1 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
UMTS Overview
Presentation at Berkeley – Helsinki Summer School,
May 30, 2001
Kimmo Raatikainen
Principal Scientist
Nokia Research Center
2 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Presentation Outline
• What is it?
• Standarization fora
• Radio Evolution
• UMTS Architecture
• UMTS Protocols
• QoS Issues
• Domains
• Services
• Technical Requirements
• Backup Material
3 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
What is it?
• IP multimedia and realtime services support within the UMTS system; IP Multimedia network elements in addition to Packet-Switched and Circuit-Switched domains
• Two different radio access technologies connected to the same core network: GERAN (GPRS/EDGE RAN) and UTRAN (WCDMA RAN)
– other access technologies should be enabled as well; e.g. fixed access, cable modems, WLAN, etc.
• Network architecture and elements based on Internet protocols
• Voice services on top of IP; Call control by SIP (or H.323 or…)
• Supports for further evolution towards even more IP-centric architecture and services...
4 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Relevant fora• 3G.IP - closed forum
– Initial founding members: Operators: AT&T, British Telecom, CSELT, Rogers Cantel, Telenor
Vendors: Nokia, Ericsson, Lucent, Nortel
– Current member status: a lot of new members
• Mobile Wireless Internet Forum - open forum
– Initiators: Vodafone/Airtouch, Orange, Motorola, Cisco, etc.
• Both driving for a definition of a more IP-based UMTS system and attempting to affect standardisation bodies
– 3GPP - making the standards for UMTS Release 2000
– Tiphon - IP telephony related standardisation group within ETSI
– IETF - Internet related standards
5 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
3G Approaches
cdma2000 (IS-95+)
IS-136+ WCDMA+GSM
WCDMA+GSM 3GPP
3GPP2
3GPP (GERAN) TIA/ANSI
6 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
3GPP2 (www.3gpp2.org)
TSG AAccess Network Interface
TSG CCDMA2000
TSG NANSI41/WIN
TSG PWireless Packet Data Networking
TSG RInterface of 3GPP Radio Access Technology to 3G Core Network evolved from ANSI-41
TSG SSystems and Services Aspects
3G
PP
2 S
tee
rin
g C
om
mit
tee
7 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
3GPP (www.3gpp.org)
TSG-CNStephen HayesEricsson, USA
TSG-GERANNiels Andersen
Motorola, Denmark
TSG-RANYukitsuna Furuya
NEC, Japan
TSG-TSang-Keun ParkSamsung, Korea
TSG-SANiels Andersen
Motorola, Denmark
PCGKarl Heinz Rosenbrock
ETSI
CN WG1 GERAN WG1 RAN WG1 T WG1SA WG1
CN WG2 GERAN WG2 RAN WG2 T WG2SA WG2
CN WG3 GERAN WG3 RAN WG3 T WG3SA WG3
CN WG4 GERAN WG4 RAN WG4 SA WG4
SA WG5CN WG5
8 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
3GPP and 3G Schedule• First meetings held in Sophia Antipolis, France, on 7-8 December
1998
• 3GPP Releases – ‘99 specifications on March’00– 4 specifications on March'01– 5 expected on December'01
• UMTS stardardisation started 1990 in ETSI (SMG 5)
• WCDMA selected as radio interface for UMTS (FDD bands) in January 1998
– TD-CDMA selected for TDD bands
• Experimental systems already up-and-running
• Expected launch of first commercial systems in – Japan 2001 (Tokyo area), 2003 (nation wide coverage)– Europe 2002
9 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Radio Evolution
11 Mbits/s
2 Mbits/
s
170 kbits/s
76.8 kbits/s
14.4 kbits/s
43.2 kbits/s
5.4 Mbits/s
10 Mbits/s
EDGETDMA (IS-
41)CDPD
473 kbits/s
115.2 kbits/s
GPRSGSM
(MAP)HSCSD
PDC/PDC-P
cdmaOne(IS-41)
WCDMA FDD
WCDMAHSPA
cdma2000-1X
307.2 kbits/s
WLAN802.11b
54 Mbits/s
1XEV - DO, phase 1 1XEV - DV, phase 2
HiperLAN 2
EDGE Ph. 2
GERAN
473 kbits/sReal Time IP
IEEE802.11a
WCDMA TDD
Harmonised HL2-
IEEE802.11a
standard
200kHz
5MHz
1.25MHz
30kHz
2.4 Mbits/s
2 Mbits/s
Enhanced WLAN
High Speed Downlik Packet Access
Enhanced EDGE
Local
Wid
e a
rea c
overa
ge
2Mbit/s
TD-SCDMA
Higher data rate WLAN100 Mbps
54 Mbits/s
Evolution of 3G
Future Wireless
Inter-PLMN Backbone Network
3G-SGSN3G-MSC
CS Domain
10 © NOKIA 2000 ICCS'00.PPT/ DATE / Juha Kalliokulju
