ZITTLEMAN! R R WILLIAMS U5I FI wSP/A 82 - DTIC · 2014. 9. 27. · PLANTS; Selected Life History...
Transcript of ZITTLEMAN! R R WILLIAMS U5I FI wSP/A 82 - DTIC · 2014. 9. 27. · PLANTS; Selected Life History...
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7 AAllI8'b93 ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT-STATION VICKSURG--ETC F/6 6/6I LARGE-SCALE OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT TEST OF USE OF THE WHITE AMUR--ETC(U)0 AUG AG2 N J ZITTLEMAN! R R WILLIAMSU5I FI wSP/A 82 5L
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Uncl~assified'SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (WNAt Dol. Be 90
IMAD W3T3UCTIOUIREPORT DOCMEHTATIOt4 PAGE 89FO COMTOFWT. REORT "NDER2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPINTS CATALOG Humes*
Miscellaneous Paper A-82-5
'iaT-'C~Tt ERATIONS MANAGEMENT TEST OF USE OF S. TYPE OF REPORT A PERIOD COVEREDTHE WHITE AMUR FOR CONTROL OF PROBLEM AQUATIC Final reportPLANTS; Selected Life History Information of * EFRIGOO EOTS~EAnimal Species on Lake Conway, Florida .PROMN*14.RERTUBR
7. AUTHOR(q) II.- CONTRACT 0R GRANT NUMSER~o)Nancy J. ZittlemanRandall R. Williams
Eugene G. Buglewicz9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS III. PROGRAM ELEMENT PROJECT, TASK
U.'S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERSEnvironmental Laboratory Aquatic Plant ControlP. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss. 39180 Research Program
I I. CONTROXLING OFFICE NAME ANID ADDRESS JakonI. REPORT.OATE1U.S.A Emyngineer District, Jakoville Augst 1982Jacksonville, Fla. 32201 and Office, Chief of IS. NUMBER OF PAGESEngineers, U. S. Army, Washington, D. C. 20314 101
14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME A AODRESS~f EIfterea ham CoallaIae 1.) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of Of. oposo
Unclassified
[W,7 DCfrSICATION/DOWWNGAmIN.
16. DISTRIDUTION STATEMENT (of Ole. Report)
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
17. DIST RI GUTION ST ATEMENT (of Mhe aboae nteredA I Bleak ",.It 41Iforent free. Report)
10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESAvailable from National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road,Springfield, Va. 22151
IS. KEY WORDS (Continuo. an ,everse olds It necesaryand idantI. by block nmbaer)
Aquatic plant control Lake ConwayBiological control White amur
cosystemsFvironmental effects
20, WTO~r andor revres400 N I d I I~tj W7beak nibe)-:khsreport summaarizes in tabula form, life history information for
animal species identified at Lake Conway, Orlando, Fla. A total of 180animal species were sighted or collected on Lake Conway during the period
F January 1976 through September 1977. This period coincides with the baselineperiod of the Lake Conway Large-Scale Operations Management Test to documentthe effects of the introduction of the white amur fish for control of theproblem aquatic plant hydrilla. Information developed in this report will1i(Continued)
DD FOR W~S13 Enon r mOF NOVs is NossLeftUfn'n
ASECURITY CLkACTII O HI A" ("bon Data, Xewe
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Unclassified
MuNITY CLAMFICATI@N OF TutS PAUMM be hmtm
20. ABSTRACT (Continued).
be used for subsequent analysis of the effects of the white amur on the LakeConway ecosystem.'
Accession For
NTIS GRA&IDTIC TAB
Justification
By.
Distrlbution/
Availab'ity Codes
Avail -nd/orDist Special
UnclassifiedsIcumiTY CLASSFICATON OF THIS PAGSI'3Im Def Datab*
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Preface
The work described in this volume was performed by the Aquatic
Plant Control Research Program (APCRP) of the U. S. Army Engineer Water-
ways Experiment Station (WES), Vicksburg, Hiss. The work was sponsored
by the U. S. Army Engineer District, Jacksonville, and by the Office,
Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army.
This report summarizes life history and fish and wildlife manage-
ment information for animal species identified from Lake Conway, Orlando,
Fla. Contractors performing field research for the Lake Conway Large-
Scale Operations Management Test (LSOMT) either sampled or sig1hted 180
species during the period January 1976 through September 1977. This
period coincides with the baseline period of the LSOMT. Information
developed in this report will be used to document changes to the Lake
Conway ecosystem as a result of the introduction of the white amur fish
to control the nuisance aquatic plant hydrilla.
Life history and management information was collected and orga-
nized by Ms. Nancy J. Zittleman of the WES Environmental Laboratory
(EL); the final report was written by Messrs. Randall R. Williams andEugene G. Buglewicz, EL. The authors wish to acknowledge the efforts of
the various scientists who were involved with the collection and identi-
fication of these organisms, and the assistance of Ms. Mary C. Landin,
Environmental Resources Division, EL, who provided information on the
location of avifauna nesting locations.
The work was monitored at WES in the Waterway Habitat and Monitor-
ing Group (WHG) by Messrs. John D. Lunz and Eugene G. Buglewicz, Prin-
cipal Investigators for the LSOMT, and Dr. Thomas D. Wright, Chief,
WKMG, and was under the general supervision of Mr. Bob 0. Benn, Chief,
Environmental Systems Division (ESD). Mr. J. Lewis Decell was Program
Manager of the APCRP. The ESD and APCRP are a part of the EL, Dr. John
Harrison, Chief.
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Comanders and Directors of WES during the period were
COL Nelson P. Conover, CE, and COL Tilford C. Creel, CE. Technical
Director was Hr. F. R. Brown.
This report should be cited as follows:
Zittleman, N. J., Williams, R. R., and Buglewicz, E. G.1982. "Large-Scale Operations Management Test of Useof the White Amur for Control of Problem Aquatic Plants;Selected Life History Information of Animal Species onLake Conway, Florida," Miscellaneous Paper A-82-5,U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE,Vicksburg, Miss.
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Content.
pagePreface .. ... ......... ......... ..........
Conversion Factors, U. S. Customary to Metric (SI) Unitsof Measurement .. ....... ......... ......... 4
Introduction .. ....... ......... ........ ... 5
Background .. ....... ......... ......... 5Purpose. .. ....... ........ ............ 5
Methods .. ... ......... ......... ......... 6
Bibliography .. ....... ......... ............ 7
Appendix A: Species List, Lake Conway, Florida .. .... ...... Al.
Appendix B: Life History and Management Information forSpecies Identified from Lake Conway, Florida. . . .....
Fish. .... ........ ......... ........ B2Birds. .. ....... ......... ........ ... 20Mamals. .. ....... ......... ........... 53Herpetofauna. .... ......... ........ .... 58
Appendix C: Feeding, Resting, and Reproduction or NestingHabitat Requirements for Animal Species fromLake Conway, Florida .. .... ........ .... Cl
Fish. .. *................................................C2Birds .. ... ......... ......... ....... C6Mamo~als..................... . ...... . .. . ... .. .. ClHerpetofauna. .... ......... ........ ... C13
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Conversion Factors, U. S. Customary to Metric (SI)Units of Measurement
U. S. customary units of measurement used in this report can be con-
verted to metric (SI) units as follows:
Multiply BY To Obtain
acres 4046.873 square metres
Fahrenheit degrees 5/9 Celsius degrees or Kelvins*
feet 0.3048 metres
inches 25.4 millimetres
miles (U. S. statute) 1.609347 kilometres
yards 0.9144 metres
* To obtain Celsius (C) temperature readings from Fahrenheit (F) read-ings, use the following formula: C = (5/9)(F - 32). To obtain Kelvin(K) readings, use K = (5/9)(F - 32) + 273.15.
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LARGE-SCALE OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT TEST OF
USE OF THE WHITE AMUR FOR CONTROL
OF PROBLEM AQUATIC PLANTS
Selected Life History Information
of Animal Species c n
Lake Conway, Florida
Introduction
Background
1. The Lake Conway Large-Scale Operations Management Test (LSOMT)
is a 5-year field research effort to describe the ability of the white
amur (Ctenophazrngodon idella), a herbivorous fish, to control the
nuisance aquatic plant hydrilla and to document the ecological conse-
quences introduction of this exotic species will have on the lake's
ecosystem.
2. To differentiate between the effects of the white amur and
other natural or man-made events that occur in the Lake Conway study
area, an investigation entitled "A Characterization of Cultural Develop-
ment Around Lake Conway Affecting the Large-Scale Operation Management
Test," was initiated during 1979 to document those environmental altera-
tions occurring at Lake Conway that could be attributed to the white
amur but could actually be caused by human activities in the lake basin.
These activities may include, for example, elimination of littoral vege-
tation through the construction of sand beaches or home building activi-
ties, increased urbanization in the lake watershed area, and stormwater
diversion.
