1
Clean Development Mechanism
& Agriculture Sector
Shalin Shah – Sr. Manager (Environment)
Mundra Port & SEZ, Adani GroupHonorary Joint Secretary - NCCSD
Background for presentation
Climate Change, Global Warming are well known terms world over.
So I will not discuss anything on the basics of Climate Change.
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Mitigation of Global Warming
Kyoto Gases & GWP
The CDM – what & how?
The CDM project Cycle
India’s Position
Types of CDM projects
OutlineOutline
6
Mitigation of Global WarmingMitigation of Global Warming
To tackle the challenges posed by global warming (climate change), United Nations made an agreement at the ‘ United Nations Conference on Environment and Development’ in 1992 in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil – a conference popularly known as the “Rio Earth Summit”. That agreement was “The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” (UNFCCC).
1988
1990
1992
1997
2005
20082012
IPCC constituted
IPCC GHG inventory report
Rio Earth Summit & birth of UNFCCC
Kyoto Protocol adopted
Kyoto Protocol comes into force
First commitment period starts
First commitment period ends
……24 year story
UNFCCCUNFCCC
Signed by 154 states (plus the EU) in 1992 foundation of global efforts to combat global warming.
Objective: “ The stabilisation of greenhouse gas (GHGs) concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous man made interference with the natural climate system. ”
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Mitigation of Global WarmingMitigation of Global Warming
Kyoto Protocol
•Amendment to the UNFCCC outlined in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan•Commitment for 38 developed countries to reduce GHG
emissions by 5.2% relative to 1990 levels•It must be achieved by 2008 – 2012 – first commitment period•Developed countries – bound with targets – Annex I countries –
Such as: UK, Europe, Australia etc.•Developing countries – no targets – non annex I countries – Such
as: India; Pakistan; China; Thailand; Malaysia; Mexico; Brazil etc.
Mitigation of Global Warming
Kyoto Gases & GWP
The CDM – what & how?
The CDM project Cycle
India’s position
Types of CDM projects
OutlineOutline
12
Kyoto Gases & GWPKyoto Gases & GWPThere are over 30 atmospheric greenhouse gases…But only 6 attract CC, so called ”Kyoto Gases”
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Methane (CH4)
• Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Relevant to bio-carbon & industrial projects
Relevant to industrial projects
• Perfluorocarbons (CXFX)
• Hydrofluorocarbons (CXHXFX)
• Sulphur Hexaflouride (SF6)
Each of these gases has a different warming potential
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Each of these gases has a different ‘radiative forcing’ capability and a different
atmospheric residence time
Need for a ‘common currency’, so that all such Kyoto gases are denominated in the same
way
Solution: develop a relative scale, using CO2 as a reference gas
Kyoto Gases & GWPKyoto Gases & GWP
14
Relative scale – everything is
measured relative to CO2
e.g. Methane is 21 times more potent as a Green House
Gas than CO2
e.g. Sulphur Hexafluoride is
23,900 times more potent!
Kyoto GasKyoto Gas(Green (Green
House Gas)House Gas)
Global Global Warming Warming Potential Potential
(GWP)(GWP)
COCO22 11
CHCH44 2323
NN22OO 310310
PFCPFC 6500 – 92006500 – 9200
HFCHFC 140 – 11700140 – 11700
SFSF66 2390023900
Kyoto Gases & GWPKyoto Gases & GWP
Mitigation of Global Warming
Kyoto Gases & GWP
The CDM – what & how?The CDM – what & how?
The CDM project Cycle
India’s Position
Types of CDM projects
OutlineOutline
16
Clean Development MechanismClean Development Mechanism‘Flexibility Mechanisms’ of Kyoto Protocol
Clean Development Mechanism(Achieving part of reduction obligations of developed
countries through projects in developing countries that reduce GHG emissions) It is defined under Article 12 of the
Kyoto Protocol
Emission Trading(Trading of emission allowances between developed
countries)
Joint implementation(Transferring emission allowances between developed nations, linked to specific emission reduction projects)
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Developed countries can
reduce emissions
anywhere in the world
They can count these
reductions towards their own targets
CDM allows developed
countries to generate CC
(Certified Emission
Reductions, CERs) in
developing countries
Advantages for developed countries:
relatively low-cost & politically acceptable
Advantages for developing countries:
inward investment, environmental &
technology benefits
Clean Development MechanismClean Development MechanismPurposes of CDM – two primary goals
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Generation of CC
GH
G e
mis
sio
ns
Historical Trend
Project start
Project start
Carbon credits (CERs)
Carbon credits (CERs)
Time
Clean Development MechanismClean Development Mechanism
Carbon credits (CERs)
Carbon credits (CERs)
Carbon credits (CERs)
Carbon credits (CERs)
Carbon credits (CERs)
Carbon credits (CERs)
CERs from a CDM project are calculated as:
CER = BE – PE The Baseline Emissions (BE) is the amount of GHG that would have been emitted to the atmosphere in the absence of the CDM project activity.