3G-GGSNPS Domain
Node B
RNC
RAN
UMTS Network Architecture
11 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
UMTS Reference Architecture
Gf Gi
Iu
GiMr
Gi
Ms
Gi
R UuMGW
Gn
Gc
Signalling and Data TransferInterface
SignallingInterface
TE MT UTRAN
Gr
SGSN GGSN
EIR
MGCF
R-SGW *)
MRF
MultimediaIP Networks
PSTN/Legacy/External
Applications &Services *)
Mm
Mw
Legacy mobilesignallingNetwork
Mc
Cx
AlternativeAccess
Network
Mh
CSCF
CSCF
Mg
T-SGW *)
T-SGW *)
HSS *)
HSS *)
Applications& Services *)
MSC server GMSC server
McMc
D C
SCP
CAP
MGWNb
Nc
Iu
Iu
R-SGW *)Mh
CAPCAP
R UmTE MT
BSS/GERAN
Gb
A
*) those elements are duplicated for figurelayout purpose only, they belong to the samelogical element in the reference model
Iu
12 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
UMTS Abbreviations – 1/3AAL2 ATM adaptation layer 2
ANSI American National Standards Institute
ARIB Association of radio industries and businesses
ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation One
ATM Asynchronous transfer mode
BER Bit error rate
BS Base station
BSAP Base Station application part
BSC Base station controller
BSSGP Base Station Sub-System GPRS Protocol
CC Call control
cdma code division multiple access
CDPD Cellular Digital Packet Data
CN Core network
CS Circuit switched
CSCF Call services control function
CWTS China's Wireless Telecommunications Standard
EDGE Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution
ETSI European Telecommunication standardisation
institute
FDD Frequencey division duplex
GERAN Global system for mobile communications enhanced data rates for GSM evolution radio access network
GGSN Gateway GPRS support node
GMM GPRS MM
GMSC Gateway MSC
GPRS General packet access
GSM Global system for mobile communication
GTP GPRS tunneling protocol
HLR Home location register
HSCSD High speed circuit switched data
HSS Home subscriber server
IETF Internet engineering task force
IM Internet multimedia
IP Internet protocol
ISDN Integrated services digital network
ITU International telecommunications union
LLC Link layer control
MACMedium access control
MAP Mobile application part
MM Mobility management
MGCF Media gateway control function
13 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
UMTS Abbreviations – 2/3MGW Media gateway
MPLS Multiprotocol label switching
MSC Mobile services switching center
MMS Multimedia messaging
MWIF Mobile wireless interest forum
OHG Operator harmonisation group
OSA Open services architecture
P-CSCF Proxy-CSCF
PDC Personal digital communication
PDCP Packet data convergence protocol
PDP Packet data protocol
PHB Per hop behaviour
PLMN Public land mabile network
PPP Point-to-point protocol
PS Packet switched
PSTN Public switched telephony network
QoS Quality of service
RAN Radio access network
RANAP RAN application part
RF Radio frequency
RLC Radio link control
RNC Radio network controller
RRC Radio resource control
RSVP Resource reservation protocol
SCP Services control point
SA Services and System Aspects
SDL Specification and description language
SDU Serving data unit
SGSN Serving GPRS support node
SGW Signalling gateway
SM Session managament
SMG Special mobile group
SNDCP Sub-network dependent convergence protocol
T Terminal
TCP Transmission control protocol
TD-CDMA Time division-CDMA
TDD Time division duplex
TDMA Time division multiple access
TFT Traffic flow template
TIA Telecommunications industry association
TTA Telecommunications technology association
TTC Telecommunications technology committee
14 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
UMTS Abbreviations – 3/3TSG Technnical specification group
UDP User datagram protocol
UMTS Universal mobile telecommunication system
UWCC Universal wireless communications consortium
UTRAN UMTS terrestrial RAN
VHE Virtual home environment
VLR Visitor location register
VoIP Voice over IP
WAP Wireless application protocol
WLAN Wireless local area network
WCDMA Wideband CDMA
3GPP 3rd generation partnership project
3GPP2 3rd generation partnership project 2
