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Chapter 1Cha
pter 1
Language of AnatomyLan
guage of Anatomy
Biology study of life
Anatomy Greek word for a cutting open Study of structure (morphology) of body parts
their forms and how they are organi!ed "hysiology
Study of the functions of body parts what theydo how they do it and why these functions
occur Structure of our body make the functions possible.
Hands grasp, mouth opens for food, heart pumps blood
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Leels of !rgani"ationLeels of
!rgani"ation
Atoms
#olecules
#acromolecules $ells
%issues
&rgans &rgan Systems
&rganism
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Atoms microscopicparticles that 'oin to
form molecules thesmallest unit ofmeasure
#olecules morethan one atom
#acromolecules ery large molecules Carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, nucleic acids
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$ells the basic unit ofstructure and function
#icroscopic $ary in shape, si"e andspecial functions
Contain organelles
Carry out specific actiities
Composed of proteins, carbs,lipids and nucleic acids
%issues organi!ed
cells the hae commonfunctions
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&rgans groups of
tissues that performspeciali!edfunctions
Stomach, heart, lungs
&rgan systems organs functionclosely together
cardioascular system,digestie system,respiratory system%.
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!erie&!erie&
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'raits of all liing organisms'raits of all liing organisms (esponsieness
)roperty of *rritability+ the body al&ays responds to anychanges &ithin the body )roperty of Adaptability+ the body can make long term
changes ro&th+ from the moment of fertili"ation, all cells gro& and
become speciali"ed (eproduction -igestion+ breakdo&n of food by the body into nutrients (espiration+ echange of !/and C!/ Circulation+ of nutrients and !/to body parts
#etabolism all chemical processes in the body Absorption+ of nutrients and !/ Assimilation+ changing nutrients into chemicals the body
can use
0cretion+ remoal of harmful &aste produced by the body
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(euirements to maintain life(euirements to maintain life
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omeostasis
%he maintenance of a relatiely constant
internal enironment in an organism
All body functions operate &ithin ery narro& limits
Human body has control systems+ (eceptors+ proide info about certain conditions in the
internal enironment
Set )oint+ &hat the particular alue should be 2body
temperature3
0ffectors+ cause responses that change conditions in
the internal enironment
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Ho& it &orksHo& it &orks
*egatie +eedback (corrects deiations)
,eceptors sense a deiation from set point and
effectors work to return body to set point
-./ %oo hot body sweats to lower body temp %oo cold we shier
"ositie +eedback (intensifies response)
,eceptors sense that the body needs more powerand the effectors respond by increasing or
strengthening what is happening
-./ $hild birth increases strength of uterine contractions
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4ody Caities4ody Caities 0orsal Body $aity (filled with fluid)
1ncludes cranial and ertebral caity
$entral 4ody Caity 2filled &ith air3
*ncludes thoracic and abdominopelic
caities
%horacic $aity
Contains pericardial caity
0iided into 2 compartments by the
mediastinum 2contains heart, aorta,
esophagus, trachea 5 thymus3
Separates , and 3 pleural caities
Abdominal Caity 26 diaphragm3
4iscera5 stomach lier spleengallbadder kidneys most of sm6lg
intestines
)elic Caity
$iscera+ end of lg intestine, urinary
bladder, internal reproductie organs
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Smaller CaitiesSmaller Caities
!ral Caity
7asal Caity
!rbital
#iddle 0ar
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#embrane Linings#embrane Linings
)arietal Linings membranesthat are attached to the &all of
a caity
e. )arietal pleural 2thoracic
caity3
4isceral 3inings
membranes coering an
internal organ
e./ 4isceral peritoneum
(abdominal iscera) %hese linings are separated by
a thin film of watery fluid called
serous fluid
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)otential Space)otential Space
)leural Caity filled &ith lungs
)ericardial Caity filled &ith the heart
)eritoneal Caity filled &ith abdominal iscera
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*ntegumentary System*ntegumentary System
Body $oering
air finger 7 toenails
Skin
)rotects underlyingtissues
Helps to regulate bodytemp
Contains manyreceptors
#echanical defense
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Support and #oementSupport and #oement
Skeletal System Bones ligaments
cartilage "roides framework
for the body
"rotects soft tissue
Stores minerals
"roduces blood cells
#uscular System #uscles "roide
forces that moebody parts
#ain source of body
heat Support internal
organs
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*ntegration 5 Coordination*ntegration 5 Coordination 7erous System
4rain, spinal cord, neres,sensory organs
Communicate &ith each other+
Send out and receie nere
impulses
Act as receptors Stimulate other systems of the
body to react
-irects immediate response
0ndocrine system
Hypothalamus 2brain3,pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,
adrenal glands, pancreas,
oaries, testes, pineal gland,
thymus
Secrete chemical messengerscalled hormones
Long term changes
% t% t
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%ransport%ransportresponsible for transporting substances thru the internal
enironment
$ardioascularSystem eart arteries eins
capillaries blood
%ransports5 *utrients wastes
blood cells and &2
3ymphatic System 3ymph essels lymph
fluid lymph nodesthymus spleen
0efends5 Against infections
and proides
immunity to the body
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Absorption 5 0cretionAbsorption 5 0cretion -igestie System
#outh, tongue, teeth, saliaryglands, pharyn, esophagus,stomach, lier, gallbladder,pancreas, sm8lg intestines
(eceie food, breakdo&n thefood forabsorption,eliminates &aste
(espiratory System 7asal caity, pharyn, laryn,
trachea, bronchi, lungs #oes air in and out, gas
echange bet&een bloodand air
9rinary System :idneys, ureters, urinary
bladder, urethra (emoes &aste from blood,
helps maintain electrolytebalance
0liminates ecess H/;, saltsand &astes
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(eproduction(eproduction
(eproductie System reproduces a &hole ne&organism
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Anatomical 'erminologyAnatomical 'erminology
Anatomical position
8pright
+acing forward
Arms at sides "alms facing forward6anatomical position is used &hen
describing the relatie positions of
the body parts
Supine lay do&n, face up
)rone lay do&n, face do&n
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)ositions)ositionsrelate to imaginary planes &here cuts might be made
Superior aboe or to&ard the head
*nferior belo& or to&ard the feet Anterior6entral toward the front
)osterior8dorsal to&ard the back
#edial to&ard imaginary midline2diides body into eual ( and L hales3
3ateral away from imaginarymidline toward the side 4ilateral, ipsilateral, contralateral
)roimal closer to the point ofattachment to the trunk
0istal opposite to pro.imal point
further away from attachment tothe trunk than another body part
Superficial near the surface
-eep more internal than superficialparts
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)lanes)lanes
Sagittal length&iseplane that diides thebody into (8L portions
#idsagittal Sagittal
plane that diides thebody into e9ual 36,hales
'ranserse plane thatdiides the body intosuperior 5 inferior parts
Coronal 2frontal3 planethat diides the body intoanterior 5 posterior parts
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4ody (egions4ody (egions
0pigastric upper middle
L8( hypochondriac L 5 (
of epigastric
9mbilical belly button area
L8( Lumbar L 5 ( of
umbilical region
Hypogastric lo&er middle L8( *liac L 5 ( of
hypogastric
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= Abdominal >uadrants= Abdominal >uadrants
9sed to describe
&here abdominal pain
is located
(ight 9pper 2(9>3 Left 9pper 2L9>3
(ight Lo&er 2(L>3
Left Lo&er 2LL>3
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