A Brief Chronicle of the Modern Japanese Consumer Cooperative Movement / Breve Crónica del...

7/30/2019 A Brief Chronicle of the Modern Japanese Consumer Cooperative Movement / Breve Crnica del Movimiento Coop

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mg bg eiejt~kgmj qe~zmkg

Eomteo bgo t~bgzibteo n} _bhez`m Zuvuhm)

nbzeo kg tè s~mtmgc mg tè zbde tmtie n} ]kz`mbhm Zbmtk)

Ugoe~ eomtk~mbi zu|e~qmzmkg n}_kz`maudm ]bdbz`mtb)

\~ezmoegt) Fb|bgeze Jkgzude~z Jk$k|e~btmqe Ugmkg'

\unimzèo n} tè

Fb|bgeze Jkgzude~z Jk$k|e~btmqe Ugmkg

Ak~esk~oz n} tè Eomtk~mbi Zu|e~qmzk~

Fuge >


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D~' _bhez`m Zuvuhm'

Bate~ tè eomtmkg ka tè j`~kgmjie D~' Zbmtk

s~kte b zuddb~} qe~zmkg ka tè j`~kgmjie mg tètmtie ka B N~mea J`~kgmjie ka tè Dkoe~g

Fb|bgeze Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe Dkqedegt)

s`mj` sbz |unimzèo n} Jk$k| \unimz`mgc) Mgj'

mg >


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Sk~oz n} tè K~mcmgbi But`k~

Bz tè but`k~ ka tè k~mcmgbi ka t`mz j`~kgmjie mg

Egcimz` ak~ bg eiejt~kgmj |unimjbtmkg) mt mz d}

oeimc`t t`bt tè `mztk~} ka tè Fb|bgeze

jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqe dkqedegt mz smoei}

mgt~koujeo tk aeiiksz mg jkk|e~btmqe dkqedegt

sk~iosmoe'

_è dkqedegt) s`mj` obtez nbjh 2:< }eb~z

bck) sbz nk~g t`~kuc` ieb~gmgc a~kd tè

Erumtbnie \mkgee~z ka ^kjòbie) b N~mtmz`

jkk|e~btmqe) s`mj` oeqeik|eo mg ~ez|kgze tk

jb|mtbimztmj$ejkgkdmj jkgomtmkgz bgo zmtubtmkgz

ka sk~he~z zmgje tè mgouzt~mbi ~eqkiutmkg' _è

Fb|bgeze jkk|e~btmqez) `kseqe~) oeqeik|eo

ibte~ bate~ tè jkk|e~btmqez mg N~mtbmg bgo ktè~

Eu~k|ebg gbtmkgz nut jkuio gkt auii} ep|bgo tk

tè eptegt t`bt tè} jkuio mgaiuegje tè zkjmet}

neak~e tè ego ka tè Bzmb$\bjmamj Sb~'

Mt sbz kgi} bate~ tè 2=1


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Jb~ee~ Zuddb~}

@e sbz nk~g mg Zbok Mzibgo) Gmmcbtb

|~eaejtu~e'2=:1) sbz mgqkiqeo mg tè jkgzude~jkk|e~btmqe dkqedegt ou~mgc tè ztuoegt$tmde

bt tè Sbzeob Ugmqe~zmt}' Bate~ sk~hmgc bz

epejutmqe bt jkddugmt} jkk|e~btmqez bgo b

jkk|e~btmqe ugmkg mg _kh}k) è ze~qeo bz

epejutmqe om~ejtk~) boqmzk~ bgo j`mea j`~kgmjieeomtk~ bt FJJU (2=0= $ 2===-'


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_bnie ka Jkgtegtz

Ak~sb~oz n} tè Eomtk~mbi Zu|e~qmzk~ 2Sk~oz n} tè K~mcmgbi But`k~ :

\~kikcue6 Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe Dkqedegt |~mk~ tk tè Bzmb$\bjmamj Sb~

2' Nm~t` bgo Ep|bgzmkg ka Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe =

>' Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqez mg |~e$ou~mgc tè Bzmb$\bjmamj Sb~tmde 2?