15 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Control Plane Protocols
W C D M A L1
M S
M AC
R R C
M MC C SM
W C D M A L1
BS
T ransportlayers
RNC
R R C
T ransportlayers
Iub
T ransportlayers
CN
M M
C C SM
T ransportlayers
Iu
R AN AP R AN AP
M AC '
BSAPBSAPBS-RRC
U u
M ACR LC -CR LC -C
RRM
RAN protocols (Access Stratum, AS)
CN protocols (Non Access Stratum, NAS)
GPRS:
UMTS:
RLC BSSGP
SM
LLC
RLC
MAC
GSM RF
Relay
MAC
GSM RF L1 bis L1 bis
GTP
UDP
IP
L2
L1
GTP
UDP
IP
L2
L1
M S B S S S G S N G G S NU m G nG b
NetworkService
BSSGP
NetworkService
LLC
Relay
GMM
SM
GMM
16 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
User Plane Protocols
LLC
SNDCP
RLC
MAC
GSM RF
Relay
MAC
GSM RF
BSSGP
L1bis L1bis
Frame Relay
RLC
LLC
SNDCP
Relay
GTP
UDP/TCP
IP
L2
L1
GTP
UDP/TCP
IP
L2
L1
MS BSS SGSN GGSNUu GnGb
Frame Relay
BSSGP
L3CE
RLC
MAC
WCDMA/TD-CDMA
Relay
MAC
WCDMA/TD-CDMA
GTP
L1 L1
L2
RLC
GTP GTP
UDP
IP
L2
L1
GTP
UDP
IP
L2
L1
MS RAN 3G Serving Node 3GGateway
Node
UuGnIu
L2
IP
UDP UDP
IP
L3CE
GPRS:
3GPP:
PDCP PDCP
RAN protocols (Access Stratum, AS)
17 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Mobile Functional Model
MessagingPoint-to-Point
DataStreamingBrow ser
Application Protocols
QoSManagem ent
Socket API
IP Protocols
PPP Packet Classifier
Link Management
M obile Phone
Bluetooth
SM/MM
W LANEDGE UMTS GPRS 99 GSM CS
18 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
R LC -U
R LC -Uentity
P D C P
M A C
W C D M A Phy
S MC C
M M(G M M )
M M
R R C
R LC -C
R LCM gm t
R LC -Uentity
R LC -Uentity
R LC -Uentity
H eader com pressionP D C PM gm t
T ransport fo rm at se t
T ransport fo rm at
P D P C ontext 1- IP v6 address- In te ractive Q oS
P D P C ontext 2- IP v6 address- B ackground Q oS
P D P C ontext 3- IP v4 address- In te ractive Q oS
Transportfo rm at com bina tion
C hanne l cod ing,in te rleaving
C ircu itS w itchedA pp l.
Data Protocol Functionality (simplified)
19 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
WCDMA/VoIP Mobile
EDGE/VoIP Mobile
UMTS Release 1999
UMTS Release 4/5
Packet side (GPRS)GGSN
SCPHLR
GMSC
3G-SGSNIu
MSC/VLRWCDMA UTRAN
BS
BS
BS
BS
RNC
RNCIur
Iub
(optional)
Circuit sidePSTN/ISDN
InternetWCDMA Mobile
NEW !
EDGE (GSM) BSS
BS
BS
BS
BS
BSC
BSC
Abis
WCDMA UTRAN
BS
BS
BS
BS
RNC
RNCIur
Iub
GGSN
SCPHLR
3G-SGSNIu
CSCFCSCF MGCFMGCF
SGWSGW
MGWMGW
PSTN/ISDN
Internet
Multimedia ServiceControl (IPTelephony)
Packet Core (GPRS) with real time services
NEW !NEW !
IP transportoption for SS7
GMSCMSC/VLR
Circuit Core
(optional)
UMTS Release'99 and Release 4/5UMTS Release'99 and Release 4/5
20 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
QoS History and Motivation • GSM served two data types: Transparent and non-transparent
• QoS profile introduced in GPRS rel'97
– precedence class, delay class, reliability class, peak throughput class, mean throughput class
• Enhanced QoS mechanisms in UMTS/GPRS rel'99
– multiple PDP contexts/PDP address, TFTs, management functions
• Rapid growth of Internet usage
– wide variety of applications
– emerging QoS
• Operator's requirements
– differentiation
– fast introduction of new services
21 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Data Network(Internet)
Node B
RNC
3G-GGSN
3G-SGSN
Gn
IPFirewall
GnPS Domain
Iu
Inter-PLMN Backbone Network
External QoSmechanisms
DiffServ.on transport
level IP
Different channel types (dedicated/common)
AAL2connections
New issues in R5:* Interworking with external network (optional RSVP)* Policy control & bearer establishment (P-CSCF & GGSN)
3GPP R99/R4 standardized QoS
22 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
• NSAPI• TI• PDP type• PDP address• Access point requested• QoS requested• PDP configuration options
Evolution of Mechanisms to Enable QoS
PDP context, QoS
PDPaddress
(IP)
UE RAN SGSN GGSN
PDP context, QoS 2
PDP context, QoS 3
TFTTFT
Traffic Flow Template (TFT)Flow labelDS code points Source portDestination portSource addressSPI (Security Parameters Index for IPSec)Protocol number
PDP context, QoS 4, signalling