PE is the Project Emissions
What is Carbon Credit ?What is Carbon Credit ?Carbon credits are reduction in emission of Carbon credits are reduction in emission of
GHGs caused by a project GHGs caused by a project
1 CER = 1 tonne of CO2 equivalent (e) 1 CER = 1 tonne of CO2 equivalent (e) reduction reduction
1 CER = 1 Carbon Credit1 CER = 1 Carbon Credit1 VER = 1 Carbon Credit 1 VER = 1 Carbon Credit
( Earned Through Voluntary ( Earned Through Voluntary Route )Route )
__________________________________________________________ CER – Certified Emission ReductionCER – Certified Emission Reduction
VER – Voluntary Emission Reduction VER – Voluntary Emission Reduction
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Five major criteriaFive major criteria
a) GHG reduction - real and measurablea) GHG reduction - real and measurable
b) Contribution to the sustainable development b) Contribution to the sustainable development of the host countryof the host country
c) No “diversion” of official development c) No “diversion” of official development assistanceassistance
d) Demonstration of Additionalityd) Demonstration of Additionality
e) Project after 2 August 2008 – Inform UNFCCC e) Project after 2 August 2008 – Inform UNFCCC within Six monthswithin Six months
Clean Development MechanismClean Development MechanismQualification for CDM Project
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Additional incentives provided by emission reduction credits, is a concept known as "additionality". It is the most significant requirement for a project to qualify for the CDM benefits.
•Emission Additionality – Net decrease in GHG emission is called Emission Additionality.
•Financial Additionality – Project funding should not be counted towards the financial obligations of the host country
•Technological Additionality – CDM project activities should lead to transfer of environmentally safe & sound technologies.
If the industry is legally mandated (bound to do any of the above by law) to undertake the project activity (e.g. use of CNG for public transport in Delhi), such a project is generally not eligible for CDM benefits.
Clean Development MechanismClean Development MechanismDemonstration of Additionality
Additionality – benchmark analysisAdditionality – benchmark analysis
Project without carbon revenue is profitable –
but not sufficiently profitable
compared with alternatives
Project without carbon revenue is profitable –
but not sufficiently profitable
compared with alternatives
Project without carbon element
Project with carbon element
Carbon revenue makes the
project attractive relative to investment alternatives
Carbon revenue makes the
project attractive relative to investment alternatives
Investmentthreshold
Rev
enu
e /
NP
V /
IR
RChoose an appropriate financial indicator and compare it with a relevant
benchmark value: e.g. required return on capital or internal company benchmark
Some examples of additionalitySome examples of additionality
Capturing methane from an urban landfill and flaring it
— Carbon credits represent the only source of income for undertaking this activity
Capturing methane from an urban landfill and utilizing it to generate electricity
— Project developer would have to demonstrate that the electricity revenue alone would not make this project attractive
Building a large hydro project for the grid in Ethiopia
— Questionable additionality: there is already plenty of hydro activity in Ethiopia
?
CDM – Cancun outcomeCDM – Cancun outcome Issue - Continuation of CDM Post 2012 Progress / Decisions - Indications CDM will be part
of new post-2012 scheme, despite on-going uncertainty over the
future of the Kyoto Protocol Remarks
Cancun conference decided that next year (at the next Climate Change Conference in South Africa), one or more new market based mechanism will be established.
Any such new mechanism will maintain and build upon existing mechanisms, including those established under the Kyoto Protocol (like CDM)
Mitigation of Global Warming
Kyoto Gases & GWP
The CDM – what & how?
