BIOTECHNOLOGY

BIO 361

Prerequisite: Molecular Biology

Co-requisite: Basic Microbiology, immunology

by: Dr. Lanny Hartanti, M.Si

Faculty of Pharmacy

2014

Aim and Description

• This lecture study the role and

application of biotechnology in new

therapeutic compounds development.

• Competency : students are able to

understand the role and application of

biotechnology in new therapeutic

compounds or new excipients

development which have better activity

and various of biotechnology

applications, especially the ones which

related to medical and environmental

fields.

MAIN TOPICS

I. History, Areas & Prospects of Biotechnology

II. Technique of DNA isolation

III. Gene cloning: with vector and PCR

IV. Selection of cloning product and Technique

of DNA analysis

V. Enzyme & Fermentation Technology

VI. Technology of Protein Purification

VII. Plant Biotech : Micropropagation, Plant

Tissue Culture as tools

MID SEMESTER ASSESMENT

MAIN TOPICS

VIII. Plant Biotech.: Transgenic plant, Molecular pharming

IX. Biopharmaceuticals: Recombinant proteins

X. Biopharmaceuticals: Nucleic acids based theraupetics

XI. Medical/Pharmaceutical Biotech.: Protein

theurapeutics

XII. Medical/Pharmaceutical Biotech.: Theraupetic cloning

XIII. Medical/Pharmaceutical Biotech.: Gene therapy

XIV. Biotech. Application : Paper Presentation &

discussion

FINAL SEMESTER ASSESMENT

Definition of Biotechnology

Biotechnology is the integration of natural and

engineering sciences in order to achieve the

application of organisms, cells, parts thereof and

molecular analogues for products and services.

(European Federation of Biotechnology, 1989)

Biotechnology is the industrial use of living

organisms or biological techniques developed

through basic research.

(Biotech Life Sciences Dictionary)

Exploitation of metabolic properties of living

organisms for the production of valuable products for

the benefit of men.

The products of biotechnology greatly vary in structure,

organizational level and in molecular weight (from low

to high molecular mass)

The products may be

the organisms (biomass, parts of the organisms)

compounds of cellular or organism’s metabolism (enzymes,

metabolites)

compounds formed from endogenous or exogenous substrates

with enzymes or complex metabolic routes

Biotechnology O

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Biotechnology

The products include antibiotics, insuline, interferon, recombinant DNA, and techniques such as: genetic engineering, cell culture, tissue culture, bioprocessing, protein engineering, monoclonal antibody production, biosensor technology and anti-sense technology.

Much older forms of biotechnology include breadmaking, cheesemaking and brewing wine and beer.

(Biotech Life Sciences Dictionary)

Biotechnology

A scientific field of considerable complexity

Contributing disciplines

Molecular biology and

gene technology are

recent developments

of great importance.

Biotechnology is

considered to be

smooth, efficient,

high-yielding,

environmentally safe,

low energy

consuming.

Bio-

technology

Genetics

Biochemistry

Cell biology

Biophysics

Microbiology

Physiology

Bioinformatics

Zoology Various technical

fields

as intact organisms, isolated cells or enzyme preparations

The producing organisms / cellular systems / enzymes

are handled in technical and industrial processes

the cell

as producer

food production

agricultural

products substances

for technical use

environmental

processes,

energy

production

raw material

conversion pharmaceutics

starter cultures,

proteins,

flavours,

antidegradants,

flavour

potentiators,

thickening

agents

enzymes,

e.g. for cleavage of starch,

cellulose, proteins, fats,

conversion of sugars

antibiotics,

hormones,

enzymes

(for therapy and

diagnostics),

inhibitors,

vaccines,

antibodies,

vitamins

fodder proteins,

amino acids,

vitamins,

biological plant

protective agents,

renewable raw

materials,

resistant plants

degradation &

conversion

of organic

substances

for cleaning

of sewage,

waste disposal &

soil remediation,

biogas, fuels

enzymes for washing

powders, cosmetics, biopolymers

for tertiary oil production, lubricants,

bio-catalysts, degradable synthetics

and packing materials

Time Scale of Biotechnology

Phase I Biblical times – 1900

- Beer, Wine, Pickles, Cheese, Alcohol

Phase II 1900 – 1973

- Solvents, Organic Acids, Antibiotics, Amino Acids, Vitamins, Enzymes, Insecticides, Nucleotides, Gums, Alkaloids, Plant and Animal Growth Factors, SCP, Steroids

- Mutation, Screening, Biochemical Engineering

Phase III 1973 - ??

- Genetic Engineering

Biotechnology Eras

Before Pasteur (< 1865)

Fermentation techniques by microorganisms

Pasteur (1865 – 1940)

Fermentation industry and waste water treatment

Antibiotics (1940 – 1960)

Penicillin, vaccines, cell culture technology

After Antibiotics (1960 – 1975)

Amino acids, DNA structure elucidation, SCP, detergent enzyme, gasohol, biogas, DNA recombinant technology

Modern Biotechnology (1975 – now)

Commercial application of living organisms or its products genetic manipulation

Genetic engineering, monoclonal antibody, hormones, gene therapy etc.

Biotechnology Areas

Microbial biotech. : Gene mapping (DNA fingerprint) & microorganisms genetic

engineering

Chemicals production by DNA recombinant techniques (medicine : vaccines, insulin, growth hormones, interferon)

Plant Biotech. : Agrobiotech. : micropropagation of superior plant in bulk

masses, improvement of plant qualities, conservation of endangered plants

Industrial Plant Cell Biotechnology : secondary plant products, biotransformation

Animal Biotech. : Animal reproduction technology, conservation of endangered

animal

Preparation of trial animals for research (fast, cheap, lots of quantity)

The use of animal for : medicines production, cell/organ donor

Biotechnology Areas Human Health Biotech. :

DNA fingerprint :

Family relationship

Suitability of organ donor with the acceptor in transplantation

Biotechnology forensic

DNA fingerprint & PCR :

Diagnosis of virus, bacteria, and fungi infection

Individuality characteristics

Specific gene location mapping

Gene Therapy

Environmental Biotech. :

Bioremediation

Enzyme Technology

Biological detection methods (Biosensor & imunoassay)

Bacterial mineral leaching, biomining / biohydromethalurgy

Genetic engineering of plants

Genetic engineering of animals

Genetic engineering of microbes

Recombinant DNA technology

Monoclonal antibody production

Embryo transfer in animals

Plant tissue culture

Biological nitrogen fixation

Microbial fermentation

Traditional

Biotechnology

Incre

asin

g C

om

ple

xit

y

Modern Biotechnology

Increasing Cost

Application

of Biotechnology

Biotechnology

products

Biopharmaceuticals

Blood factors (Factor VIII and Factor IX)

Thrombolytic agents (tissue plasminogen activator)

Hormones (insulin, glucagon, growth hormone,

gonadotrophins)

Haematopoietic growth factors (Erythropoietin, colony

stimulating factors)

Interferons (Interferons-α, -β, -γ)

Interleukin-based products (Interleukin-2)

Vaccines (Hepatitis B surface antigen)

Monoclonal antibodies (Various)

Additional products (tumour necrosis factor, therapeutic

enzymes)

RNA-Based Therapeutics

RNA Aptamers

RNA Decoys

Antisense RNA

Ribozymes

Small Interfering

RNAs

MicroRNA

THANK YOU

The end of introduction