23 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
QoS Parameters
Yes/No
Yes/No/-
< 2048 kbps
<2048 kbps
<=1500 octets
<100 ms
5*10-2…10-6
10-2…10-5
1, 2, 3
Yes/No
Yes/No/-
< 2048 kbps
<2048 kbps
<=1500 octets
<250 ms
5*10-2…10-6
10-1…10-5
1, 2, 3
Yes/No
Yes/No/-
< 2048 kbps-overhead
<=1500 octets
4*10-3…6*10-8
10-3…10-6
1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3
Yes/No
Yes/No/-
< 2048 kbps-overhead
<=1500 octets
4*10-3…6*10-8
10-3…10-6
1, 2, 3
Conversationalclass
Streamingclass
Interactiveclass
Backgroundclass
Precedence class
Delay class
Reliability class
Peak throughput class
Mean throughput class
GPRSrel'97, '98
Delivery order
SDU formatinformation
Delivery oferroneous SDUs
Maximum bitrate
Guaranteed bitrate
Maximum SDU size
Transfer delay
Residual BER
SDU error ratio
Allocation/retentionpriority
Traffic handlingpriority
GPRS/UMTS rel'99, 4, 5
24 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Interworking with Backbone Networks
Delivery order
SDU formatinformation
Delivery oferroneous SDUs
Maximum bitrate
Guaranteed bitrate
Maximum SDU size
Transfer delay
Residual BER
SDU error ratio
Allocation/retentionpriority
Traffic handlingpriority
DiffServ PHBExpedited forwardingAssured forwarding (some codepoints)Best effort
UMTSConversationalStreamingInteractiveBackground
mapping
mapping
ATM service classes MPLS (DiffServ & other QOS schemes)
25 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Domain definitions
26 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Domain and Subsystem Definitions
• CS CN domain: comprises all core network elements for provision of CS services.
• PS CN domain: comprises all core network elements for provision of PS connectivity services.
• IM CN subsystem: (IP Multimedia CN subsystem) comprises all CN elements for provision of IM services
• Service Subsystem: Comprises all elements providing capabilities to support operator specific services (e.g. IN and OSA)
• External Applications: Applications on an external Host.
• The Radio Access Network domain consists of the physical entities, which manage the resources of the radio access network, and provides the user with a mechanism to access the core network.
27 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
UMTS Service Definitions
External Application
s
PS Services(IM + PS
Connectivity Services)
CS Services
IM Services
PS Connectivity Services
An equivalent set of services to the relevant subset of CS Services
28 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Service-related Definitions
• CS Services: Telecommunication services provided to "GSM/ISDN" clients via 24.008 CC.
• PS Connectivity Services: IP connectivity service provided to IP clients via 24.008 SM.
• IM Services: IP Multimedia Services that require support on the Call Control level carried on top of the PS connectivity services (this may include an equivalent set of services to the relevant subset of CS Services).
• PS services: The superset of IM services and PS connectivity Services.
29 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Multimedia and speech support
• SIP or H.323 instead of cellular network specific call control
– SIP defined by IETF for IP multimedia services; to be used in the Internet
– H.323 defined by ITU; part of the H-protocol family; to be used over IP networks
• Both provide session and call establishment capabilities, among other capabilities & features
• Both probably need enhancements in order to be suitable for the mobile network environment and cellular systems
30 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
UMTS Layered Approach for the PS services
3G-3G-GGSNGGSN3G-3G-
SGSNSGSNMGWMGW
CSCFCSCF
MGCFMGCF
RSGWRSGW
TransportTransportLayerLayer
Application LayerApplication Layer
Service LayerService Layer
MRFMRF
HSSHSS
TSGWTSGW
CSCFCSCF
External IPExternal IPNetworksNetworks
Legacy MobileLegacy MobileSignalingSignalingNetworksNetworks
PSTN/PSTN/External CSExternal CS
NetworksNetworks
WLAN, DSL, Cable, etc.WLAN, DSL, Cable, etc.
RASRAS
OSA, VHE,OSA, VHE,etc.etc.