The CDM project Cycle
India’s position
Types of CDM projects
OutlineOutline
26
CDM Approval StagesCDM Approval Stages Responsible Responsible PartiesParties DurationDuration
AAProject DesignProject Design Project screeningProject screening Development of PIN, PDD & PCNDevelopment of PIN, PDD & PCN
PPPP 2 – 6 Months2 – 6 Months
BBHost Country Approval (HCA)Host Country Approval (HCA) Submission of PCN & PDD to NCDMA/DNASubmission of PCN & PDD to NCDMA/DNA Presentation by PP during NCDMA meetingPresentation by PP during NCDMA meeting
PPPPDNADNA 2 Months2 Months
CCValidationValidation Submission of PDD & HCA approval letter to DOESubmission of PDD & HCA approval letter to DOE
DOEDOE 1 Month1 Month
DDRegistrationRegistration Submission of validation report & PDD to CDM EBSubmission of validation report & PDD to CDM EB
CDM EBCDM EB 2 Months2 Months
EEProject Implementation and MonitoringProject Implementation and Monitoring Implementation of projectImplementation of project Monitoring and recording of emissionsMonitoring and recording of emissions
PPPP ContinuousContinuous
FFVerification and CertificationVerification and Certification Verification of emission reductionVerification of emission reduction Certification of emission reductionCertification of emission reduction
DOEDOE Once every yearOnce every year
GGIssuance of CERIssuance of CER Submission of certificate given by DOE to CDM EBSubmission of certificate given by DOE to CDM EB Issuance of CER to Project ProponentIssuance of CER to Project Proponent
DOEDOECDM EBCDM EB
10 or 21 Years 10 or 21 Years (variable)(variable)
CDM Project CycleCDM Project Cycle
Activities in CDM Cycle
Time Needed (Weeks)
Average Time Taken
(Weeks)
Reason for Delay
Preparation of PIN, PCN, PDD
8 16 Resource Constraint, Lack of Knowledge, procedural changes etc.
Host Country Approval
6 10 Delay in submission of required documents
Validation 14 24 Delay in appointment of DOE, Amendment of frequent changes in methodology, Guidelines, Tool etc.
Registration 4 - 8 24 Delay in web-hosting by EB, Req. for Review, Under Review, Corrections Requested etc.
Monitoring & Verification
52 70 Delay in appointment of DOE, Delay in web-hosting by EB etc.
Issuance of CER 4 12 Req. for Review, Under Review, Corrections Requested etc.
CER Transaction 4 8 Delay in identifying buyers, ERPA signing, Buyer DNA approval etc.
Total (Approx.) 96 164
CDM - Time Needed Vs. Time Taken
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Three major credentialsThree major credentials
Project Idea Note (PIN):Project Idea Note (PIN): It includes the basic information It includes the basic information and basic calculations to check the viability of the proposed and basic calculations to check the viability of the proposed project. It is not a mandatory document.project. It is not a mandatory document.
Project Concept Note (PCN):Project Concept Note (PCN): It includes basic It includes basic information about project and project developers, information about project and project developers, technology, finance, sustainable development criteria, technology, finance, sustainable development criteria, project risks, baseline methodology etc. Mandatory project risks, baseline methodology etc. Mandatory document required for HCAdocument required for HCA
Project Design Document (PDD):Project Design Document (PDD): It is a project specific It is a project specific document which included expected emission reduction document which included expected emission reduction calculations and monitoring plan along with the elaborated calculations and monitoring plan along with the elaborated information provided in the PCN. Mandatory document information provided in the PCN. Mandatory document required by NCDMA; DOE and CDM EBrequired by NCDMA; DOE and CDM EB
CDM Project CycleCDM Project Cycle
A) Project Design
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B) Host Country Approval
38
B.B. Validation:Validation: Once the PDD has been completed and the HCA has been Once the PDD has been completed and the HCA has been received, all documents along with HCA letter have to be submitted to received, all documents along with HCA letter have to be submitted to DOE (Designated Operational Entity) for review and approval DOE (Designated Operational Entity) for review and approval ((ValidationValidation).).
C.C. Registration:Registration: The DOE submits the validation report, validation opinion The DOE submits the validation report, validation opinion and a request for registration to the CDM EB. and a request for registration to the CDM EB. RegistrationRegistration of project by of project by the CDM EB is an act of formal acceptance of the validated project. the CDM EB is an act of formal acceptance of the validated project.
