Japa-nese -ai t*.dqn{; ri{'';"''i :il'-rax i:

i ' iiot*i"l'; ovl -f ,;"-"1 'lapanerso: ) rr,' lr,iasa.ucl Hayi:no

-- -a

II

I

InLro.luetion

!:apilege sL..i'*i-l;:t t*0'v'eir',cn53 &?e -'ir'-tl';'i "r''i-ti'Ll''::"'i;:tt\r \tii')l't tr:::y :iut:lf: ui'i'h

change -fj.:*i:;,r c,rrs ;c +-l:: c"*lii:r" .+l irt* t':n': ',:*'icltit' Lto se;n j-i";ol--.leci i:i cl'cadfu-ll

vioien':er. i:'r:i.; iit- ".

-n"*lt i:'": ilc titi:n-t=* :it1t.id-t're;is i'*il];"c,s.^:rr:*3i't'eu:"t' si"i:d-i;n';s

on i!r+ 't*.io'if1- are aj; t'hr; sa:lsl ii"''''c p'-;-s':ni*''l.'r^Y$i1iiE:cic:tr eli:i(i 11)gn:: in ih*':l-ass3'octll

VlhO al+ sir:,:e:".:i1/ C,JIi.liel'.fl.Gl ,iiNh ''::li f':+"*:'e '-J'f i'1":-l-'at'i,i}l' T''C :n ':a'r:y i:A t:':-.-'it'if:i-?:e

thei r behavj-c:,: aitirc ut af, 1'cnpi :-li8 -b'* "rittlc r;{; aed i}:cii:'

-Fo:. m:e f;it,q.n terr vears T, a:'r d.+eli r::i' stui+uts ' i'r'Jel- beer pui irL a posj-Lion

of faci*g di:"eetiy tbe probierii:r of s-;uritr.L ,'co***lt*i," n'ii l,iie scn:ba ch?:ipli$ {ttre

LiberaL Arus Col.-l-ege of Tok-;rc U;;*;;tfy'i - i';ttu t'i'1o''*3" af Jap*:'rsc st'tr'iet:i movenent's '

I aJ[ fulfy a:.ira:,*e ttat .ruhal i lr.ave i*;serrrec j-:: nct' ;lj'i f,:r';e abou'l efucient' niovements

in japae- I' lt-i;re, ho,ve,.,,;1=.,.r;he .::g,.:e:1, rr::ii. iiii;r.e:,t:cne j. h3,ve ih::ongh.rry exper'ience

mart be of s+:in: selrrj.ce ic, inole "t,.n

*;uL il' i-ri,oe:'.:i1anr:r ar:d t'o:'n::rlaie f,hcir" ov'lir

opinion.s alrcr,r.l: i:hr': Ja.pii,:ese $rJtJ{ii:ifs a:d. i:hei:' s'Juial b$kravicr"

tasi fa-l-l- (f-95f ) i;::c l:r-oti-';ui:e c'i Japa:rcsi: -Lii:l'€{':a'i:'t'

of..':ttt Lt$ 5bat": lepa":"i:'':nent

in.ri*rerl m-e tc speak !1 ;apanero-it* J:-'.,t;a:i*i't-: ;:t'riJ:nt' flDrJftIfrlLli$' l'-'-r'i'this Occasir:n

I organlz.eri n*.i:Lrie,l-s i:n t,he ',-:,:pic l"'."tt,i:ry -*1ir:t. rqy eub;*:t'i":e :i'n:p-:'*ssiot.'s;' and

al"sc fnm e publ.ic;.i'rion o:i t*o itl*:-it,"i'- l"i:''ru'icnl Afrui'::r' i:r lrkyo eri'j'i;'t-ecl

Sig!.gS-E #'.F':i'':k;1'e; F!14qF^Ilo-f'qire{r''':- 'ro '*r:i'te i''kr-'r-e; ch'r"i' s;rt.rt':r l'c:r:L' hoping t'hal

yo,Jrrg Anicr.carr *iplc,lats rr'3ri: i*;*"ti iripf'" ;11 1;i'r 'ri i ' "::1crsta:iJt-t"g o'f "Tapen'

1. BirLh of trZengalr'lrenrr ':.:

. Far. thc purpose oi |ni"s.tiis::nslj.o;: -]' cl're-.L ie:.ine :tsiucicnf, arcveraerr ts.; lo #

social and poj-itlca:L nove*enfs o'in r'li;n c.;iiege st,r:d+n'':s c'f pi'r!t"="t';i- 'qaF:iti hatr'

been eng,ag<:d on aryi. off sanprs i-tiit f***c''s selJried l:ft '. ' *-liolig!'bh':nmcl'ies' i s?rali

then begi* n.n J-i",tnssio:t ,ly-.''t"urt**g i''o'n Ja'nanese s'Lrrt{leni l:'rove::it::}ts erc+''':gi:d' ar:il

have deveioP;c.

Dur inqandbof,o. . 'ethev.{a: : t ,hemi l . i ia: :yg. :ve. l . .ntnenNlrnt ler , i ;hebanrte ' : . r : f i :hesntperor hac crnsi:' ie:r'r'-iy sl1'pp1'c$r-;r:d: ':t:nrnuJ::r'; ' l: i

r: : ' i 'tc!al- ol po)-i' i ':-ca1' ;rcti 'vi-ties'

In |h-cse rlays *turlen:, in0i/ei;rlnt,s wer,e pcl;si,b-:e an-1.1; as L-n.]..:'g:.oi:nd. l;ct':-...ities" The

unp::eecder.tu" "r*ni-

lnr tne "laiaru*u.-r'tire fuus oi' t 'he ' ' ' ' ia::., io*"o*tt-' brnughi c*rgn "Lo

tire grcu*C al-i t,lp au'1:h+r':-tjes t'he'', ia': ' i ',.i"il ' i l 't-ri ' ' i-* ihe'.!i i 't: of rhc p+op"lr:" In

