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01424111 General Biology

Origin and Evolution of LifeOrigin and Evolution of Lifeg f fg f f

By By Assoc. Prof Pattanee Jantrarotai, Ph.D

R 309 Z l DAssoc. Prof Pattanee Jantrarotai, Ph.D

R 309 Z l DRome 309 Zoology DepartmentF lt f S i K t t U i it

Rome 309 Zoology DepartmentF lt f S i K t t U i itFaculty of Science, Kasetsart UniversityFaculty of Science, Kasetsart University

Reference

1. พัฒนี จันทรโรทัย. 2547. วิวัฒนาการ.

2. Arms, K. and P. S. Camp. 1995. Biology. 3. Campbell, N. A., J. B. Reech. 2009. Biology.p , , gy4. Freeman, S. 2008. Biological Science.

Why study “ Evolution” ?y y

1. Where does human come from ? 2. Which organism is related to human ?1. Where does human come from ? g

3. How do you know ?

?

The contents in the topic “ Origin of life and Bioevolution ”

1 Definition of “ Evolution”1. Definition of “ Evolution”

2. How did life begin ?g

3. Evolution of organismsl d l devolved evolved

(eukaryotic cell )

unicellular unicellular

(prokaryotic cell )

multicellular

(eukaryotic cell )(prokaryotic cell )

4. Evolution of plants p

5. Evolution of vertebrates

6. Evolution of human

Definition Definition

“E l ti ”“Evolution”Evolution derived from two Latin words

Prefix e- means "out“ , Latin word volvere means "to turn" or "to roll"The basic meaning to the word "evolve" is therefore to describe

"the way things turn out, or roll out."

Living things Non-living things

Biological evolution Origin of the earth

Evolution of the earth from the past to the present

The earth was very hot Rotate around The heat was dispersedy The heat was dispersed

Continental crust The earth is cool downFormed the earth crustContinental crustand oceanic crust

Biological Evolution Biological Evolution Biological Evolution Biological Evolution

Biological evolutioni h h i h h l f l i f

Biological evolution is the change in the morphology of a population of

organisms through successive generations

is the change in the inherited traits of a population of g p p organisms through successive generations

is the change in the gene pool of a population of organisms through successive generationsorganisms through successive generations

Populationstructurestructure

Biological evolution

is the change in the gene pool of a population of organisms through successive generations

i th h i th l ti t t f i is the change in the population structure of organisms

Evolution is the change in the gene pooloror

structure of a population oforganisms through successive generationsorganisms through successive generations

Descent with modification

is the descent, with modification,f tfrom common ancestors.

gene pool in

P l ti I

differ from gene pool

in Population I Population II

Evolution is a process that results in heritable changes inEvolution is a process that results in heritable changes in a population spread over many generations

2, 3 What could be the first organisms ?

When Earth’s crust began to solidify about 4.0 billion years ago

The first organism arose around 3.5 billion years ago

The question is

“ How life began ? ”andand

“ What it was like ? ”

There are four basic requirement for the first life origin

1. Appropiate chemicals: inorganic compounds: inorganic compounds: organic compounds

li id t: liquid water

2. Energy source2. Energy source

3. Little or no oxygen in the atmosphere yg p

Oxygen assisted in breaking down organic compounds,

4 L t t h f ti

yg g g p ,especially in environment

4. Long stretches of time

Due to four basic requirement for the first life origin

Russian biochemist Alexander I Oparin

English biologistJ B S Haldane Alexander I. Oparin J.B.S. Haldane

Th h th i f “ h i l l ti ”developed

The hypothesis of “chemical evolution”

The sequence of chemical evolution

1. Production of inorganic substance and organic monomersg g

2 Production of organic polymers2. Production of organic polymers

3 i f i3. Formation of microsphere

4. The beginning of natural selection

Simple structure Complex structureSimple structure molecules

Change into Complex structure molecules

1. Production of inorganic substance and organic monomer

Four common elements Form into inorganic substances

Major Elements Of Life

Four common elementsH, O, N, C

g

vapor (H2O), gas ammonia (NH3),

gas methane (CH ) gas hydrogen (H )i d

are abundant in earth’s atmosphere

gas methane (CH4), gas hydrogen (H2)were mixed

were mixed

Energy source

Form into organic monomersi id f tt id

i t U V

amino acid , fatty acid, base purine, base pyrimidine

intense U.V.radiation

lightning

Stanley Miller discharged to mimic lightning as

a source of energy

th tisynthetic atmosphere

He found a variety of organic compoundsincluding some of amino acid that made

up the protein of organism

Strong reducing g gatmosphere

N i th t hNo oxygen in the atmosphere

However, some scientist purposed thatthat

in the atmosphere should have little oxygenhave little oxygen

Where does the oxygen come from ?