D.D. Project Implementation & Monitoring:Project Implementation & Monitoring: Once the project has been Once the project has been registered, it can be registered, it can be implementedimplemented. From the point of implementation on, . From the point of implementation on, the project developer needs to the project developer needs to monitormonitor the project performance, the project performance, according to the procedures laid out in validated monitoring plan of according to the procedures laid out in validated monitoring plan of PDD. PDD.
D.D. Verification & certification:Verification & certification: The DOE The DOE verifiesverifies the data collected by the data collected by the project developers according to the monitoring plan and the project developers according to the monitoring plan and certifiescertifies the the total emission reductions actually occurred during the specified time total emission reductions actually occurred during the specified time period. period.
E.E. Issuance of CERs:Issuance of CERs: Based on the DOE certification, CDM EB Based on the DOE certification, CDM EB issues issues the the CERs to the project proponent.CERs to the project proponent.
CDM Project CycleCDM Project Cycle
Crediting periodCrediting period
CDM mitigation projects
• Project developers have two crediting period options:
– A maximum of 7 years, which can be renewed up to 2 times(i.e. a potential total crediting period of 21 years)
– A maximum of 10 years, with no option for renewal
CDM sequestration projects (forestry)
• Project developers have two crediting period options:
– A maximum of 20 years, which can be renewed up to 2 times(i.e. a potential total crediting period of 60 years)
– A maximum of 30 years, with no option for renewal
Crediting periodCrediting period
Gre
enh
ou
se g
as e
mis
sio
ns
Emissions under the baseline scenario
Emissions under the project scenario
Starting date of the crediting
period
Starting date of the crediting
period10 years No renewalNo renewal
A maximum of 10 years with no
option of renewal
Why not maximise the crediting period?Why not maximise the crediting period?G
reen
ho
use
gas
em
issi
on
s
7 years
Baseline must be reassessed by DOE at each
renewal
Baseline must be reassessed by DOE at each
renewal
Why not maximise the crediting period?Why not maximise the crediting period?G
reen
ho
use
gas
em
issi
on
s
Emissions under thebaseline scenario
Emissions under theproject scenario
7 years 7 years 7 years
Baseline must be reassessed by DOE at each
renewal
Baseline must be reassessed by DOE at each
renewal
The baseline scenario may become less favourable
The baseline scenario may become less favourable
Mitigation of Global Warming
Kyoto Gases & GWP
The CDM – what & how?
The CDM project Cycle
India’s position
Types of CDM projects
OutlineOutline
Per Capita COPer Capita CO22 Emissions Emissions
0
5
10
15
20
25
India China Germany Japan U.S.A.
1.31
4.91
10.069.54
19.18
Source: EIA 2008
1.31
4.91
10.06
1.31
4.91
9.5410.06
1.31
4.91
19.18
9.5410.06
1.31
4.91
Country Total Emissions (MMtCO2) Per Capita Emissions (Tons/Capita)
1. China 6534 4.91
2. United States 5833 19.18
3. Russia 1729 12.29
4. India 1495 1.31
5. Japan 1214 9.54
6. Germany 829 10.06
7. Canada 574 17.27
8. United Kingdom 572 9.38
9. Korea, South 542 11.21
10. Iran 511 7.76
11. Saudi Arabia 466 16.56
12. Italy 455 7.82
13. South Africa 451 9.25
14. Mexico 445 4.04
15. Australia 437 20.82
16. Indonesia 434 1.83
17. Brazil 428 2.18
18. France 415 6.48
19. Spain 359 8.86
20. Ukraine 350 7.61
Source: EIA 2008
TOP 20 Emitters of the World
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First registration: 8th March, 2005
First CER issued: 21st August, 2005
Registered projects: 513 projects (as of July, 2010)
HCA projects: 1704 projects (as of July, 2010)
Estimated CER volume: 441 million CERs (39690 Crore INR, till 2012) if they are successfully registered by CDM-EB
CERs issued: ~79.11 million CERs
India’s PositionIndia’s Position
The majority of registered project in India are renewable energy project focusing on hydropower, and wind energy
The CDM project pipelineThe CDM project pipeline
Hydro26%
Biomass energy16%
Wind12%
Energy efficiency(own generation)
9%
Landfill gas, 8%
Biogas, 7%
Agriculture, 6%
Energy efficiency(industry), 4%
Fossil fuel switch3%
N2O2%
Other7%
India offers vast untapped market for Carbon Trading
India today manufactures >25 million tons of steel.
