaspectsoflegalinformationsystemsbybothexternalpresentersandAustLIIpresenters.
AustLIIResearchSeminarSeries‐MichaelRubacki
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The2013seminarswereasfollows:
MichaelRubacki,“LegislationonlinefromAustraliangovernments:Achievementsandissues”–7May2013
GrahamGreenleaf,ProfessorofLaw&InformationSystemsatUNSWandAustLIICo‐Director,“PolicyfoundationsofAustLII:Oneapproachtofreeaccesstolaw”–4June2013
AndrewMowbray,ProfessorofLawatUTSandAustLIICo‐Director,“TheLawCitecitator–Itspotentialuses,andsomeheuristicsbehindit”–11July2013
PaulMaharg,ProfessorofLawatANU,“Convergentliteracies–legalresearch,legalinformaticsandlegaleducation”–13August2013
DanielPoulin,ProfessorofLawatUniversityofMontreal,“‘FreeAccesstoLaw’and‘OpenData’–SimilaritiesandDifferences”–19November2013
DonnaBuckingham,AssociateProfessorofLawatUniversityofOtago,“Oilyragsandonlineresolve:NZLIIandfreeaccesstolawinNewZealand”–2December2013
LtoR:ArminWittfoth,ChrisKenward,AndrewMowbray,DanielPoulin(LexUM),GrahamGreenleaf
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FOUNDATIONINCOME
TheAustLIIFoundationLimitedraisesdonationstomaintainAustLII’sAustralianinfrastructureandservices.In2013,theFoundationrevenuewas$998,645(including$915,145indonationsand$83,500ininterest).
AustLIIthanksalldonorsfortheirsupportin2013.ThesedonationsplayamajorpartinmakingAustLII’sservicessustainableandkeepingdatabasesuptodate.
LISTOFDONORSANDRESEARCHPARTNERS
Contributorsfallintotwocategories,thosethatprovidedonationstomaintainAustLII’sAustralianinfrastructureandservicesandthosethatareresearchpartnerstograntsforresearchanddevelopment.Researchpartnersaredenotedwith*.
ContributorsarepubliclyacknowledgedfortheircontributiononAustLIIsponsors’page(unlessanonymityisrequested)withtheamountsofcontributionrecorded:<http://www.austlii.edu.au/austlii/contributors/>
AustLIIthanksallits2013contributors,whicharelistedbelowbysector.
GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENTAGENCIES
AdministrationofNorfolkIslandAustralianGovernmentSolicitorAustralianTaxationOfficeCommonwealthOmbudsmanDepartmentofCommerce
DepartmentofForeignAffairsandTrade*NationalCompetitionCouncilNationalJusticeCEO'sGroupNational LegalAidCommissionNationalLibraryofAustralia
COURTS,TRIBUNALS®ULATORS
ACTCivilandAdministrativeTribunalAdministrativeAppealsTribunalAustralianHealthPractitionerRegulationAgencyAustralianHumanRightsCommissionConsumer&TraderTenancyTribunalofNSWCouncilofAustralasianTribunalsPlanningPanelsVictoriaFairWorkAustraliaFairWorkOmbudsmanFamilyCourtofAustralia*FederalCourtofAustralia
Migration ReviewTribunal‐RefugeeReviewTribunalWAInformationCommissionerSAIndustrialRelationsCourtandCommissionSuperannuationComplaintsTribunalTakeoversPanel(DeptofTreasury)VictorianCivil&AdministrativeTribunalWAIndustrialRelationsCommissionTheHighCourtofAustralia*SupremeCourtLibrary(Vic)*FederalCircuit Court*NSWWorkersCompensationCommission
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EDUCATION
AustralianCatholicUniversity*AustralianNationalUniversity*BondUniversity*CollegeofLawCharlesDarwinUniversityCurtinUniversityEdithCowanUniversityJamesCookUniversityLaTrobeUniversityMonashUniversity*MurdochUniversityQueenslandUniversityofTechnologySouthernCrossUniversity
TheUniversityofMelbourne*TheUniversityofNewSouthWales****TheUniversityofSydney*UniversityofAdelaideUniversityofNewEnglandUniversityofNotreDameUniversityofQueensland*UniversityofSouthAustraliaUniversityofSouthernQueenslandUniversityofTasmania*UniversityofTechnology,Sydney***UniversityofWesternAustralia*VictoriaUniversity
**Inadditiontoitsfinancialcontribution,UTSprovidesphysicalpremisesfromwhichAustLIIstaffoperates.
***Inadditiontoitsfinancialcontribution,UNSWprovidesphysicalpremisesforsomeAustLIIstaffmembersandforbackupserverequipment.
