© 2001-2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Exchange 1
CPE/CSC 580: Knowledge Management
CPE/CSC 580: Knowledge Management
Dr. Franz J. Kurfess
Computer Science Department
Cal Poly
© 2001-2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Exchange 2
Course OverviewCourse Overview Introduction Knowledge Processing
Knowledge Acquisition, Representation and Manipulation
Knowledge Organization Classification, Categorization Ontologies, Taxonomies, Thesauri
Knowledge Retrieval Information Retrieval Knowledge Navigation
Knowledge Presentation Knowledge Visualization
Knowledge Exchange Knowledge Capture,
Transfer, and Distribution Usage of Knowledge
Access Patterns, User Feedback
Knowledge Management Techniques Topic Maps, Agents
Knowledge Management Tools
Knowledge Management in Organizations
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Overview Knowledge ExchangeOverview Knowledge Exchange
Motivation Objectives Knowledge Capture
Explicit Capture Extraction From Text Case-based Reasoning Enhancement of Existing
Documents
Transfer of Knowledge Communication
Basic Concepts Language and Communication
Natural Language Formal Languages
Communication Models
Distribution of Knowledge Knowledge Repositories Distribution Models
Important Concepts and Terms
Chapter Summary
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LogisticsLogistics
Term Project Documentation Schedule
Lab and Homework Assignments Schedule
Exams Grading
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((( )) ())))
Richer representationsMore ambiguous
More versatile
(defconcept bridge ()))
More formalMore concrete
More introspectible
Introductory texts, expert hints, explanations, dialogues, comments, examples, exceptions,...
Info. extraction templates,dialogue segments and pegs,filled-out forms, high-level connections,...
Alternative formalizations (KIF, MELD, CML,…), alternative views of the same notion (e.g., what is a threat)
Descriptions augmented with prototypical examples & exceptions, problem-solving steps and substeps, ...
WWW
[Gil 2000]
The Need for Knowledge ExchangeThe Need for Knowledge Exchange
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Knowledge MobilityKnowledge Mobility
multiple views and versions of the same information need to provide tools that establish connections among
alternative versions/views of the same information
hyper-connectivity need to provide tools that suggest further connections to related
sources when users compose documents need to annotate hyperlinks
basis to support information morphing how one or more knowledge sources are used for
alternative purposes track alternative knowledge transformations various renderings and implementations of a knowledge source
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Pre-TestPre-Test
© 2001-2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Exchange 8
MotivationMotivation
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ObjectivesObjectives
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Knowledge CaptureKnowledge Capture
Explicit CaptureExtraction From TextCase-based ReasoningEnhancement of Existing Documents
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Explicit CaptureExplicit Capture
conventional techniques for knowledge acquisition interviews with experts knowledge engineers
advantages carefully constructed suitable knowledge representation methods usually common-sense evaluation sometimes formal evaluation
consistency checks, other formal aspects
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Extraction From TextExtraction From Text syntactic level
keywords essentially construction of an index
descriptive features semantic level
document structure requires information about structure
tags, DDT, RDF
sentence structure natural language processing (NLP)
pragmatic level context
thesaurus, ontology, NLP
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Case-based ReasoningCase-based Reasoning
solutions to a problem in a specific context are collected
represented in a structured format problem, context, solution usable by a computer-based system cases are often represented through frames or similar
mechanisms
new cases are matched against existing ones patterns in the frames provide the basis for matching the suitability of the solution is judged by the user
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Enhancement of Existing DocumentsEnhancement of Existing Documents
in addition to the methods mentioned above, collections of documents can be enhanced addition of meta-knowledge integration into an existing framework/ontology
manually through categorization automatically through keyword extraction indirectly through statistical correlations with other documents
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Transfer of KnowledgeTransfer of Knowledge
Communication Basic Concepts Language and Communication
Natural Language Formal Languages
Communication Models
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Basic ConceptsBasic Concepts
communication exchange of information requires a shared system of signs greatly enhanced by language speaker
produces signs as utterances general: not only spoken language
listener (hearer) perceives and interprets signs
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Purpose of CommunicationPurpose of Communication
sharing of information among agents or systems query other agents for information responses to queries requests or commands
actions to be performed for another agent
offer proposition for collaboration
acknowledgement confirmation of requests, offers
sharing of experiences, feelings
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Communication ProblemsCommunication Problems intention
what is the expected outcome (speaker’s perspective)
timing when is a communication act appropriate
selection which act is the right one
language what sign system should be used
interpretation will the intended meaning be conveyed to the listener
ambiguity can the intention be expressed without the possibility of misunderstandings
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Language and CommunicationLanguage and Communication
Natural Language used by humans evolves over time moderately to highly ambiguous
Formal Languages invented rigidly defined little ambiguity
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Natural LanguageNatural Language
formal description is very difficult sometimes non-systematic, inconsistent, ambiguous
mostly used for human communication easy on humans tough on computers
context is critical situation, beliefs, goals
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Formal LanguagesFormal Languagessymbols
terminal symbols finite set of basic words not: alphabet, characters
non-terminal symbols intermediate structures composed of terminal or non-terminal
symbols
strings sequences of symbols
phrases sub-strings grouping important parts of a string
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Formal Languages Cont.Formal Languages Cont.