Jkiudg _k}k`mhk Hbcbsb6

_è Iebomgc Mgmtmbtk~ ka tè Fb|bgeze Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe

Dkqedegt 20

\~eaejtu~e db| ka Fb|bg >2

J`b|te~ Kge6 ênumiomgc Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe Dkqedegt bate~ tè Bzmb$\bjmamj

Sb~

2' Ejkgkdmj _u~dkmi bgo @b~oz`m| ka \ek|iez Imqez

bate~ tè Oeaebteo Sb~ >>

>' êqmqbi ka Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqez

bgo Nm~t` ka tè Fb|bgeze Jkk|e~btmqe Biimbgje >:

:' Zt~uccimgc tk Numio Nuzmgezz Nbzmz ka Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqez >1

?' Okoce Imge \kimjmez bgo Eaak~tz ak~ J~mzmz N~ebj`mgc >=

5' Eztbnimz`degt ka tè Fb|bgeze Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe Ugmkg (FJJU-

bgo Fkmgmgc tè Mgte~gbtmkgbi Jkk|e~btmqe Biimbgje (MJB- :5

>' \u~zumgc Zkugo Nuzmgezz

(2- Ep|bgzmkg ka Mgomqmoubi Oeimqe~} mg Nuzmgezz Ztbcgbtmkg bgo U|$`mii Nbttie ka

Ztk~e Nuzmgezz 2>0

(>- êak~dmgc Nuzmgezz Zt~ujtu~e bgo \~kqmzmkgz

ak~ Ziud|eo Jkk|e~btmqez 2>=


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(:- Eztbnimz`mgc Jkd|imbgje mg Nuzmgezz 2:2

:' Nuzmgezz Jkgzkimobtmkg bgo Mgte~gbtmkgbi Epj`bgcez 2::

?' Egib~ceo Mgzu~bgje Nuzmgezz bgo Oeqeik|eo Seiab~e Nuzmgezz 2:55' Dedne~ bjtmqmtmez bgo Boo~ezzmgc Zkjmbi Mzzuez

(2- Dedne~ K~cbgmvbtmkgz bgo Bjtmqmtmez 2:3

(>- Boo~ezzmgc Zkjmbi Bcegobz 2:=

1' B~~bgcedegt ka FJJU K~cbgmvbtmkg Zt~ujtu~e

bgo Mtz _`~ee Ugmtz ka tè FJJU 2?>

3' _ksb~o Au~tè~ Oeqeik|degt 2??

Sk~oz n} tè Eomtk~$_~bgzibtk~ 2?0


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=

\~kikcue Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe Dkqedegt|~mk~ tk tè Bzmb$\bjmamj Sb~

Fb|bgeze jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqe dkqedegt eqkiqeo bz kge ka c~k|ez tk dkoe~gmve zkjmet}

bgo ejkgkd} ka Fb|bg bate~ tèDemfm(&-

êqkiutmkg mg 2010) s`mj` te~dmgbteo tè aeuobi ~uimgc

n} tèzbdu~bm Xsb~~mk~T jibzz èboeo n} tè _khucbsbz mg mzkibtmkg a~kd kqe~zebz mg |~mgjm|ie)

bgo mgmtmbteo dkoe~gmvbtmkg ka tè gbtmkg ugoe~ tè ~uie ka_eg$gk XEd|e~k~T n} smoei} bgo

~b|moi} mgt~koujmgc |kimtmjbi) zkjmbi bgo ejkgkdmj z}ztedz) juitu~e) zjmegjez bgo tej`gkikcmez

a~kd tè Sezt' _è necmggmgc ka mtz |mkgee~mgc sk~hz ckez nbjh tk dk~e t`bg kge$ùgo~eo bgo

tsegt} (2>


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22) bgo bok|teo smt` zkde

b~~bgcedegtz bz tè Jkk|e~btmqe Bodmgmzt~btmkg

\~mgjm|iez bt tè 2=11 MJB Jkgc~ezz'