SCPSCP
3G RAN3G RAN
31 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Service Architecture• Common service machinery for all access
systems• A core set of basic and supplementary
services defined: e.g., call divert, barring, pre-paid, emergency call, etc
• Open APIs (Parlay, JAIN, etc.) to support rapid, flexible and secure service creation to enable
– 3rd party application development– Vendor independence– New business models with external service
providers• OSA service architecture to support services
– Similar to current IN services– Exploiting the enhanced capabilities of IP
network (video, multimedia etc.)• Globally accessible services via CAMEL/WIN
or by direct access between terminal and application server
ApplicationApplicationServersServersFrameworkFramework
ServerServerOther ServiceOther ServiceCapability ServersCapability Servers
Service Capability Servers:Service Capability Servers:1) Message Transfer1) Message Transfer2) Call Control2) Call Control
OSAOSAParlay/Corba/IPParlay/Corba/IP
WAPWAPServerServer
Short messageShort messageservice centerservice center
WebWebServerServer
SCPSCPHSSHSS
CSCFCSCF
11 22
32 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Multi-layered Approach to Mobility
AccessMobility
(1)
MicroMobility
CSCFHSS
NetworkLevel
Mobility
3G-SGSN
3G-SGSN
EdgeEdgeNetworkNetwork
EdgeEdgeNetworkNetwork
3G-GGSN
3G-GGSN IPv6IPv6NetworkNetwork
DSLDSL RASRAS
CableCable RASRAS
WLANWLAN RASRAS
AccessMobility
(2)
RANRAN
PSTNPSTN
IPv4IPv4(public(public
ororprivate)private)
IPv6IPv6(public(public
ororprivate)private)
Edge Router/Edge Router/FirewallFirewall
Edge Router/Edge Router/FirewallFirewall
MGCF/MGCF/MGWMGW
NetworkLevel
Mobility
33 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Technical Requirements
• Equal or better quality for voice transmission
• Backwards compatibility vs. revolution (e.g. old phones should work in the new networks due to the large installed customer base)
• Roaming to/from legacy and UMTS R99 networks should be possible
• Interworking necessary with telephony networks, GSM & other cellular networks, IP networks, etc.
• Realtime handovers: which cases must be supported? Intra RAN, inter RAN, inter-SGSN, inter-operator, inter-GGSN, inter-system, ...
• Easy service creation and execution environment. Possible components:
– Mobile Station Execution Environment (MExE), SIM Application Toolkit (SAT), Open Service Architecture (OSA), Virtual Home Environment (VHE), CAMEL, WAP, etc.
34 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Technical Key Issues
• Call control protocol: SIP (or H.323 or …)
• Addressing & Identifiers
• Roaming models and handovers
• Legacy networks: roaming, handovers, etc.
• New header compression algorithms, especially suited for realtime traffic: IETF ROHC
• End-to-end QoS negotiation? Enough guarantees on the call quality? Role of RSVP?
• IP version to be used
• Etc etc…
35 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Requirements for Future All-IP Systems – 1/2• Mobility Handling
– Determined by, and optimised for, mobile terminals
• Multiservice– Common Network for real time and non real time services– Rapid, flexible and easy creation of new services
• Layered Network Functionality– For independence of access, transport, applications and
service creation– For system flexibility and future evolution
• Multiaccess & Access Independence– Several accesses including WCDMA, EDGE, WLAN, Cable
etc.– Mobility between accesses (Global IP Mobility)
36 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Requirements for Future All-IP Systems – 2/2
• IPv6-Based
– For scalability and address space
– For mobility between accesses (Global IP mobility)
• Evolution and Legacy Support
– For utilisation of existing investments
– For service continuity
• Shared Transport and Network Management
– For cost efficiency
37 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Background Material
38 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Functional Elements: Call State Control Function (CSCF)
• Logical, i.e. internal, components: • ICGW (Incoming call gateway): Acts as a first entry point and performs routing of incoming
calls, Communicates with HSS, Incoming call service triggering (e.g. call screening/call forwarding unconditional) may need to reside for optimisation purposes, Query Address Handling (implies administrative dependency with other entities), Communicates with HSS
• CCF (Call Control Function): Call set-up/termination and state/event management, Interact with MRF in order to support multi-party and other services, Reports call events for billing, auditing, intercept or other purpose, Receives and process application level registration, Query Address Handling (implies administrative dependency), May provide service trigger mechanisms (service capabilities features) towards Application & services network (VHE/OSA), May invoke location based services relevant to the serving network, May check whether the requested outgoing communication is allowed given the current subscription.
• SPD (Serving Profile Database): Interacts with HSS in the home domain to receive profile information for the R00 all-IP network user and may store them depending on the SLA with the home domain, Notifies the home domain of initial user’s access (includes e.g. CSCF signalling transport address, user ID etc. needs further study), May cache access related information (e.g. terminal IP address(es) where the user may be reached etc.)
• AH (Address Handling): Analysis, translation, modification if required, address portability, mapping of alias addresses, May do temporary address handling for inter-network routing.
39 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Functional Elements: Home Subscriber Server
• The Home Subscriber Server (HSS) is the master database for a given user. It is responsible for keeping a master list of features and services (either directly or via servers) associated with a user, and for tracking of location of and means of access for its users. It provides user profile information, either directly or via servers. It is a superset of the Home Location Register (HLR) functionality, The HSS shall support a subscription profile which identifies for a given user for example:
- 1) user identities; 2) subscribed services and profiles; 3) service specific information; 4) mobility management information; and 5) authorization information
• Like the HLR, the HSS contains or has access to the authentication centers/servers (e.g. AUC, AAA).