Purpose
3. The purpose of this report is to summarize, in tabular form,
key life history and general fish and wildlife management information on
animal species inhabiting the Lake Conway study area. Information here-
in concentrates on those aspects of habitat that are required by the
organisms for normal feeding, resting, and reproduction or nesting cover.
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This information will be used to summarize habitat features in the pre-
viously described investigation and to provide a data base for the final
analysis of the LSOHT research results.
Methods
4. A species list of 180 mammals, birds, fish, and herpetofauna
was obtained from the LSOKT baseline data contractor reports which
covered the period January 1976 through September 1977. A search of
applicable data bases and literature sources for selected life history
information was made and tabulated for each organism.
5. Tabulation of data includes the following information: common
name; legal status; commercial or recreational value; management poten-
tial; sensitivity to human disturbance; food preferences; feeding habi-
tat; reproductive habitat; and resting habitat.
6. Appendix A lists the species into appropriate categories of
fish, birds, mammals, and herpetofauna. Each species is assigned a
"species number" which should be used when interpreting Appendix C.
7. Appendix B tabulates the following information for each Lake
Conway species: "a" lists the common name; "b" states whether or not
the species is described on Federal or State threatened or endangered
species list; "c" notes whether the species has commercial or recrea-
tional value on Lake Conway; "d" is a judgment statement as to whether
or not the species is amenable to population control through intensive
management practices; "e" states whether or not the species is sensitive
to human disturbance; "f" lists food preferences; "g" provides a sumary
statement of the type of habitat required for feeding; "h" sumarizes
reproductive habitat requirements; and "i" provides habitat information
not covered in items "f" through "h," and/or describes the type of
habitat required for resting. For those instances where life history or
management data are not available, blanks occur after the appropriate
letter.
8. Appendix C summarizes the feeding, resting, and nesting pref-
erences or reproductive habitat requirments for each organism.
9. The Bibliography section lists pertinent literature used to
obtain information for this report.
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Bibliography
Bailey, R. M., et al. 1970. "A List of Common and Scientific Names ofFishes from the United States and Canada," Special Publication No. 6,American Fisheries Society, Washington, D. C.
Barbour, R. W., and Davis, W. H. 1974. Mammals of Kentucky, UniversityPress of Kentucky, Lexington.
Bellrose, F. C. 1976. Ducks, Geese, and Swans of North America,Stackpole Books, Harrisburg.
Blaker, D. 1969. "Behavior of the Cattle Egret Ardeola Ibis," Ostrich,Vol 40, No. 3, pp 75-129.
Burt, W. H., and Grossenheider, R. P. 1964. A Field Guide to theMammals, 2nd ed., Riverside Press, Cambridge.
Carlander, K. D. 1969. Handbook of Freshwater Fishery Biology, Vol I,Iowa State University Press, Ames.
. 1977. Handbook of Freshwater Fishery Biology, Vol II, IowaState University Press, Ames.
Carr, A. 1952. Handbook of Turtles: The Turtles of the United States,Canada, and Baja California, Vail-Ballou Press, Ithaca.
Chaney, A. H., et al. 1978. "Use of Dredged Material Islands by Colo-nial Seabirds and Wading Birds in Texas," Technical Report D-78-8,U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE, Vicksburg,Kiss.
Cochran, D. M., and Goin, C. J. 1970. The New Book of Reptiles andAmphibians, J. G. Putnam's Sons, New York.
Collins, H. H. 1959. Complete Field Guide to American Wildlife; East,Central and North, Harper and Row, New York.
Cook, F. A. 1959. Freshwater Fishes in Mississippi, Vol I, HedermanBrothers, Jackson, Miss.
.. 1969. Freshwater Fishes in Mississippi, Vol II, HedermanBrothers, Jackson, Miss.Douglas, N. H. 1974. Freshwater Fishes of Louisiana, Claitor's Pub-
lishing Division, Baton Rouge, La.
Eddy, S. 1969. How to Know the Freshwater Fishes, 2nd ed., William C.Brown, Dubuque.
Foster, N. R. 1978. Comparative Studies on the Biology of Killifish(Pisces, Cyprinodontida.), University of Microfilms International, AnnArbor.
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Godley, J. S., McDiarmad, R. W., Bancroft, G. T. 1981. "Large-ScaleOperations Management Test of Use of the White Amur for Control of Prob-lem Aquatic Plants; Report 1, Baseline Studies, Volume V: The Herpeto-fauna of Lake Conway, Florida," Technical Report A-78-2, U. S. ArmyEngineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE, Vicksburg, Miss.
Grzimek, B. 1975. Animal Life Encyclopedia, Vol 6, Van NostrandReinhold, New York.
Guillory, V. 1979. "Large-Scale Operations Management Test of Use ofthe White Amur for Control of Problem Aquatic Plants; Report 1, BaselineStudies; Volume II: The Fish, Mammals, and Waterfowl of Lake Conway,Florida," Technical Report A-78-2, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experi-ment Station, CE, Vicksburg, Miss.
Hilderbrand, S. F., and Schroeder, W. C. 1972. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay,TFH Publications, Neptune, N. J.
Kushlan, J. A. 1978. "Commensalism in the Little Blue Heron," TheAuk, Vol 95, pp 677-681.
Landin, M. C. 1978. "Development and Management of Avian Habitat onDredged Material Islands," Technical Report DS-78-18, U. S. ArmyEngineer Waterways Eperiment Station, CE, Vicksburg, Miss.
Larimore, R. W. 1957. Ecological Life History of the Warmouth(Centrarchidae)," Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, Vol 27,Art. I.
Lowery, G. H., Jr. 1974. The Mammals of Louisiana and Its AdjacentWaters, Kingsport Press, Kingsport, Tenn.
Martin, A. C., Zim, H., and Nelson, A. L. 1961. American Wildlife andPlants, A Guide to Wildlife Food Habits, Dover Publications, New York.
Morris, P. A. 1974. An Introduction to the Reptiles and Amphibians ofthe United States, Dover Publications, New York.
Mount, R. H. 1975. The Reptiles and Amphibians of Alabama, AuburnPrinting, Auburn, Ala.
Murie, 0. J. 1975. A Field Guide to Animal Tracks, Houghton MifflinCo., Boston.
Pflieger, W. L. 1975. The Fishes of Missouri, Western Publishing Co.,Jefferson City, Mo.
Pough, R. H. 1951. Audubon Waterbird Guide: Water, Game, and LargeLand Birds, Doubleday, Garden City, New York.
Schreiber, R. W., and Schreiber, E. A. 1978. "Colonial Bird Use andPlant Succession on Dredged Material Islands in Florida," TechnicalReport D-78-14, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE,Vicksburg, Miss.
Schwartz, C. W., and Schwartz, E. R. 1968. The Wild Mammalsof Missouri, Smith-Grieves, Kansas City, Mo.
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Schweitzer, D. L., Cushwa, C. T., and Hoekstra, T. W. 1978. "The 1979National Assessment of Wildlife and Fish: A Progress Report,"Transactions of the 43rd North American Wildlife and Natural ResourcesConference, Phoenix, Arizona, March 19-22, 1978, pp 166-273.
United States Department of the Interior, U. S. Fish and WildlifeService, Ecological Services. 1979. "Habitat Evaluation Procedures,"Review Copy, Fort Collins, Colo.
United States Department of the Interior, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Ser-vice, Region 4. Periodically updated. "Endangered and ThreatenedSpecies of the Southeastern United States," Atlanta, Ga.
Weller, M. W. 1961. "Breeding Biology of the Least Bittern," TheWilson Bulletin, Vol 73, No. 1.
Wright, A. H., and Wright, A. A. 1957. Handbook of Snakes of theUnited States and Canada, Vol I, Cornell University, Ithaca.
1957. Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada,Vol II, Cornell University, Ithaca.