October, fpirf *iu GH'a of the C':';;irpa'cj'or:-F';r:'c" -'-'":ti;r'ci

t'x: "Tilpa:1r'Jsrr g''r!'€'j:r'lent' i'o

aboij":rh. the 3pccial'a]-:ee Fo;.".e, fl ' ':el'r"esi) p(-1]iticai;;r' isone's' t 'r giiai'ar:' j 'ee

baeic ri-ghr'i *f ti":i""ns j-r:clq'"-i"lg t'7'''; ""1'J'al-

t'=[iht"' of bcr:i: Fe':is;i' f::eeri'c;n +f

speeclr, pubti-ea.Licn, and *"uo"ittrnn:, &;:-i3 i,,.,. cirlou;"irge- '!rl.{-:nir'ation anu}ng lt-abare:rs'

policics vsere for.mrrlatr:i. anc', oxicr:*;ui- t,', *n.,: Aor", "I'b,n"*'-

(nr''laplrlies) ' a''r:d tcr

enJorce l-a.nci ;cftrnr's" 'i i; 'r: i lolllr ' l lrisl' rlri)tri ':s 'i;ici' naC ccni-:i-r;*ecl' 'r ' l:ci' i ' uno-l:'g'ound

act iv ir , i -es cluld nc. ' , t c '?cnly 'a ' i ' r 'c i :a ' i 'e c l t . i ; l fag-! j - ta: ' ; t f t 'hc 'r ' : t i l ' rc i i l fu: 'cr ; ' ;e: ' they

VJere .,nCCU'aged 'y

ihe po'i;--,-;a'.,: leril;ire: ti ' oi';l:e l-'cctl' l c "1:r'i '

' i- 'r 'ue l' i; ' '- 'ces :ind

pa-i;riot,s ,no"" ir,oi,,: C,r;t-,,-a,.Y,'sb:' :.-r:i- '-'l'ireis 'nii'r lii"riJ -i j''eii tl'i:i4:' lhu pcisecu''ior'" al:cl'

opp:'ession ol ;he t:;i ' i-a:Y l:(:gific' i::=-".i::.:itl

)ot'r3'ri" '- '+' +'| '.(i -' ' jn; of i ' i:e lr'ar'

*"-r* oo,, heroes and leaclers :f tkte plrs-F--lrJlr uap'r"i:-

. -A

aevl schoc'} sys"ten .'.':as j.ns*,!|ui:ed. - a:llj. .|l:'e tc$r-lut:;r:-ji t,.:-t'lc:'i,i-u.r, .rJ:]'l-I e'Kter'lrleLl

frrom si*-,i tc nine ycars. The*o.t*;-;;- ' ; ' i i :?;"oi"l i"t* e.!a|:v :-;::vear;eci' 'r l :r:

inace{ua,be unde:sfandlng c,f c-cmrr:r.r"i l ic crl- ' i ,:a-r,:3:i, ,, i i l ich *a"s i '-- '" l- 'cj i ' ' i irr. ' : i ' ' i :c core c

.?-- ,:- '' l

educafion, on the part of sohool teachers, hcuever, resulted in the loss of iheiroun confidence and authority as teachers. Many col-l-eges and universities wereraising thelr voises for the democratizatl-on of their canpllses' Thcre uas a growingsentirent among studentq to solve their problems thmugh iheir o'utn neans and effort.Such a sentinent naterla.llzed ln tte fornation of student 'tantonomytr assoeiat'ions.It was durlng this perlod of time uhen leaders released frsm the uar tiue prisonsstar-ted to eiert thelr jnfluence upon students, Soroe of these leadsrs r{ere n€mbefsof the Japan Conmrnist Pardy, noil a legibimte polltical party.

By I9l+? local associatlons of students began to analgamate lnto regional. group$t

thtrs tL lncrease their lnfluence. One impor{ant factor which spumed the post-war

trend for studentsr ttautonorcustr activit'ies and for organization of larger assoeia-tions, was the genorat economie and social insecurity in which lany studentstpartiiularly those in relatively inexpensive governr!!?nt supported instiiutions,l*a to e&y11 thelr orqn living rlltrlIe studying" A flood of petentia$y able bubfLnanclall.y poor students rrished lnto national universitics, such as TokyotJnlversity- aia fyoto University. $one 30* of the students at Tokyo tlniversity. ttere

raeportedio have-ao finanelal source of support for i;henselves and their educationexiept through thelr own pat$ tlne or often full-tinp work. Some, tfrough gnal*l in

nrrser, uvurihad to support their own parents. Those st:udcnts QuieklSr learned that

the oniy for thm to b; able to protect their qnn life rrtar to band together. in,

larger, and consequent}y strongei associatlons. The birth of Zengakulen -(thg Japan

FeAEra[lon of $tudent Airtcrrony Associations), organized ln $epter&er l8o ]9&-8' r,ras

a response to ttrls sltuation. Soon the basic policies of Z'engakuren bogan t'o corne

under the lnfluengs of trfar:ctan logic rehlch pointed out that fllth the existingeocial structure of Japan and the lrerican occupational forces there would be no

hope for Japants tnre indopendence. For true independence rerolution must becoslo

the theme of student' movelrcnts.

Ll. The 'rffed Purgert and the $ubseqdent Developrent

Zangakuren preposed for thelr platforn for uniting the student rtfronts" a) to

strtve rir equality of oducat,ional tpportunity and stabilization of students'

econon1c status, u) to protect, the naiional heritage and -freodom

in the universityt

,i i"i.trteve tire loar br derccratlzation in education, d) to protect the welfare

oi i".rf,."uf "na

u) * protect natlonal independencer pease, and derccracy'