2H2O 2H2+O2U V.

C+O2 CO2 และ CO

form hydrogen cyanideand formaldehyde which are the first

intermediate moleculeintermediate molecule

2. Formation of organic polymersg p yorganic monomers polymerized into larger molecule

Polymerized Energy

g p y g

Polymerized of organic monomer

e gyintense U.V. radiation

lightning

large organic molecule

g g

large organic molecule

: Protein

: Polysaccharide

F: Fat

: Nucleic acid: Nucleic acid

Sidney Fox showed the experiment

It can result in thermal polymerizatioheating to about 60 °C

A mixture of i id

when the melt was cooled

Protein-like polymers

heating to about 60 C

amino acidp y

Proteinoids

have catalytic propertiessimilar to enzyme

increase in the rate of a chemical reaction similar to enzymeof a chemical reaction

3. Formation of microsphere The structure sound something like a cell

: perform structure as a boundary : perform cell-like ,

something like a cell

very stable in structure : beginnings of metabolism

This step was confirmed by the experiment of Sidney Fox

A dry mixture of heating to about cooled

( quickly evaporated water )A dry mixture of

proteinoidsheating to about

60 °Ccooled

formed small spherical particlesformed small spherical particles

Microsphere

Microsphere

Similar to cells Microsphere is

not a cell

l k f ti t i l: size and shape similar to

bacteria coccus

: lack of genetic materials

t d th ibacteria coccus

: the boundary is selectively : can not produce their

own energy

permeable

: reproduce similar to budding due to

: can increase in size their limited membrane for H+ pumpto create ATP

4. The beginning of natural selection

Microsphere ProtocellsLead to

Microsphere Protocells

Limited of substances and due to

Population of microsphereenergy surrounding of microsphere

Natural selection f i h

p pof microspheres

Arrangement the molecule for :g1. have catalytic properties2. produce their own energy Each microsphere has difference 3. presence the genetic materials in ability to obtain the substance

and energy from environment

l d tThe early cellular life

lead to

Evolution of cell type

M t k ti ll f: Most prokaryotic cells range from1 to 10 μm in length, averaging about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cell

: Lack of membrane bounded genetic

: Eukaryotic cells are much more complexthan prokaryotic cells

: Cells presence of a nucleus and: Lack of membrane-bounded genetic material, so the DNA is coiled into a nucleoid (nucleus-like) region

: Cells presence of a nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles

Evolution of prokaryotef p y

ProkaryoteThe first true organisms

HeterotrophsHeterotrophs

obligate anaerobes

Ch t t hOxidation inorganic molecules as energy sources6CO2 + 2H2S C6H12O6 + 12S +6H2OChemoautotrophs

(Sulphurbacteria) Oxidation inorganic molecules as energy sources

li h Photoautotrophs

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2use sun light as energy sources

Photoautotrophs(Cyanobacteria)ATP

: Facultative aerobes organisms: Eukaryotic organisms: Multicellular organisms lead to

Fossil evidence for the first true organisms (Prokaryotic cell )

Fossil stromatolite Blue green algae fossil

3. 5 billion of years agoare layered formed by the trapping of sedimentary grains by biofilms of y g ycyanobacteria (Prokaryotic cell commonly known as blue-green algae )

EvolvedEvolved

Cells presence of a nucleus and membrane-bounded organellesp g

Evolution of EukaryoteOrigin about 1. 8 billion years ago

Evolution of Eukaryotemost information has been focused

The origin of The origin of mitochondria and chloroplastnuclear membrane

have their own genetic materialshave their own genetic materials

" Endosymbiosis "infolding of the

outer membrane dosy b os s

Prokaryote gave food and oxygen to host celldue to it is photosyntheyic prokaryote

outer membrane of the host cell

" Autogenous "

due to it is photosyntheyic prokaryote

1 211. Get nitrogen and phosphorous

from host cell1 from host cell2. Protection from host cell

1. get carbon molecule from host cell2 protection from host cell2. protection from host cell

Prokaryote cell will oxidize carbon molecule that received from host cell and then gave energy to host cell

The evidence supporting an autogenous origin of nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulumnuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum

Both plasma membrane and nuclear membrane have

N l bPlasma membrane

Both plasma membrane and nuclear membrane havethe same structure and function Phospholipid bilayer

