OVERVIEW
Histology of Bone Tissue Bone Function and Structure Bone Growth & Development Joints The Axial Skeleton The Pectoral Girdle The Upper Limbs The Pelvic Girdle The Lower Limbs
SOME NUMBERS…
22 bones in skull 6 in middle ears 1 hyoid bone 26 in vertebral column 25 in thoracic cage
4 in pectoral girdle 60 in upper limbs 60 in lower limbs 2 in pelvic girdle
206 bones in all
ACTIVITY – BROKEN BONES
Groups of 2 List which bones each of you have broken in your body
on a sheet of paper
We will go through the Powerpoint…the end of the activity will be afterward
BY THE WAY, THIS POWERPOINT WILL BE POSTED ON THE CLASS WEBSITE: http://bushelman-hap.wikispaces.com/ , SO PLEASE DO NOT ASK FOR ME TO SLOW DOWN OR WAIT ON THE SLIDES, BECAUSE I WILL NOT.
Prenatal development skeleton is mostly cartilaginous
Cartilage cells and then osteoblasts start to deposit minerals
Cartilaginous disk (epiphyseal disk) remains in epiphysis
Cells eventually stop dividing
BONE GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT
BONE GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT
Adults continually break down and build up bone
Osteoclasts remove damaged cells and release
calcium into blood
Osteoblasts remove calcium from blood and build new matrix. They become trapped osteoclasts
BROKEN BONES - TYPES OF BONE BREAKS
Simple- skin is not pierced Compound- skin is pierced Complete- bone is broken in half Partial- broken lengthwise but not into twoparts Greenstick- incomplete break on outer arc Comminuted- broken into several pieces Spiral- twisted
BROKEN BONES
Types of bone breaks
Simple- skin is not pierced Compound- skin is pierced Complete- bone is broken in half Partial- broken lengthwise but not into two parts Greenstick- incomplete break on outer arc Comminuted- broken into several pieces Spiral- twisted
BROKEN BONES – FRACTURE REPAIR
Hematoma- blood clot in space between edges of break
Fibrocartilage callus- begins tissue repair
Bony callus- osteoblasts produce trabeculae (structural support) of spongy bone and replace fibrocartilage
Remodeling- osteoblasts build new compact bone, osteoclasts build new medullary cavity
BROKEN BONES – TREATMENTS
1. Electrical stimulation of the fracture site:• Increases speed and completeness of healing• The e- stimulation inhibits PTH and slow osteoclasts down from
reabsorbing bone
2. Ultrasound treatment:• Daily treatments reduce healing time of broken bones by 25-35%
3. Free vascular fibular graft technique:• Transplant fibula in arm• Gives good blood supply not available in other treatments
4. Bone substitutes:• Crushed bone from cadaver- but risk of HIV and hepatitis• Sea bone- coral• Artificial bone- ceramic
DISEASES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Osteoporosis: bone reabsorption happens faster than bone
deposit; bones become lighter and fracture easier
Factors: age, gender (more in women) estrogen and testosterone decrease insufficient exercise (or too much) diet poor in Ca++ and protein abnormal vitamin D receptors Smoking Caucasian or Asian ethnicity
DISEASES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Rickets- vitamin D deficiency
Osteomalacia- soft bones, inadequate mineralization in bones, lack of vitamin D
Pagets Disease- spotty weakening in the bones, excessive and abnormal bone remodeling
Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune reaction
Growth hormone regulates skeletal growth: stimulates cell division in epiphyseal disks in long bones
Growth stops when epiphyseal disks are converted to bone
When excess growth hormone is produced in childhoodgigantism
In adulthood, bones can’t grow but soft tissue (cartilage) can acromegaly
DISEASES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
ACTIVITY – BROKEN BONES
Groups of 2 List which bones each of you have broken in your
body on a sheet of paper
We will go through the Powerpoint…the end of the activity will be afterward
Using the information on the slide about types of bone breaks, list what types of breaks you know (or think) that you had…You have 3 minutes to do so!
WINNERS?!?!
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