On l;gy 3, L947 a nou ConstitutLon carnE lnto effect and at about the same tinc

a nunaamrtti"i'tro'of &lucation was pronulgated, In Article 8 on po]itical

ducation, the Fund,arental Lau qttpulates two clail'ses, whi-ch,on tha surface seem

to be in ionflict uith eash other"- On the one hand, thg Aficle_.says that

citfzenstrip edueat,ion (or litera0y educatlon in t'polilical-1*"") ln the process

of sducatfoq ts-irry;"t,i"t for the irainine,of respongiufe cltisens. On the other

hard, the sa.m di;f; frohibits any scho6\ uldei the law fo engage in support of

any fia*icular pofiticai part{, or t1 polltica} education or activities aimed

"g;ii"t a par{iiurar pett;r. iittoitiei of Zengakuren or those of teacher unions

nrst be under.stood ln th€ ll8bt of bhese stipulations, whatever differences there

nay exfsfi in inferpretation, of the basic law of educa'tion'

ttre Zengakuron offlees uero &mlnated by student members of the Connrunist'party;'---tr," E"*t*l direction of pollcles and activities of Zengakuren seercd to

be taken in line with the Fardy otJectlves for stnrggles ' The Ministry of

&lrrcatlon lssued urder thts clicunsiance a rsnorandurn from the Vic**Minister:s

offlce concernlng politlcal actlvities of students. In the rnain the.tremorandun a)

etressed tfre iryirianL of freedom on the university campuses of study and criti*

"f*" of polttii", .nA stated U) ttrat schooLs are the p1-acc for education and not

-2-

l--. pr,l.i f-i crl. aeri rri t,i.e s, atu. 'fhe;:e f o?.r .ti:l:.3'1, trr;{-l:r,i i-1-:'. Lir',ic::' .i. ' . '-l polii ici}l- neu"ilr:t1'"-'J;' ',

eJ that sftr-.1-en.i.s i 's i-rr ivj dtta.i.s ;l-fe lr"i-;e t,3 crlga;lj-2i; agsoeia-t'ior-rs h "- ':;;rl ' r'efr'l in

ffOm Orgar:i Zj-ng i.-r-,. I'in-ehes Oi ;:arti.eir-'l-fr nolitt 'ca; ;-'--rlli:'*: "'- --r'q)l)l-r' a') i'ii*t {'ht-]

clecision on fhe 'lrxten! to i,lhich ;t'r';l-r'r' i ' l rny engag)e rn po:Li' ' lcal a'':"-i;i-i ' jer-: r' l jtL:'n

i,he boundary of their ability ' 'o t'at': ' '-e':rcl:sj-bi:-i";t io:' : '"rch ac'i;i{'r ';i:-s is prc;;e:"ly

a matter of e.dr.tcr,,t' ionaJ. ad,:ri-irist'r'ai-or, .t) Nhai' stBCentsi luto:iolriis a'3fj'r;i i: '] 'es

must bi:',unde:i: thc respon5i5;ii; 3ui'-1a-r' 'rcr: ':i erlulationel siaff of i ' ir ':t '; l i ' i ' lt ' j ' ': l:s' and

off-campu, o*g"ni."*iilnt sh.ru.l-i. ir't bo all^::r';e'.1 tc ex'er*' pr''rirs'drer a'qa1n'sf t'he

policj_es or in-ii,i i, i i.rru, :,r-rx r)--ii,;i i i,ciai ,:c-r.,ra'l '.--::a-:,it:.: cf st'-r' in6;s a.nc. laborers

for. i :orr t ica. l - i r i l . : - , i=** ' l ' r t , Ccsirabl: i r r Victr of l i 's- t ;as; ic tr f f r : 'enec j- i r ' l tatus

and respor:sibi.l.i i ',-v +;tet cilc:1. *.- :.i: ,., 'f si-;j 'vjir irr ci:l!t 'hy"'. tea'c'lions of *a:r;g r3liir*:'si*

il-es, pr.:t,iell-la;i;;L;..,, i:if:r.]cnp, ,,,.i ',,b1i.she; irailjf;io:r oil i ';h':j-r' cn:1n 'l-r.' tfle

rcmorand.r_un i,icl.e t;,lii:ifirre in i.,hnl lt.l 'hln

,,!io .ie.!itni1&n.i1lJ11 irun.* a fo:::'rr ;f i:ri't;:":'t'rnLj-on

on the pn,.'t of i,h..3"it{1 :,is;i'} io il:., ;r'-',1,i,i.:$ of ra';uit-'g rccN:i;rgs" Jlu; ai;'l*'J f,eI'"

some inst,if,uti.cns, t,hc ad.i':rir^isL:latore ol rr:h'j-rl: ' i ' l+r^c p-Lc:+l': ' l.vlif;h ' ' l::c i;i::*iy i"sr';uanee -

of the trilinistz.y ,rot,*. ilht-'i:' *a.ioi.,,',*llce t'o.';i:: Ifi'*i;;t:"y'' ho'alqiv.*-n 'eirL1"i"l';{;C

ii1

6""i"g oil ottlo the f-i're r:f st:uceni' rcv*nc::ls "

Beforcgndaf. . t ,er | , ] '1c; i l i i } .1 ' t . r :ai innof i .his l ' i i - i r ; i1 ' . : - ; rw., l :c l .1nduro.ut} : .1r. 'e ' , l turr . ;SeVefal p='Abl-eqls bre,t:i.ng i:-i lo;rneciic;:' '*-ii;n s'''":Ct'ni i:toVcner:ig' '$Anng i'hen t'h'; so"--

caucd licd pirrge-,F!gh1- i:.aii.1 5,r.,Jrr*.=b o.r.,. l::" 3ei-c. ;c.:j-sli: tr LTE of i 'hc

$CAp sied.e n *p,,**tr'i.f ;l:.:rii11;:t ii;.!;;;-;i'..v* i.r 'i*nt''-t:;.'i'?i:' -i-r'r I'is rifi:'*cir n'3 on:i)h;."