Egbjtdegt ka tè Mgouzt~mbi Jkk|e~btmqez

Bjt

Mg t`mz e~b ka dkoe~gmvbtmkg ka ejkgkd} bgo

~b|mo ak~dbtmkg ka mgouzt~mbi jb|mtbiz) ges

zkjmbi |~kniedz se~e ~bmzeo t`~kuc`kut tè

gbtmkg6 omzzkiutmkg ka tè ab~de~ jibzz bgo

md|kqe~mz`degt ka ab~de~z oue tk mgj~ebzeo

tbpez bgo oent ikboz mg ~u~bi b~ebz8 bgo

amgbgjmbi skez ka zdbii+dmooie$zmveo nuzmgezzez

mg u~nbg b~ebz' Bz b nbmi$kut zkiutmkg) tè

jegt~bi Ckqe~gdegt oejmoeo tk |~kdkte

eztbnimz`mgc jkk|e~btmqe zkjmetmez ieb~gmgc a~kd

Ce~dbg j~eomt ugmkgz) bgo egbjteo tè

Mgouzt~mbi Jkk|e~btmqez Bjt(&-

mg 2=


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2>

@eborub~te~z ka tè Gbob \u~j`bze

jkk|e~btmqe (Mgouzt~mbi jkk|e~btmqezQki':>:)Ze|tdne~2=:>-

@eborub~te~z ka tè Hkne jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqe (Mgouzt~mbi jkk|e~btmqezQki' >53)

jkk|e~btmqe dkqedegt bizk necbg tk z|~kut u|

bgo c~ks bz |b~t ka zkjmbi dkqedegtz n}

jmtmvegz bgo sk~he~z' _è} necbg tk oeqeik| bzqkiugtb~} k~cbgmvbtmkgz mgoe|egoegt a~kd

jk~|k~btmkgz) ckqe~gdegt mgztmtutmkgz bgo

sk~he~ ugmkgz bgo se~e jbiieo ede~cmgc

jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez'

Bit`kuc` dbg} ka tè epmztmgc jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez jbiieo tèdzeiqez \u~j`bze

Jkk|e~btmqe bjjk~omgc tk tè ibs ugtmi t`mz

tmde) tè} ~egbdeo tèdzeiqez bz Jkgzude~

Jkk|e~btmqez mg tè mgaiuegje ka zkjmbimztmj

jbd|bmcge~z zuj` bz Mzkk Bne) s`k boqkjbteo

jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqe dkqedegt' Jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez ka jmtmvegz bgo sk~he~z necbg ges

oeqeik|degt bgo tè} se~e jbiieo Ges

Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe'

_~bgzibtk~ Gkte6

(&&- Mg t`mz iecbi a~bdesk~h tè jegt~bi bgo ikjbi

ckqe~gdegtz abjmimtbteo k~cbgmvbtmkg ka

bc~mjuitu~bi jkk|e~btmqez bgo tè} sk~heo bz

j`bggeiz tk egak~je |kimjmez bgo zunzmomez ak~

ab~de~z bgo bc~mjuitu~e'

Nm~t` ka Jmtmveg Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqez

S`mie ~etbmimgc jkk|e~btmqez ka sk~he~z zuj` bz

H}kok$Z`b mg _kh}k bgo H}kehm$Z`b mg Kzbhb

se~e eztbnimzèo nkt` mg 2=>


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2:

|mkgee~z se~e gkt sk~he~z) au~} bdkgc

jkgzude~z+jmtmvegz bcbmgzt mgaibtmkg ~ezuiteo mg

mgjk~|k~btmkg ka tè jkk|e~btmqe' _è nkt` se~eieo n} Hbcbsb s`k boqkjbteo tè z|m~mt ka

