XML Workflows:
Bill Kasdorf
President, Impressions Book and Journal ServicesMadison, Wisconsin and Ann Arbor, Michigan
© Copyright 2003, Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc.
XML Workflows:XML Works!Bill Kasdorf
President, Impressions Book and Journal ServicesMadison, Wisconsin and Ann Arbor, Michigan
© Copyright 2003, Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc.
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤ XML is no longer “cutting edge”—It’s a core technology of the digital era
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤ XML is no longer “cutting edge”—It’s a core technology of the digital era• Liberates content from a particular
presentation of that content
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤ XML is no longer “cutting edge”—It’s a core technology of the digital era• Liberates content from a particular
presentation of that content• Enables interchange with unrelated parties
allowing reformatting, manipulation
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤ XML is no longer “cutting edge”—It’s a core technology of the digital era• Liberates content from a particular
presentation of that content• Enables interchange with unrelated parties
allowing reformatting, manipulation• Most valuable archive to enable reuse,
revision, adaptation to future options
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Publishers need both XML and PDF• PDF is for Electronic Page Images
—Describes appearance of typeset page
—Main virtue: Inflexibility (=stability)• XML is for Structured Information
—Describes what elements are and do
—Main virtue: Flexibility (=adaptability)
XML Workflows: XML Works!
PDF:think
Pages
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤When do we want electronic PAGES?• Local and remote proofs during comp
—Can view, print, annotate PDFs• Reliable files for film, platesetting• Same files for digital printing
—Short run, on demand, course packs• Delivering pages to users over the Web• Some eBooks: e.g., ebrary, Adobe eBooks
➤The best technology for these is PDF
XML Workflows: XML Works!
XML:think
Flexibility
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤When do we need to change the pages?• Viewing in a Web browser
—Limited fonts, lines reflow to fit screen• Adapting to different devices, formats
—Print, PC screen, PDAs, most eBooks• Using parts in new contexts• Rearranging, changing, updating• Adapting to options not invented yet
➤The best technology for these is XML
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Think you don’t need flexibility?
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Think you don’t need flexibility?If you don’t now, you will in the future.
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Think you don’t need flexibility?If you don’t now, you will in the future.• Publishing technology’s evolving rapidly
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Think you don’t need flexibility?If you don’t now, you will in the future.• Publishing technology’s evolving rapidly• Constant demand for new formats
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Think you don’t need flexibility?If you don’t now, you will in the future.• Publishing technology’s evolving rapidly• Constant demand for new formats• Take advantage of new production options
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Think you don’t need flexibility?If you don’t now, you will in the future.• Publishing technology’s evolving rapidly• Constant demand for new formats• Take advantage of new production options• Opportunities to license & acquire content
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Think you don’t need flexibility?If you don’t now, you will in the future.• Publishing technology’s evolving rapidly• Constant demand for new formats• Take advantage of new production options• Opportunities to license & acquire content• Need to relate to non-publishing systems
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Think you don’t need flexibility?If you don’t now, you will in the future.• Publishing technology’s evolving rapidly• Constant demand for new formats• Take advantage of new production options• Opportunities to license & acquire content• Need to relate to non-publishing systems• Pouring money & time into conversion
gets old real fast—do it right up front!
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤The good news: it works, you can do it!
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤The good news: it works, you can do it!• Broad agreement on basic standards
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤The good news: it works, you can do it!• Broad agreement on basic standards• XML and PDF are a stable foundation
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤The good news: it works, you can do it!• Broad agreement on basic standards• XML and PDF are a stable foundation• Tools & techniques are rapidly evolving
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤The good news: it works, you can do it!• Broad agreement on basic standards• XML and PDF are a stable foundation• Tools & techniques are rapidly evolving• XML lets them work well together
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤The good news: it works, you can do it!• Broad agreement on basic standards• XML and PDF are a stable foundation• Tools & techniques are rapidly evolving• XML lets them work well together• Experience & knowledge advancing too
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤The good news: it works, you can do it!• Broad agreement on basic standards• XML and PDF are a stable foundation• Tools & techniques are rapidly evolving• XML lets them work well together• Experience & knowledge advancing too
➤Many possible workflows• There is no “one best way”• Remember, XML is for FLEXIBILITY!
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Here are six real-life case studies,and the different workflows they use• Converting XML from normal Quark files• Using XML in Quark (Autopage, XMLxt)• Composing with native XML files• Working with XML created for a purpose
other than publishing• Producing 3 products from the same XML• Using an XML-based Content Mgmt. Syst.
“I’ll think about XML later,just set the damn pages.”
Workflow #1
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Getting XML out of [any old] Quark• The sad truth: this is a common situation• Pubs haven’t anticipated XML (or HTML!)• Files are inconsistently coded & styled
—Done by various people at various times—Focus is on visual result, not structure—“Flows” not always clear or connected
• Need to get uniformly tagged XML• Here’s how we do it . . .
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Case Study: Converting from Quark• History reference publisher• 50–75,000 pages set by Quark freelancers• Has extensive in-house database• Needs to publish in various elec. contexts
—Their own Web site, CD-ROMs—netLibrary (now OCLC) flavor of OeB—Adapt to new options (Baker & Taylor)
• Linked, enriched content very valuable
3DEITIES, THEMES, AND CONCEPTS
ÆGIR
The sea personified; a famous host to the gods but listed among the jötnar.
The name appears to be identical to a noun for “sea” in skaldic poetry, and that
noun, or the name of the figure under discussion here, is the base word in many
kennings. For example, “Ægir’s horse” is a ship, and “daughters of Ægir” are
waves. In Skáldskaparmál, Snorri says that Rán is the wife of Ægir and that they
have nine daughters, most of whom bear names meaning “wave.” Since Rán is
listed among the goddesses in the thulur and Ægir has a peaceful relationship
with the gods, his inclusion in the thulur as a giant seems questionable.
The eddic poems often show Ægir as host to the gods. Hymiskvida is set in
motion because the gods expect to visit Ægir and will need a huge cauldron in
which to brew the beer that will be consumed. The poem tells how Thor
acquires the cauldron from the giant Hymir. The next poem in Codex Regius of
the Poetic Edda is Lokasenna, Loki’s flyting (that is, verbal duel) with the gods,
and it is set at a feast hosted by Ægir. Indeed, paper manuscripts call the poem
Ægisdrekka (Ægir’s Drinking Party). According to the prose header to the poem,
“Ægir, who was also called Gymir, had prepared beer for the æsir.” After enu-
merating the guest list (most of the æsir except Thor, who was away to the east
bashing trolls), the author reports that bright gold was used there in place of fire-
light, and the beer served itself. It was a great place of sanctuary, but Loki kills
Ægir’s servant Fimafeng, and Eldir, Ægir’s other servant, is the first with whom
Loki exchanges words in the series of flytings that make up the poem. Loki’s last
words are reserved for Ægir:
You made the beer, Ægir, and you never more will
Have a feast again;
All your possessions, which are here inside,
May fire play over,
And may it burn your back.
47
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<head>Deities, themes, and concepts</head></div>
<entry id="NORSE.28">
<title>ÆGIR</title>
<div0 id="NORSE.29">
<opener>The sea personified; a famous host to the gods but listed among the
jötnar.</opener>
<p indent="no">The name appears to be identical to a noun for
“sea” in skaldic poetry, and that noun, or the name of the figure
under discussion here, is the base word in many kennings. For example,
“Ægir’s horse” is a ship, and “daughters of
Ægir” are waves. In <i>Skáldskaparmál,</i> Snorri
says that Rán is the wife of Ægir and that they have nine daughters,
most of whom bear names meaning “wave.” Since Rán is
listed among the goddesses in the thulur and Ægir has a peaceful
relationship with the gods, his inclusion in the thulur as a giant seems
questionable.</p>
<p>The eddic poems often show Ægir as host to the gods.
<i>Hymiskvida</i> is set in motion because the gods expect to visit Ægir
and will need a huge cauldron in which to brew the beer that will be consumed.
The poem tells how Thor acquires the cauldron from the giant Hymir. The next
poem in <i>Codex Regius</i> of the <i>Poetic Edda</i> is <i>Lokasenna,</i>
Loki’s flyting (that is, verbal duel) with the gods, and it is set at a feast
hosted by Ægir. Indeed, paper manuscripts call the poem
<i>Ægisdrekka</i> (Ægir’s Drinking Party). According to the
prose header to the poem, “Ægir, who was also called Gymir, had
prepared beer for the æsir.” After enumerating the guest list (most
of the æsir except Thor, who was away to the east bashing trolls), the
author reports that bright gold was used there in place of firelight, and the beer
served itself. It was a great place of sanctuary, but Loki kills Ægir’s
servant Fimafeng, and Eldir, Ægir’s other servant, is the first with
whom Loki exchanges words in the series of flytings that make up the poem.