Nuclear membranePlasma membrane

Function : selectively permeable membrane is a membrane when only certain substances can pass through it

: The connection between nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum

The evidence supporting an" Endosymbiosis ”originof chloroplast and mitochondriaof chloroplast and mitochondria

1. Both of them contains a genome consisting of a single circular DNA moleculesg g g

2. The size of mitochondria and chloroplast ribosomes are similar to those of prokaryotic ribosome ( 70S)are similar to those of prokaryotic ribosome ( 70S)

3. The evidence of the smaller organism are

inside the larger organism

Inside Paramecium , ther are Chlorella, the green photosynthetic

Inside hydra, there are zoochlorellae , the green photosynthetic the green photosynthetic,

single-celled algae the green photosynthetic,

single-celled algae

Evolution of metazoans ( muticellular organisms )

From unicellular eukaryotic cell are organisms that consist From unicellular eukaryotic cell

i i b

gof more than one cell

increase in number

a larger organism could eat a smaller oneSelection

a larger organism could eat a smaller one

i ia larger organism has a lower metabolic ratefavor

The larger size ofunicellular eukaryotic cell

a lower food requirement per unit of mass

advantage when the food supply is limited

Increase in size has been limited

The ratio of cell surface area to cytoplasmic volume decrease

due to

y p

then

Decrease in exchange of food, oxygen, waste through the surface

To increase the surface area

There are some cells evolved shapesThere are some cells evolved shapes

by

: having mobile membrane surface : shape change: have the activity concentrated

th fnear the surface

Evolution of multicellular organisms

1. Syncytial or Plasmodial hypothesis by “ Hadzi and Hanson”

acoelom turbellarians

: bilaterally symmetry similar to ciliatedparamecium-like protozoan

formation of partial or complete plasma membranes

d f th

enlargement byincrease in cellular size

gave rise top p: multinucleated protozoan around some of the

protozoan nuclei the forms ofplatyhelminthes-like animals

gave rise to

2. Planula hypothesismore popular hypothesismore popular hypothesis

Haeckel's theory PrimitiveCnidaria

Haeckel's theory

Recapitulation theory the ectodermal cells

specialized for locomotion the endodermal cells

for digestion is the development (shape change) of an

p y

formation of a solid

(shape change) of an individual organism

is the evolutionary history of a species ball of cells (planula) the evolutionary history of a species

developed by means of invagination of cell

flagellated colonial protozoa

SimilartoVolvox

protozoaprotozoa

The advantages of multicellular organisms

Food gathering ensures a more stable at the surface increases food supply to all its cell

Multicellular organisms can attack and digest larger particles of food by y

secreting more quantities of digestive enzymes

M lti ll l i t th bi i th i ll l iso

Multicellular organisms get the bigger size than unicellular organisms

Multicellular organisms permits to

develop into tissues level

such as protective tissue, muscle tissue.such as protective tissue, muscle tissue.

Biological Evolution Biological Evolution Biological Evolution Biological Evolution

( ( Chemical evolutionChemical evolution))

Formation of Formation ofFormation of

the earth’ s

early crust

Formation of Inorganicmolecules and small

Formation of

large

organic

Formation

of

microsphereand atmosphere organic

molecules

g

moleculesmicrosphere

((33..7 7 billion years)billion years)

Formation

of

Formation

of

Formation

of of

Single cell

prokaryotes

of

Single cell

eukaryotes

of

Multicellular

organisms

4. Evolution of plantsp

1. Nonvascular Plants (no vascular tissue)

2. Seedless vascular plants (no seed)

3. Seed vascular plant ; naked seed (no fruit)

4. Seed vascular plant ; seed is in the fruit

Evolution of plants

Vascular tissue + dseed+3. flower and fruit

Vascular tissue +ancestor

1.Vasculartissue+2. seed

Evolution of plants

Liverwort

Liverwort

Liverwort sporophyte

Liverworts

gametophyte

Mosses

LiverwortsHornworts

1. Developed waxy cuticle and stomata

Nonvascular Plants

1. Main pigments ; chlorophyll a, b

2 Food storage : starch

1. Developed waxy cuticle and stomata2. Gametophyte dominant

3. Homsporous plants2. Food storage : starch

3. Cell wall composed of cellulose

p p

( plant having spores of

one shape and size) Green algae

(Ch h t )

4. No true root , stem and leaf

5. Sperm required water to

(Charophyte) reach the eggs

Homosporous plant: producing spores of one shape and size only that produce both male and female gametessize only that produce both male and female gametes