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Appendix A: Species List, Lake Conway, Florida
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Species
No. Commnon Name Scientific Name
FishSpecies
1 Longnose gar Loplsosteus osseus
2 Florida gar Lepisosteus platjrhincus
3 Bowf in Aula calva
4 American eel Anguilla rostrata
5 Gizzard shad Dor-osom cepedianum
6 Threadf in shad Dorosoua petenense,
7 Redf in pickerel Esox auericanus
8 Chain pickerel Esox niger
9 Golden shiner Not cmi gonus czysoleucas
10 Coastal shiner Not ropi a peters on!
11 Lake chubsucker ErimVjzon sucetta
*12 White catfish Ictalurus catus
13 Yellow bullhead Ictalurus natalis
14 Brown bullhead Ictalurus; nebulosus
15 Channel catfish .Yctalurus punctatus
16 Tadpole madtom Noturus grjrinus
17 Gglden topminnow Fuxidulus chrrjsotus
18 Seminole killifish Fundulus seulnolis
19 Flagfish Jordanella floridas
20 Bluefin killifish Lucania goodei
21 Mosquitofish Gabusia af 13215
24Brook silverside Labidesthes sicculus
25 Everglades pygmy sunfish Elassoma evergladei
26 Blue-spotted sunfish Ennecanthus glorlosus
27 Redbreast sunfish Lepomis auritus
28 Warinouth Lepomis gulosus
29 Redear sunfish Lepouls mnicrolophus
30 Spotted sunfish LePOuzs punctatuu
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SpeciesNo. Common Name Scientific Name
Fish Species (Continued)
31 Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides
32 Black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus
33 Dollar sunfish Lepomis marginatus
34 Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus35 Swamp darter Etheostoma fusiforme
i Bird Species
1 Common loon Gavia immer
2 Pied-billed grebe Podilymbus podiceps
3 Horned grebe Podiceps auritus
4 Double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus5 Water turkey Anhinga anhinga
6 Great blue heron Ardea herodias
7 Green heron Butorides virescens
8 American (Great) egret Casmorodius albus
9 Snowy egret Leucoplogx thula
10 Little blue heron Florida caerulea
11 Louisiana heron Hydranassa tricolor
12 Least bittern Izobrychus exilis
13 American bittern Botaurus lentiginosus
14 Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis
15 Black-crowned night heron Nycticoraz nycticorax
16 White ibis Eudocimus albus
17 Wood ibis (Stork) Nycteria americana
18 Wood duck Aix aponsa
19 Mallard duck Anas platyrhynchos20 Lesser scaup Aythya affinis
21 Redhead duck Aythya amricana
22 Canvasback AthJa valisineria
23 Baldpate (American wigeon) Naroca amricana
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SpeciesNo. Common Name Scientific
Name
Bird Species (Continued)
24 Ruddy duck Ozyura Jamicensis 1
25 Ring-necked duck Aythx-J collaris
26 Blue-winged teal Ans discors
27 Bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus
28 Osprey Pandion haliaetus
29 Limpkin Aramus guarawia
30 Common (American) coot Fulica americana
31 Common (Florida) gallinule Gallinula chloropus
32 Purple gallinule Porphyrula martinica
33 Sora rail Porzana carolina
34 Killdeer Charadrius vociferus
35 Wilson's (Common) snipe Capella gallznago
36 Lesser yellowlegs Totanus flavipes
37 Least sandpiper Erolia minutilla
38 Black tern Chilidonias niger
39 Herring gull Larus argentatus
40 Least tern Sterna albzfrons
41 Forster's tern Sterna forsteri
42 Ring-billed gull Larus delawarensis
43 Common tern Sternm hirundo
44 Bonaparte's gull Larus philadelphia
45 Royal tern Thalassous maxi"s
46 Belted kingfisher Negaceryl@ alcyon
47 Barn swallow Hiztmdo zustica
48 Tree shallow Iridoprocne bicolor
49 Purple martin PrognW subis
50 Fish crow Corvus ossifragus
51 Red-uinged blackbird Agelaius pho4~iceus
52 Boat-tailed grackle Cassidix Nezicanus
53 Common (Purple) grackle QulscaluS quiscula
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Species
No. Common Name Scientific Nam
Bird Species (Continued)
54 Glossy ibis Plegadis falcinellus
Mammal Species
1 Virginia opossum Dideiphis virginiana
2 Harsh rabbit Sylvilagus palustris
3 Florida water rat Neofiber alleni
4 Rice rat Orysouys palustris
5 Common (Hispid) cotton rat Siguodon hispidUs6 Northern racoon Procyon lotor7 Neartic river otter Lutra ca ndensis
Herpetofauna Species
1 Florida cricket frog Acris gryllus
2 American alligator Alligator nississippionsis
3 Two-toed Congo eel Anhium means
4 Southern toad Bufo terrestris
5 Common snapping turtle Chelydra sorpentina6 Cooter Chznsoms floridana
7 Florida river turtle ChzysumWs nelsoni
8 Black racer Coluber constrictor
9 Eastern chicken turtle Delrochelyx roticularia10 Dwarf salamander Btwycea quadridigitata11 Eastern mud snake Farancia abacura
12 Eastern narrow-mouthed toad Gastrophuyne carolineasis
13 Green tree frog Hyla cinra
14 Pine woods tree frog Hyla femoralis
15 Barking tree frog Hyla gratioaa
16 Squirrel tree frog Hyla squirella
17 Striped mud turtle Kinostornon bauri
18 Mud turtle Kinostornon subrubrum
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Species
No. Common Name Scientific Name
Herpetofauna Species (Continued)
19 Little grass frog Limnaoesus ocularis(Least tree frog)
20 Great water snake Nerodia cyclopion
21 Southern water snake Nerodia fasciata
22 Pig frog Rana gzylio
23 Striped swap snake Regina allani
24 Greater siren Siren lacertina
25 Comon musk turtle Sternotherus odoratus
26 Eastern ribbon snake Thamophis saurita
27 Eastern garter snake Thamophis sirtalis
28 Florida softshell Triongz ferox
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Appendix B: Life History and Management Information forSpecies Identified from Lake Conway, Florida
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Fish ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information*
1 Lopisostous ossous a. Longnose gar
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population would increaselittle if at all
e. Not sensitive
f. Essentially carnivorous
h. In Florida, spawns in shallowwater March through Augustwith the peak in April
i. Inhabits sluggish pools, back-waters, and oxbows along largemoderately clear streams.
Adults are found in larger,deeper pools, while the youngare found in shallow back-waters, often around thick
growths of aquatic vegetation.Prefers quiet lakes and poolswhere they remain much of the
time around logs and debris
2 Lopisosteus a. Florida garplatyrhincus b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population would increaselittle if at all
e. Not sensitive
f. Fish, crustaceans, and insects
h. Spawns mostly in April and !Jay,but spawning may continue ' ntoOctober. Eggs are deposited atrandom in shallow water
* The information on commercial and recreational value applies to LakeConway only.
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Fish ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
2 Loplsostus i. Inhabits warm, sluggish waters.(Continued) platyrhincus Can live in very stagnant waters
3 Amia calva a. Bowfin
b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population would increaselittle if at all
e. Not sensitive
f. Fish, crayfish, insects, sol-luscs, earthworms, frogs, andleeches
j. Often feeds at night
h. Nests in colonies in shelteredareas. Makes nest by clearing
plants and removing soil toexpose roots to which the eggsare attached
i. Avoids swift current or exces-sive turbidity. In lowlands
can be found in swamps,sloughs, borrow pits, ditches,and abandoned stream channels.Occurs in sluggish rivers andlakes, generally in clear waterwith abundant vegetation. Amiacalva can survive very stagnantwater due to its ability tosurface and 'breathe' the air.
Active at twilight and dawn
4 Anguilla rostrata a. American eel
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or coercial
d. Population would increase
little if at all
e. Not sensitive
f. Insects, fish, crayfish, crus-taceans, mollusks, annelids,echinoderms, and eelgrass
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Fish ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
4 Anguilla rostrata(Continued) h. Breeds in the Sargasso Sea
above Cuba
i. Males do not move far inland,but remain in fresh or brackishwaters near river mouths. Fe-males penetrate freshwaterrivers almost to their sources
Dorosoma copedianum a. Gizzard shad
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population would increaselittle if at all
e. Not sensitive
f. Plankton, occasionally oligo-chaetes, and small shad
h. Peak of spawning in Florida isfrom late March to early April
i. Occurs in fresh and brackishwaters, as well as land-lockedlakes and ponds. Lives inquiet water habitats and avoidsstreams that lack large, perma-nent pools
6 Dorosoma petenense a. Threadfin shad
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population would increaselittle if at all
e. Not sensitive
f. Plankton, Chaoborus, andchironomids
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Fish Scientific
Species No. Name Management Information
6 Dorosoma petenense h. Spawns in schools under brush(Continued) and floating logs, eggs cling-
ing to the brush. May alsospawn in open water
i. Very sensitive to low tempera-tures; die-offs will occurbelow 45*F.** Permanent resi-dent of shoal waters
7 Esox auricanus a. Redfin pickerel
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Population would increase
little if at all
e. Not sensitive
f. Fish, tadpoles, crustaceans,and insects
h Spawns in spring in shallowwater; the eggs are depositedrandomly
i. Habitats are characterized byclear water, little current,and thick growths of aquaticvegetation
8 Bsoz niger a. Chain pickerel
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Population would increaselittle if at all
e. Not sensitive
** A table of factors for converting U. S. customary units of measure-ment to metric (SI) is presented on page 4 of the main text.