Loki’s last words are reserved for Ægir:</p>
<poem>
<poemline>You made the beer, Ægir, and you never more will</poemline>
<poemline>Have a feast again;</poemline>
<poemline>All your possessions, which are here inside,</poemline>
<poemline>May fire play over,</poemline>
<poemline>And may it burn your back.</poemline></poem>
</div0>
</entry>
</part>
</publication>
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<html>
<head>
<title>Handbook of Norse Mythology</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="abc_oeb.css" title="Default" />
</head>
<body>
<a id="NORSE.27"></a>
<h3 class="chtitle"><a id="page_47"></a>3<br/>
Deities, themes, and concepts</h3>
<a id="NORSE.28"></a>
<h5 class="H1">ÆGIR</h5>
<a id="NORSE.29"></a>
<p class="opener">The sea personified; a famous host to the gods but listed
among the jötnar.</p>
<p class="noindent">The name appears to be identical to a noun for
“sea” in skaldic poetry, and that noun, or the name of the figure
under discussion here, is the base word in many kennings. For example,
“Ægir’s horse” is a ship, and “daughters of
Ægir” are waves. In <i>Skáldskaparmál,</i> Snorri
says that Rán is the wife of Ægir and that they have nine daughters,
most of whom bear names meaning “wave.” Since Rán is
listed among the goddesses in the thulur and Ægir has a peaceful
relationship with the gods, his inclusion in the thulur as a giant seems
questionable.</p>
<p>The eddic poems often show Ægir as host to the gods.
<i>Hymiskvida</i> is set in motion because the gods expect to visit Ægir
and will need a huge cauldron in which to brew the beer that will be consumed.
The poem tells how Thor acquires the cauldron from the giant Hymir. The next
poem in <i>Codex Regius</i> of the <i>Poetic Edda</i> is <i>Lokasenna,</i>
Loki’s flyting (that is, verbal duel) with the gods, and it is set at a feast
hosted by Ægir. Indeed, paper manuscripts call the poem
<i>Ægisdrekka</i> (Ægir’s Drinking Party). According to the
prose header to the poem, “Ægir, who was also called Gymir, had
prepared beer for the æsir.” After enumerating the guest list (most
of the æsir except Thor, who was away to the east bashing trolls), the
author reports that bright gold was used there in place of firelight, and the beer
served itself. It was a great place of sanctuary, but Loki kills Ægir’s
servant Fimafeng, and Eldir, Ægir’s other servant, is the first with
whom Loki exchanges words in the series of flytings that make up the poem.
Loki’s last words are reserved for Ægir:</p>
<ul class="poem">
<li>You made the beer, Ægir, and you never more will</li>
<li>Have a feast again;</li>
<li>All your possessions, which are here inside,</li>
<li>May fire play over,</li>
<li>And may it burn your back.</li></ul>
</body>
</html>
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Workflow 1: Getting XML out of QuarkQuarkXpress
files
Roustabout
Well FormedXML files
Valid, correctXML files
Scripts +Handwork
NameMapping
FontEncoding
DTD orDTDs
© Copyright 2003, Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc.
Scripts
Other files
OeB PS files
HTML files
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Workflow 1: Getting XML out of QuarkQuarkXpress
files
Roustabout
Well FormedXML files
Valid, correctXML files
Scripts +Handwork
NameMapping
FontEncoding
DTD orDTDs
© Copyright 2003, Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc.
Scripts
Other files
OeB PS files
HTML files
300-pg book:7–10 hrs work
�
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Workflow 1: Getting XML out of QuarkQuarkXpress
files
Roustabout
Well FormedXML files
Valid, correctXML files
Scripts +Handwork
NameMapping
FontEncoding
DTD orDTDs
© Copyright 2003, Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc.
Scripts
Other files
OeB PS files
HTML filesS O M E T O O L S :
• Roustabout• Xtend-Xport• EasyPress Atomik
& Roundtrip
S O M E T O O L S :
• Perl & Python• Omnimark• XSLT
� �
�
“Maybe if we get organizedthis will be easier.”
Workflow #2
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Optimizing Quark for XML extraction• Start with consistent set of elements/DTD• Use STYLES, avoid “local formatting”
—Word styles � XML � Xpress Tags/Xtags—Starting & ending w/ same XML helps
• Link text boxes in Quark to specify flow• Use standard fonts & keep them w/ job• Limited to flat structures, no “nesting”• Extracting XML takes < half as much time
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Workflow 2: XML from Optimized QuarkQuarkXpress
files
Roustabout
Well FormedXML files
Valid, correctXML files
Scripts +Handwork
NameMapping
FontEncoding
DTD orDTDs
© Copyright 2003, Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc.
Scripts
Other files
OeB PS files
HTML files
300-pg book:2–3 hrs work
�
“Isn’t there some wayto automate this?”
Workflow #3
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Using Autopage & XMLxt with Quark• Requires special software—& knowledge• The work is in the setup (can be extensive)• XML tags are hidden with XMLxt• XML tags are converted to Xtags• Paging is automated with Autopage• After comp, XML can be extracted• Must USE the codes: don’t subvert them!• Be careful not to interfere w/ hidden XML
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Case Study: Using XML in Quark• Textbook publisher wants XML archive• Custom designed XML/Quark workflow• Well-evolved coding scheme but no DTD• Uses Xtags, Autopage, and XMLxt• First use: computer manuals (print+elec.)• Starting to use for all textbook production• Totally electronic workflow (no paper)• Makes composition faster & cheaper!
Web Collaboration Using Office XP and NetMeeting Project 1 Microsoft Word and Web Collaboration42
To Create a Hyperlink to an E-mail Address
A In the table of contents document, select the text Contact the Authors.This text represents the hyperlink.
B Click the Insert Hyperlink button on the Standard toolbar, or choose Insert,Hyperlink to open the Insert Hyperlink dialog box.
C Click E-mail Address in the Link to area.This opens the dialog box shown in Figure 1.39.
D Type in an E-mail address, or select one from the Recently used e-mailaddresses list.As you type in an e-mail address, the prefix mailto: is automatically inserted before theaddress.
Use the e-mail address of someone who does not mind receiving a test message from you.
E Enter a Subject and ScreenTip, and click OK.When you click the hyperlink, your e-mail program opens with the e-mail address poppedin the To box and the subject popped in the Subject box.
F Send a test message.
G Save and close the table of contents document.
There are many more things that can be done with hyperlinks. But two are worth mentioning beforewrapping up the topic. You can change attributes of an existing hyperlink by right-clicking the hyper-link and selecting Edit Hyperlink. At this point, you can change the displayed text that represents thehyperlink, the ScreenTip, the target frame, and the destination address.
If you want to remove a hyperlink from a document, you can completely remove the hyperlink, orremove the hyperlink and leave the existing text or image. To completely remove the hyperlink,select the hyperlink and click ∂. To remove the hyperlink but leave the text or image, right-clickthe hyperlink and select Remove Hyperlink from the shortcut menu.
To extend your knowledge…Creating Hyperlinks to Other ApplicationsTo create a hyperlink to a location in an Excel workbook, open the workbook and select a rangeof cells you want to jump to. Click Insert, point to Name, and click Define. Enter a name, and clickOK. Go to your Word document, select the text or object that is to represent the hyperlink; then
Enter e-mail address
Figure 1.39
Text in this color is Xtags/Autopage tagging.
Text in this color is XML.
@EXR_TTL:<$>[{<\<>EXR>}][{<\<>TTL>}]To Create a Hyperlink to an E<\#45>mail Address[{<\<>/TTL>}]
@EXR_NL_ITEM:<$>[{<\<>NL>}][{<\<>ITEM>}]<@EXR_NL_NUM><\#009>A<\#009><@$p>In the
<@TERM>[{<\<>TERM>}]table of contents[{<\<>/TERM>}]<@$p> document, select the text
<@TERM>[{<\<>TERM>}]Contact the Authors[{<\<>/TERM>}]<@$p>.
@EXR:<$>This text represents the hyperlink.[{<\<>/ITEM>}]
@EXR_NL_ITEM:<$>[{<\<>XREF
ID="xIc031"/>}][{<\<>ITEM>}]<@EXR_NL_NUM><\#009>B<\#009><@$p>[[SR 031
V=1]]<&pbu2(,,(120,S,1,),(36,S,1,),,,,n,,,,,K,15,,,,,,,,,"Maxtor 38 GB
HD:Essentials:EssentialsCollabicons:xIc031.tif",,"")><&tbu2((0,TL,1),2,20,20,,,,n,,,,,n,,,1,,,,,t,,"")>@SRLABE
L:<z7>[[S 031 C=I V=1]]<&te><&g(2,1)>Click the Insert Hyperlink button on the Standard toolbar, or choose
[{<\<>STK>}]<U>I[{<\<>/STK>}]<U>nsert, Hyperl[{<\<>STK>}]<U>i[{<\<>/STK>}]<U>nk to open the Insert
Hyperlink dialog box.[{<\<>/ITEM>}]
@EXR_NL_ITEM:<$>[{<\<>ITEM>}]<@EXR_NL_NUM><\#009>C<\#009><@$p>Click
E<\#45>[{<\<>STK>}]<U>m[{<\<>/STK>}]<U>ail Address in the <@TERM>[{<\<>TERM>}]Link
to[{<\<>/TERM>}]<@$p> area.
@EXR:<$>This opens the dialog box shown in Figure[{<\<>FIGIND NUM="39"
ID="01FIG39"/>}]<&pbu2(,,(40p,S,2,),(40p,S,1,),0,0,,n,,,,,N,,,m,100,100,1,1,0,0,":WebCollP01Figs:01fig39.p
s",,"")><&tbu2((2,BL,1),3,20p,1p6,,,,N,,,,,N,,,1,,,,,t,,)>[[A 01FIG39 I=Y]]<&te><&g(2,1)><\!s>1.39[[AR
01FIG39 T=E]].