Sigedtrat ,a)Co'rer.n ' is i :p ' r ' ] l i '$ 'o3' l ; i l i r ln ' ; t '1; i t ts: i l : :s{ ; : "* ;at t - r i1el : i -cf :*ecdrora- ' : l r tc ltirer"efcrr:: au.s.;, b* p*r"gcc r.on, ,r-,iir"*:ir:.o ii rli.: :i-rlie:ri;st of ;"ights a.*ci r"espcnsi'-

bilit,y foy ar:aCcs,t'-i -iir'c*i1o,,,, untt- ;ha*- bi tti"''it:i,';;"*i'rk;* tcilst bc:lrchii:iieo'" iln

VarioUs ***po".r"--Dr" 3':'i-l-s '

t+;'c' crt J;::":a'lh!ng- cn i:'hC ;:':cJssiby :ir;l pr':r'ging oUt rcC

professors. Ii**;in **u ,, "l.*.i*ii ""*""1t

."'*ir -',.:i: ',,u1::,. :;i, fcholtrr uni-rcrsit;; in

Ifuy lg50r to ini,::Uoii a-gr*.* a*1. ,rf dj-si.rrr:irar'*-""t*g ll;'-+ s'bu*;n't ar:Cj-cnce' ar:d

as a con.seq'lonce fi',re ssucieli4l.1 T$)i"ri li;1i'gs-Li;Jl.:lti'i;|i iii.: ili::,;:gc cf cjisor"d.er}:r i:onduct,"

In March of the saJrn yoar th'' Toltyt] UniTc:'sii')o acr'ii'-nj-s'f::a io:: hi:'1 qr'iel'ed' *-i:c

Cc,nnruni-st cc1.l g:"oupg on i:l.,cr *ti".ll' 'i'c -iiisba'::;t ""

:iii- Sircunri' tirat" t'i:+:" 'rv*c in<iul-g'e':

in politica-L pcrne:. !'i:::u;:gr,l.:; .i**'ring c'lj.cold-crs c* ih'i: ca'tlFl:-:'r ' Afie::' a ss:'ies of

thcge incid,ents, tl:u $uss$,:: "g'i?}t-Y*oari.!' l 'hc

l-i-rrs {n::'r;;: '; iaku:'i:i: f,n r"' ':cpo"'' ,

thenselrres for v:.ol-srrr f'ali- p:'cg1".1513.,r1I1 :t*pt":"' f',l:r'lug'l:o'-:-;:"fhr ccunir;7

":::dcr t'i'tc

rxri.fied sicgan o1' Figln agai-*si' ric lt-': -";::la:'

l ln* r'i::-t'.;i nf +'?:ci:' Iea-ucre rivorc

fornrcc. L';si:g {;hg }iat&'.}:n Lraa:},}s a'-< :i ii"la$'t:uai:':i'rr-j"- l-hc Hr:r:'t'lba-eamFu:i wa:: one Cf

the*ostst j :a1; , : rg i . ,c i l l ] - i r i . , :c i : : rc. ] ln, . r r :s. l " t : . , r ' i : : ! - ' l ; l : " :o: : i - : fv; :e: i - : 'casbt:* ' In ihcf i r ' ; ; tl i*"un,:ne -foud;: i:j l '51:c ii;nti:a:ii.r..rf;ti:.:: i ';-;.1'c -1.:i 'u:!.:rg j:-:: Cnrri.i ' 'clius cn' t' l:o c:u:lpus'

Tl,c;, gsula easciy Licu*; .bhc g,:"e;t a.i C.iri-,u:t'a,ice ;ur'., 'rc!'ulr ihc fal-i' c*sr':r-nai:iatrst

quiet*y l.osiaq ni"biva--bir:,ri fcr:: ".,;:.':i-,:ir,$ ri,udy-" ,116, t*rri.i poslrib l-;; rricf'*an: bcyccl'-lin$

the oranj.nai;1*n,q' I::"1;hc s::cn* pi'"ttu, ilt 'rta'::";-r"aii"n*iy c&;r;; -:o pui' ' 1i:*;iLiutc frrc:'t

outside on'i!ra F,orneba.rtudcei;r wHi tad.'c.ni:,t a -t:ir^r goi*.u'tl* cil:i-*c:"i; "'vitir l-:;lr;:'e

control oTet' tf:e e.Ciir€;:-,:;':; -;f 1,.:]l s;'br;Cr:nl,l:' :l't!rr'r'Lh'j'r;J pi'i:r':';, Ij'n+r'n'l" 'lrln

slsder$s r{€{€ considerer: 'ho lre n*:r,v; i-li iheir i;hlnH.;'rg c+:1ni'i's'} v;ii;h s?'i:c*:ris in

prof,Js$ictirr. siioitil"J.t-dt*:r-r,rorJc, itru:rl u,n !n prn'"crf uir:,h r:nsc'pli':tica'bsc ii3lisis

f,cr jr"r:tlco if t-.h.:y scro .cold. Lbai; a f.?r,r ircft:t*r-,."''i i:'3rl b*i:i1 pi11"u.ed};'r "ihi; gove:r"n-

r,elrt-aUftrorits', Til,sr'r: l.I8,fl l1o :$.ci;ir1.rr: ab,;ii-L i,:i:roatl:lr,:n-ir*arlu:l'is p;'r:d.i*'.i+i:' "#cut'

the belravioy of Kag.:6e *qt,u.3c:ii; crr i:l'iesc poiiihs " Tl--'c lefti#; leatic:r$ i{cr(; $uocessfu:

in ge*,ting ett-l*,*rrt*! ccrpc::ati-orr in bcycot'lind, th;: filli e*a:riinatio;:s' The

adr{rinis*,rit,ioa trls:d tc j.n'$-'ir: ii:e pc1i-ce fo::c* io b.r*ek ';Ir:'o€f,h- ii:n pi':}i*t ff"ncs

pr$ or:t, bl, st,.r**rris'nl-o*ki:ig; oiirel rturli:n,ls cna;eri::.g ahel':r:is*inirSio;: ha..t-is"

AlthoufJf t,he,*'bud-:rnts, .;-"rca oni;* n,.f,l. i::.-.-,*-l;*,"+,:1 ." xilr:13 {::::'eF-j-}:i by slrc}: il rl1*;iii"l:'et 'che

aqlnrlnistrat{r:n rmC,: 3$ cci:i.o1)$iii:it i;o ;$s .':'hr'.d.i:i.s,.i".:: di-sci.3't-pin6-tli'li-* l'ca"J'ur:s and

;i#t#;g-"t"dii-p*t*o**-,ir po$-cics" rhr; cir;ab3-isiri:u:n'L al a:r crffice of studcnr.s

i;*$e{"1?51 on ti:o jii,l:nbs ionl-i1s ',sa,t tlrrs i{: ir?-f;.,o1:* r;f th;:; }?50 Jal."l" :!"ncilunt'