Baaejtmkg bgo Jkk|e~btmkg) bgo tè}

akiikseo mz |`mikzk|`}'

Akiiksmgc tèze jkk|e~btmqez) b gudne~ ka

jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez ka sk~he~z se~e

eztbnimzèo mg tè _kh}k Det~k|kimtbg b~eb)

Kzbhb bgoHkne) bgo zk kg' Bikgc smt` tèze)

jkgzude~+jmtmveg$jegte~eo jkk|e~btmqez se~e

bizk mgjk~|k~bteo6 tè Hktk Jkgzude~

Jkk|e~btmqe mg _kh}k (2=>3-) tèH}ktk Abdmi}

Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe (2=>=- bgo tè

Auhuz`mdb Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe (2=:>-' _è

Hktk Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe sbz mgmtmbteo n}

Hbcbsb s`k sk~heo mg _kh}k sè~e tè C~ebt

Eb~t` Rubhe mg tèHbgtk omzt~mjt (2=>:- bidkzt

jkd|ietei} oezt~k}eo tè Det~k|kimtbg b~eb'

Mg 2=>3 tè~e se~e kge$ùgo~eo bgo zmp

(2=' _`mz sbz akiikseo n} tè _kh}k

Deomjbi Jkk|e~btmqe mg 2=:> smt` |~ezmoegj}

ka Mgbvk Gmtkne) b J`~mztmbg bgo ~etm~eo

Ugoe~$Zej~etb~} Cege~bi ka tè Iebcue ka

Gbtmkgz) bgo tè But`k~ ka NUZ@MOK) bgo

smt` Dbgbcmgc Om~ejtk~ Hbcbsb'

Mgjk~|k~btmkgz ka tèze deomjbi jkk|e~btmqez mg

_kh}k se~e ak~ b s`mie k||kzeo n} okjtk~

bzzkjmbtmkgz zb}mgc t`bt |btmegt$ksgeo$bgo$

jkgt~kiieo deomjbi mgztmtutmkgz skuio oeg}

okjtk~z |kzmtmkg bgo |~kamtz

Mg sk~h|ibjez) debgs`mie) tè Zbg}khbm

Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe kaBz`mk jk||e~ dmge)

k~mcmgbteo mg 2=2-' Mg tè eb~i} Z`ksb e~b)

tè Dmmhe H}kbm Jkk|e~btmqe mg b jkbi$dmge

omzt~mjt mg gk~t` H}uzù sbz tè ib~cezt

jkk|e~btmqe ka Fb|bg smt` b dedne~z`m| ka

>:)


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25

Eomtk~$_~bgzibtk~ Gkte6

(&- \~mk~ tk t`mz) jbd|bmcg bcbmgzt mgaibteo ~mje

|~mjez kateg kjju~~eo mg Fb|bgz `mztk~} eqeg bate~tè Demfm e~b) mg 20==

k~cbgmveo `bg Xzdbii c~ku| ka |ek|ieT ka

jkk|e~btmqe dedne~z bz tè nbzmj ugmt ka tè

jkk|e~btmqe mg s`mj` dedne~z jkde tkcetè~

tk |~kdkte a~megoz`m| bgo omzjuzz mzzuez

jkgje~gmgc tè jkk|e~btmqez bodmgmzt~btmkg'

_`mz sbz akiikseo n} ktè~ jkk|e~btmqez

mgjiuomgc tè H}ktk Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe' Mg

tè 2=5


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21

`bo ~edkte ~eibtmkgz smt` jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez'