@EXR_NL_ITEM:<$>[{<\<>INDEXTERM><\<>PRIMARY>formatting<\<>/PRIMARY><\<>SECONDARY>h
yperlinks<\<>/SECONDARY><\<>TERTIARY>e<\#45>mail
addresses<\<>/TERTIARY>}][{<\<>/INDEXTERM>}]<\<>$I~formatting;hyperlinks;e<\#45>mail
addresses>[{<\<>INDEXTERM><\<>PRIMARY>hyperlinks<\<>/PRIMARY><\<>SECONDARY>e<\#45>mail
addresses<\<>/SECONDARY>}][{<\<>/INDEXTERM>}]<\<>$I~hyperlinks;e<\#45>mail
addresses>[{<\<>INDEXTERM><\<>PRIMARY>applying<\<>/PRIMARY><\<>SECONDARY>hyperlinks<\<
>/SECONDARY><\<>TERTIARY>e<\#45>mail
addresses<\<>/TERTIARY>}][{<\<>/INDEXTERM>}]<\<>$I~applying;hyperlinks;e<\#45>mail
addresses>[{<\<>INDEXTERM><\<>PRIMARY>documents<\<>/PRIMARY><\<>SECONDARY>hyperlinks<
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Workflow 3: Quark w/ Autopage, XMLxt
© Copyright 2003, Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc.
Scripts orTemplate
Quark w/Autopage &
XMLxt
Word files w/Style Names
Well FormedXML files
Quark files w/embedded XML
PDFfiles
XMLfiles
XtagsConversion
XML Workflows: XML Works!
300-pg book:1 hr work
➤Workflow 3: Quark w/ Autopage, XMLxt
© Copyright 2002, Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc.
Scripts orTemplate
Quark w/Autopage &
XMLxt
Word files w/Style Names
Well FormedXML files
Quark files w/embedded XML
PDFfiles
XMLfiles
XtagsConversion
�
(Plus the composition is WAY faster!)
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Workflow 3: Quark w/ Autopage, XMLxt
© Copyright 2003, Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc.
Scripts orTemplate
Quark w/Autopage &
XMLxt
Word files w/Style Names
Well FormedXML files
Quark files w/embedded XML
PDFfiles
XMLfiles
XtagsConversion
N O T E :
Not needed withAdobe InDesign
N O T E :
Not available forAdobe InDesign
� �
“Aren’t there any systemsdesigned to use XML?”
Workflow #4
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Composing in native XML• XML is the comp coding (no conversion)• Some systems integrate XML editing• Can handle deep, hierarchical structures• Can do context-sensitive formatting• Maps XML structure to stylesheet• “PIs” permit “futzing” for pretty pages• Operators need to “think in XML” more• Post-comp extraction of XML can be trivial
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Case Study: Composing in native XML• Journal publisher wants to control files• Edits in Word, scripts/macros make XML• Buys pagination on high-end system that
automates comp from fully-coded XML• Makes own corrs, submits new XML• Comp “proofs” XML, creates graphics• Uses same data for print and online pubs• Saves time and money on alts, conversion
36 Psychosomatics 43:1, January-February 2002
Clinical Outcomes Following a Trial of Sertralinein Rheumatoid Arthritis
JAMES R. SLAUGHTER, M.D., JERRY C. PARKER, PH.D.MATTHEW P. MARTENS, M.A., KAREN L. SMARR, M.A.
JAMES E. HEWETT, M.A.
We report an open-label trial of sertraline in the treatment of major depression in 54 consecutiverheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder. Weinitially surveyed 628 RA outpatients with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-D) and invited those with depression to be evaluated further and treated. Eighty-four RApatients reporting depressive symptoms agreed to participate in person, and 56 met the criteriafor major depressive disorder. Of these 56 patients, 54 agreed to medication treatment and wereenrolled in the study. Patients were also randomized to one of three psychological treatment con-ditions, but for this study, conditions were collapsed because previous research on this sampleindicated no significant between-group differences in depression after treatment. Patients wereassessed with the CES-D and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression after the intervention, at6-month follow-up, and at 15-month follow-up. At the last follow-up, 41 patients remained forassessment. In this study, sertraline was found to be a safe and efficacious treatment of depres-sion complicating RA. (Psychosomatics 2002; 43:36–41)
Received November 2, 2000; revised October 10, 2001; accepted October18, 2001. From the Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Universityof Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Address correspondence and reprintrequests to Dr. Slaughter, Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Uni-versity of Missouri, One Hospital Dr, Columbia, Missouri 65212.
Copyright � 2002 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine.
Individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) experiencemore psychological distress than healthy individuals
without RA,1,2 and research indicates that RA patients areespecially susceptible to depression.3–9 Although severalstudies have examined the effectiveness of psychologicalinterventions in treating depression in RA,10–12 the effec-tiveness of pharmacologic interventions is not well estab-lished. In a 32-week, double-blind, crossover trial of ami-triptyline, desipramine, trazodone, and placebo, Frank etal.13 found that treatment with amitriptyline led to signifi-cant reductions in pain measures relative to both placeboand baseline, but the authors did not report the effect oftreatment on depression. However, they reported that ami-
triptyline led to significant improvement relative to baselineon several mood measures, including life dissatisfaction,self-esteem, down mood, social isolation, negative affect,chronic fatigue, and self-blame. Although these mood mea-sures may be related to major depression, they do not assessdepression per se. Sarzi Puttini et al.14 reported that de-pressed RA patients taking dothiepin (a tricyclic antidepres-sant available in Europe) experienced significant improve-ment on Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (Ham-D)15
scores, while also improving significantly on pain scores,when compared with placebo. These two studies, however,are the only ones identified by MEDLINE that addressedpharmacologic treatment of depression in RA, and treatmentwas not the major focus of the research in these studies.
In a recent study, Smarr et al.16 reported on a combinedpsychological-pharmacologic intervention. In this study,54 subjects diagnosed with classic or definite RA were ran-domly divided into three groups: a group that received bothcognitive-behavioral therapy and an antidepressant medi-
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Psychosomatics 42:477-481, December 2001© 2001 The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine
Olanzapine for the Treatment of Psychosis in Patients With Parkinson's Disease and Dementia
Laura Marsh, M.D., Constantine Lyketsos, M.D. and Stephen G. Reich, M.D.
Received February 27, 2001; revised June 28, 2001; accepted July 19, 2001. From the Morris K. Udall Parkinson's Disease Research Center of Excellence at Johns Hopkins, the Neuropsychiatry Service, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and the Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Marsh, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St. Baltimore, MD 21287.
Psychotic symptoms are a common complication in Parkinson's disease with dementia. The authors conducted an open-label 6-week trial of olanzapine preceded by a placebo lead-in in five subjects with Parkinson's disease, mild to moderately severe dementia, and psychosis. Four of the subjects terminated the trial early because of worsening motor function, sedation, or paranoia. There was no improvement in psychotic symptoms, and functional abilities declined significantly. Olanzapine appears to be poorly tolerated in patients with Parkinson's disease, psychotic symptoms, and dementia.
ABSTRACT
Dementia • Psychosis • Parkinson's DiseaseKey Words:
Psychosis develops in up to 40% of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and is the most common cause of nursing homeplacement. Although antiparkinsonian therapies are often implicated, advanced disease and cognitive impairment are additional specific
INTRODUCTION
1
2
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES
risks for psychosis Trials of antipsychotics in those with PD typically focus on drug-induced psychosis and exclude patients with dementia, whose response to antipsychotic medications may differ from PD patients without dementia. Because PD patients with dementia and psychosis are a significant source of morbidity, caregiver burden, and complex management issues, treatment guidelines are needed.
3
This study examined the efficacy and safety of olanzapine for the treatment of psychosis in PD patients with dementia. Olanzapine is an atypical neuroleptic with a low affinity forstriatal D receptors and a reduced propensity for causing extrapyramidal symptoms. Its
clinical qualities are similar to clozapine, an atypical neuroleptic that is generally effective and tolerated for psychosis in patients with PD. However, olanzapine does not have hematological side effects that require weekly blood monitoring.
24
5
Subjects were recruited from the Johns Hopkins MovementDisorders Clinic and had idiopathic PD based on the United Kingdom BrainBank Criteria, dementia secondary to PD based on DSM-IV criteria, and hallucinations and/or delusions for at least 4 weeks before study entry that were not accounted for by another medical or psychiatric cause. Subjects were recruited only after their antiparkinsonian medications were reduced to the lowest dose tolerated with respect to motor function. All participants or their caregivers provided informed consent.
METHOD
Subjects
6 7
Assessments were conducted at screening; baseline; and Weeks 1, 2, 4, and 6. Antiparkinsonian medications were stable for at least 7 days before patient screening, which included a physical examination, electrocardiogram, urinalysis, complete blood count, and a comprehensive chemistry panel. After a 4-to 8-day single-blind placebo lead-in, subjects who maintained a score >2 on the Schedule for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) Hallucinations or Delusions subscale were started on olanzapine (2.5 mg qhs). If treatment response plateaued and the patient was tolerating olanzapine, the dose was increased in 2.5-mg increments every 3 days (up to 15.0 mg qhs). Dose reductions occurred whenever side effects were intolerable.