sentences allowable strings in a language composed from phrases
grammar rules describing correct sentences often captured as rewrite rules in BNF notation
lexicon list of allowable vocabulary words
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Communication ModelsCommunication Models
encoded message model a definite proposition of the speaker is encoded into signs
which are transmitted to the listener the listener tries to decode the signs to retrieve the original
proposition errors are consequences of transmission problems
situated language model the intended meaning of a message depends on the
signals as well as the situation in which they are exchanged
mis-interpretation may lead to additional problems
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Communication TypesCommunication Types
telepathic communication speaker and listener have a shared internal representation communication through Tell/Ask directives
language-based communication speaker performs actions that produce signs which other
agents can perceive and interpret communication language is different from the internal
representation more complex
involves several mappings language needs to be generated, encoded, transmitted, decoded, and
interpreted
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Telepathic CommunicationTelepathic Communication
[Russell & Norvig 1995]
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Language-Based CommunicationLanguage-Based Communication
[Russell & Norvig 1995]
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Communication Steps: SpeakerCommunication Steps: Speaker
intention decision about producing a speech act
generation conversion of the information to be transferred into the
chosen language
synthesis actions that produce the generated signs
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Communication Steps: ListenerCommunication Steps: Listener
perception reception of the signs produced by the speaker
speech recognition, lip reading, character recognition
analysis syntactic interpretation (parsing) semantic interpretation
disambiguation selection of the most probable intended meaning
incorporation the selected interpretation is added to the existing world model as
additional piece of evidence
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Communication ExampleCommunication Example
[Russell & Norvig 1995]
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Distribution of KnowledgeDistribution of Knowledge
Knowledge Repositories Digital Libraries
Distribution Models
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Knowledge RepositoriesKnowledge Repositories
persistent storage of digital documents internal representation in the original format
loss-less transformation may be acceptable
transparent internal organization multiple presentation methods for various users and usage
methods
multiple access methods according to users’ needs and capabilities
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Digital LibrariesDigital Libraries
collections of documents and artifacts stored and accessed via computers
remotely accessible through networksenhanced functionality compared with paper-based
libraries access methods organization principles duplication
implementation and usage unclear
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Vision...Vision...
“… a network of learning environments and resources for Science, Mathematics, Engineering and Technology education, will ultimately meet the needs of students and teachers at all levels—K-12, undergraduate, graduate, and lifelong learning—in both individual and collaborative settings.”
NSF
[NEEDS 2000]
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BerkeleyBerkeley
VirginiaVirginiaTechTech
StanfordStanfordNorthernNorthernArizonaArizona
UMBCUMBC
NEEDSNEEDS
National digital
library emerging
from the Synthesis Coalition (1990 - 1999)Integrated database of multimedia courseware Multilevel courseware evaluation system
Community of Engineering Educators
[NEEDS 2000]
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www.needs.org - Contentswww.needs.org - Contents
[NEEDS 2000]
© 2001-2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Exchange 36
www.needs.org - Communities www.needs.org - Communities
Community - a group of individuals who engage in communication through a common bond.