Installed capacity of electrical power generation of >110,000 MW
Produces over >200 million tons of food-grains
With GDP growth of 8.5% against the energy consumption growth rate of 7.5%
India offers…..cont. Leading sectors, having GHG Mitigation potential include
energy efficiency (45%), renewable energy (35%), methane emissions abatement (15%), and improvements in the thermal energy generation sector (5%).
In India, total C02-e emissions in 1990 were 10,01,352 Gg, which was approx. 3% of global emissions. The Power sector was the largest emitter of C02, contributing 55% of national emissions.
India would be requiring an additional 100,000 MW of power by 2012.
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India’s Position
51
Gujarat Fluoro Chemicals Limited:
Registered on 8th March, 2005
Claims ~ 3 million CERs (270 Crore INR) every year for reducing GHG by thermal oxidation of HFC23 (GWP = 11700)
Recent monitoring report (01/08/08 to 30/09/08) claimed ~ 1.4 million CERs (126 Crore INR)
Tamilnadu Spinning Mills Association (TASMA):
Registered on 10th June, 2007
Claims ~ 0.69 million CERs (62 Crore INR) every year for reducing GHG by bundled wind power project in Tamilnadu
Recent monitoring report (01/01/08 to 31/08/08) claimed ~ 0.6 million CERs (48.6 Crore INR)
India’s PositionIndia’s PositionCase Study
SectorSector Estimated Estimated Potential (MW)Potential (MW)
Installed Capacity Installed Capacity (MW)(MW)
Untapped Untapped Potential (MW)Potential (MW)
WindWind 45,19545,195 7,844.527,844.52 37,350.4837,350.48
Small HydroSmall Hydro
(<25 MW)(<25 MW)15,00015,000 2,045.612,045.61 12,954.3912,954.39
BiomassBiomass 16,88116,881 605.8605.8 16,275.216,275.2
Solar Power Solar Power PlantPlant
------ 2.182.18 ------
Cogeneration Cogeneration bagasse bagasse
5,0005,000 719.83719.83 4,280.174,280.17
Waste to Waste to EnergyEnergy
2,7002,700 55.2555.25 2,644.752,644.75
Source: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India (As on 31Source: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India (As on 31stst December December 2007)2007)
Energy Efficiency: 23,000 MW (Assessed by World Bank, Source: Energy Efficiency: 23,000 MW (Assessed by World Bank, Source: FICCI)FICCI)
RE & EE Potential in IndiaRE & EE Potential in India
Mitigation of Global Warming
Kyoto Gases & GWP
The CDM – what & how?
The CDM project Cycle
India’s position
Types of CDM projects
OutlineOutline
57
Small-scale projects can use simplified procedures.
The following types of projects are considered small-scale.
Renewable energy projects: up to 15MW capacity
Energy efficiency projects: up to 60 GWh/yr reduction in energy consumption
Other projects: up to 60 KtCO2 equivalent (60,000 CER) emission reduction
o CH4 recovery in wastewater treatmento Switching fossil fuelso Landfill CH4 recovery
Small Scale CDM Projects
Types of CDM ProjectsTypes of CDM Projects
Programmatic CDM offers new OpportunitiesProgrammatic CDM offers new Opportunities
Installation / unit size
Nu
mb
er o
f in
stal
lati
on
s / u
nit
s
Regular CDM
• Single site, stand-alone projects
• ‘Carbon upgrades’
Regular CDM
• Single site, stand-alone projects
• ‘Carbon upgrades’
Bundled CDM
• Bundling several projects under a single PDD
• All projects must be identified ex ante, and must start at the same time
Bundled CDM
• Bundling several projects under a single PDD
• All projects must be identified ex ante, and must start at the same time
Programmatic CDM
• Addresses the ‘long tail’ of small units
• Permits sector-wide transition to low-carbon economy
• Particular relevance to Africa
Programmatic CDM
• Addresses the ‘long tail’ of small units
• Permits sector-wide transition to low-carbon economy
• Particular relevance to Africa
Size-Distribution of Potential CDM Project Sites
smalllarge medium
CDM Projects in Agriculture SectorCDM Projects in Agriculture Sector
Improved manure management
Reduced enteric fermentation
Improved/reduced chemical agri-inputs use (fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, etc.)