2. Evolution of Seedless vascular plants

Psilotum Equisetum FernsSelaginella

Vascular plants Evolved vascular tissue : pipe-like system of cells

1. Vascular tissues are differentiated frommeristematic cells

2 V l ti2. Vascular tissue are : 2.1 Xylem : transport water

2.2 Phloem : transport foodpFor xylem : cell walls impregnated with

lignin ( provides strength and support f t th )

Green algae(Charophyte) for erect growth )

3. Leaf evolution4. Sporophyte dominant

(Charophyte)

Sporophyte is the dominant stage in advanced plants

3. Evolution of seed vascular plant ; naked seed (no fruit)

Cycads Ginkgo biloba Conifers Gnetum Gymnosperm Angiosperm

g

Seed ferns

Alethopteris sp. Medullosa

Evolution of Gymnosperms

1. Develop tiny gametophyte and live within the large sporophyte, which provides food, water, and protection from desiccation

2. Evolution of seeds

Homospory, in which all spores are one shape change to

Heterospory, in which sporophytes produce two shapes : large megaspore and smaller microspores

windMicrosporangium --> Male gametophyte --> pollen Megasporangium --> Female gametophyte --> egg in the ovule Microsporangium Male gametophyte pollen

Seed evolved after fertilization of egg and sperm

Sperm in pollen + egg in ovule Embryo O l ll S d t SeedOvule wall Seed coat

food

Seed

Female gametophyte Embryo (2n)y ( )

Winged seed

Gametophyte ti ( ) tissue (n)

Food reservesFood reserves

Evolution of Angiosperms

1. They can produce larger leaves, which carry out morephotosynthesis, which in term allows faster growth

2. Produce the sexual reproductive structures called flowers

evolved from leaf

Male reproductive part : anther, and filament Female reproductive part

ti t l d : stigma, style and ovaryinside of the ovary is ovule

3. Many flowering plants have mutualistic symbiosis with animal pollinatorswith animal pollinators

Coevolution

Reproductive isolating mechanism( prevent difference species from fusing)

4. Many flowering plants use animal pollinators

so

The amount of pollen produced is less than those of gymnosperm

4. Flowering plants have developed double fertilization refers to a process in which two sperm cells fertilize cells in the ovary

Sperm I (n) + Egg (n) Zygote (2n)

refers to a process in which two sperm cells fertilize cells in the ovary

Sperm I (n) + Egg (n) Zygote (2n)

Sperm II (n) + Polar nuclei (2n) Endosperm (3n)

5. Evolution of fruit Endosperm

food

sperm in pollen + egg in ovule embryo ovule wall seed coat

seed

Ovary wall fruit fruit

embryo seed embryo

seed and fruit

E b d l i id f th f it

similar toEmbryo develop inside of the fruit

Embryo of mammal develop inside of the uterus

Advantage of fruits : seed dispersal

Seeds are dispersed by animals involves their encasement in a fleshy, edible fruit.

Such fruits are often brightly colored, have pleasant odors, and attractive to herbivorous (plant-eating) animals. (p g)

These animals eat the fruit, seeds and all.

After the fruit passes through the animal's digestive system, the seeds are dispersed at some distance from the parent plant.

5. Evolution of vertebrate (Subphylum Vertebrata) ( p y )

Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata

Phylum Chordata

: Pharyngeal gill slit : are filter-feeding organs

y

: Pharyngeal gill slit : are filter feeding organs

: Notochord : supporting rod

: Hollow dorsal nerve cord : is later modified into the brain and spinal cord.

Evolution of vertebrate

+ skullskull

share derived characteris a trait that is shared by two or more taxa

Teleosts AmphibiansEvolution of fishthe fins are supported by parallel bony rays

fins aresupported with small

individual bones

skate shark Actinopterygian Sarcopterygian( )

individual bones

(ray finned fish) ( lobed finned fish)

lampreyhagfish

Chondrichthyes Osteichthyeshagfish

J d fi hJawed fishevolved paired fins evolved jawevolved paired fins

O d

evolved jaw

Ostracoderm(Jawless fish)

Evolution of jaw

Evolved from the transformation of pharyngeal gill arches of jawless fish

filter feeding biting and chewing

: Gill arches are paired on each side and supported by V-shaped hinged structure.