Trial Procedures
8
Efficacy was measured as the change in psychosis severity using the SAPS score. Secondary efficacy measures included the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Neuropsychiatric Inventory symptom severity and caregiver distress scores, and hours of sleep between 2100 and 0900. The primary safety measure was the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motorscore. Additional safety assessments included orthostatic blood pressure and functional and cognitive abilities based on the UPDRS Activities of Daily Living Scale and Mini-Mental State Exam.
9
10
11
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES
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Mini-Mental State
The UPDRS Activities of Daily Living subscore worsened ( <0.05) from baseline to the final observation ( and ). Caregivers reported initial improvements in nocturnal sleepand psychotic symptom intensity, but there were no statistically significant differences in hours of sleep, vital signs, caregiver distress, cognition, psychiatric symptom ratings, or motor function.
With SPSS software, we used Wilcoxon's signed rank tests to test the change in rating scales from baseline to final assessment (last observation carried forward). The small sample size limits interpretation of these analyses.
Statistical Analysis
Five patients (2 women, 3 men) with mild to moderately severe dementia met enrollment criteria and received olanzapine ( ). No patient tolerated olanzapine at a dose greater than 2.5 mg because of worsened parkinsonism, though the maximum dose prescribed was 7.5 mg for one night. Subject 2 requested termination on Day 14 because of delusional ideation about the investigators that developed after he took tramadol. Subject 3 was withdrawn on Day 15 because of worsening motor function and psychosis. Subject 4 was withdrawn on Day 7 because of worsening motor function and excessive sedation. Subject 5 was hospitalized for delirium, dehydration, and a urinary tract infection after being found unresponsive on the floor of her home. She had not taken olanzapine for at least 24 hours. Subject 1 completed the trial but discontinued olanzapine approximately 2 months later because of worsening motor function. The study was terminated because of these events and published reports of olanzapine use in PD patients raising safety concerns.
RESULTS
Medication Dosage and Study Completion
Table 1
13
View this table:
[in this window][in a new window]
TABLE 1. Demographic features and effects of olanzapine on secondary outcome measures
Medication EffectsP
Figure 1 Table 1
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES
seline to the final nts in nocturnal sleept differences in om ratings, or
ubject 3 was . Subject 4 was
sedation. Subject 5 er being found at least 24 hours.
2 months later of these events and ns.
apine on
Psychosis is a common and challenging complication of PD. Pharmacotherapy is especially difficult because most neuroleptic medications aggravate parkinsonism. Atypical antipsychotics such as olanzapine have a lower risk of extrapyramidal side effects and maybe useful in patients with PD. However, this small open-label trial was associated with functional decline, suggesting that olanzapine has limited utility for the treatment of psychosis in patients with PD and mild to moderately severe dementia.
(28K):View larger version
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FIGURE 1. Individual effects of olanzapine on psychotic symptoms, motor function, and Activities of Daily Living scores
DISCUSSION
3
Two earlier open-label studies suggest olanzapine is safe and effective for psychosis in PD patients, but other studies describe poor tolerance. Dosage titration schedules and patient selection might explain the different outcomes. An initial study included only patients without dementia and a starting dose of 1.0 mg, which is not available commercially and may have limited motor side effects. The final dose ranged from 2 to 15 mg (mean±SD=6.5±3.9 mg) and the study allowed for increases in antiparkinsonian medications after 50 days. A subsequent study also reported a favorable response to an 8-week trial of olanzapine starting at 5 mg in PD patients with and without dementia. The patients with dementia were more likely to withdraw from the trial, primarily because of sedation. Other anecdotal, retrospective, and prospective studies show unacceptable motor side effects with olanzapine. In the only controlled trial, olanzapine (mean±SD peak dose=11.4±3.5 mg/day) caused significant worsening of parkinsonism, particularly gait and bradykinesia, relative to clozapine (mean peak dose=25.8±13.5 mg/day).
14
15
13,16,17–19
20
Subjects in our study were terminated from the trial because of worsening parkinsonism or medical complications. Although the effect of olanzapine on motor signs was not
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES
rately severe
psychosis in PD dules and patient only patients
mmercially and may ean±SD=cations after 50
week trial of e patients with sedation. Other or side effects with eak dose=11.4±3.5 d bradykinesia,
g parkinsonism or as not
significant, the sample size is small and fluctuating motor signs in patients with PD (as shown in ) further confound their assessment. Functional abilities, however, declined significantly. This corresponded to greater motor impairment in most cases, but incipient medical conditions may also have contributed. For most patients, enhanced parkinsonian effects occurred within the first 2 weeks, but the onset of medication intolerance varied. A possible explanation for individual differences in extrapyramidal side effects is that disease stage or dose of antiparkinsonian medications influence the amount of striatal synaptic dopamine available to compete with olanzapine for the D receptor. Although it is a weak D
antagonist, olanzapine binds relatively tightly to the D receptor and is less likely to be rapidly
displaced by dopamine, especially in the setting of reduced dopamine levels. In contrast, some other atypical antipsychotics with higher dissociation constants (e.g., clozapine or quetiapine) are more loosely bound to the D receptor and are readily displaced by dopamine,
thereby reducing the risk of extrapyramidal signs.
Figure 1 21
2 2
222
2
The clinicopathological correlates of dementia and psychosis in PD are poorly understood, but extranigral pathology is presumed. Olanzapine antagonism at other receptors potentially contributes to nonmotor side effects, including sedation, delirium, and orthostasis, and patients with dementia tend to be more vulnerable to these side effects. However, olanzapine did not have adverse cognitive effects in our series, as Mini-Mental State Exam scores were generally stable. Recent studies show that olanzapine has procholinergic properties, mediated via 5-HT-6 receptor activity, that potentially offset any adverse anticholinergic effects.
23
24,25
Most atypical antipsychotic medications (olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, and clozapine) have been used with variable success for PD-related psychosis. The results of this small open-label trial, despite its shortcomings, lead us to recommend that olanzapine and other atypical neuroleptics should be used with caution in PD patients with psychosis and dementia because of their potential to aggravate motor deficits and confusion, which already contribute to functional impairment and caregiver burden.
26
The authors thank Lisette Bunting, R.N., M.Sc.N. for study coordination. This study was supported by Eli Lilly, Inc, the Morris K. Udall Parkinson' s Disease Research Center of Excellence at Johns Hopkins (NIH P50-NS-58377), and the General Clinical Research Center at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (National Center for Research Resources/NIH M01-RR00052).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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43:2227-2229[Abstract]2. Aarsland D, Larsen JP, Cummings JL, et al: Prevalence and clinical
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21. Lang AE, Fahn S: Assessment of Parkinson's disease, in Quantification of Neurologic Deficit, edited by Munsat TL. Boston, Butterworth, 1989
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and validation. Arch
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method for grading
FL: Psychological
with olanzapine. Mov
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ents with n Neurosci 1999;
of hallucinosis in Psychiatry 1998;
sis in patients with
zapine in label pilot study.