Ih€ figbt agalnst the Red- Purge marked. a gr:ai; ,3aps':c;:-,i' in ',t':e iiis;or"5" o'rl i'h.;

student novenrsnti. Zengakuren, holi;ever, uas no! withoLrt 4arnage. A gr'cat i"rany

Ieaders r{ere subiecteA io disciplinary ntuu"ot" by the adnl:'ri's?'Tatiln' Tfifhout a

sufflcient number of leaders the studinis raovements .:arnc io a !tr::."ning poi-r:t.

lllhat was ttre pollcy, in the meantime, of lhe corlruni-ri ia:-tJ -ir--ti:::':cr'rngsludont activittes? Did they have a consistent long ra;iga policy? the Cominfr:ru

organ made i-t rmown to tho pluri" in January 1950 the sr:"*calleti corinfr):Yl c.'ci-ti-r:rsm

stating that the theory of peacefur revolu{:ion rshich irarl g'-:"id.eci the comnuni-sb Par'+':'

had no relationsrrfp ]lrrltsv.r to the Marx-Lenln doctl.tne' T'rc publ.iea;t'icn t'res

fol loced'byinternalstnrgglesofthePart i l r ' - r ' ;uut ' lhel ' ia ins ' ! : reainand' t i 'erntc: i : -national faction wtieh *uiE to last until tne fai-ty Qcccptsd the Pck1ng advice for

unification in July of the sala yeaf , zengakurcn belongec 'r_hen lo flie .tnt,ernational

f,ac,tion. Afber iAL figfrt-against-the-Rediurgc str".rggles'-Zcnga!:ffen vra$ spiit

clearly lntq tuo groups, one representing the Inter:r:atSona: fact:icn, a-nci t'Jt9 other

the uainstre€rrr ffrtij.!-lrru zeng'akuren ofiicers r.rho belone,ccl Lo the int'crnaiional

factlon became ttr t"rg"t of tf,e adnrinj-slration.'s cis:iplinar;r nc-'l.sur3s, i:hc ltrain-

;trt; groups uere pLoiting to exploit, fhe situation fori;h"ir orin ad"'anaage'

Thls is the beglnnii,i of tf,e sctrt'zophronlc and chranic pci';.:r' s'i;z'r.r-gg1us lhal, stll-l

go on today ln bhe studentsr novemonts'

111. Rocesslonal Period of $tudent Movemant's

poople say that the one who controls Konaba also conti.ois the stri-den't molremen'..

Honever, Konaba rras suffered greatly. The dean of the Liberal Arf's ccu'cge at thai

tim was Dr, Ted;o lanaibara itro tater becate ihe farnor;s :r;':s!dent' of ihe ilnivcvsily

of Tolryo. tte hel.d great, concrem about ttr; conCition of ihe stutlenls" Ss a :resr:li"

ho inlti.ated the elass-advi"or syuion, pullished' ri"bhe Kyayg.gakSltr*horr (the Jour=rai

of LLberar e*s-ciit;;"i-; tite i,*ri6 l-rrtions organ of ti're-tJniversity authcrity,

gslgglishod a nm Office of $tudints and gaincd the suppo:-i; of the f'rrcuity Meeting'

rn Aprtl, 195I, I becar,H the Dean of Students at i.ro,..:'ca. Tbe fj-rst, task I

took uf *[ fo*ui-rn6,s the student,st financial prublens" t'oeli-r:'rcd tha.L the

iraprovement rn the welfare of the siudents life should talte pre.::cdence otr'c}' other

natters, for economic lnsecurity was^the.b*tj.:.factor c:r<,ating sociai a'nd psy*ho-

Loglcal Xnsecud.iy *o"g studenls, An6 for Lhis purpose I iniliabcd a five 3ea:'plan of scholarship and part'bine stud.ent l,ucr'k progra!:L:r and lrrdc t'hc ccunLe;"'sbud'ln'l:

$oveslent pollcY secondarY.

In June of the same Jrear, there uas an elcct,ion of thc chaisnan cf ihe ('Student )

$elf-,corcnrlng Board. Thlre nerc candidates fro;i. craci cf liic tk:r':a; na-jor r--a:cti.ips

uhieh nere trInternational Grouprt, the tti,i.:insfream Qv6tr1::;: atrtf i'he so-'cal-l-ed nndcrate

student, gro{rp. -lft"r

a harrl si"itggtc, lltu "l,{*si.rcam Grooupr? i'cfesi;eC 'bhe cbhc;'

two. !.$s eJ,action ereatea a nenilEiitiation. Zongakuren il..:i.los-ak"r:'en '.Thc Met'r'o-

polllan stuaent"iiag;il;;# ssgsgieted wiih thi "rnier:nai;ior:fl Grour:i: {tlo

;;;il oZengalcuren Mainstream Group")l ?*l-t'he Kcnaba gr"ollp'chen !:ecant ki:c'*n as

the tMaln"truaa Crouprr under the diieci infl*:ncc of i:he Con:'iru-*isi Pa;5v"

Tha self-Governing Board at Konaba chiefly conceld;raterl.'l:l'rei-r activ:i'ties

around the struggle for peace.. and appea|g{ foi'a Peaee jgti'fval" 0n th' r:l;hel

hand they developed the so-ca}le; dai'iy-}if? 'strugglc'' 1nc '131stsnr'Ly agi'i;ar-'ed for

such trlvlallties as the instaiiat,ion if uater-foi.ritaits". lio'nevcr, il:-;-s kind' of

dally life struggle was not suilaule for lnpatient, s1:udcnts. At th': fifi:h Nalion:1-

Assembry or tre-flomnrurnist p."t;-(G"1enkyo) in-Noverdrer, ig5t, they prnposed a

nilitant putror*'ror **nn"a *""*iotion Ly criti-ci*il1g t}:e pt:e'vaiiing pr'ac*fu'L

revolutLontheorY. _&_

ls if endorslng this neu platforra, in l,lo"renbc:'r the brperor Incident roras

occured Jt' ttte udvErsity of Kyoto and then i n Februar;' of L952 a series of such

inctdents occured continlousty-. There ltere the tinive::Ei'::r' rf Tokyo Incident, $hibuya