Reduced machinery use (and/or lower fossil fuel intensity of conservation agriculture practices)
Agronomic planning (selection of seeds and species with low chemical agri-inputs demand and water requirements)
Energy from dedicated crops
Energy from agricultural residues, animal waste, and other on-farm organic waste
Water management (water saving from improved water retention, reduced evaporation, ect.)
Improved irrigation techniques/technologies (i.e. drip and sprayer irrigation)
Improved water management in rice cultivation
Global contribution of agriculture to greenhouse gas emissions.
1 Pg (Peta gram) = 1 Gt (Giga tonne) = 1000 million tonnes.
Source: Cool FarmingClimate Impacts of Agriculture & Mitigation potential GREENPEACE 2008
sources of agricultural greenhouse gases, excluding land use change
Mt CO2-eq
CH4 CH4+ N2O
N2O
CH4+ N2OCH4+ N2O CH4
CO2CO2
GHG emissions from fossil fuel and energy use in farm operations and production of chemicals for agriculture.
kg CO2-eq km-2 Pg CO2-eq
Tillage 440 – 7360 0.007 – 0.113Application of agrochemicals 180 – 3700 0.003 – 0.057Drilling or seeding 810 – 1430 0.015 – 0.022Combine harvesting 2210 – 4210 0.034 – 0.065Use of farm machinery Subtotal 0.059 – 0.257Pesticides (production) 220 – 9220 0.003 – 0.14Irrigation 3440 – 44400 0.053 – 0.684Fertiliser (production) – 0.284 – 0.575Total 0.399 – 1.656
Energy requirement and carbon dioxide emissions resulting from the productionof different fertilisersFertiliser Energy requirement Carbon dioxide emissions in
in MJ kg-1 N kg (CO2)/kg produced*
Nitrogen 65 – 101 3.294 – 6.588Phosporus 15 0.366 – 1.098Potassium 8 0.366 – 0.732Lime 0.110 – 0.842Manure 0.026 – 0.029N as manure 0.6 – 2.9
Global carbon stocks in vegetation and top one metre of soils
Biome Area Carbon Stocks Carbon stock(Pg CO2-eq) concentration
(Pg CO2-eq M km-2)
M km2 Vegetation Soils Total
Tropical forests 17.60 776 791 1566 89Temperate forests 10.40 216 366 582 56Boreal forests 13.70 322 1724 2046 149Tropical savannas 22.50 242 966 1208 54Temperate grasslands 12.50 33 1080 1113 89Deserts and Semi deserts 45.50 29 699 728 16Tundra 9.50 22 443 465 49Wetlands 3.50 55 824 878 251Croplands 16.00 11 468 479 30
Total 151.20 1706 7360 9066 60
Source: IPCC 2001, Land use, land use change and forestry.
Technical mitigation potential by 2030 of each agricultural management practice
Source: IPCC (2007): IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change: Mitigation of Climate Change.
Total technical mitigation potentials (all practices, all GHGs: MtCO2-eq/yr) for each region by 2030,
Source: IPCC (2007): IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change: Mitigation of Climate Change.
Economic potential for GHG Agricultural mitigation by 2030
Simplified methodologies
Aspect 1: Technology/measure:
What would be specific examples for new sustainable technologies, management practice etc. (avail)able to reduce GHG emissions (e.g. reduced mechanization, low-tillage practices, or use of lighter machinery)?
Simplified methodologiesSimplified methodologies
Aspect 2: Baselines
Could you think of clear, logical and quantifiable procedures for the identification of baseline emissions, i.e. the scenario for GHG emissions in absence of the proposed activity/project?
Simplified methodologies
Aspect 3: Monitoring plan
What would be simple, straight-forward monitoring measures /plans/indicators to verify GHG reductions throughout the life time of each respective activity/project?
Simplified methodologies
Aspect 4: Project boundary
What is your idea of reasonable project boundaries (e.g. the physical, geographical boundaries of the agricultural field, including machinery used on the field but maybe excluding machinery used for processing or transportation) for quantifying GHG emission reductions?