: The first gill arch in the upper part of the hinge became the upper jaw and: The first gill arch in the upper part of the hinge became the upper jaw and the lower part became mandible

: The second gill arch became the hyomandibular, to anchor the hinge of the jaw to the braincase

: The first gill slits became spiracle for the gas exchange

AmphibianEvolution of amphibian p

Sarcopterygian

Osteichthyes(bony fish)

Chondricthyes( cartilage fish ) (bony fish)( cartilage fish )

Jawed fish

Comparison bone arrangement between legs of Ichthyostegaand

fins of Sarcopterygianfins of Sarcopterygian

Forelimb of Ichthyostega similar to pectoral fin of Sarcopterygian Hi dli b f I hth t i il t l i fi f S t i

( first amphibian )Hindlimb of Ichthyostega similar to pelvic fin of Sarcopterygian

Adaptation of amphibian : The move to land

1. Respiration: absence of internal gills

Amphibian: absence of internal gills : reduction and loss of operculum : better developed lungsp g

simple balloon-like structures

2. Water loss protection

i i iBy having thick skin and mucous glandfor lubricating and protecting the skin

3. Evolved stapesHyomandibular bone previously used to support the jawHyomandibular bone previously used to support the jaw

change into

The stapes (used in hearing) for detecting airborne sounds

However, amphibians have to remain in moist habitat.

Their eggs and larvae have to develop in the water.

Evolution of reptile

Reptile

Amphibian(small, lizard-like

amphibians 1. Evolution of the amniotic egg

E b d l i id iEmbryo develops inside an amnion.

“nursery” to protect the embryo

cavity is filled with amniotic fluid

nursery to protect the embryo

Embryo is protected from desiccation and from external pressure

Advantages of the amniotic egg on land

Embryos in amniotic eggs were less adversely affected by changing environmental conditions

(e.g. drying up of ponds, changing temperature)

Reptile can lay their eggs with the shell on landbehavior changebehavior change

internal fertilizationShell forms around fertilized egg in the

female reproductive tract.

No needed for the t l f tili tiexternal fertilization

the male placesthe sperm inside

Because water is needed for the external fertilization

the female beforethe shell is formed

the external fertilization ex. fish and amphibian

2. Change in body covering

: development of a tough, dry, covering of keratin on the surface of the skinof the skin.

the same protein is in our hair and nails

1. reptiles were not danger of “drying out”1. reptiles were not danger of drying out

2. protect from tear in rough surface area

Reptile skinAmphibian skin

SnakeSalamander

From a tough, dry, covering of keratin on the surface of the skin

Reptiles cannot breathe through skin

soall gas exchange occurs via lungs.

so

Theropodgroup of bipedal dinosaurs

Therapsids

group of bipedal dinosaurs

are more complex andpowerful, and the teeth

Evolution of bird

ArchaeopteryxE l d1. Feathers : are responsible for :

1.1. Thermal insulation warm-bloodedness (endothermic)

Evolved

( )

weight reduction : hollow bones: toothless horny beak: no urinary bladder

1.2. Flight

: no urinary bladder

high energy : evolved endothermic: evolved two respiratory cyclesp y y

2. Evolution of large brain allow complex behavior

( nesting behavior, care for young birds )Class Mammalia : Order Primate

characterized by arboreal adaptations including grasping hands, large brain, and communication by vision and sound

Who are the closest living relatives of humans?

Both of them shared of these characters :

Apes ; Chimpanzee

1 . Muscular system

Both of them shared of these characters :

2 . Metabolism

3 Blood group3 . Blood group

4 . Lack of tail

5 . In the same manner

Are the ape ancestor for human ?Are the ape ancestor for human ?

Ancestor of human and ape

Human ancestors were not chimpanzees or any other modern apes

Chimpanzees and humans represent two divergent branches that evolved from a common ancestor that was neither a chimpanzee nor a human

The difference between human and modern ape

F. Hominidae

F. Pongidaeg

standing erect f l lki i hi h thstanding erect and walking on two feet

use four legs walking in which the forelimbs press down on the ground

through the joints of the fingers and toes

Human phylogenyHuman phylogeny

There are two main genus involved in human phylogeny :There are two main genus involved in human phylogeny :

Australopithecus

: came first and are all extinct

HomoHomo

: all species extinct except one: Homo sapiens: all species extinct except one: Homo sapiens

less prognathic jawsand larger brains

taller and had a larger brain

First stonetool users

1. use of fire2. first appearanceof systematic hunting

prognathic jaws a jaw which protrudes further than the other

Cave paintings

Bipedal , short pelvis, human-like hands and teeth

The ultimate future of human evolution

Pollution