Inpldent and var{.ous spy cases at n"any universiiies " Mean,rjrile, in the leadership

rrivalryofthestudent. inover.rents,the'Corrmunistcor:trcr-.1-ied't lReconstr.t^ctionCells| lutth thetr bases at Konaba and. Totyo University of Education got Togakr:ren untler

theLr thggbs. Furbhernore, half a year later, Zengakuren was_also put under the

influenco of this lReconstruction Grrup" which replaced the 'tfnternational Grouprr.

et Spril AS, Lg52, the Peace Treat uas ratified and Japan restored its inter"'

natlonal relatloishf;,' Houever, since Japarr rLi"d nof hol"a complete neutrality, and

becaue a mlser of tfie western Canp, Comnuni.si students fel'u that they had no time

for chooslng neans. They thue resbrted to viol,-ence. And a period of cold human

reJ.atlons courn:enced wiur the Bloody l{ay Da;. The relationship of curious distrust

fasieA bohreen dord.tory r"esidents, aclive stud.ent }aadev's and the university

authorlt,ies aB false rur4ors *ere sirad that not only the str.:denfs ':nho were souglrt

"1th 6re uatrantg sf arrest but evln fanrous parby le aders. Ter:. hiding in donnitories

a! f,wba. since the students ln general di-d not fanor thj.s hind of conditicn, this \glttratlon g&rre opportuniLies to irlfrove hurnan rclations b-:tueen faculiy and students '

llon uhat fias the resulb of the ceneraL Election in ociobe t, L!,JZ, t}re first

orp after tho i-ndepenaen"*r The Cornnurni-st Party was complet'ely defeated as if the

pu"pf" thorougfrLy-iirf.uored the Coranunist o{-fi!*f platforn.for arnted revolutlon"

AIp gro Xt*ke1;n-(tr1," Japan Business Associa-iion) *rrn,>unc'ed that t'hgy. shal-} not

Upfoy red students. As the result the student nogene:rt's began io subside'

Sonever, opposition of Japaneser e?Pgclufly that' of iapanoso etudents, againsi

tho tts d.1ttary-6ases uas strong and still is to6ay"

- Xn June of t5is yosr one of the ques+.ions ln t!:e quest,ionaire on 'tlefence of

.fapan;-oonAucteA 6y tire Publtg. OninftO Sunrey instiiute and' the Tokyo 'S6irobun

l[Arrpapor ras rrDo 5rcu deeire-the'statloning of tf'e U$ Arrl:C' Forces for ths defenee

of Japanrs seor'i.ty?rr. L7,YF-oi tt** favoied, ii'Z* ueru ag'ai-nst and 35"1% feft

Xt rac fnevltaUle.- Ttt" result clearly rup*ei*ttts ihe feeling of Japanose people

iorarO the Lesues of Anprican rnilitary bases in Japan'

These are the baclqgrounds of t,he feeling of i;hose mS of Kornaba students vlhct

partteipatea in-t-tp deninstrat,ion to i:he Arnerican ft'nbas3;: concerning the probl-em

of ssaog ln splte of the fact that the student, uovements'' in general restoreri a

ratlref trEnqrd.l *orrOfif"tt. Howcver, tho reason nnly this demonstration $as he1d was

nc6 crrtfu=3,y due to tho rri.Litary Uaie proUluy". The issue aitract'ed t'he entfu'e

ctudent bodv for several "*r"oni,-ii

otstructed research at the observatory of the

Ealthquake Researh iiU*to"y of the University of Tokyo, 'hfc demon'gtration d1d not

eau for lnrorverrent of othlr ""iu""ujiies,

ait the (iirubi:stration 'uas

cordrrcied

undor an spoclr-nslclng plan in that it uas done tft** class-hours, and was carefully

r.€Forted to the pollge 11 91dernot, bo violate the laws' In July, 1955 the

gomnrtgt party it tt" eixth national assembly (Rokiraenkyo) changerl its policy to

the ro-called rtllsble Comrunisi iiJt,t and Zlngakuren atr-so appealeci to it's

acttltsts to return t'o their schools'

Dqdng thLs period of_relative inactivit,y uhich wiis not io last long, such

n6ucleu$ otg*io"iior* of Zu'g*ko*n as Togakiren and lin:*sai Gakuren (Kyoto*Osaka

Aroa BrEnchl rere disorganizea.--li ur. thE $unap,awa l*eiira:ry Base issue, houover-"

rdrlch rgvltallzed the actlvists. The .",-:bivlsts worr"ecl lreroicrrrly, the onee depressed

rtudent novesrt could never uJ-au-poorerfu] as-ii usect i,or anc ':l't- could^ not at'tract

tfre attention of students in general'

-5-

In L957 o after Kj-si:.i Cabrne-c s'.rci;aeci*o Lshi'casni"* !; ofi'er€i severai ooportu'.ni-.-tles to be e$ploibed b;r studeni rci:dr:r's " The net{ go t-ei:nl:eni ;:npltasi'.t:d :c:"+ oirdnl.yeooperation with the U.$.A. There'nere hof t{ iscussions oi l ahe nuelcar'}Jeapontesting, and on teasher nerj-t rai:ing i-egislati-on"

fn June, 1958, the Conm*nisf; I'arty suruii':ne'l Con;inr:::isr; rtil<lerts l,,;ho u.;lis mesbersof Zengakuren for a ccnfe r'ence. 1ii the.t neeiing ihe lh.instrean Grou.p stul"enl,scriticized the inaugurafion of the new chairnaa be5-ng unciern,;e:'atic, and dene.rrCe'i toflre all r,"enbers of the Ceritrai Corrnitice of the Co:rutiu:ris r, - art,y. Thi-s cr,nfusedthe rneeiing and a fight be;gan among 'i',he;:i., As a resui-i, the Cosununi-s'l Parby excoElfiu-nicated the leaders of 'l;iic lr'ii.inst3c,ir, ,;rorrp uf Zengalcurc,--i f r"orn thc Pa1!J Pld -critlclsed them. as Trotrl.;ists " As a vesuit Zei:ga!a;,r'en sci,'arated it,s:ell' cn"ulrery

free fr.om the ComnunS-st .:-^arty, encl the Cornunist T;;ague,, t'he fr'evoiu'i:iona:'y Corelr'r:rist