Faculty prefer to learn where they are a member of a community that is built upon shared values and interests regarding teaching, learning, and pedagogy
GOAL: Provide faculty a means to learn from one another unconstrained by barriers of time, distance, technology, and geography.
[NEEDS 2000]
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Towards A National SMETE Digital Library...
April 1996 - NSF Committee Meeting (LIBUSE)• “Towards a National Library for Undergraduate Science Education
Resources in Science, Mathematics, Engineering and Technology” August 1997 National Research Council
• Digital National Library for SME&T Education Workshop July 1998 National Science Foundation
SMETE-Lib Workshop January 1999 National Science Foundation
Digital Libraries and Education Workshop
Should NSF Establish and Fund a National Science, Mathematics, Engineering and Technology Education Digital Library?
Funding throughDigital Libraries Initiative – Phase 2And NSDL Programs
[NEEDS 2000]
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Delivery Classrooms Instructional
Labs Small Study
Groups Residences Libraries Anywhere
Delivery Classrooms Instructional
Labs Small Study
Groups Residences Libraries Anywhere
Development Courseware
Studios Instructional
Labs Faculty Offices
& Residences Libraries Anywhere
Development Courseware
Studios Instructional
Labs Faculty Offices
& Residences Libraries Anywhere
Database
NEEDS is the foundation for the National SMETE Digital Library at www.smete.org.
www.needs.org
[NEEDS 2000]
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NEEDS Aspects
Digital Library of Multimedia Engineering Courseware Bibliographic records with downloadable courseware Multimedia elements - downloadable movies, images, and
textMultilevel Courseware Evaluation System
Peer Review of Courseware Premier Award for Excellence in Engineering Education
CoursewareExpanding Services and Features
[NEEDS 2000]
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How does NEEDS help users “re-use” learning materials?
How does NEEDS help users “re-use” learning materials?
Provides mechanisms to help user locate materials Uses standardized descriptions (metadata) to describe
resourcesProvides mechanisms to help users evaluate the “quality
of materials”
Developed upon an extendable platform to: Support multiple uses Integrate new services and features Integrate research
[NEEDS 2000]
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Quality Review of Coursewareon the NEEDS Database
Establish credibility of NEEDS as a source of Quality educational material
Enhance recognition of scholarly and creative effort of courseware developers
Peer/Expert Review of Courseware Premier Award for Excellence in Engineering
Education Courseware
[NEEDS 2000]
The Premier Award for Excellence in Engineering Education Courseware
The Premier Award for Excellence in Engineering Education Courseware
A national competition to identify and reward the authors of high-quality, non-commercial courseware designed to enhance engineering education. The Premier Award is about the entire experience of using the
courseware by learners, not just the courseware itself
A dissemination system to distribute the Premier Courseware (via CD’s and presentation at engineering education conferences).
© 2001-2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Exchange 43
Virtual Disk Drive
Design Studio Drill Dissection and
Bicycle Dissection Mars Navigator
For more info or to receive copies go to http://www.needs.org/engineering/premier/
Premier Courseware of 1997-1999Premier Courseware of 1997-1999 Della Steam Plant MDSolids Structural
Engineering Visual Encyclopedia - UNH
6,700 CD-ROMs Distributed
Engineering Graphics
Cracking Dams
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Needs Assessment with Members of the
Math, Science and Engineering Community
Needs Assessment with Members of the
Math, Science and Engineering CommunityPurpose:
To understand the math, science and engineering communities of educators and examine their needs in order to design services and structures to support users from multiple communities.