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Fish ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
8 Esox niger f. Smaller chain pickerel(Continued) (
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Fish ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
9 Notemigonus i. Occurs in fresh or brackish(Continued) crYsoleucas waters, usually where vegeta-
tion is present. Characteris-tic of quiet water habitats;rare to streams with noticeablecurrent. Tolerant of moderateturbidity, but thrives inclear, heavily vegetated water
10 Notropis petersoni a. Coastal shiner
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
f.
h.
i.
11 Brinyxon sucetta a. Lake chubsucker
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
f. Young chubsuckers 30-42 v inlength feed on copepods, cla-docerans, and chironomids.Adults are bottom feeding andlargely herbivorous
h. Spawns in spring, "running" upsmall tributary streams. Nestis a cleaned area among gravel
i B7
-
Fish ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
11 Erimyzon sucetta i. Reported found in brackish(Continued) water and freshwater streams.
Ascends streams to headwatersin cold weather. Also found inclear, quiet pools having sub-
merged vegetation and bottomscomposed of sand or silt mixedwith organic debris
12 Ictalurzus catus a. White catfish
b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational and commercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
f. Fish, iish eggs, pondweeds,and aquatic insects
h.
i. Lives in fresh to slightlybrackish waters, in areas withsome current and mud bottom
13 Ictalurus natalis a. Yellow bullhead
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
f. Feeds on fish, crustaceans,
and insects
A.
h. Nests in waters 0.5 to 2 m deep
i. Avoids strong current. Foundin quiet, heavily vegetatedbackwaters and overflow poolswith clear water and shallowportions of ponds and lakes
B8i
-
Fish ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
14 Ictaluzus nebulosus a. Brown bullhead
b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
f. Fry and fingerlings up to
75 mm: zooplankton and chiron-omids; adults: insects, fish,fish eggs, mollusks, and plants
a. Nocturnal bottom feedersh. Spawning habitats have shallow
water with firm mud and muck togravel bottoms. Spawns fromMarch to May in Florida
i. Prefers quiet, clear waterswith moderate or large amountsof submerged aquatic vegeta-tion. Thrives in clear, coolerwater of the larger lakes.
Preferred bottom substrate con-sists of organic muds topebbles
15 Zctalurus punctatus a. Channel catfish
b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational and commercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
f. Omnivorous, including terres-trial and aquatic insects,macrocrustaceans, fish, seeds,vascular plants, and filamen-tous algae
h. Spawning takes place under over-hanging ledges, hollow logs, orin similarily sheltered places
B9
-
Fish ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
15 Zctalurus punctatus i. Occurs in a variety of habi-(Continued) tats, especially characteristic
of large streams having low tomoderate gradients. Adults arefound in larger pools in deepwater or under cover such aslogs
16 Noturus gyrinus a. Tadpole madtom
b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
f. Cladocera, ostracods, chirono-mids, and debris
h.
i. Found in clear to moderatelyturbid waters with little cur-rent and an abundance of sub-merged plants or accumulations
of organic debris for cover
17 Fundulus chrysotus a. Golden topminnow
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Unknown management potentiale. Not sensitive
f. Wolffia, insects, and othercrustaceans
h.
BIO
LL.
-
Fish ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
17 Fundulus chrysotus i. Inhabits clear, quiet pools(Continued) and backwaters where submerged
aquatic plants are abundant.Characteristic of eutrophicwaters, it occurs in shallowareas along lakeshores and inmarshes with thick growths ofaquatic vegetation
18 F.mdulus sominolis a. Seminole killifish
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
f.g. Benthic feeding on fine sand
bottom
h.i. Inhabits fresh to brackish
waters of Florida lakes andstreams. Common near the shoreof large lakes in weed-filledshallow areas
19 Jordanella florida a. Flagfish
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
f. Largely vegetarian in diet
h.
i. Favors quiet, shallow, weedy,eutrophic areas of 'resh toslightly brackish .4ater
20 Lucania goodel a. Bluefin killifish
B 1
-
Fish ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
20 Lucania goodel b. Not on State or Federal threat-(Continued) ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
f.Bottom feeding
~h.
i. Usually found in clear watersassociated with submerged
aquatic vegetation
21 Gambusia affinis a. Mosquitofish
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
f. Mosquito larvae and pupae,
copepods, algae, and small fish
a. Shore vegetation and debrish. Spawns from May to September
i. Inhabits still waters and isfound in great abundance amongshore vegetation and debris.Occurs in shallow marginalareas where the water is warmand there is considerableaquatic vegetation or othercover
22 Heterandrla foruosa a. Least killifish
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
B12
-
Fish ScientificSpecies No. Name Hanagement Information
22 Heterandria torsosa f. Feeds on insects and other(Continued) small animal life
A.h.
i. Basically a brackish waterfish, only occasionally invad-ing fresh water. Usually foundin shallow sloughs or ponds
23 Poecilia latipinna a. Sailfin molly
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
f. Vegetarian and mud-eating;consumes insects such asmosquitoes
h.
i. Inhabits fresh, brackish, andsalt water. Is usually foundin shallow sloughs and pools
24 Labidesthes a. Brook silverside
sicculus b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
f.
A.
h.
i. Characteristic of clear, warmwaters with no current. Inlakes it is most abundant incoves and along the shore
B134
-
Fish Scientific
Species No. Name Management Information
25 Elassoma evergladei a. Everglades pygmy sunfish
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
f. Feeds on crustaceans andinsects
I-
h.
i. Found in the swamps of southernGeorgia and Florida
26 Enneacanthus a. Blue-spotted sunfishgloriosus b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
f. Small crustaceans such as cope-pods, amphipods, and isopods;insects, worms, and some plants
h.
i. Inhabits sluggish water, espe-cially with aquatic vegetation.Also found in brackish watersnear the mouths of streams
27 Lopomis auritus a. Redbreast sunfish
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
B14
-
Fish ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
27 Lepoms auritus f. Insects (Cook 1959)**(Continued) I.
h. In Florida spawning occurs fromApril to June. Nests are usu-ally in water 15-40 cm deep andin the shelter of a log orstump in sand or fine gravel
i. Flourishes in a wide variety ofecological conditions fromheadwater streams to rivers andlakes along coastal plains
28 Lepomis gulosus a. Warmouth
b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
f. Fish, aquatic insects,
crustaceans
a.h. Nests are built near a stump,
a clump of vegetation, or othercover, at depths of 0.05-1.5 m.Nests on all substrates but
sand
i. Found in oxbow lakes and otheroverflow waters along thefloodplains of streams. Exhib-its a definite affinity forclear water and thick growthsof submergent vegetation.Inhabits shallow mud bottomlakes and ponds and sluggish
streams. Old tree stumps arecommon hiding places. Toler-ance of turbidity is greaterthan that of other sunfishes
** Reference citations are included in the Bibliography located at theend of the main text.
B15
-
Fish ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
29 Lepomis microlophus a. Redear sunfish
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
f. Insect larvae, snails, smallclams, and crustaceans. Snails
are the preferred food item
a.h. In Florida spawning is from
late February to October first.Nests are in water 45-90 cmdeep or as much as 2 m deep,
preferably in areas ofwaterlilies
i. Thrives in warm, clear waterswith no noticeable current andabundant aquatic plants. Con-
gregates around logs, stumps,and brush
30 Lopomis punctatus a. Spotted sunfish
b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
f.
h. In Florida spawning is fromearly spring into November
i. Occurs in quiet pools with
aquatic plants or submergedloss
31 Micropterus a. Largemouth bass
salmolden b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered lists
B16
-
Fish ScientificSpecies No. Name Manasement Information
31 Micropterus c. Recreational but not commercial(Continued) Balsoidos d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
f. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic andterrestrial insects, frogs, andsalamanders (Carlander 1977)
h. Spawning occurs from mid-December to April in Florida.Silt bottoms are avoided in
spawning. Eggs are depositedin water not more than a fewfeet deep
i. Characteristic of standingrather than flowing water;intolerant of excessive turbid-ity and siltation. Thrives inwarm, moderately clear waters.Better adapted to small, shal-low, warm lakes and sluggishstreams with bottoms chiefly ofmud, but often is found indeeper lakes with bottoms par-
tially of mud and partially ofsand and gravel. Requirescover such as standing orfallen timber, beds of aquaticvegetation, and artificialreefs
32 Poxouis a. Black crappienigromaculatus b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
f. Cladocerans, copepods, chirono-mid larvae, other aquatic in-sects, fish, and flying insects
1.