Simplified methodologies
Aspect 5: Leakage
Does the project/activity (indirectly) cause an increase in GHG emissions outside its project boundaries?
Two Chinese Case Examples
Rural Household Biogas
Conservation Tillage
Approved CDM methodologies
For Biogas Digesters
Emission inventory per household under the baseline scenario and the project scenario respectively (tCO2e/year/household)
Manure management or CH4 emissions from biogas digester leakage
CO2 emissionsfrom coal burning
Emissions perhousehold
Baseline 0.66 1.95 2.61
Project 0.20 0.27 0.47
Emission Reduction
2.14
Conservation TillageConservation Tillage Conservation tillage is an integrated tillage system in which large
amounts of crop straws are used to cover the soil and minimize all the possible tillage activities.
Conservation tillage, which employs the technologies such as no tillage or minimum tillage, micro-terrain rebuilding, land covering, and controlling weeds with herbicides, is aimed to reduce the disturbance and increase the straw coverage to soil (Gao HW, 2005; Gao WS, 2007; Li HW, 2008).
It is composed of four essential components (Di Y, 2008): Planting techniques without tillage; Covering soil with straws or plant residues; Deeply loosing the soil; and Integrated control techniques on weeds and pests.
Conservation Tillage – Increase in Soil Organic Carbon (SOC)
reduce the disturbance on soils to protect soil organic matter from oxidization and mineralization
Straw coverage adds more soil organic carbon, which means conservation tillage may increase soil organic carbon in different degrees
affects soil temperature and moisture status, which in turn affects soil carbon stock indirectly. Soil temperature affects micro organisms’ activity, and determines the decomposing speed of soil organic matter
Different tillage practices may have different effects on micro organisms’ activity, which may lead to varying accumulation of organic matter in soils.
The area of conservation tillage and its percentage of sowingarea and other farming methods in the USA (1990-2004), unit Mha, %
Source: United States Conservation Tillage Information Centre (CTIC) and Reports of Crop Stubble Management (2004).
Chinese case exampleChinese case example
7-year (2003–2009) field experiment was conducted near in Shandong province
Soil at the site was a loam soil, 1.345 per cent organic matter and pH of 7.1. Mean annual air temperature and precipitation in the area is 13.0°C and 621 mm, respectively
The cropping system is winter wheat-maize rotation. All straw of wheat and maize was returned to the soil after harvest.
Information on application amount of straw amendment and nitrogen fertilizer, nitrogen in the straw
Total GHG emissions under baselineTotal GHG emissions under baseline
Total GHG emissions under project activity
Complete scenario – Emission Reduction
Shri Sharad Pawar said during 4th World Congress on Conservation Agriculture on 4th Feb, 2009 New Delhi
Conservation tillage or no-tillage is now being practised on almost 100 million ha area worldwide with the major countries being USA, Brazil, Argentina, Canada and Australia.
In India alone, the area under conservation tillage has increased to more than 2 million ha.
ButBut
At present, the international climate change agreement post-2012 is still under negotiation. It is still uncertain if cropland management, including conservation tillage practice, can become an eligible project activity under CDM post-2012.
Therefore, considering the effects of conservation tillage of enhancing the soil carbon stock, incentives for farmers to take actions of enhancing carbon sequestration, as well as providing technical support for reaching an international climate change agreement and associated implementation post-2012, it is necessary to conduct a feasibility study of conservation tillage as an eligible project activity under CDM and methodology guidelines.
Summary
India has a very big role to play
More opportunities even after 2012
Demand for CERs is likely to increase
Market based instruments will play a key role
Government and trade organizations have to put more efforts to create strong awareness of CDM specifically for SMEs
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Secondly, the CDM project developers need to have certain capabilities such as:
• Analytical thinking• Mathematical ability• Understanding of
chemical processes and operations
• Creative opinion
Why all these to you??Why all these to you??
You have these qualities – MeaningYou have these qualities – MeaningYOU CAN DO IT !!YOU CAN DO IT !!
The audience I am addressing consists of Agriculture Specialists
The mother Earth needs our attention
Some Important Reference
unfccc.int cdmindia.in cdmindia.com UNEP Risoe Centre
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Magic of
Let’s make the world a better place to live in Let’s make the world a better place to live in
Shalin Shah
Environmental Engineer
Email: [email protected]
Mobile: +919879203702
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