• HSS structure:
– User Mobility Server (UMS): it stores Service Profile for the Multimedia domain and stores Service Mobility or Serving CSCF related information for the users. UMS might also generate, store and/or manage security data and policies (e.g. IETF features). UMS should provide logical name to transport address translation in order to provide answer to DNS queries.
– 3G HLR: A UMTS HLR enhanced to support Release 2000 access specific information.
40 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Functional Elements: HSS structure
HOME SUBSCRIBER SERVER
3G HLR
CSCF
Cx
SGSN GGSN
Gr
Gc
USER MOBILITY SERVER
AAA Location Server(e.g. LDAP)
DNS
R-SGW
Mh
MSC Server GMSC Server
D
C
41 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Functional Elements: Transport Signalling Gateway
• This component in the Rel 4/5 network is PSTN/PLMN termination point for a defined network.
– Maps call related signalling from/to PSTN/PLMN on an IP bearer and sends it to/from the MGCF.
- Needs to provide PSTN/PLMN <-> IP transport level address mapping.
42 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Functional Elements: Roaming Signalling Gateway
• The role of the R-SGW described in the following bullets is related only to roaming to/from 2G/R99 CS and GPRS domain to/from R00 UMTS Teleservices domain and UMTS GPRS domain and is not involving the Multimedia domain.
- In order to ensure proper roaming, the R-SGW performs the signaling conversion at transport level (conversion: Sigtran SCTP/IP versus SS7 MTP) between the legacy SS7 based transport of signaling and the IP based transport of signaling. The R-SGW does not interpret the MAP / CAP messages but may have to interpret the underlying SCCP layer to ensure proper routing of the signaling.
- (For the support of 2G / R99 CS terminals): The services of the R_SGW are used to ensure transport interworking between the SS7 and the IP transport of MAP_E and MAP_G signalling interfaces with a 2G / R99 MSC/VLR
43 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Functional Elements: Media Gateway Control Function
• This component is PSTN/PLMN termination point for a defined network.
- Controls the parts of the call state that pertain to connection control for media channels in a MGW.
- Communicates with CSCF.
- MGCF selects the CSCF depending on the routing number for incoming calls from legacy networks.
- Performs protocol conversion between the Legacy (e.g. ISUP, R1/R2 etc.) and the R00 network call control protocols.
- Out of band information assumed to be received in MGCF and may be forwarded to CSCF/MGW.
44 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Functional Elements: Media Gateway• This component is PSTN/PLMN transport termination point for a defined
network and interfaces UTRAN with the core network over Iu.
• A MGW may terminate bearer channels from a switched circuit network and media streams from a packet network (e.g., RTP streams in an IP network). Over Iu MGW may support media conversion, bearer control and payload processing (e.g. codec, echo canceller, conference bridge) for support of different Iu options for CS services: AAL2/ATM based as well as RTP/UDP/IP based.
- Interacts with MGCF, MSC server and GMSC server for resource control; Owns and handles resources such as echo cancellers etc.; May need to have codecs.
• Tailoring (i.e packages) of the H.248 may be required to support additional codecs and framing protocols, and support of mobile specific functions
45 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Functional Elements: Multimedia Resource Function
• This component:
- performs multiparty call and multimedia conferencing functions. MRF would have the same functions of an MCU in an H.323 network.
- Is responsible for bearer control (with GGSN and MGW) in case of multi party/multi media conference
- may communicate with CSCF for service validation for multiparty/multimedia sessions.
46 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Functional Elements: (G)MSCs, (G)MSC servers
• MSC server: comprises the call control and mobility control parts of a GSM/UMTS MSC and is responsible for the control of mobile originated and mobile terminated CS Domain calls. It terminates the user-network signalling (04.08+CC+MM) and translates it into the relevant network – network signalling. The MSC Server also contains a VLR to hold the mobile subscriber's service data and CAMEL related data.
• MSC server controls the parts of the call state that pertain to connection control for media channels in a MGW.
• Gateway MSC Server: The GMSC server mainly comprises the call control and mobility control parts of a GSM/UMTS GMSC.
• MSC: A MSC server and a MGW make up the full functionality of a MSC as defined in 23.002
• Gateway MSC: A GMSC server and a MGW make up the full functionality of a GMSC as defined in 23.002
47 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Release 5: Basic IMSConfiguration
IM Subsystem
CSCFMGCF
Gi
HSSCx
IP MultimediaNetworkds
MGW
T-SGW R-SGW
PSTN
Mc
Mh
Gi
Mg
Mm
MRF
Gi
Mr
Gi
Legacy mobilesignalling Networks
CSCF
Mw
MsBGCF
MiMj
Mk
48 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Proxy-CSCF• Proxy-CSCF (P-CSCF) is the first contact point within the IM subsystem. Its address is
discovered by “Procedures related to Local CSCF Discovery ”. The P-CSCF behaves like a proxy (as defined in RFC2543). The functions performed by the P-CSCF are:
– Forward the SIP register request received from the UE to an I-CSCF determined using the home domain name, as provided by the UE.