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comparative effects 789-794[Abstract/
on of Neurologic
ro and in vivo, in
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DIRNAME=PSY><PUBLISHER-NAME>American Psychiatric Publishing,
Inc.</PUBLISHER-NAME> <JOURNAL-TITLE>Psychosomatics</JOURNAL-
TITLE> <ISSN>0033-3182</ISSN> <VOLUME>43</VOLUME>
<ISSUE>1</ISSUE> <PUB-DATE><YEAR>2002</YEAR> <SEASON>January-
February</SEASON> </PUB-DATE></JOURNAL> <FIRST-PAGE></FIRST-
PAGE><LAST-PAGE></LAST-
PAGE><SEQUENCE></SEQUENCE><LANGUAGE>EN</LANGUAGE><LHR>
Depression and Arthritis</LHR> <RHR>Slaughter <CHAR ID="ITAL">et
al.</CHAR></RHR> <IMABBR>Psychosomatics</IMABBR> <ARTICLE-TYPE
TYPE="regular" NUMBER="1"> <TWODIGIT-ID>S7</TWODIGIT-ID><QADOC-
ID>2866</QADOC-ID> <PDF FILENAME=02PSY.PDF><SUBJECT
CODE="18, 24, 1"><KEYWORD>Depression</KEYWORD>
<KEYWORD>Sertraline</KEYWORD> <KEYWORD>Rheumatoid
Arthritis</KEYWORD>
<ARTICLE-TITLE>Clinical Outcomes Following a Trial of Sertraline in
Rheumatoid Arthritis</ARTICLE-TITLE>
<AUTHOR-LIST><AUTHORNAME><FIRST-NAME>James</FIRST-NAME>
<MIDDLE-NAME>R.</MIDDLE-NAME> <LAST-NAME>Slaughter</LAST-
NAME> <SUFFIX>M. D.</SUFFIX></AUTHORNAME>
<AUTHORNAME><FIRST-NAME>Jerry</FIRST-NAME> <MIDDLE-
NAME>C.</MIDDLE-NAME> <LAST-NAME>Parker</LAST-NAME>
<SUFFIX>Ph.D.</SUFFIX></AUTHORNAME>
<AUTHORNAME><FIRST-NAME>Matthew</FIRST-NAME> <MIDDLE-
NAME>P.</MIDDLE-NAME> <LAST-NAME>Martens</LAST-NAME>
<SUFFIX>M.A.</SUFFIX></AUTHORNAME>
<AUTHORNAME><FIRST-NAME>Karen</FIRST-NAME> <MIDDLE-
NAME>L.</MIDDLE-NAME> <LAST-NAME>Smarr</LAST-NAME>
<SUFFIX>M.A.</SUFFIX></AUTHORNAME>
<AUTHORNAME><FIRST-NAME>James</FIRST-NAME> <MIDDLE-
NAME>E.</MIDDLE-NAME> <LAST-NAME>Hewett</LAST-NAME>
<SUFFIX>M.A.</SUFFIX></AUTHORNAME></AUTHOR-LIST>
<ABSTRACT>We report an open-label trial of sertraline in the treatment of major
depression in 54 consecutive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients meeting DSM-IV
criteria for major depressive disorder. We initially surveyed 628 RA outpatients
with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and invited
those with depression to be evaluated further and treated. Eighty-four RA
patients reporting depressive symptoms agreed to participate in person, and 56
met the criteria for major depressive disorder. Of these 56 patients, 54 agreed to
medication treatment and were enrolled in the study. Patients were also
randomized to one of three psychological treatment conditions, but for this study,
conditions were collapsed because previous research on this sample indicated
no significant between-group differences in depression after treatment. Patients
were assessed with the CES-D and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression
after the intervention, at 6-month follow-up, and at 15-month follow-up. At the last
follow-up, 41 patients remained for assessment. In this study, sertraline was
found to be effective with both measures and at all time points in treating major
depression in the context of RA.</ABSTRACT></HEADER><BODY><SECT1>
<PARA><CHAR ID="DC">I</CHAR>ndividuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
experience more psychological distress than healthy individuals without
RA,<XREF ID=S728661>1</XREF>,<XREF ID=S728662>2</XREF> and
research indicates that RA patients are especially susceptible to
depression.<XREF ID=S728663>3</XREF>–<XREF
ID=S728669>9</XREF> Although several studies have examined the
effectiveness of psychological interventions in treating depression in RA,<XREF
ID=S7286610>10</XREF>–<XREF ID=S7286612>12</XREF> the
effectiveness of pharmacologic interventions is not well established. In a 32-
week, double-blind, crossover trial of amitriptyline, desipramine, trazodone, and
placebo, Frank et al.<XREF ID=S7286613>13</XREF> found that treatment with
amitriptyline led to significant reductions in pain measures relative to both
placebo and baseline, but the authors did not report the effect of treatment on
depression. However, they reported that amitriptyline led to significant
improvement relative to baseline on several mood measures, including life
dissatisfaction, self-esteem, down mood, social isolation, negative affect, chronic
fatigue, and self-blame. Although these mood measures may be related to major
depression, they do not assess depression per se. Sarzi Puttini et al.<XREF
ID=S7286614>14</XREF> reported that depressed RA patients taking dothiepin
(a tricyclic antidepressant available in Europe) experienced significant
improvement on Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (Ham-D)<XREF
ID=S7286615>15</XREF> scores, while also improving significantly on pain
scores, when compared with placebo. These two studies, however, are the only
ones identified by <CHAR ID="ITAL">MEDLINE</CHAR> that addressed
pharmacologic treatment of depression in RA, and treatment was not the major
focus of the research in these studies.</PARA>
<PARA>In a recent study, Smarr et al.<XREF ID=S7286616>16</XREF>
reported on a combined psychological-pharmacologic intervention. In this study,
54 subjects diagnosed with classic or definite RA were randomly divided into
three groups: a group that received both cognitive-behavioral therapy and an
antidepressant medication (CB-PHARM), an attention control group that received
both educational materials about RA and an antidepressant medication (AC-
PHARM), and a control group that received the antidepressant medication only
(CN-PHARM). The purpose of the study was to determine whether the CB-
PHARM group would have better outcomes than either control group. Data were
collected at baseline, after the intervention, at 6-month follow-up, and at 15-
month follow-up. Results indicated no significant differences in depression scores
among the three groups, but all three groups demonstrated significant
differences from baseline after the intervention, at 6-month follow-up, and at 15-
month follow-up. The lack of significant differences on the mean scores of
various depression instruments among the groups indicates that subjects in the
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American Joint Committee on Cancer • 2002 23
2
3Lip and Oral Cavity
(Nonepithelial tumors such as those of lymphoid tissue,soft tissue, bone, and cartilage are not included.)
C00.0 External upper lipC00.1 External lower lipC00.2 External lip, NOSC00.3 Mucosa of upper lipC00.4 Mucosa of lower lipC00.5 Mucosa of lip, NOSC00.6 Commissure of lipC00.8 Overlapping lesion of lipC00.9 Lip, NOSC02.0 Dorsal surface of tongue, NOSC02.1 Border of tongue
C02.2 Ventral surface of tongue, NOSC02.3 Anterior two-thirds of tongue,
NOSC02.8 Overlapping lesion of tongueC02.9 Tongue, NOSC03.0 Upper gumC03.1 Lower gumC03.9 Gum, NOSC04.0 Anterior floor of mouthC04.1 Lateral floor of mouthC04.8 Overlapping lesion of floor of
mouth
C04.9 Floor of mouth, NOSC05.0 Hard palateC05.8 Overlapping lesion of palateC05.9 Palate, NOSC06.0 Cheek mucosaC06.1 Vestibule of mouthC06.2 Retromolar areaC06.8 Overlapping lesion of other and
unspecified parts of mouthC06.9 Mouth, NOS
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
• T4 lesions have been divided into T4a (resectable) and T4b (unresectable),leading to the division of Stage IV into Stage IVA, Stage IVB, and StageIVC.
ANATOMY
Primary Site. The oral cavity extends from the skin-vermilion junction of the lips to the junction of the hard andsoft palate above and to the line of circumvallate papillaebelow and is divided into the following specific areas:
Mucosal Lip. The lip begins at the junction of the ver-milion border with the skin and includes only the vermilionsurface or that portion of the lip that comes into contact withthe opposing lip. It is well defined into an upper and lowerlip joined at the commissures of the mouth.
Buccal Mucosa. This includes all the membrane lining ofthe inner surface of the cheeks and lips from the line ofcontact of the opposing lips to the line of attachment of mu-cosa of the alveolar ridge (upper and lower) and pterygo-mandibular raphe.
Lower Alveolar Ridge. This refers to the mucosa overlyingthe alveolar process of the mandible which extends from theline of attachment of mucosa in the buccal gutter to the lineof free mucosa of the floor of the mouth. Posteriorly it ex-tends to the ascending ramus of the mandible.
Upper Alveolar Ridge. This refers to the mucosa overlyingthe alveolar process of the maxilla which extends from theline of attachment of mucosa in the upper gingival buccal
gutter to the junction of the hard palate. Its posterior marginis the upper end of the pterygopalatine arch.
Retromolar Gingiva (Retromolar Trigone). This is the at-tached mucosa overlying the ascending ramus of the man-dible from the level of the posterior surface of the last molartooth to the apex superiorly, adjacent to the tuberosity of themaxilla.
Floor of the Mouth. This is a semilunar space over themyelohyoid and hyoglossus muscles, extending from the in-ner surface of the lower alveolar ridge to the undersurface ofthe tongue. Its posterior boundary is the base of the anteriorpillar of the tonsil. It is divided into two sides by the frenu-lum of the tongue and contains the ostia of the submaxillaryand sublingual salivary glands.
Hard Palate. This is the semilunar area between the upperalveolar ridge and the mucous membrane covering the pal-atine process of the maxillary palatine bones. It extends fromthe inner surface of the superior alveolar ridge to the pos-terior edge of the palatine bone.
Anterior Two-Thirds of the Tongue (Oral Tongue). This isthe freely mobile portion of the tongue that extends anteri-orly from the line of circumvallate papillae to the undersur-face of the tongue at the junction of the floor of the mouth.It is composed of four areas: the tip, the lateral borders, the
American Joint Committee on Cancer • 2002 1
3
3
Lip and Oral Cavity
(Nonepithelial tumors such as those of lymphoid tissue, soft tissue, bone, and cartilageare not included.)
C00.0 External upper lip
C00.1 External lower lip
C00.2 External lip, NOS
C00.3 Mucosa of upper lip
C00.4 Mucosa of lower lip
C00.5 Mucosa of lip, NOS
C00.6 Commissure of lip
C00.8 Overlapping lesion of lip
C00.9 Lip, NOS
C02.0 Dorsal surface of tongue,
NOS
C02.1 Border of tongue
C02.2 Ventral surface of
tongue, NOS
C02.3 Anterior two-thirds of
tongue, NOS
C02.8 Overlapping lesion of
tongue
C02.9 Tongue, NOS
C03.0 Upper gum
C03.1 Lower gum
C03.9 Gum, NOS
C04.0 Anterior floor of mouth
C04.1 Lateral floor of mouth
C04.8 Overlapping lesion of
floor of mouth
C04.9 Floor of mouth, NOS
C05.0 Hard palate
C05.8 Overlapping lesion of
palate
C05.9 Palate, NOS
C06.0 Cheek mucosa
C06.1 Vestibule of mouth
C06.2 Retromolar area
C06.8 Overlapping lesion of
other and unspecified
parts of mouth
C06.9 Mouth, NOS
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
• T4 lesions have been divided into T4a (resectable) and T4b (unresectable),leading to the division of Stage IV into Stage IVA, Stage IVB, and StageIVC.