B17
-
Fish ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
32 Pozomis h. Nests are built on gravel,(Continued) nigronaculatus sand, or, rarely, on softer
bottoms at depths of 25 cm to6 m. Host spawning is at thebase of vegetation from Aprilto autumn
i. Found in clear water absent ofnoticeable current with abun-dant cover such as submergedtimber or aquatic vegetation
33 Lepomis marginatus a. Dollar sunfish
b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
f. Aquatic insects
h.
i. Prefers streams to lakes; tends
to avoid muddy water
34 Lepomis macrochirus a. Bluegill
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
f. Terrestrial and aquaticinsects, crayfish, fish, algae,rotifers, cladocerans, andcopepods
h. Spawning occurs from Februaryto October in Florida. Nestsare built in water 15-120 cmdeep over a variety of sub-strates with fine gravel
B18
-
Fish Scientific
Species No. Name Management Information
34 Lopomis acrochirus preferred, in quiet areas free(Continued) of aquatic plants
i. Found in ponds, lakes, andquiet streams. Intolerantof continuous high turbidityand siltation. Thrives inwarm, clear waters where
aquatic plants or other coveris present
35 Etheostoma fusiforme a. Swamp darter
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
f.
h.
i. Commonly found in slow movingstreams with a mud bottom andvegetative debris
B19
-
Bird Scientific
Species No. Name Management Information
1 Gavia imer a. Common loon
b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population could increaselittle if at all
e. Not sensitive
f. Fish, crayfish, crabs, amphib-
ians, insects, shellfish, andvegetation
h. Overwinters in central Florida
but does not breed therei.
2 Podilynbus podiceps a. Pied-billed grebe
b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Small fish, snails, small
frogs, tadpoles, aquatic worms,
leeches, water insects, andcrayfish
g. Dense stands of emergents close
to shore provide feeding cover
h. A year-round resident of cen-
tral Florida and breeds there.
Nests are concealed in shore-
line vegetation such as cat-
tails, bulrushes, reeds, and
grasses. Nesting success, how-
ever, may depend upon water
depth and distance fLm shore
rather then vegetation. Of the
nests 77% are built over water
75 cm or less deep, the average
for successful nests being
60 cm. Average distance to the
B20
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
2 Podilzbus podiceps shore is 92 m, and the average(Continued) distance to open water is 8 w.
After hatching, broods remainin open water away from denseemergent vegetation
i. Ponds, lakes, marshes, andsluggish streams bordered bydense emergent vegetation pro-vide adequate resting cover.
Avoids ponds with 100% openwater
3 Podiceps auritus a. Horned grebe
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Fish, insects, crayfish, tad-poles, shrimp, and some vege-
table matter
h. Overwinters in central Floridabut does not breed there
i. Frequents small ponds, sloughs,and shallow bays of large lakes
4 Phalacrocorax a. Double-crested cormorantaur itus b. Not on state or Federal threat-
ened or endangered lists (USDI1979). Protected by the Fed-eral Migratory Bird Treaty(Landin 1978)
c. Not recreational or commercial
(USDI 1979)
d. Population could be increased
(USDI 1979)
e. Human disturbance causes eggsto be broken and knocked fromnests as adults leave area,besides leaving them vulnerable
B21
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
4 Pbalacrocorax to predators such as gulls(Continued) auritus (USDI 1979). Highly suscepti-
ble to human disturbance as
nest is left early in approach
f. Fish (perch, bullhead, crappie,carp, and stickleback) andsalamanders (Pough 1951)
h. A year-round resident ofcentral Florida and breedsthere. Nests are frequentlymade in the tops of vegetation,although, traditionally, littlemore than 1 m above the ground.Favorite nesting site is
forest, although nests arefound in shrub forest and onthe ground
i. Rocky ledges and trees areneeded for roosting
5 Anhinga anhinge a. Water turkey
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists. Pro-tected by the Federal MigratoryBirds Treaty
c. Not recreational or comercial
d. Unknown management potential
e. Not sensitive
f. Feeds on fish aad other aquaticlife
g. Feeding sites are small bodiesof quiet or sluggishly flowing
fresh water
h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.
Arboreal, nesting in shrubforests and forests, beneaththe forest canopy. The nestsite may be around any type ofwater, but quiet, sheltered
B22
LI
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
5 Anhinga anhlna waters are preferred and nests(Continued) are more abundant around
fresh water
i. This bird is often found alongcypress swamps and ricefieldsthroughout the south. It isusually seen singly although itwill soar in flocks
6 Ard*a herodias a. Great blue heron
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists. Pro-tected by the Federal MigratoryBirds Treaty
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Sensitive to regulardisturbances
f. Fish, snakes, insects, mice,frogs, eels, salamanders, andan occasional rail
g. Needs shallow water in which tofeed (Landin 1978)
h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Nests are usually placed in thetops of tall trees above sur-
rounding canopy which are usu-ally selected remote from humaninfluences. Rookeries may beabandoned if disturbed on aregular basis. Will nest onman-made structures and on theground, though primarilyarboreal
i. Frequents small streams, uplandmeadows, the shores of pondsand lakes, salt and freshmarshes, mudflats, sandbars,and shallow bays. Vegetationoccurring in and along shallowwaters and the shores of ponds,
B23
. ... : ... ... - .... -. , ,.e :-
, . .. .
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
6 Ardea herodias reservoirs, marshes, and(Continued) streams provide cover. Favor-
ite resting habitats areforest, shrub forest, and shrubthicket although herb shruband dense herb are also used
7 Butorides virescons a. Green heron
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists. Pro-tected by the Federal MigratoryBirds Treaty
c. Not commercial or recreational
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Eels, small bony fish (killi-fish, sunfish, catfish, gold-fish, carp, bass, silversides),tadpoles, crayfish, frogs,earthworms, crickets, grass-hoppers, and small snakes andmammals
g. Forages in early morning orlate afternoon among emergentvegetation or along soft, muddyborders of shallow water
h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Nests are platforms of twigs3-6 m up in trees, but also maybe built in bushes and on theground. Favorite nesting sitesare in herb shrub althoughdense herb, shrub thicket,shrub forest, and forest aresometimes used. Nests arebuilt beneath canopy
i. Most common along vegetatededges of open water and marshyor swampy areas. Reeds, cat-tails, and brushy thickets pro-vide cover. Ideal habitat iswetland interspersed with wc.'
B24
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
7 Butorides viroscenas vegetation and some open shal-(Continued) low water, muddy shores, and no
water fluctuations
8 Casmerodius albus a. American (Great) egret
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists butof special concern
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. All types of aquatic animallife: frogs, snakes, crayfish,shrimp, aquatic insects, fish,crabs, and snails
h. Usually nests in swamp woods orwillow thickets with otherherons, cormorants, andanhingas. Where possible,nests are placed 20-40 ft upin trees, but can be lower,especially if over water
i. Frequents borders of sluggishstreams and ponds as well assaltwater and freshwatermarshes
9 Leucophoyx thula a. Snowy egret
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists butof special concern. Protectedby the Federal Migratory BirdTreaty
c. Not recreational or comercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Crustaceans, insects, frogs,fish, and other small aquaticlife
B25
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
9 Leucophoyx thula g. Needs shallow water to feed.(Continued) The shallow water of marshes
and ponds, wet meadows, andfields are favorite feedinggrounds
h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Favorite nest sites are shrubthicket and shrub forest, butare also found nesting inforest, herb shrub, and denseherb. Arboreal. Nests may bebuilt 6-12 ft up in trees butare often 1-2 ft above waterin matted marsh vegetation
i.
10 Florida caerulea a. Little blue heron
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists butof special concern. Protectedby the Federal Migratory BirdTreaty
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Feeds on a higher proportion ofcrayfish, frogs, and insects--and fewer fish, than mostherons
&. Needs shallow water to feed.Is coimensal with the whiteibis because the ibis' feedingmovements stir up potentialprey and thus increase theherons' food intake.
h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Nests are built beneath thecanopy, preferably in forests,shrub forests, and shrubthicket although herb shrub is
B26
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
10 Florida caeruloa also utilized. Normal nest(Continued) height is 3-8 ft, but they may
be found up to 40 ft abovewater
i.