Research Questions: What services, features & programs are integral to
success? What do users expect with regards to quality of the
holdings? Who makes up the SMETE digital library community?American Association of Physics Teachers, American Mathematical Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science, members of the NSF Chemistry Consortia and the NSF Engineering Education Coalitions
[NEEDS 2000]
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Translating Findings into Services & Features
Translating Findings into Services & Features
QualitySystem to rapidly identify the quality of holdingPlace to comment about a learning object or
regarding something of interest to the community
Reviewers should include experts in pedagogy and content
[NEEDS 2000]
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Translating Findings into Services & Features
Translating Findings into Services & Features
CommunityEmbedded structures for developing and maintaining
communication linksDeveloping community should be on par with
building contentBuild on discipline based communities to establish
connection to a broader community
ContentUseful content and community interaction ensures
user participation as authors, reviewers, adapters/adopters, and consumers
[NEEDS 2000]
BerkeleyBerkeley
Virginia TechVirginia TechNorthernNorthernArizonaArizona
UMBCUMBC
Prototype Goals (1998-2001)Develop a Prototype National SMETE Digital Library test interoperability of federated searches/shared services with partners expand requirements analysis to include K–12 develop criteria and standards to assess the impact of learning objects across disciplines implement community feedback systems, evaluate services
Math ForumMath Forum
Prototype: www.smete.org
ENCENC
StanfordStanfordUCOPUCOP
John WileyJohn Wiley
[NEEDS 2000]
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Building a National SMETE Digital Library at www.smete.org
Building a National SMETE Digital Library at www.smete.org
Searching for learning resourcesCataloging (adding) learning resources
Standards, IEEE and IMS
Evaluating the quality of learning resources “User” reviews “Expert” reviews
Forming a community of users in SMETE PKAL workshops and seminars Research on adapters
[NEEDS 2000]
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Systems DevelopmentSystems Development
Expanding www.smete.org/NEEDS platform Continuing to participate in the development of
IEEE/IMS Learning Object Metadata Standards Adopting emerging IEEE standards Expanding user comments Implementing discussion systems Implementing customized
user profilesExpanding Collections
Expanding into Chemistry,
Physics, and Mathematics
Total Collection Engineering 58%Chemistry 21%Physics 14%Math 5%Other 2%
[NEEDS 2000]
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Collaborating with PartnersCollaborating with Partners
Working with University of California Office of the President - (10 campuses) Identifying courseware under development systemwide Developing TLT@UC Website to showcase teaching and
learning with technology at the University of California
[NEEDS 2000]
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Challenges Toward the Future...Challenges Toward the Future...
Continuing to understand and support changing user needs
Improving ability to encapsulate the instructional intent and use of materials Metadata standards and cataloging practice
Supporting communities of use and practice pedagogy content
[NEEDS 2000]
© 2001-2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Exchange 52
Challenges Toward the Future...Challenges Toward the Future...
Continuing to understand and support changing user needs
Improving ability to encapsulate the instructional intent and use of materials Metadata standards and cataloging practice
Supporting communities of use and practice pedagogy Content
Which allows for a user to find what they’re really looking for as well as personalization of content.
[NEEDS 2000]
BerkeleyBerkeley
Virginia TechVirginia TechNorthernNorthernArizonaArizona
UMBCUMBC
NSDL Goals (2000- ) Develop the National SMETE Digital Library
Provide seamless access to services and resources Create a dynamic learning community that promotes and supports SMET education in the 21st
century Expand Partnerships Expand Services and Community
BioQUESTBioQUEST
Math ForumMath ForumENCENC
EdupriseEdupriseSRISRI
Utah StateUtah StateDLESEDLESE
GDLGDL
PKALPKALILTILT AAASAAAS
MAAMAA
WebCTWebCT
NACMENACME
CiscoCiscoSunSun
TITI
John WileyJohn Wiley
www.smete.org
StanfordStanfordUCOPUCOP
[NEEDS 2000]
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UNC Digital Library ProjectUNC Digital Library Project
Digital Services Grants (In-Kind)REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS (RFP)
Spring 2001
AgendaOverview
Q&A for RFPDigital Library Background
[UNC Digital Library 2000]
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OverviewOverview Current and Future Project Services
• Current Structure of the DLP
• Prototype Interface for DLP
[UNC Digital Library 2000]
© 2001-2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Exchange 56
Services for CuratorsServices for Curators Improved access to collections Support for a variety of media types 24x7 storage services Standards-based metadata schema Capability to support discipline-specific vocabularies Mini-grant program for digitizing high-impact collections
[UNC Digital Library 2000]
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Services for InstructorsServices for Instructors
Flexible rights management (limit access to students in a course, departments, etc.)