Leaguen aad other groups -x*:"'e born one after ancthcr'

Ttrus unrler t'he initiative of ihe zugakulcn liia'i-r;'si-*'::e:x' Grcl!:' ahicl: becar'e

Lndependent of the Comrounis{: Fart;r, ani"i.-i-ea.che:' e-*eluatio:r ?..egis-i.ation anti anti-Revliion of Po-l.'ice Lalv et:.rrggles uei'e carried on." l&;airu:hi L-e, iiie so.-ca.lj-cd Y)j/cgi.Group, a Cos'muni.si Farty coi:tlol--.r.ed grour. ';:'i 'rrl' i.r spliN r;ire l'hinstrearn Grc';.pthrough their dtily life st::tig,gie '

lV. $eeurity Pact Struggie Period

, It uas spr.ing of 1"958 whel the corparativs'ly cs.lin stttdoi:i rnr:venenf, bega.::i i;orlse again, bn Miy i.5., Aii ja.pan Str-rd.ent, Day for ::al-ii,,s i,re:'e hel-i. iri an ai,temS;to obs{ruct the nerlciear t*slrrlg oi: bniv.letoh lsl-and. aJrd.'t,o oppose tno i;eacherevaluation bill. At several uni-'rersi-ties there rucr"e ':'Lrikt: s"

Those people who a,yc not ael-l- informect- un rrbucient nroven''cnts i'ci:d t,o f,hinJ< lhafthe kird of split that oceui:ed 1l-', Zengaku.::cn r,lill ceuse i-rmedi;ttc raeessj-on ofstudent rnovenent, Actually;-i per:i-od a.{jLer such a spli{., when the bot,h canps t"rJr tcnin the support of sbuilents in general, student rlDveri-relrr,, liecone $io$t acr.ive" Ithink you can understand. ihis si|uation we}l if jrou recer-l- .*nat happenctl ar.ourd theUay Day Incident" Let us see hrrs i;tr': conflict beiw.r*n ihe L{ainsl:'e0ir Group andmlf-Uainstrean Sroup sf,iruerl aetive sbnclen'!: nor,erte:r.i,s a:.'oi-ind Jun.e. Oa tlcfcbsr' 28of the same year, they ireld ihe r;o*caliecl Anti-Foh-r;s L&vi Rev-,-sion Struggle-" id&ny'stu4ents ?,er; $abii:-see fo:' thi.r: st::u-ggl:" Yei j.t, e*tl-ed :'afher Qrrie!l;*. Hcr"eve::,

a rryeek laier, on }ior,'e::d; et l', a 'radica.l.

phase reapp.j.ared- r.i L!:e !'la'bional- iiaill-''ryay SruI'

Incident wfribfr vuas tled up r.rirh a siCke of the liat,j-osai ilail-way Union,

0n the night of iiovembci'fu, af, i{orr:'ba,' i':rl-li';j-c1;s fro:ii tne Y'ruih De;ia:'f;nre::it ofthe National Rail:pay Labo:: Li.rrion ";ini.'Led dor;ni,i:ori{is arid. agi-iated thaJ: on -inc ne:.f,day, $ovember 5, the raii wa;g r:*1.no:'i.:s :-n japa:: vrou-l-'.i '3s 1;3;i:p.l.ci'c.l"y paralysed" , AconsideraUle nunber of dorr:ri.',.:ory reside:r'r.is l,tsre e;ri:j-ted. :"lii wenf i,o set'eral s'Nebiotr'sof the l{ational Rallgay foltowing thc direct,jon of these acti,vi,sts. But, "ahai; I'i:e;r

sail therc were quibe diff,ereni flom tboj-r nighfune.r:es, and i.hc ''rrains iqere cperatjililunder normal conditions" Thus, i;his daytF oirera.tion 'l;r i!:e acbj.vi-sl;s'fall"ericoropletely, and the gener.al si;uclenc body beE:Le to harre sc€ti;ic.r-:,jn i;ov;a'd st';cer.ir*ovements.

It took some tine for sf udent rc'rer;iieni;s t-o recapt,u'.1"e ihe vit'alii;,r' M':anT'vhi-t'euthe Mainstream Group and the AnNi-iuli:i;:sit'eanl(j::o:.rp aifh nutual hostiii 'Ly_r"uai,te<i fo:"

ariother chance. It rryar: in Ju*e lt-959, u,l:en illg fr31r;i*3et;urit;r i)i:.*t $t:'usgle'rega.:i.

At that tirre the in*,erest of stucie::ts in ge::era.l +,oyrarr'l ti:e '5ecr:::iby Pact -vras Lo'.u'0n June 25, On the earlpus of the Universj-iy of Tok;ror et1 i-)-)-ega-1 anc i::ia'.riho:rizedrAIL Tokyo University b'budeni Arrlakening t?.ali;rrt was cekl. lt-'he slogan $res "Agair:st

t1*::xa.r-rarr\ ,.:?.: i ; t i r - :

Revislon of the Seeurity Pacb and Against Rivival of Departmei:t of Military

Snginneringtt. 0""-ifti"l wo rylst rro[i** hepe is the slogan aga-inst Lhe::e-cstablish-

ffent of the Departnent 6f Mirifary Engineering. ArLhoq3h they had bcen repeaiing

the slogan agalnsi the $ecurity Pletr'i1'r"1o uis tittle iee.ction f.r:m nosb of the

students. Then it happened fh:rt the'.lhicf of $el-f-oefeace Bureau rno irresponsibly

statod, ttWe will proticle a. Departnent of Mifi'tary &glneelilg-at lhe Universiiy of