11 IAydranassa tricolor a. Louisiana heron
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists. Ofspecial concern, Florida
Audubon Society. Protected bythe Federal Migratory BirdTreaty
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Killifish, minnows, and other
shallow water fish; shrimp,crayfish, and insects
g. Needs shallow water to feed
h. Nests beneath the canopy, pref-erably in shrub thicket andshrub forest although forest,herb shrub, and dense herb areutilized. Arboreal, but occa-sionally nests on the ground
i. Occurs inland only in areasof extensive marshland
12 Zxobrychus *xilix a. Least bittern
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists but ofspecial concern, FloridaAudubon Society
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Small fish and crustaceans, in-sects, frogs, and small ammals
B27
-
Bird Scientific
Species No. Name Management Information
12 Izobrychus *xilis(Continued) h. A year-roud resident of cen-
tral Florida and breeds there.Nests are built in emergentvegetatio, several feet tall,or on a bog or drift. A nat-ural clump of the previousyear's vegetation is needed asa base for the nest, which isusually placed 6-24 in. abovewater 3-38 in. deep
i. Favors freshwater marshes withstands of cattails and otherreedy plants. Young least bit-tern are preyed upon by tur-tles, other birds, and snakes
13 Botau.Us a. American bitternl.ntiginosus b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Frogs are preferred, but allsmall marsh animals and fishare eaten
'. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breede there.Nests are bu*lt on the groundin edge emergents, usually in amarsh in a dense growtO of t.Allcattails, grasses, or sedges
i. Inhabits marshes, bogs, andsalt or fresh wet meadows andseldom leaves the cover ofdense beds of cattails or otherrank growths. Shoreline wader
14 Bubulcus Ibis a. Cattle egret
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
B28
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
14 Bubulcus ibis Protected by the Federal(Continued) Migratory Bird Treaty
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Arthropoda, with Orthopterapredominating. Also eats frogsand lizards
. Feeds near cattle; commensal.Requires shallow water to feed
h. Is a year-round resident ofcentral Florida and breedsthere. Favorite nesting sitesare shrub forest and forest butnests are also found in herbshrub and shrub thicket. Pri-marily arboreal. Nests areconstructed of materials takenfrom the nests of heronry asso-ciates. Entire nests of greatblue herons, Louisiana herons,great egrets, snowy egrets, androseate spoonbills have beenstolen, leaving the eggs andyoung to drop to the ground andperish
1.
15 Nycticorax a. Black-crowned night heron
rjcticora b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered lists butof special concern. Protectedby the Federal Migratory BirdTreaty
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
B29
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
15 Hfcticorax f. Fish, crayfish, aquatic in-
(Continued) nycticorax sects, and frogs. Also anaerial predator of other colo-nial waterbirds and their eggs
i" Requires shallow water in whichto feed
h. A year-round resident in cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Nests are built in shrubforest, shrub thicket, orforest although herb shrub anddense herb are used. Occasion-ally nests are found on the
ground. Nests are built be-neath the canopy. Will nestfar from water in tall trees orpractically on the ground inmatted reeds; very adaptable
i. Sleeps all day in treetoproosts. Most commonly found inareas with extensive marshes(fresh or salt) but afterbreeding season can be found on
almost any small lake or pond16 Euocimus albus a. White ibis
b. Not on Federal or State threat-ened or endangered lists, butis of special concern. Pro-tected by the Federal MigratoryBird Treaty
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Very sensitive to human dis-
turbance; rookeries have beenabandoned after one or twovisits by bird students
f. Fiddler crabs, snakes, cray-fish, and many kinds of insects
a" Favorite feeding grounds areshallow water of marshy areas,wet fields, and tidal flats
B30
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
16 Eudocimus albus h. A year-round resident of cen-(Continued) tral Florida and breeds there.
Primarily arboreal, but occa-sionally nests on the ground.Nest site is usually low treesor shrubs standing in water;nests are built 3-15 ft abovewater. Forests have been usedfor nesting
i.
17 Nycteria americana a. Wood ibis (Stork)
b. On State, but not Federal,
threatened and endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Feeds on every kind of animallife found in shallow water
h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Preferred nest site is theupper branches of a stand ofgiant swamp trees. Also makesuse of shallow water trees suchas mangrove and willow
i. Inhabits low, wet country wherevast swamps alternate withopen, marshy meadows and shal-low muddy ponds. After feedinglikes to sit in the top of adead tree to sun and digest
18 Aix sponsa a. Wood duck
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
B31
'4L
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
18 Aix sponsa f. Aquatic plants and seeds, in-(Continued) sects, and aquatic inverte-
brates. Ducklings feed almostentirely on animal life butchange to a diet of plant lifeas they grow older includingseeds of cowlily, waterlily,and watershield, and fruits andnuts of woody plants
. Forages on seeds and plantparts on sparsely vegetatedground or water less than 46 cmdeep
h. A year-round resident of Flor-ida and breeds there. Optimalnesting sites are cavities inopen or parklike mature timbernear or over water. Preferredbreeding habitats are floodedareas of shrubs and/or trees in
about a 50:50 ratio of plgntcover to open water, and water
at a depth of 8-90 cm
i. Found in mature mast-producingbottomland forests borderingstreams or permanent lakes.Mature shrubs may provide ade-
quate cover if they rise abovethe water with dense overhang-ing branches that allow the
ducks to swim under freely.Loafing sites are necessary ofsufficient size for broods to
preen and sun. Must be closeto water and nearby cover isrequired
19 Anas platyrhrchom a. Mallard duck
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not comercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
B32
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
19 Anas platyrhnchos f. Seeds of numerous native food(Continued) plants as well as cultivated
plants, including rice. Pri-
marily eats the seeds ofsedges, grasses, and smart-weeds. Also eats the leaves,
stems, and seeds of pondweed,coontail, and duckweed. For-ages on waste grains and mastas well as understory fruits
S- Prefers to feed in water lessthan 12-16 in. deep. Willoften fly 25-30 miles fromwater to feed
h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Nests are located within 100 ydof water, on the ground andformed as bowls or scrapes in
old plant litter or in moist
earth
i. Any body of shallow water issuitable habitat. Roost andnest cover is open water, slow-moving wooded streams, woodedponds, and flooded timberlands.Also uses logs, sandbars,stumps, and high points sur-rounded by water 1 m deep
20 Aythya affinis a. Lesser scaup
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not coumercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Mollusks, especially snails;
dragonfly and damselfly nymphs,larval caddisflies, beetles,insects, and crustaceans
B33
I,
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
20 Aythya affinis g. Commonly feeds in waters(Continued) 10-25 ft deep, although will
feed in depths from a few feetto 40 ft deep
h. Overwinters in central Florida
but does not breed there
i. Common to small lakes, ponds,and marshes. Coastal bays ortidewater mouths of largerivers
21 Aythya americana a. Redhead duck
b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Grasshoppers, larvae of midgesand caddisflies, mollusks,
snails, widgeongrass, pondweed,waterlily, naiad, and duckweed
&. Prevalent feeder in sloughs,ponds, and marshes. Dives forfood in waters up to 12 ft deep
h. Nests in emergent vegetation oflarge marshes, the larger,deeper potholes of prairies and
parklands, over water, and indense stands of plants. Some-times on islands or dry land.A strong preference has beennoted for hardstem bulrushbeds, cattails, and sedges
i.
22 Aythya valisineria a. Canvasback
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
B34
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
22 Aythya valisineria f. Roots, tubers, and basal por-(Continued) tions of underwater plants,
particularly pondweed, arechief foods. Many seeds ofsedges and wild rice arestrained out of bottom mud.Animal food includes bivalves,gastropods, dragonflies, dam-selflies, small fish, annelidworms, crabs, and othercrustaceans
1. Occupies the larger, deeper,permanent ponds for feeding
h. Uses the smaller, shallower,and less-enduring ponds fornesting. These ponds are usu-ally less than 1 acre in sizeand encircled by cattails andbulrushes, including suchdiverse habitats as largemarshes, ponds, sloughs, andpotholes. Nests are built inbeds of cattails or rushesgrowing in shallow water, gen-erally not far from a deepwater opening
i. Occupies the larger, deeper,more permanent ponds for rest-ing. The canvasback is sus-ceptible to lead poisoning dueto its straining of bottommuds for food
23 Nareca americana a. Baldpate (American wigeon)
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Almost wholly vegetarian exceptfor snails. Mollusks, aquaticinsects, other small crusta-ceans. Prefers to eat the
B35
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
23 Mareca americana stems and leafy parts of(Continued) aquatic plants and may steal
these from coots and redheads.Easily adapts to new food types
h. Overwinters in central Floridabut does not breed there
i. Favorite habitats are shallow
fresh or brackish ponds
24 Oxyura jamazcensis a. Ruddy duck
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Primarily vegetarian and sec-ondarily a consumer of animallife. Feeds on many seeds,
- especially of sedges and pond-weeds, as well as eating the
leaves, stems, and tubers ofsago and clasping-leaf pond-weeds. Also feeds on aquatic
insects and crustaceans such asmidge and horsefly larvae, cad-disfly larvae, and water
boatmen
g. Regularly dives for food inwater 2-10 ft deep
h. Overwinters in central Florida
but does not breed there
i.
25 Aythya collaris a. Ring-necked duck
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
B36
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Hanagement Information
25 Aythya collaris f. Ducklings feed on animal life(Continued) during the first few days.
After 2 weeks of age, vegetablematter consisting of bulrushand sedge seed is added.Adults feed on seeds ofwater-shield and pondweed; theleaves, stems, and rootstalksof pondweeds, and snails
g. Feeds in shallow water, usuallyless than 6 ft deep
h. Overwinters in central Floridabut does not breed there
i.