ANATOMY
Primary Site. The oral cavity extends from the skin-vermilion junctionof the lips to the junction of the hard and soft palate above and to the lineof circumvallate papillae below and is divided into the following specificareas:
Mucosal Lip. The lip begins at the junction of the vermilion borderwith the skin and includes only the vermilion surface or that portion ofthe lip that comes into contact with the opposing lip. It is well definedinto an upper and lower lip joined at the commissures of the mouth.
Buccal Mucosa. This includes all the membrane lining of the innersurface of the cheeks and lips from the line of contact of the opposing lipsto the line of attachment of mucosa of the alveolar ridge (upper and lower)and pterygomandibular raphe.
Lower Alveolar Ridge. This refers to the mucosa overlying the alveolarprocess of the mandible which extends from the line of attachment ofmucosa in the buccal gutter to the line of free mucosa of the floor of themouth. Posteriorly it extends to the ascending ramus of the mandible.
Upper Alveolar Ridge. This refers to the mucosa overlying the alveolarprocess of the maxilla which extends from the line of attachment of mu-cosa in the upper gingival buccal gutter to the junction of the hard palate.Its posterior margin is the upper end of the pterygopalatine arch.
Retromolar Gingiva (Retromolar Trigone). This is the attached mucosaoverlying the ascending ramus of the mandible from the level of the pos-
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Workflow 4b: 3 products from same XML
© Copyright 2002, Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc.
Word files w/Style Names
PDF forManual
PDF forHandbook
PalmeBook
Run macros,parse to DTD,
hand fix
Valid XML
CorrectedValid XML
Embeddedindexing
IndexedValid XML
Scripts
OeB PSfiles
Compositionin XML-based
system
XML Workflows: XML Works!
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• Comp uses XML, returns corrected XML
GENUS VIII. THERMOSPHAERA 191
T. aggregans grows optimally under anaerobic conditions at85�C, pH 6.5, and in the absence of exogenous sodium chloride.The optimal doubling time at 85�C is 110 min. The apparentactivation energy for growth is about 149 kJ�1. No growth onmeat extract, bovine heart infusion, peptone, amylose, glycogen,cellulose, cellobiose, maltose, raffinose, pyruvate, and acetate.
T. aggregans was isolated from Obsidian Pool, a terrestrial hotspring in Yellowstone National Park, WY, USA.
ENRICHMENT AND ISOLATION PROCEDURES
T. aggregans was originally enriched and obtained in pure cultureby a newly developed procedure, which allowed the isolation ofa 16S rDNA sequence-predicted, hyperthermophilic archaeumfrom a natural environment for the first time. This procedure isa combination of in situ 16S rDNA sequence analysis, specificcell hybridization within enrichment cultures, and “selected cellcultivation” by the use of a laser microscope (“optical tweezers”;Barns et al., 1994; Huber et al., 1995a; Beck and Huber, 1997).
MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES
T. aggregans can be stored in liquid nitrogen at �140�C in thepresence of 5% DMSO.
DIFFERENTIATION OF THE GENUS THERMOSPHAERA FROM
OTHER GENERA
Based on 16S rDNA sequence data, T. aggregans can be distin-guished from the genera Staphylothermus, Desulfurococcus, and Sul-fophobococcus. T. aggregans can be further distinguished from Sul-fophobococcus on the basis of different conserved bases in the 16SrDNA sequence. T. aggregans differs from Desulfurococcus and Sta-phylothermus by the lack of significant DNA similarity, the presenceof cyclic tetraether lipids in its membrane and the absence of aregular cell surface lattice.
FURTHER READING
Huber, R., S. Burggraf, T. Mayer, S.M. Barns, P. Rossnagel and K.O.Stetter. 1995. Isolation of a hyperthermophilic archaeum predictedby in situ RNA analysis. Nature (Lond.) 376: 57–58.
Stetter, K.O. 2000. Volcanoes, hydrothermal venting, and the origin oflife. In Marit and Ernst (Editors), Volcanoes and the Environment,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, in press.
List of species of the genus Thermosphaera
1. Thermosphaera aggregans Huber, Dyba, Huber, Burggrafand Rachel 1998b, 36.VP
ag�gre.gans. L. v. aggregare referring to the ability of the cellsto form grapelike aggregates.
Description is the same as for the genus.The mol% G � C of the DNA is: 46 (Tm).Type strain: M11TL, DSMZ 11486.GenBank accession number (16S rRNA): X99556.
Family II. Pyrodictiaceae Burggraf, Huber and Stetter 1997b, 659VP
HARALD HUBER AND KARL O. STETTER
Pyr.o.dic�ti.a.ce.ae. M.L. neut. n. Pyrodictium type genus of the family; -aceae ending to denotea family; M.L. fem. pl. n. Pyrodictiaceae the Pyrodictium family.
Coccoid to disc-shaped cells, Pyrodictium species form a networkof cannulae. Hyperthermophilic, maximal growth temperaturebetween 108 and 113�C. Grows either chemolithoautotrophicallyby gaining energy from the reduction of S0 or thiosulfate to H2Susing CO2 as sole carbon source or by fermentation. Some generagain energy by respiration using O2 or nitrate as electron accep-
tors. Three genera are described: Pyrodictium, Hyperthermus andPyrolobus.
Type genus: Pyrodictium Stetter, Konig and Stackebrandt 1984,270, emend. Pley and Stetter in Pley, Schipka, Gambacorta, Jan-nasch, Fricke, Rachel and Stetter 1991, 251 (Effective publica-tion: Stetter, Konig and Stackebrandt 1983, 549).
FIGURE A1.12. Platinum-shadowed cell aggregate of Thermosphaera ag-gregans.
Key to the genera of the family Pyrodictiaceae
1. Cells are discs within a network of cannulae. Obligately anaerobic; H2/S0 autotrophy and sulfurrespiration with complex organic substrates. Temperature optimum: 105�C; temperature maxi-mum: 110�C.
Genus I. Pyrodictium.
<cultural-characteristics>
<para><species>T. aggregans</species> grows optimally under anaerobic
conditions at 85°C, pH 6.5, and in the absence of exogenous sodium
chloride. The optimal doubling time at 85°C is 110 min. The apparent
activation energy for growth is about 149
kJ<superscript>−1</superscript>. No growth on meat extract, bovine heart
infusion, peptone, amylose, glycogen, cellulose, cellobiose, maltose, raffinose,
pyruvate, and acetate.</para>
</cultural-characteristics>
<ecology>
<para><species>T. aggregans</species> was isolated from Obsidian Pool, a
terrestrial hot spring in Yellowstone National Park, WY, USA.</para>
</ecology></fdi>
<enrichment>
<title></title>
<para><species>T. aggregans</species> was originally enriched and obtained in
pure culture by a newly developed procedure, which allowed the isolation of a
16S rDNA sequence-predicted, hyperthermophilic archaeum from a natural
environment for the first time. This procedure is a combination of <emphasis
display="italic">in situ</emphasis> 16S rDNA sequence analysis, specific cell
hybridization within enrichment cultures, and “selected cell
cultivation” by the use of a laser microscope (“optical
tweezers”; <pub-cite cite-ref="phy1a.0047">Barns et al., 1994</pub-cite>;
<pub-cite cite-ref="phy2.491">Huber et al., 1995a</pub-cite>; <pub-cite cite-
ref="phy2.486">Beck and Huber, 1997</pub-cite>).</para>
</enrichment>
<maintenance>
<title></title>
<para><species>T. aggregans</species> can be stored in liquid nitrogen at
−140°C in the presence of 5% DMSO.</para>
</maintenance>
<differentiation><title><genus>Thermosphaera</genus></title>
<para>Based on 16S rDNA sequence data, <species>T. aggregans</species>
can be distinguished from the genera <genus>Staphylothermus</genus>,
<genus>Desulfurococcus</genus>, and <genus>Sulfophobococcus</genus>.
<species>T. aggregans</species> can be further distinguished from
<genus>Sulfophobococcus</genus> on the basis of different conserved bases in
the 16S rDNA sequence. <species>T. aggregans</species> differs from
<genus>Desulfurococcus</genus> and <genus>Staphylothermus</genus> by
the lack of significant DNA similarity, the presence of cyclic tetraether lipids in its
membrane and the absence of a regular cell surface lattice.</para>
</differentiation>
<reading>
<bibcite biblio-id="phy2.491"><article>
<author><wholename>Huber, R.</wholename></author>
<author><wholename>S. Burggraf</wholename></author>
<author><wholename>T. Mayer</wholename></author>
<author><wholename>S.M. Barns</wholename></author>
<author><wholename>P. Rossnagel</wholename></author>
<author><wholename>K.O. Stetter</wholename></author>
<year>1995</year><pubtitle>Isolation of a hyperthermophilic archaeum
predicted by <emphasis display="italic">in situ</emphasis> RNA
analysis</pubtitle>
<journalabbrev>Nature (Lond.)</journalabbrev><volume>376</volume>
<pages>57–58</pages></article></bibcite>
<bibcite><chapter>
<author><wholename>Stetter, K.O.</wholename></author>
<year>2000</year><pubtitle>Volcanoes, hydrothermal venting, and the origin of
life</pubtitle>
<editor><wholename>Marit</wholename></editor>
<editor><wholename>Ernst</wholename></editor><parenttitle>Volcanoes and
the Environment</parenttitle>
<publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher><pub-city>Cambridge</pub-
city>
<pages>in press</pages></chapter></bibcite>
</reading>
<species-structure><title><genus>Thermosphaera</genus></title>
<species-list><species-desc>
<species-valid>
<def-pub><taxon-id><species>Thermosphaera aggregans</species></taxon-id>
<def-pub-cite cite-ref="phy1a.0050" validator="vp"><authoringgroup>Huber,
Dyba, Huber, Burggraf and Rachel</authoringgroup><date>1998b,
</date><desc-page>36</desc-page>.</def-pub-cite></def-pub>
<etymology><phonetic>ag′gre.gans. </phonetic><morpheme><lang>L.