COMMERCIAL
LEGALPROFESSION
(includeslawfirms,barristers’chambers,individualsolicitorsandbarristers,patent&trademarkattorneysandmigrationagents)
AboriginalLegalService(NSW/ACT)LimitedAdrianBatterbyLawyerAitkenPartnersAlecLeopoldSCAlistairPoundAllen&OveryAllensAnchorLegalAndrewSinclairArmstrongLegalArnoldBlochLeiblerAshurstAustralianWorkplaceLawyersAviationLawAssocofAustraliaandNewZealandBartierPerryBartleyCohenBellLawyersPtyLtdBillPiperBobLockeBucknerJonesButlersWillDisputeLawyersClareThompsonClaytonUtzCMMQuayLegalGroupCogillWoodsLegalServicesPtyLtdColinBiggers&PaisleyConnollySuthers
CooperGraceWardCorrsChambersWestgarthCouncilofLawReportingforTasmaniaCouncilofLawReportinginVictoriaCowellClarkeCraigColvinCurwoodsLawyersDaviesCollisonCaveDenmanChambersDever'sListDibbsBarkerDonaldsonWalshDoogueO'BrienGeorgeDSALegalCostConsultantsPtyLtdE&ALawyersEdwardGrayElsonPow&AssociatesEquipeLawyersFenwickElliottGraceForbesChambersPtyLimitedForteFamilyLawyersFrancisBurtChambersFrancisCommercialLawyersPtyLtdGadensGaryTestroGeoffHancyGeorgeGeorgiou
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GeorgeLombardConsultancyGilbert&TobinGrahamsSolicitorsGreenwoods&FreehillsHansonChambersHarryDixonSCHarwoodAndrewsLawyersHenryDavisYorkHerbertSmithFreehillsHWLEbsworthLawyersI&TSolicitorsIngmarTaylorJamesJIslesJanineGleesonJeffcottChambersJeffreyLoewensteinJMALegalPtyLtdJohnTooheyChambersJohnsonWinter&SlatteryJulianBurnsideAOQCK&LGatesKateEastmanKenBarlowSCKristineHanscombeKyrimisLawyersLawCPDLipmanKarasLynchMeyerLawyersMakinson&d'ApiceMargaretCritchlowMargaretRileyMarqueLawyersMartinWilloughby‐ThomasMaryAnneHartleySCMatthewHowardSCMauriceBlackburnMcCulloughRobertsonMichaelCoeMichaelHennessyMinterEllisonMooresLegalMurray&LyonsSolicitorsNewcastleChambersPtyLtd
NicholasSeddonNormanWaterhouseLawyersNorthsideLawNSWSocietyforComputersandtheLawOmond&CoPtyLtdOwenHodgeLaywersPaulBardPeterDowdingSCPeterHanksQCPeterVitalePeterWillisPhilipSolomonSCPhillipsOrmonde&FitzpatrickPiperAldermanProveyLegalRPEmery&AssociatesRickardsLegalRobinsonLockeLitigationLawyersRothsteinLawyerRussellKennedySanLingChanSchweizerKobrasSixthFloorStJamesHallChambersSpruson&FergusonStandleyLegalStephenWhiteStreeterlawSydneyLawyersStuartWoodTeeceHodgson&Ward,SolicitorsTressCoxLawyersTurnerFreemanTwelfthFloorChambersPtyLimitedUniversityChambersValerieHeathWalkerKissane&PlummerWellnersLawyersAnonymous(3)
BUSINESS&INDUSTRY
AMAVictoriaAustaxAccountantsAustralianManufacturingWorkers'UnionCartridgesDirectCCHAustraliaPublishingCFMEUCoalMiningIndustry(LSLFunding)Corporation
Counsel'sChambersLimitedCPDInteractiveCumpstonSarjeantPtyLtdFilamentPtyLtdIMF(Australia)LtdLegalPractitionersLiabilityCommitteeMagistratesCases
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Mercer(Australia)PtyLtdMeritonGroupNSWMineralsCouncilQuicksales
SingaporeAcademyofLawTheCommercialLawAssociationofAustraliaLtdZurichFinancialServicesAustLtd
LAWSOCIETIES&BARASSOCIATION
CentralQueenslandLawAssociationIncCommercialBarAssociationofVictoriaLawCouncilofAustraliaLawInstituteofVictoriaLawSocietyNorthernTerritory
LawSocietyofNewSouthWalesQueenslandBarAssociationTheLawSocietyofTasmaniaWesternAustralianBarAssociation
COMMUNITY
AmeliaFleming
AnnCunningham
AntonyComanos
FaisalZaiman
KenShiu
KevinBurges
LouiseandJohnSouthalan
MarcusColeman
MarkDreyfusQCMP
NickCheok
PaulBugler
RussellByard
Anonymous (7)
CONTRIBUTIONSFORAUSTLII’SINTERNATIONALPROJECTS
CommonwealthSecretariat(fundsforCommonLII)JustisPublishingLtd(UK)NewZealandMinistryofForeignAffairsandTrade(fundsforNewZealandTreaties)
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