Tolgl.orl tfris stilred- up the it,oa*"t", "ld

the Dlpadneni of Engineering studcnts

rnho uere usua1ly passive about poiiti6" $ssi;s* thi focus of attention and enorg,.

for this rally. Tire strdenfs nou began io suspect the ;Security Pact'

$Lnco the end of this yearr the movenett,?f fhe zengakurren trf'ainstrean Gr'oup

bscare acbivo. 0r, Novenruei 27-r'r;;i inyageS the oiet. ihc uarrants of arrcst 'oere

issued to severai'rl.o*ir. d"-;i""o.tr coryo ini"*rsity students, !ir. Haya*a found

refugc ln ttre Hongo Campus urr,i nrroit*t orr", fo't Stti*tiuo it** tq his rro:naba doriid'tory'

Jepaneoe unrversi[ies aL not tolerate intervention of po-Lice poxrer into eampus'

rn urls case trre*uiiu"*"iiy itseu triea to experr the'stuclents from the carnpus'

The ne:cb one uas Haneda lncident' Students i:ried- t'o Frrc-rcnt Prerd-er Kisirits

v ls l t totheU'$.A'andoemonstrat . ,atheirherolc-u"t ionu.^Ho*or 'er , f romaroundthls porloc, poit"ri-;"itt shifted fr.om the shoroy activitics of the Mainsbrean Group

ro rhe sready d;i:il#"i;;; !,;;;:- -iiu"*rtiie,

there l{as a spLit insice the s'ain*

strean Grorp. At such tine, tte-lali"stream qrorin calrc'ci thc A;ti-Mainstrean Group

rryoyogl Grouprr. Yoy?81 pcant, ltre--dornunist fa"[]'

- in"y espccia]ly ernphasised the

nare because rhoy rried.tg cxglti! lp*ri$jP1;$*;;#"-toito **ro nct'-against Marx-

Leninlsn but felt sorcwhat agarnst the cofuiunisE Par{y,

In lprlt, lhe denonstraiion grad}ally beeame nloro active' In conf,rast witn

dgzag d€nonstratLon paradu n*.ii"Firat maicnl' pi.ucticed by-the,frains'b-r'eam fro'up' thc

Anti-l,atnstre&m Group continued ;ili;il'i;dnilrliion-paraCbs' Thosr: sl'udcnt wnc

felt s$te lave joi-i"'4" soxptfr:.neiil-9ut l'ry fontf, knovt exactLy vrhy bur: a*Jruarwo

are aSar.nst #-se;H!ti;itu;-iould ncr-Join.wirr, tir* uai-nslrnan Group v;hich uenb

agElnst ever;thLng . The. studenis insteaa-partiJie.t"g d-emonstra'tion parades of i;h':

rntt_i{alnstrean Group. Thus rc*'*a ** ituautrii Joineci in the denonstra"bioli

;ild"J;f the Antl-ltainstrean Group'| i

on }&y lp, the one-sided ratification of ihe Secur.ity Treai:l passei a::.d s|irr;c

up the ninds oi young siudents';;;-ffi-u*Ln i"6lig.i."nrl "Theno lud.derJy i,l1'1 69;-1'-'

st,,egn Group regaincd the power'. Bclh ijre Liberai*Ocnc+raeic Fa:ty ar:d $ccj'alis'':

party rnslbers ffi; engage* in itr"igol fight !n iho Diu+'" Therc uas a r'rood am::'i1'

etodentsthatthere.$esno"o*uonuhythdyr" l** leoulc]-nota}c: . :ppcal tor ' . " io] .en;u.th'rr both tbe liainstrean eoufana'ir." an[:-lfiin*t**.ra Group c.cmnr.rstrated- six^:ult'a-

Dsorilrly and concenbrated oo ei!;i";-;-;i;i*" their ca*ps" Aa; itrr: "'*65!':'stict?'

galnst tr6'. Hagatyrs couing. orr-J** ioi "

lrrgt- i-n the balance of power of thc two

g*ups *"oo"E. The 1*alnJt*uu*T"oop *"" *ti-iii"ftf, bd the rnaJor ernphasis of thc

lntt-ltalnetr.can oroup nag- ryni-*neriaanlsn. the Hancca lnci'd'eni of June lo'saas

rtagd only uy-trr"-r'*t,i-u.rnstr;;*Gilp. .Therr a.c+.i-ons rt';rfl t*cle stfiversive ihan

,*rsse of ttre rbinstrearn s"oop." r;il.;;";il an{i*l,iol"st*ee.m Group tost j"ts supp.r{

at once.

AfterJunelorthel ,b. instreanGroupgaineclsupor i .o: : : ty. i lo i ' lcverrcr i t ic israof ttre public opinions agai.nst- it,*u* cremoistratr-o* paracies ooe'e irst as harsh as

ttrey werc agaf;t--ihe police.*.iJ-o**' ?hei'e *o" * fiaal*:o qnci :mny si;:tdcnis lefb

pol'ttcs ang ret'rned to thei;-;;"e;;-t, t*:.-,.-nild-listii feeLi-ng or dsfcalis*

shook up the acLivists. As o-*"uoit, the activl*i."-"up"a'':ed spj-il anong.ther'selves'

A'thougfr yoyogi Group _organizoi*;i--litq"" (.,tii-si.'"d;t

'c'rssvern'ing iocly teague)

but tt arso slffered fron intelar ui"iru. Ai"-ilr,: reee.ib neuelear tes'bing in lhe

-7 ^

- ' r - ' ' :1. i*t ' 'di-

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So\tto8 Unlon, the so-cal}ed Tosho Group (fa*y Grtup), a loyal YoyogiOroupr approved the Sovlet action. Hmeverl nany students could notIn shordr'lf Srou want to discuss student npvenents in Japen you ro-rsfsttd€nts tn glneral as alrsaJrs fair Judges.

(Cor,m:nist)understand thLs.count on .

At the ondl I ruould like to add the f,act that I used e.s an objective materialfor thls lecture rtHistory of Post-war Student Movementsrro vo}. 6 of Interim Reportof ths Instltute for $tudent Affairs and also f boldly expressed rqf own opinions.

,* , ,a.

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