</lang><grammar>v. </grammar><source>aggregare </source><trans>referring
to the ability of the cells to form grapelike
aggregates.</trans></morpheme></etymology>
<feature-para>Description is the same as for the genus.</feature-para>
<dnabase-ratio>46 (<emphasis
display="italic">T<subscript>m</subscript></emphasis>).</dnabase-ratio>
<strain-ref><cc-combo><cc-num>M11TL, DSMZ 11486.</cc-num>
<genbank> X99556.</genbank>
</cc-combo></strain-ref></species-valid></species-desc></species-list>
</species-structure></genus-chapter></family-structure>
<family-structure name="pyrodictiaceae"><chap-head><title></title>
<def-pub>
<taxon-id><family>Pyrodictiaceae</family></taxon-id> <def-pub-cite cite-
ref="phy2.874" validator="vp"><authoringgroup>Burggraf, Huber and
Stetter</authoringgroup><date>1997b, </date><desc-page>659</desc-
page></def-pub-cite></def-pub>
<author><name>Harald </name><lname>Huber </lname></author>
<author><name>Karl </name><initial>O.
</initial><lname>Stetter</lname></author>
<etymology>
<phonetic>Pyr.o.dic′ti.a.ce.ae. </phonetic><morpheme><lang>M.L.
</lang><grammar>neut. n. </grammar><source>Pyrodictium
</source><trans>type genus of the family; </trans><source>-aceae
</source><trans>ending to denote a family; </trans><lang>M.L.
</lang><grammar>fem. pl. n. </grammar><source>Pyrodictiaceae
</source><trans>the <?Pub _font Posture="italic">Pyrodictium<?Pub /_font>
family.</trans></morpheme>
</etymology>
</chap-head>
<definition><feature-para><salient-pt>Coccoid to disc-shaped cells,
<genus>Pyrodictium</genus> species form a network of cannulae</salient-pt>.
<salient-pt>Hyperthermophilic</salient-pt>, maximal growth temperature
between 108 and 113°C. <salient-pt>Grows either chemolithoautotrophically
by gaining energy from the reduction of S<superscript>0</superscript></salient-
pt> <salient-pt>or thiosulfate to H<subscript>2</subscript>S</salient-pt> using
CO<subscript>2</subscript> as sole carbon source <salient-pt>or by
fermentation</salient-pt>. Some genera gain energy by respiration using
O<subscript>2</subscript> or nitrate as electron acceptors. Three genera are
described: <genus>Pyrodictium</genus>, <genus>Hyperthermus</genus> and
<genus>Pyrolobus</genus>.</feature-para>
<type-taxon rank="genus"><def-pub><taxon-
id><genus>Pyrodictium</genus></taxon-id> <def-pub-cite cite-
ref="phy1a.0015"><authoringgroup>Stetter, König and
Stackebrandt</authoringgroup><date>1984, </date><desc-page>270,</desc-
page></def-pub-cite> emend. <def-pub-cite cite-
ref="phy1a.0007"><authoringgroup>Pley and Stetter <emphasis
display="italic">in</emphasis> Pley, Schipka, Gambacorta, Jannasch, Fricke,
Rachel and Stetter</authoringgroup><date>1991, </date><desc-page>251
</desc-page></def-pub-cite>(Effective publication: <def-pub-cite cite-
ref="phy1a.0003"><authoringgroup>Stetter, König and
Stackebrandt</authoringgroup><date>1983, </date><desc-page>549</desc-
page></def-pub-cite>).</def-pub></type-taxon></definition>
<key>
<list list-type="ordered" numbering="arabic"><head>Key to the genera of the
family <family>Pyrodictiaceae</family></head>
<item>
<para>Cells are discs within a network of cannulae. Obligately anaerobic;
H<subscript>2</subscript>/S<superscript>0</superscript> autotrophy and sulfur
respiration with complex organic substrates. Temperature optimum: 105°C;
temperature maximum: 110°C.</para>
<para>Genus I. <genus>Pyrodictium</genus>.</para>
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Workflow 4c: Working with XML createdfor a purpose other than publishing
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Rich, ValidXMLfiles
XML files forresearchers
HTMLfile
PDFfile
Compositionin XML-based
system
Scripts
Edit in XMLediting syst
“I don’t want to think aboutcodes—automate everything.”
Workflow #5
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Using a Content Management System• Custom designed or customized:
don’t expect to “plug ’n’ play”!• CMS manages “XML-esque” database:
—Incorporates data from various sources—Provides tools and/or functionality—Manages metadata, resources, links
• Can output files (e.g., XML, HTML, OeB)• Can manage access, delivery, e-commerce
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Workflow 5: Using a Content Mgmt. Syst.
ContentManagement
SystemSpreadsheets
Word files
Legacy data
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Interface to DB
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HTML forOnline
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➤Workflow 5: Using a Content Mgmt. Syst.
ContentManagement
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Word files
Legacy data
© Copyright 2003, ImpressionsBook and Journal Services, Inc.
Interface to DB
Image files
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PDF forPrint
HTML forOnline
�
(And the comp can be LIGHTNING fast!)
XML Workflows: XML Works!
➤Workflow 5: Using a Content Mgmt. Syst.
ContentManagement
SystemSpreadsheets
Word files
Legacy data
© Copyright 2003, ImpressionsBook and Journal Services, Inc.
Interface to DB
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Licensed dataCompositionin XML-based
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• Rapid comp automated from XML output• CMS generates HTML, controls access
65
3Markup: XML & RelatedTechnologieswilliam e. kasdorfPresident, Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc.
Markup enables the various parts and features of a given set of content to bedistinguished and named. It provides a way to label, describe, and delimit these ina publication so that processing systems can tell them apart and know how theyrelate to each other. Markup languages are used to define specific markupschemes. In the past, markup languages were typically proprietary and used onlyby specialists. The Web gave rise to one of the simplest and most widely usedmarkup languages ever devised, HTML, and also to one of the most flexible andpowerful: XML, the Extensible Markup Language. After a brief overview of earliermarkup languages, this chapter focuses on the technologies in the XML family—XML itself, and related standards for defining, styling, linking, transforming, andannotating—that provide the foundation for digital publishing today.
3.1 overview
(i) what is markup?
At the most basic level, markup can be thought of as the tags and codes em-bedded in a given set of content that delineate and describe the componentparts of that content. An editor marks up a paper manuscript by labeling achapter number “CN,” a chapter title, “CT,” a first-level subhead “H1” or “A,”an extracted block quote “EX” or “BQ.” Traditionally, this markup has providedthe instructions for a typesetter, who inserts a different set of markup (oftenproprietary markup [3.1.1.2]) that controls the composition of that contentin a particular format using a particular composition system. (In such a system,the code for a chapter title might be “/CT/” or “@CT:” or “[j2].”) That samecontent, when published on the Web, would be marked up with a differentset of tags, most likely using HyperText Markup Language (HTML); in thatcase, the chapter title might be marked as “�H2�.” In each of these examples,the markup is not the content to be published, but a guide to how somesubsequent person or system should process or present it. (The electronicversion of the Guide provides examples of various types of markup applied tothe portion of text you are reading.)
3Markup—XML and Related Technologies
William E. Kasdorf
President, Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc.
Markup enables the various parts and features of a given set of content to be
distinguished and named. It provides a way to label, describe, and delimit the parts of a
publication (such as chapters or articles, authors and titles, subheads and lists and
notes) so that processing systems—word processors or web browsers or typesetting
software or the human brain—can tell them apart and know how they relate to each
other. Markup languages are used to define specific markup schemes. In the past,
markup languages were typically proprietary and used only by specialists. The Web
gave rise to one of the simplest and most widely used markup languages ever devised,
HTML, and also to one of the most flexible and powerful: XML, the Extensible
Markup Language. After an overview of the nature and history of markup languages,
including SGML (the Standard Generalized Markup Language), the parent of HTML
and the predecessor to XML, this chapter focuses on the features and functionality of
the markup languages in the XML family. These technologies—XML itself, and
related standards for defining, styling, linking, transforming, and annotating—provide
the foundation for digital publishing today.
Overview
What is markup?
[markup, tags, SGML, XML, codes, coding]At the most basic level, markup can be thought of as the
tags and codes embedded in a given set of content that delineate and describe the component
parts of that content. An editor marks up a paper manuscript[3.1] by labeling a chapter number
“CN,” a chapter title “CT,” a first-level subhead “H1” or “A,” an extracted block quote “EX” or
“BQ.” Traditionally, this markup has provided the instructions for a typesetter, who inserts a
different set of markup (often proprietary markup[3.01.i.3]) that controls the composition of that
content in a particular format using a particular composition system. (In such a system, the code
for a chapter title might be “\CT\” or “@CT:” or “[j2].”) That same content, when published on
the Web, would be marked up with a different set of tags, most likely using HTML; in that case,
the chapter title might be marked as “<H2>.” In each of these examples, the markup is not the
content to be published, but a guide to how some subsequent person or system should process or
present it. (The electronic version of this Guide provides examples of various types of
markup[3.1-3.20] applied to the portion of text you are reading.)