– Forward SIP messages received from the UE to the SIP server (e.g. S-CSCF) whose name the P-CSCF has received as a result of the registration procedure.
– As part of processing of the request and before forwarding, the P-CSCF may modify the Request URI of outgoing requests according to a set of provisioned rules defined by the network operator (e.g. Number analysis and potential modification such as translation from local to international format.)
– Forward the SIP request or response to the UE.
– Detect an emergency call and select a S-CSCF in the visited network to handle emergency calls.
– The generation of CDRs.
– Authorization of bearer resources and QoS management and Security issues are FFS.
49 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Interrogating-CSCF• Interrogating-CSCF (I-CSCF) is the contact point within an operator’s network
for all connections destined to a subscriber of that network operator, or a roaming subscriber currently located within that network operator’s service area. There may be multiple I-CSCFs within an operator’s network. The functions performed by the I-CSCF are:
• Registration: Assigning a S-CSCF to a user performing SIP registration (see section on Procedures related to Serving CSCF assignment); Cryptography mechanisms may be used by I-CSCF to hide the S-CSCF when S-CSCF name is provided to the P-CSCF in the Visited network
• Session Flows: Route a SIP request received from another network towards the S-CSCF; Obtain from HSS the Address of the S-CSCF; Forward the SIP request or response to the S-CSCF determined by the step above;
• Charging and resource utilisation: Generation of CDRs.
• In performing the above functions the operator may use I-CSCF to hide the configuration, capacity, and topology of the its network from the outside
• Editor’s Note: Additional functions related to inter-operator security are for further study.
50 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Serving-CSCF• Serving-CSCF (S-CSCF) performs the session control services for the endpoint. It
maintains session state. Within an operator’s network, different S-CSCFs may have different functionalities. The functions performed by the S-CSCF during a session are:
• Registration: Acts like a Registrar defined in the RFC2543, i.e. it accepts Register requests and makes its information available through the location server (eg. HSS).
• Session flows: Session control for the registered endpoint's sessions; Interaction with Services Platforms for the support of Services;
– On behalf of an originating endpoint (i.e. the originating subscriber/UE); Forward the SIP request or response to the I-CSCF
– On behalf of a destination endpoint (i.e. the terminating subscriber/UE): Forward the SIP request or response to a P-CSCF for a MT session to a home subscriber within the home network, or for a subscriber roaming within a visited network where the home network operator has chosen not to have an I-CSCF in the path; Forward the SIP request or response to an I-CSCF for a MT session for a roaming subscriber within a visited network where the home network operator has chosen to have an I-CSCF in the path.
• Charging and resource utilisation: Generation of CDRs.
• Security issues are FFS
51 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
BGCF• The S-CSCF, possibly in conjunction with an application server, shall determine
that the session should be forwarded to the PSTN. The S-CSCF will forward the Invite information flow to the BGCF in the same network.
• The BGCF selects the network in which the interworking should occur based on local policy
• If the BGCF determines that the interworking should occur in the same network, then the BGCF selects the MGCF which will perform the interworking, otherwise the BGCF forward the invite information flow to the BGCF in the selected network. The MGCF will perform the interworking to the PSTN and control the MG for the media conversions. Receipt of SIP
invite
S-CSCF determines ifthe session is to be continued in IM CN
or in GSTN?
Continue withSIP routing
BGCF selects network
BGCF selects &forwards
the signallingto the MGCF
BGCF forwardssignalling tothe selected
network
Same network
To GSTN via Network
Other networkContinued viaIM CN subsystem
52 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
Identities• Private User identities
- Every IM subsystem subscriber shall have a private user identity. The private identity is assigned by the home network operator, and used, for example, for Registration, Authorization, Administration, and Accounting purposes. This identity shall take the form of a Network Access Identifier (NAI) as defined in RFC2486. Note: It is possible for a representation of the IMSI to be contained within the NAI for the private identity.
- The Private User Identity is not used for routing of SIP messages
• Public user identities
– Every IM subsystem subscriber shall have one or more public user identities [Ref 22.228]. The public user identity/identities are used by any user for requesting communications to other users. Note: For example, this might be included on a business card.
– Both telecom numbering and internet naming schemes can be used to address users depending on the Public User identities that the user’s have.
– The public user identity/identities shall take the form of SIP URL (as defined in RFC2543 and RFC2396) or E.164 numbers.