Improved access to other supporting materials Presentation options
Web-based slide show Side-by-side object comparison Integration with desktop applications
Support for annotations and other associated data Documentation, training
[UNC Digital Library 2000]
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Services for ScholarsServices for Scholars
Common web interface to many digital collections Customizable “My Digital Library” user interface Multiple search options (keyword, browsing, etc.) Compliance with guidelines for disability access
[UNC Digital Library 2000]
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Structure of the DLPStructure of the DLP
INTERFACE
OTHER PROJECTS
DATABASE
OBJECTSTORAGE
MIDDLEWARE
[UNC Digital Library 2000]
© 2001-2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Exchange 60
INTERFACE
OTHER PROJECTS
DATABASE
OBJECTSTORAGE
MIDDLEWARE
Structure of the DLPStructure of the DLP
DATABASE• Metadata Directory
• User Management
• Crosswalk Repository
• Schema Repository
• Controlled Vocabularies[UNC Digital Library 2000]
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INTERFACE
OTHER PROJECTS
DATABASE
OBJECTSTORAGE
MIDDLEWARE
Structure of the DLPStructure of the DLP
MIDDLEWARE
• Metadata Transformer
• Authentication and Authorization
• Discovery Tools
• Object Manipulation
• Presentation Tools
• Class Rolls
[UNC Digital Library 2000]
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INTERFACE
OTHER PROJECTS
DATABASE
OBJECTSTORAGE
MIDDLEWARE
Structure of the DLPStructure of the DLP
INTERFACE• My Folders
• Administration, Display, and Search
• The Buzz; What’s New?[UNC Digital Library 2000]
© 2001-2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Exchange 63
Prototype InterfacePrototype Interface
My FoldersA personal space
where your uploaded objects as well as links to other objects can be organized. This
space will also show the classes and projects you
are currently involved in, in the
capacity of instructor and/or
student.
Admin, Display, Search
ADMIN: Allows the digital library
visitor to publish his own material
for others to use as well as arrange the contents of his My
Folders space.
DISPLAY: Allows for different ways of showing off an
individual object or group of objects
within one’s space. Some common “displays” here would include
slideshows and thumbnails.
SEARCH: Allows for basic keyword searching at any point in time, as well as access to more extensive
search capabilities.
The Buzz / What’s New?This space will include recent additions to the digital library, particularly those related to the visitor’s established areas of interest. The Buzz will specifically display the most accessed objects overall, within my field, etc. This space will also ultimately contain other information, such as live news feeds, both local and world-wide. [UNC Digital Library 2000]
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Digital Library in-a-BoxDigital Library in-a-Box
[Sweeney & Kurfess 1998]
© 2001-2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Exchange 65[Gil 2000]
The EXPECT Project at USC/ISI (I)The EXPECT Project at USC/ISI (I)
EXPECT: architecture to develop knowledge based systems that uses highly declarative representations [Swartout and Gil, KAW-95], [Gil and Melz, AAAI-96] http://www.isi.edu/expect
Application focus knowledge-rich planning tools, often integrated within a larger
architecture
Research focus knowledge acquisition tools that exploit declarative
representations to help end users augment KBs exploiting declarative representations to mediate agent
communication [Blythe&Gil&Chalupsky&MacGregor 00]
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Software translates “WHAT” to “HOW”
The history of software development
[Gil 2000]
The What-to-How Spectrum [Feigenbaum 96]
The What-to-How Spectrum [Feigenbaum 96]
© 2001-2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Exchange 67[Gil 2000]
The Good News => The Bad News The Good News => The Bad News As we develop more advanced and higher-level languages, we
still require formalisms and logic Complete information Consistent statements Executable/compilable
Requires putting knowledge “in a straightjacket” Represent knowledge once it is digested
captures only the result of the modeling process
Represent only a subset of the overall knowledge i.e., whatever fits what the formalism requires
Represent only what there is time to represent the rest is assumed unnecessary