In a sense, even punctuation can be thought of as a form of markup. Spaces help us tell
words apart; periods and capital letters organize those words into sentences; commas, colons,
semicolons, dashes, and parentheses help us distinguish the parts of sentences, tell which are
subordinate to others, and signal what they mean and how they relate. (We think of those marks
as universal, but they’re not; they’re specific to certain languages or even certain contexts. What
looks like a period in the expression “$2.98” is not a period, but a decimal point, actually part of
the language of mathematics; in Europe a comma might be used instead, e.g., “2,98.” More on
ambiguous markup[3.01.i.4] below.) In a strict sense, though, punctuation is part of the character
set by which a given set of content is expressed; markup typically uses that same character set, or
a subset of it, but exists apart from the content itself. In the chapter title “Welcome Home, Our
Sophie Mol” the comma is part of the title, whereas a tag like <CT>, which might be attached to
it, is markup.
Visual cues
[markup, tags, layout, typography, punctuation]Markup is often thought to be “invisible” because the
ultimate reader or viewer of the content typically does not see the markup itself, but only the
result of the markup. Just as we take punctuation for granted (except when it’s incorrect or
ambiguous, or when we don’t speak the language), we also take for granted the visual cues that
guide us to the structure and meaning of what we read. When reading a book, we don’t need to
see a <CT> tag to know that the words following the chapter number at the beginning of a new
page, set in a larger size and perhaps in a special font, are a chapter title. We can usually tell that
a second level subhead is subordinate to a first level subhead because it is formatted in a less
prominent way. We can tell that an extract is a quotation from some other work because it is
indented and separated from the text above and below it; and if it is followed by a name set flush
<?xml version="1.0"?><!DOCTYPE DOCUMENT PUBLIC "-//CUP//DTD CGDP-IMPORT-XML DTD-v1.0//EN"><DOCUMENT number="3"><CT>Markup: XML & Related Technologies</CT><AU>William E. Kasdorf</AU><AFF>President, Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc.</AFF><INTRO>Markup enables the various parts and features of a given set of content to be distinguished andnamed. It provides a way to label, describe, and delimit these in a publication so that processing systemscan tell them apart and know how they relate to each other. Markup languages are used to define specificmarkup schemes. In the past, markup languages were typically proprietary and used only by specialists.The Web gave rise to one of the simplest and most widely used markup languages ever devised, HTML,and also to one of the most flexible and powerful: XML, the Extensible Markup Language. After a briefoverview of earlier markup languages, this chapter focuses on the technologies in the XMLfamily—XML itself, and related standards for defining, styling, linking, transforming, andannotating—that provide the foundation for digital publishing today.</INTRO><H1>Overview</H1><H2>What is markup?</H2><TX>At the most basic level, markup can be thought of as the tags and codes embedded in a given set ofcontent that delineate and describe the component parts of that content. An editor marks up a<LINKXMPL>paper manuscript</LINKXMPL> by labeling a chapter number “CN,” achapter title, “CT,” a first-level subhead “H1” or “A,” anextracted block quote “EX” or “BQ.” Traditionally, this markup hasprovided the instructions for a typesetter, who inserts a different set of markup (often <CROSSREFtarget="3.1.1.2.0">proprietary markup</CROSSREF>) that controls the composition of that contentin a particular format using a particular composition system. (In such a system, the code for a chapter titlemight be “/CT/” or “@CT:” or“[j2].”) That same content, when published on the Web, would be marked upwith a different set of tags, most likely using HyperText Markup Language(<GLOSSREF>HTML</GLOSSREF>); in that case, the chapter title might be marked as“<H2>.” In each of these examples, the markup is not the content to be published, buta guide to how some subsequent person or system should process or present it. (The electronic version ofthe Guide provides <LINKXMPL>examples of various types of markup</LINKXMPL> applied to theportion of text you are reading.)</TX></DOCUMENT>
<?xml version="1.0"?><!DOCTYPE DOCUMENT PUBLIC "-//CUP//DTD CGDP-COMP-XML DTD-v1.0//EN"><DOCUMENT number="3"><CT>Markup: XML & Related Technologies</CT><AU>William E. Kasdorf</AU><AFF>President, Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc.</AFF><INTRO>Markup enables the various parts and features of a given set of content to be distinguished andnamed. It provides a way to label, describe, and delimit these in a publication so that processing systemscan tell them apart and know how they relate to each other. Markup languages are used to define specificmarkup schemes. In the past, markup languages were typically proprietary and used only by specialists.The Web gave rise to one of the simplest and most widely used markup languages ever devised, HTML,and also to one of the most flexible and powerful: XML, the Extensible Markup Language. After a briefoverview of earlier markup languages, this chapter focuses on the technologies in the XMLfamily—XML itself, and related standards for defining, styling, linking, transforming, andannotating—that provide the foundation for digital publishing today.</INTRO><H1 label="3.1.0.0.0">Overview</H1><H2 label="3.1.1.0.0">What is markup?</H2><TX>At the most basic level, markup can be thought of as the tags and codes embedded in a given set ofcontent that delineate and describe the component parts of that content. An editor marks up apaper manuscript by labeling a chapter number “CN,” achapter title, “CT,” a first-level subhead “H1” or “A,” anextracted block quote “EX” or “BQ.” Traditionally, this markup hasprovided the instructions for a typesetter, who inserts a different set of markup (often <CROSSREFtarget="3.1.1.2.0">proprietary markup</CROSSREF>) that controls the composition of that contentin a particular format using a particular composition system. (In such a system, the code for a chapter titlemight be “/CT/” or “@CT:” or“[j2].”) That same content, when published on the Web, would be marked upwith a different set of tags, most likely using HyperText Markup Language (<GLOSSREFtarget="1327">HTML</GLOSSREF>); in that case, the chapter title might be marked as“<H2>.” In each of these examples, the markup is not the content to be published, buta guide to how some subsequent person or system should process or present it. (The electronic version ofthe Guide provides examples of various types of markup applied to theportion of text you are reading.)</TX></DOCUMENT>
<!DOCTYPE document SYSTEM "CGDP_archival.dtd"><unit type="chapter" id="15"><metadata><DistinctiveTitle>Markup: XML & Related Technologies</DistinctiveTitle><Contributor id="au.1"><ContributorRole>A01</ContributorRole><PrefixToKey>William E.</PrefixToKey><KeyNames>Kasdorf</KeyNames><PersonName>William E. Kasdorf</PersonName><PersonNameInverted>Kasdorf, William E.</PersonNameInverted><BiographicalNote>Bill Kasdorf is president of Impressions Book and Journal Services—acomposition and publishing services firm that designs, edits, and produces books and journals in print andelectronic forms, with special expertise in XML workflows—and vice president of IoFlex, Inc., asoftware development firm that specializes in image processing and workflow tools. He is Past Presidentof the Society for Scholarly Publishing, and lives in Ann Arbor, MI.</BiographicalNote><Affiliation>President, Impressions Book and Journal Services, Inc.</Affiliation></Contributor><MainDescription id="1">Markup enables the various parts and features of a given set of content tobe distinguished and named. It provides a way to label, describe, and delimit these in a publication so thatprocessing systems can tell them apart and know how they relate to each other. Markup languages areused to define specific markup schemes. In the past, markup languages were typically proprietary andused only by specialists. The Web gave rise to one of the simplest and most widely used markuplanguages ever devised, HTML, and also to one of the most flexible and powerful: XML, the ExtensibleMarkup Language. After a brief overview of earlier markup languages, this chapter focuses on thetechnologies in the XML family—XML itself, and related standards for defining, styling, linking,transforming, and annotating—that provide the foundation for digital publishingtoday.</MainDescription></metadata><div><head id="2">Overview</head><div><head id="3">What is markup?</head><p id="1364">Here is an example of a paragraph of text added later. Note that its identifier is notnumbered sequentially with those that surround it. These identifiers are unique numbers assigned wheneach chunk of text is created, and they are always associated with the chunk they were originally assignedto, no matter where that chunk might be moved within the chapter.</p><p id="4">At the most basic level, markup can be thought of as the tags and codes embedded in a givenset of content that delineate and describe the component parts of that content. An editor marks up a <reftype="example" rid="15.723">paper manuscript</ref> by labeling a chapter number“CN,” a chapter title, “CT,” a first-level subhead“H1” or “A,” an extracted block quote “EX” or“BQ.” Traditionally, this markup has provided the instructions for a typesetter, whoinserts a different set of markup (often <ref type="cross" rid="15.8">proprietary markup</ref>) thatcontrols the composition of that content in a particular format using a particular composition system. (Insuch a system, the code for a chapter title might be “/CT/” or“@CT:” or “[j2].”) That same content,when published on the Web, would be marked up with a different set of tags, most likely using HyperTextMarkup Language (<ref type="gloss" rid="1327">HTML</ref>); in that case, the chaptertitle might be marked as “<H2>.” In each of these examples, the markup is notthe content to be published, but a guide to how some subsequent person or system should process orpresent it. (The electronic version of the Guide provides <ref type="example"rid="15.717">examples of various types of markup</ref> applied to the portion of text you arereading.)</p></div></div></unit>
XML:
XML:
It Works! It Works!