26 Anas discors a. Blue-winged teal
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. One quarter of the food con-sumed is animal with the re-mainder of the diet aquaticplant vegetative parts andseeds
g- Feeds on mud flats and in marshhabitats. Also feeds in shal-low, muddy ponds overgrown withaquatic vegetation and aroundreedy shores of lakes andsloughs
h. Migrates through central Flor-ida but does not breed there
i. Favors shallow ponds and chan-nels of freshwater marshes
27 Haliaeetus a. Bald eagleloucocephalus b. On Federal, but not State,
threatened and endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
B37
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
27 Haliaeetus d. Population could be increased(Continued) Isucocephalus e. Not sensitive
f. Fish are staple food. Sick ordead ducks are occasionallyeaten
g. Hunting perches required
h. Overwinters in central Florida
but does not breed there
i. Lakes, large rivers, coastalbays, and seacoast are accept-able habitat. Perches areneeded for resting and preen-
ing. Perches may be trees,fence posts, or utility poles,although trees are preferred.Eagles may travel several miles
from feeding areas to findsuitable roosting cover. Win-ter roosting areas are groupsof large trees to which the
eagles return nightly
28 Pandion haliaetus a. Osprey
b. On State threatened list, but
not on Federal threatened orendangered lists. Consideredthreatened according to Florida
Audubon Society
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Fish
. ust have clear water for fish-ing and ample supply of fish
that swim or feed near the sur-face (gizzard shad and perch)
h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Will nest near extensive bodiesof clear water with elevatednest sites, such as seacoasts,
B38
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
28 Pandion haliaetus bays, large lakes, or rivers,(Continued) or groups of small ponds.
Nests may be any height abovethe ground in trees (living ordead) and on man-made struc-tures, rocky canyonside pinna-cles, and sometimes on theground along upper beaches
i.
29 Arams guarauna a. Limpkin
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Favorite food is freshwatersnails but many small animalsare also eaten
S. Feeds along the edges of denseclumps of marsh vegetation
h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Nests are made up of wovenleaves and stems of emergentmarsh plants, anchored justabove the water on growingstalks, and are located on theopen water edge of a denseclump of vegetation
i. Occurs frequently in freshwatermarshes and marshy riverbanks.Nearby trees are used as rest-ing and lookout perches
30 Fulica americana a. Common (American) coot
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
B39
t _ .. ., -. .< ' v = -. .-'', . . .. .I. . . ..
-
Bird Scientific
Species No. Name Hanagement Information
30 Fulica americana f. Underwater plants are the(Continued) staple food, with a marked
preference for chara, muskgrass, or other algae. Alsofeeds on grass and sproutingand waste grains
i a.h. Overwinters in central Florida
but does not breed there
i. All types of water arepreferred
31 Gallinula chloropus a. Common (Florida) gallinule
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c.
d.e.
f. Snails, insects, small animals,underwater plants, duckweed,and the leaves of grass andherbs
A.
h. Nest is anchored to a clump ofvegetation, usually over wateror semifloating, close to openwater
i. Frequents freshwater marsheswhere cattails or other emer-gent vegetation grow in a footor more of water
32 Porphyrula a. Purple gallinulemartinica b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
B40
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
32 Porphrula f. Frogs, snails, aquatic insects,(Continued) martinica and seeds from lily pads, spat-
terdock, water lettuce, rice,windmillgrass, paspulum, knot-grass, duckweed, and othergrasses
g. Feeds in the deeper areas ofmarsh or along roadside ditchesbetween floating plants
h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Nests are made in islandlikeclumps of tall, dense marshvegetation surrounded by openwaterlily marsh
1.
33 Porzana carolina a. Sora rail
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Insects, spiders, snails, andcrustaceans. In fall it be-comes seed-eating
j" Feeds along marsh edges and outon lily pads and other floatingvegetation picking up insects,mollusks, and other smallanimals. In fall the rail con-centrates heavily whereverthere are beds of wild rice.Forages on land and in water,
particularly where plant stemdebris allows movement withouthaving to swim
h. Overwinters in central Floridabut does not breed there
B41
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
33 Porzana carolina i. Usually found in wetlands with(Continued) dense stands of emergent her-
baceous vegetation
34 Charadrius a. Killdeervociferus b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population would increaselittle if any
e. Not sensitive
f. Insects, earthworms, snails,spiders, and weed seeds
h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Common sites for nests are bar-ren, open spots; plowed crop-land; closely grazed pastures;and gravel bars. Nests arelocated on substrate with manylight/dark contrasts in colorfor concealment. Proper nest-ing habitat in Florida isgrassy, open, sandy areas
i. Common to open habitatsadjacent to wetlands; generallyon bare, exposed ground orground with little vegetativecover, such as bare or culti-vated fields, stubble fields,heavily grazed prairie, do-mestic pastures, exposed gravelor sand, road shoulders, andbare shorelines. Occupiesbeaches in Florida
35 Capella gallJnago a. Wilson's (Common) snipe
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational but not commercial
B42
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
35 Capella gallinago d. Population would increase(Continued) little if any
e. Not sensitive
f. Insects, small crustaceans,earthworms, snails, and smallfish
g. Feeds in closely grazed wetpastures with shallow, tempo-rary rain pools, or burnt-over,mowed, or plowed wetlands.Also feeds in grass edges oflakes, ponds, and ditches
h. Overwinters in central Floridabut does not breed there
i. Prefers tussock-filled wetmeadows, grassy marshes, andbogs. Winter habitat ismarshes where vegetation isbattered or dead exposing alka-line, organic soils to forag-ing. Heavy cover may precludesnipe utilization of otherwiseexcellent cover
36 Totanus flavipes a. Less4 yellowlegs
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or comuercial
d. Population would increaselittle if any
e. Not sensitive
f. Crustaceans and insects
g" Shallow water, rain pools, wetgrassy areas, and brackishsalt marsh ponds
h. Overwinters in central Floridabut does not breed there
i.37 Erolla mlnztilla a. Least sandpiper
B43
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
37 Erolia minutilla b. Not on State or Federal threat-(Continued) ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population would increaselittle if any
e. Not sensitivef. Insects, crustaceans, worms,
and small mollusks
g. Feeds from the surface orprobes mud or shallow water
h. Breeds in subarctic forest
i. Prefers wet or muddy areas,sparsely grown up in grass, orrecently cut over
38 Chlidonias niger a. Black tern
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists. Pro-tected by the Federal Migratory
Bird Treaty
c. Not recreational or commercial
d.e.
f. Insects, grasshoppers, locusts,dragonflies, frogs, tadpoles,fish, and crayfish
g. Often feeds on grasslands
h. Migrates through central Flor-ida but does not breed there
i. Typical of inland lakes
39 Larus argentatus a. Herring gull
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists. Pro-tected by the Federal MigratoryBird Treaty
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population would increaselittle if any
B44
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
39 Larus argontatus e. Not sensitive(Continued) f. Fish, crustaceans, marine
worms, shellfish, sea urchins,insects, eggs, and garbage
h. Overwinters in central Floridabut does not breed there
i. Utilizes small bodies of fresh
water for drinking, bathing,and resting
40 Sterna albifrons a. Least tern
b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered lists. Pro-tected by the Federal MigratoryBird Treaty
c. Not recreational or comercial
d. Population would increaselittle if any
e. Not sensitive
f. Dives for fish and crustaceans
A.
h. Favorite nesting site is on theground on bare substrate. Hasbeen found nesting on flat,gravel-covered rooftops. Nestsin Florida are primarily inopen sandy to rocky areas, usu-ally elevated less than 1 .above water. When grasses be-
come prominent, terns stopnesting. Will nest on mainlandbeaches or inland river
sandbars
i. Adapts well to civilization
41 Sterna forsteri a. Forster's tern
b. Not oa State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists. Pro-
tected by the Federal Migratory
Bird Treaty
B45
| .
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
41 Sterna forsteri c. Not recreational or commercial(Continued) d. Population would increase
little if any
e. Not sensitive
f. Insects and fish
a.h. Overwinters in central Florida
but does not breed there
i. Common along the coast marshes
and inland waters42 Larus delawarensis a. Ring-billed gull
b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered lists. Pro-tected by the Federal MigratoryBird Treaty
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population would increaselittle if any
e. Not sensitive but intolerant ofdisturbance
f. Aerial predator of other colo-
nial waterbirds and their eggsand young. Feeds on fish (likecarp), crayfish, and other
aquatic animals of shallowwater, insects, and sometimesmice and ground squirrels, aswell as garbage
g. Feeds near or in marshes andlakes when inland
h. Overwinters in central Floridabut does not breed there
i.
