BIOTECHNOLOGY
BIO 361
Prerequisite: Molecular Biology
Co-requisite: Basic Microbiology, immunology
by: Dr. Lanny Hartanti, M.Si
Faculty of Pharmacy
2014
Aim and Description
• This lecture study the role and
application of biotechnology in new
therapeutic compounds development.
• Competency : students are able to
understand the role and application of
biotechnology in new therapeutic
compounds or new excipients
development which have better activity
and various of biotechnology
applications, especially the ones which
related to medical and environmental
fields.
MAIN TOPICS
I. History, Areas & Prospects of Biotechnology
II. Technique of DNA isolation
III. Gene cloning: with vector and PCR
IV. Selection of cloning product and Technique
of DNA analysis
V. Enzyme & Fermentation Technology
VI. Technology of Protein Purification
VII. Plant Biotech : Micropropagation, Plant
Tissue Culture as tools
MID SEMESTER ASSESMENT
MAIN TOPICS
VIII. Plant Biotech.: Transgenic plant, Molecular pharming
IX. Biopharmaceuticals: Recombinant proteins
X. Biopharmaceuticals: Nucleic acids based theraupetics
XI. Medical/Pharmaceutical Biotech.: Protein
theurapeutics
XII. Medical/Pharmaceutical Biotech.: Theraupetic cloning
XIII. Medical/Pharmaceutical Biotech.: Gene therapy
XIV. Biotech. Application : Paper Presentation &
discussion
FINAL SEMESTER ASSESMENT
Definition of Biotechnology
Biotechnology is the integration of natural and
engineering sciences in order to achieve the
application of organisms, cells, parts thereof and
molecular analogues for products and services.
(European Federation of Biotechnology, 1989)
Biotechnology is the industrial use of living
organisms or biological techniques developed
through basic research.
(Biotech Life Sciences Dictionary)
Exploitation of metabolic properties of living
organisms for the production of valuable products for
the benefit of men.
The products of biotechnology greatly vary in structure,
organizational level and in molecular weight (from low
to high molecular mass)
The products may be
the organisms (biomass, parts of the organisms)
compounds of cellular or organism’s metabolism (enzymes,
metabolites)
compounds formed from endogenous or exogenous substrates
with enzymes or complex metabolic routes
Biotechnology O
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Biotechnology
The products include antibiotics, insuline, interferon, recombinant DNA, and techniques such as: genetic engineering, cell culture, tissue culture, bioprocessing, protein engineering, monoclonal antibody production, biosensor technology and anti-sense technology.
Much older forms of biotechnology include breadmaking, cheesemaking and brewing wine and beer.
(Biotech Life Sciences Dictionary)
Biotechnology
A scientific field of considerable complexity
Contributing disciplines
Molecular biology and
gene technology are
recent developments
of great importance.
Biotechnology is
considered to be
smooth, efficient,
high-yielding,
environmentally safe,
low energy
consuming.
Bio-
technology
Genetics
Biochemistry
Cell biology
Biophysics
Microbiology
Physiology
Bioinformatics
Zoology Various technical
fields
as intact organisms, isolated cells or enzyme preparations
The producing organisms / cellular systems / enzymes
are handled in technical and industrial processes
the cell
as producer
food production
agricultural
products substances
for technical use
environmental
processes,
energy
production
raw material
conversion pharmaceutics
starter cultures,
proteins,
flavours,
antidegradants,
flavour
potentiators,
thickening
agents
enzymes,
e.g. for cleavage of starch,
cellulose, proteins, fats,
conversion of sugars
antibiotics,
hormones,
enzymes
(for therapy and
diagnostics),
inhibitors,
vaccines,
antibodies,
vitamins
fodder proteins,
amino acids,
vitamins,
biological plant
protective agents,
renewable raw
materials,
resistant plants
degradation &
conversion
of organic
substances
for cleaning
of sewage,
waste disposal &
soil remediation,
biogas, fuels
enzymes for washing
powders, cosmetics, biopolymers
for tertiary oil production, lubricants,
bio-catalysts, degradable synthetics
and packing materials
Time Scale of Biotechnology
Phase I Biblical times – 1900
- Beer, Wine, Pickles, Cheese, Alcohol
Phase II 1900 – 1973
- Solvents, Organic Acids, Antibiotics, Amino Acids, Vitamins, Enzymes, Insecticides, Nucleotides, Gums, Alkaloids, Plant and Animal Growth Factors, SCP, Steroids
- Mutation, Screening, Biochemical Engineering
Phase III 1973 - ??
- Genetic Engineering
Biotechnology Eras
Before Pasteur (< 1865)
Fermentation techniques by microorganisms
Pasteur (1865 – 1940)
Fermentation industry and waste water treatment
Antibiotics (1940 – 1960)
Penicillin, vaccines, cell culture technology
After Antibiotics (1960 – 1975)
Amino acids, DNA structure elucidation, SCP, detergent enzyme, gasohol, biogas, DNA recombinant technology
Modern Biotechnology (1975 – now)
Commercial application of living organisms or its products genetic manipulation
Genetic engineering, monoclonal antibody, hormones, gene therapy etc.
Biotechnology Areas
Microbial biotech. : Gene mapping (DNA fingerprint) & microorganisms genetic
engineering
Chemicals production by DNA recombinant techniques (medicine : vaccines, insulin, growth hormones, interferon)
Plant Biotech. : Agrobiotech. : micropropagation of superior plant in bulk
masses, improvement of plant qualities, conservation of endangered plants
Industrial Plant Cell Biotechnology : secondary plant products, biotransformation
Animal Biotech. : Animal reproduction technology, conservation of endangered
animal
Preparation of trial animals for research (fast, cheap, lots of quantity)
The use of animal for : medicines production, cell/organ donor
Biotechnology Areas Human Health Biotech. :
DNA fingerprint :
Family relationship
Suitability of organ donor with the acceptor in transplantation
Biotechnology forensic
DNA fingerprint & PCR :
Diagnosis of virus, bacteria, and fungi infection
Individuality characteristics
Specific gene location mapping
Gene Therapy
Environmental Biotech. :
Bioremediation
Enzyme Technology
Biological detection methods (Biosensor & imunoassay)
Bacterial mineral leaching, biomining / biohydromethalurgy
Genetic engineering of plants
Genetic engineering of animals
Genetic engineering of microbes
Recombinant DNA technology
Monoclonal antibody production
Embryo transfer in animals
Plant tissue culture
Biological nitrogen fixation
Microbial fermentation
Traditional
Biotechnology
Incre
asin
g C
om
ple
xit
y
Modern Biotechnology
Increasing Cost
Application
of Biotechnology
Biotechnology
products
Biopharmaceuticals
Blood factors (Factor VIII and Factor IX)
Thrombolytic agents (tissue plasminogen activator)
Hormones (insulin, glucagon, growth hormone,
gonadotrophins)
Haematopoietic growth factors (Erythropoietin, colony
stimulating factors)
Interferons (Interferons-α, -β, -γ)
Interleukin-based products (Interleukin-2)
Vaccines (Hepatitis B surface antigen)
Monoclonal antibodies (Various)
Additional products (tumour necrosis factor, therapeutic
enzymes)
RNA-Based Therapeutics
RNA Aptamers
RNA Decoys
Antisense RNA
Ribozymes
Small Interfering
RNAs
MicroRNA
THANK YOU
The end of introduction
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