53 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
New Reference points (1)
• Cx Reference Point (HSS – CSCF): the transfer of data between the HSS and the CSCF. When a UE has registered with a CSCF, the CSCF can update its location towards HSS. This will allow the HSS to determine which CSCF to direct incoming calls to. On this update towards the HSS, the HSS sends the subscriber data (application related) to CSCF. For a MT call, CSCF asks the HSS for call routing information.
• Gm Reference Point (CSCF – UE): allow UE to communicate with the CSCF e.g.
- Register with a CSCF,
- Call origination and termination
- Supplementary services control
54 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
New reference points (2)• Mc Reference Point (MGCF – MGW): describes the interfaces between
the MGCF and MGW, between the MSC Server and MGW, and between the GMSC Server and MGW. It has the following properties:
- full compliance with the H.248 standard.
- flexible connection handling which allows support of different call models and different media processing purposes not restricted to H.323 usage.
- dynamic sharing of MGW physical node resources. A physical MGW can be partitioned into logically separate virtual MGWs/domains consisting of a set of statically allocated Terminations.
- dynamic sharing of transmission resources between the domains as the MGW controls bearers and manage resources according to the H.248 protocols.
– The functionality across the Mc reference point will need to support mobile specific functions such as SRNS relocation/handover and anchoring. It is expected that current H.248/IETF Megaco standard mechanisms can be applied to enable this.
55 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
New reference points (3)
• Mg Reference Point (MGCF – CSCF): The Mg reference point is based on external specifications, e.g. H.323 or SIP
• Mh Reference Point (HSS – R-SGW): supports the exchange of mobility management and subscription data information between HSS and R99 and 2G networks. This is required to support Release 2000 network users who are roaming in R99 and 2G networks.
• Mm Reference Point (CSCF – Multimedia IP networks): an IP interface between CSCF and IP networks. This interface is used, for example, to receive a call request from another VoIP call control server or terminal.
• Mr Reference Point (CSCF - MRF): Allows the CSCF to control the resources within the MRF.
• Ms Reference Point (CSCF – R-SGW): This is an interface between the CSCF and R-SGW.
56 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
New reference points (4)
• Mw Reference Point (CSCF – CSCF): The interface allows one CSCF (e.g. home CSCF) to relay the call request to another CSCF (e.g. serving CSCF).
• Nc Reference Point (MSC Server – GMSC Server): Over the Nc reference point the Network-Network based call control is performed. Examples of this are ISUP or an evolvement of ISUP for bearer independent call control (BICC). In the R’00 architecture different options for signalling transport on Nc shall be possible including IP.
• Nb Reference Point (MGW-MGW): Over the Nb reference point the bearer control and transport are performed. The transport may be RTP/UDP/IP or AAL2 for transport of user data. In the R00 architecture different options for user data transport and bearer control shall be possible on Nb, for example: AAL2/Q.AAL2, STM/none, RTP/H.245.
57 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
New reference points (5): CAP towards SCP
• This includes the interfaces from the SGSN to the SCP, from the MSC Server to the SCP, and the GMSC Server to the SCP.
DOCUMENTTYPE 1 (1)
Nokia Research CenterTypeYourNameHere TypeDateHere
CAPTCAPSCCP
M3UA MTP-3BSCTP (1) SAAL
Narrow-band SS7
IP (2) ATM(2) STM (2)
58 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
New reference points (6): MAP-based
• This includes the interfaces from the GGSN to the HSS (Gc reference point), from the SGSN to the HSS (Gr reference point), from the GMSC Server to the HSS (C reference point), and the MSC Server to the HSS (D reference point).
• The MAP based interfaces may be implemented using MAP transported over IP, or MAP over SS7.
• MAP can be transported on the same protocol stacks as CAP
59 © 2001 NOKIA Kimmo Raatikainen, Mikko Puuskari, Juha Kalliokulju, Sami Uskela
New reference points (7): Iu ref point• This is the reference point between UTRAN and the R00 core
network. This reference point is realized by one or more interfaces:
- Between UTRAN and SGSN, transport of user data is IP based.
- Between UTRAN and SGSN, transport of signalling is based on IP or SS#7.
- Between UTRAN and MGW, transport of user data is based on different technologies (e.g., IP, AAL2), and includes the relevant bearer control protocol in the interface.
- Between UTRAN and MSC server, transport of signalling is based on IP or SS#7.
• When the Iu_cs is ATM based, then the protocols used can be based on R99 protocols or an evolved version. When Iu_cs is IP based, new IP transport related protocols need to be added as part of the Iu protocols. It shall be possible to have R99 Iu interface with MSCs compliant to R99 specifications in the network. It shall be possible to have a R99 CS domain with R99 Iu_cs reference point coexisting with a R00 Iu reference point.
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