43 Sterna hirundo a. Common tern
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists. Pro-tected by the Federal MigratoryBird Treaty
B46
A ,- - -
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
43 Sterna hirundo c. Not recreational or commercial(Continued) d. Population would increase
little if any
e. Not sensitive
f. Small fish, insects, and otheraquatic life
j. May feed in open bays, marshes,or tidal pools, traveling con-siderabie distances from thecolony
h. Overwinters in central Florida
but does not breed there
i.
44 Larus philadelphia a. Bonaparte's gull
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population would increaselittle if any
e. Not sensitive
f. Staple foods in winter aresmall fish, crustaceans,snails, and marine worms.Otherwise insectivorous
g. Prefers lakes for feeding
h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Nests are built in spruce-firforests about lakes andmarshes. They are usually sad-dled on a horizontal branchfrom 3-20 ft up
i. Inland it migrates along rivervalleys
45 Thalasseus maximus a. Royal tern
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists butof special concern. Protected
B47
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
45 Thalasseus maxiuus by the Federal Migratory Bird(Continued) Treaty
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population would increase
little if any
e. Not sensitive
f. Feeds almost wholly on fish upto 4 in. in length
g. Travels far to feed in openbays or offshore
h. Favorite nesting site is baresubstrate or sparse herbaceousvegetation, on the ground.
Nests on low sandy islandsalong the coast
i.
46 Negaceryle alcyon a. Belted kingfisher
b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Fish, insects, crayfish, am-phibians, small snakes, andlizards
g. Prefers fishing in shallowwaters of lakes and streams; is
most successful in a moderateto slow current. Choppy watersurface and turbidity reduceforaging success. Requiresopen conditions to be able to
hunt from perch sites adjacentto or overhanging a water body.Portions of streams coveredwith brush one to a few feetabove the water are unsuitable
h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.
B48
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
46 Negaceryle alcyon Nest burrows are dug into steep(Continued) banks of bare ground, prefer-
ably along a watercourse. Lowshorelines and streambankscovered with dense vegetationare unsuitable. Man-made banksalong road cuts or gravel pitsare suitable. Sandy clay isbest for nest tunnels; rockysoil is unsuitable
i. Diurnal; roosts at night 6-8 mabove the ground in trees30-610 m from water
47 Hirundo rustica a. Barn swallow
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Insectivorous
j. Most prey captured on the wing
h. Migrates through, but does notbreed in, central Florida
i.
48 Iridoprocne bicolor a. Tree swallow
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Flies, beetles, ants, bees,wasps, moths, grasshoppers,spiders, and other insects.Occasionally waxmyrtle or
bayberry
h. Overwinters in central Floridabut does not breed there
B49
-
rBird Scientific
Species No. Name Management Information
48 Iridoprocne bicolor i.(Continued)
49 Progne subis a. Purple martin
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Insectivorous
1. Practically all prey capturedon the wing
h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there
i. Frequently found near the sea-shore, in meadows, and alongwide river valleys
50 Corvus ossifragus a. Fish crow
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Aerial predator of colonialwaterbirds and their eggs, andyoung weevils, carrion, andfish
h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there
1.
51 Agelaius phoeniceus a. Red-winged blackbird
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population could be increased
B50
.1
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
51 Agelaius phoeniceus e. Not sensitive(Continued)
f. Weed seeds, corn, oats, wheat,
fruits, beetles, spiders, cat-erpillars, and other insects.Young are fed on insects
&. Trees provide feeding cover
h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Nests are built in marshes,swamps, wet meadows, and, occa-sionally, at roadsides. Cat-tails are a favored nestingsite
i. Inhabits swamps, marshes, andwet meadows. Marsh vegetationis used for escape cover. Cat-tails and trees are perchingsites
52 Cassidix mexicanus a. Boat-tailed grackle
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Aerial predator of colonialwaterbirds, their young andeggs, lizards, toads, frogs,small mammals, corn, and rice
h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there
i. Partial to tidal mud flats,brackish marshes, and low. inponds
53 Quiscalus quiscula a. Common (Purple) grackle
I b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Not recreational or comercial
B5
-
Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
53 Quiscalus quiscula d. Population could be increased
(Continued) e. Not sensitive
f. Insects, spiders, crustaceans,earthworms, snails, toads,salamanders, corn, sorghum,blackberry, oak
I-
h. Commonly nests in conifers incities and towns
i.
54 Plegadis a. Glossy ibisfalcinellus
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists. Pro-tected by the Federal MigratoryBird Treaty
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Crayfish, grasshoppers, smallsnakes, insect grubs, andleeches
&" Requires shallow water to feedh. A year-round resident of cen-
tral Florida and breeds there.
Nests beneath canopy on denseherb, shrub herb, shrubthicket, shrub forest, andforest. Arboreal, but occa-sionally nests on the ground.Nests may be placed from a fewto 10 ft above water
i. Found on mud flats, wet or
inundated fields, and marshes,usually in the vicinity of alake or river
B52
-
Mammal Scientific
Species No. Name Management Information
I Didelphis virglniana a. Virginia opossum
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational and commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Insects, cottontails, cats,dead opossums, skunks,squirrels, moles, racoons,mice, reptiles, amphibians,birds and eggs, land snails,earthworms, fruit, and corn
g. Nocturnal, foraging alongcreeks and gullies
h. Den sites are other animals'dens, cavities in rock, brushpiles, trash heaps, and hollowtrees
i. Prefers to live in woodedareas, mostly near streams.
Densely forested areas are notas good as farmland inter-spersed with small, woodedstreams
2 sylvilagus a. Marsh rabbitpalustris b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered list
c. Recreational but not commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Marsh vegetation, includingrhizomes and bulbs
M" Marsh, wet bottomland
h.
B53
iL.
-
if
Mammal ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
2 Sylvilagus i. Occurs in wet bottomlands,(Continued) palustris swamps, and hammocks. Rests in
thickets, tall grass, and cat-tails, or in floatingvegetation
3 Neofiber alleni a. Florida water rat
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists but ofspecial concern, FloridaAudubon Society (Guillory 1979)
c. Not recreational or commercial
d.C.
f. Water plants and crayfish
g. Uses floating platforms ofvegetation augmented by foodremains for feeding
h. Constructs houses, 1-2 ft indiameter, using vegetation.Commonly found in shallowwater but also on boggy orpeaty ground
i. Inhabits bogs, marshes, weedyborders of lakes, and savannahsbordering streams
4 OrVzows palustris a. Rice rat
b. Not on State or Federal threat-
ened or endangered list
c. Not recreational or commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Planted rice before fields areflooded, takes the grain in themilky stage, and eats scatteredseeds of rice after harvest.Also feeds on seeds of grasses,the tender portions of greenplants, fruits, nuts, insects,crustaceans, and snails
B54
-
Nammal Scientific
Species No. Name Management Information
4 Orysowjs palustris a"(Continued) h. In marshy areas the nest is
usually suspended from vegeta-tion, such as cattails, abovehigh water level. Even muskrathouses will serve for nests.In dry localities nests may bebuilt on the ground under atangled mas of weeds, brush,or a fallen log. Less fre-quently the nest is builtunderground and reached by ashort tunnel. Nest sites are
found along the edges of culti-vated fields, under boards orlogs, or woven in grass
i. Lives in a variety of habi-tats--all have dense groundcover. Marshes and wet meadowsare preferred but upland slopeswith tall grass, weeds, orbrush are also inhabited. Hab-itat is always wet or soil isat least damp
5 Slguodon hispidus a. Common (Hispid) cotton rat
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Not commercial or recreational
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Stems, leaves, roots, and seedsof grasses and sedges, alfalfa,
and cotton. Also eats cray-fish, insects, ground nestingbirds' eggs and chicks, anddead carcasses
A. Cultivated fields
h. Nests are usually built underlogs or rocks, or in the groundat the end of a long, twistingtunnel. Abandoned spotted
B55
-
Mammal ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information
5 Siguodon hispidus skunk or ground squirrel nests(Continued) serve occasionally
i. Inhabits dense, grassy fieldsand roadsides overgrown withbroomsedge and weeds, and thewaste borders of cultivatedfields
6 Procyon lotor a. Northern racoon
b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists
c. Recreational and commercial
d. Population could be increased
e. Not sensitive
f. Omnivorous, feeding on persim-mons, mulberries, grapes, in-sects, mice, earthworms, clams,corn, frogs, crayfish, andsalamanders
Most food is found along freewater
h. Trees are preferred denningsites, but caves, rock crev-ices, squirrel nests, hollowlogs, and woodchuck burrowswill do. Most dens in treesare 6-12 m aboveground andwithin 0.4 km of permanentwater (USDI 1979). Tree densare preferred for initial rear-ing of young, which are movedto ground nests, usually inwetlands, 50-60 days afterbirth. Wetlands are importantin rearing the young. Oldsnags are also important den-ning sites (USDI 1979)
B56
-
Mammal Sc