Represent only what is well understood
© 2001-2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Exchange 68[Gil 2000]
Connections Are Missing!Connections Are Missing! “There is a real conflict between the logician’s goal and the educator’s. The
logician wants to minimize the variety of ideas, and doesn’t mind a long thin path. The educator (rightly) wants to make the paths short and doesn’t mind - in fact, prefers - connections to many other ideas.” [Minsky 1969]
Knowledge turns up piecemeal Compartmentalized and seldom rejoined Only truly necessary views/opinions are represented Only truly necessary connections are represented
As long as the information is there, the system should figure it out No value to redundancy/alternatives
© 2001-2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Exchange 69
The Need for Knowledge Mobility: HPKB Challenge Problem - Year 1
The Need for Knowledge Mobility: HPKB Challenge Problem - Year 1
COA OntologyBS Ontologies (military units,vehicles, etc)
HPKB Upper Ontology
Features and Terrain(Stub) Ontology
Eng. Techniques Ontology Eng. Equpt. Ontology
Methods for Time Estimation
KB of Eng. Actions
COAGeneration
Problem Solver
Temporal Estimation/Assessment
Problem Solver
LOOM
EXPECT
[Gil 2000]
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The Need for Knowledge Mobility: HPKB Challenge Problem - Year 2
The Need for Knowledge Mobility: HPKB Challenge Problem - Year 2
[Gil 2000]
© 2001-2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Exchange 71
The Need for Knowledge Mobility:JFACC ISTI Architecture
The Need for Knowledge Mobility:JFACC ISTI Architecture
JTFPlan Server
(CORBA)
JTFPlan Server
(CORBA)
JMTKMap Visualization
CPET/APATTargeting
(Automated)INSPECT-IIKnowledge
BaseServer(LOOM)
KnowledgeBase
Server(LOOM)
Web-Based PlannerCJTF Objectives(Manual Entry)CJTF Objectives
SDA
ExpandedPlan
PlanCritiques
MASTERMIND
Plan
Plan
Refined plan
Plan
Plan
[Gil 2000][Gil 2000]
© 2001-2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Exchange 72
Annotations
Triggers
Plan Server
Cue: (TEST (ready unit1))ACT2Cue: Answer query
ACT1
APATGUI
Plan Viewer
MPA Planning Agents MPA Agent Evaluation Toolkit
ACS VISAGE
Advisable Planner (SIPE-2)Planner (SIPE-2)Scheduler (OPIS)Planning-Cell Manager (PRS)
BeddownCritic
Inspect
ProcessMonitor
Meta Planning-Cell Manager (PRS)
[Gil 2000]
The Need for Knowledge Mobility:ARPI MAPViS
The Need for Knowledge Mobility:ARPI MAPViS
© 2001-2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Exchange 73[Gil 2000]
The Need for Knowledge MobilityThe Need for Knowledge MobilityReuse and integration [Valente et al., IEEE IS 99]Ontology/theory manipulation operations [Knight&Luk, AAAI-94]
[Hovy et al. 94] [MacGregor& Chalupsky 99] Aligning, merging, slicing, etc.
Morphing [Chalupsky, KR-2000] Transformation-based knowledge morphing Repeated mergers and imports are the norm
Ontology-based translation Mismatches resolved on a case by case basis, on demand Hub and spokes model
n-degrees of indirection if agents have n-degrees of “ontological separation”
Knowledge Mobility is becoming increasingly more challenging
© 2001-2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Exchange 74[Gil 2000]
What is Needed: Resilient Hyper Knowledge Bases
(RHKB)
What is Needed: Resilient Hyper Knowledge Bases
(RHKB)Extend our view of what a KB contains Support a variety of knowledge media/formats/representations Include alternative renderings of knowledge Everything should remain part of the knowledge base
Initial sources: introductory texts, expert hints, explanations, dialogues, comments, examples, exceptions, …
Intermediate analysis and models of those sources as they are digested Final representations
Emphasis on knowledge connectivity Among progressively more digested renderings of the same knowledge Among related pieces of knowledge Among alternative views on the same knowledge Among different kinds of knowledge media/formats/representations
© 2001-2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Exchange 76
Post-TestPost-Test
© 2001-2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Exchange 78
Important Concepts and TermsImportant Concepts and Terms natural language agent
knowledge representation linguistics
© 2001-2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Exchange 79
Summary Knowledge ExchangeSummary Knowledge Exchange
© 2001-2005 Franz J. Kurfess Knowledge Exchange 80
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