Mg tèHbgzbm b~eb mg 2=>>) sèg jkgzude~jkk|e~btmqez ka _kh}k eztbnimzèo tèm~

aeoe~btmkg) tèGbob Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe ieo

k~cbgmvmgc b aeoe~btmkg ka jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez' Bit`kuc` t`mz bzzkjmbtmkg

oedbgoeo ikjbi ckqe~gdegtz iks$mgte~ezt

amgbgjmgc bgo t~meo mgtec~bteo |u~j`bze ka

ckkoz) mt jkuio gkt cbmg bg} qmzmnie ~ezuitz bgo

jebzeo mtz bjtmqmtmez mg b z`k~t tmde'

Debgs`mie) tè gbtmkgbi jegte~ ka mgouzt~mbi

jkk|e~btmqez j`bgceo mtz bttmtuoe tksb~o

jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez ~ez|kgomgc tk tè

mgj~ebzeo Ckqe~gdegtz mgte~eztz mg jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez mg geeo ak~ |kimjmez bcbmgzt |~mje

`mhe) bgo k~cbgmveo b deetmgc ka jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez bt tè gbtmkgbi ieqei mg 2=:2'

_`mz deetmgc nk~e tè Gbtmkgbi Bzzkjmbtmkg

ka Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqez bz tè am~zt gbtmkgbi

jegte~ ka tèd' @kseqe~) tè gudne~ ka

baamimbteo jkk|e~btmqez bdkugteo kgi} tk 55 mg

2=:5) bgo jkuio gkt |e~ak~d eaaejtmqe

bjtmqmtmez'

J`kheo Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqez ou~mgc

tè Sb~ _mde

A~kd tè eb~i} ztbce ka tè Z`ksb e~b)

jmtmveg$nbzeo jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez zuj` bz

tè Abdmi} \u~j`bze Jkk|e~btmqe bgo tè Hktk

Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe ka_kh}k) bgo tè Hkne

Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe bgo tèGbob Jkgzude~

Jkk|e~btmqe mg Hbgzbm b~eb necbg oeqeik|mgc

~b|moi} t`bg eqe~ neak~e' _`mz dkdegtud

jkgtmgueo ugtmi tè necmggmgc ka ejkgkdmj

~ecuibtmkgz ~ez|kgomgc tk tè kut n~ebh ka tè

Fb|bgeze$Zmgk Sb~'

_è Abdmi} \u~j`bze Jkk|e~btmqe

|mkgee~eo j`bmg k|e~btmkg ka dkoe~gmveo ztk~ezbz bt$tè$tmde ztbgob~oz) bgo z|kgzk~eo

dedne~$a~megoz`m| cbtè~mgcz mgjiuomgc tè

kge s`mj` tkkh |ibje bt @mnm}b K|eg$Bm~

Jkgje~t @bii) tèg tè dkzt |k|uib~ |unimj

cbtè~mgc qegue mg _kh}k oksgtksg) jkdmgc

ugoe~ tè z|ktimc`t ka tè zkjmet}'

_è jkk|e~btmqe jkgzejutmqei} de~ceo smt`

ktè~ jkk|e~btmqez mg ~ez|kgze tk mgj~ebzeo

ejkgkdmj ~ecuibtmkgz) ~ezuitmgc mg b

dedne~z`m| ka >2)3


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23

jb|mtbi sbz 5'0 dmiimkg }eg) bgo t`e bggubi

zbiez sbz 3


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20

(2000 $ 201>) è k~cbgmveo tè Fb|bgeze _egbgt Ab~de~ Ugmkg tk md|~kqe ab~dmgc jkgomtmkgz bgo

egzu~e tè ~mc`tz ka ab~dmgc mg ~mqbi~} smt` ibgo ksge~z' Mt akugoeo tè ab~de~ ugmkgz ka tkob}'

Zkjmbimzt |b~t}

Nbzeo kg tè tegbgt ab~de~ ugmkg) è egcbceo mg mgjk~|k~btmkg ka tè Sk~he~$Ab~de~ \b~t} bgo

eiejteo bz b dedne~ ka mtz jegt~bi jkddmttee' Bate~ mtz teb~mgc b|b~t netseeg tè ieat bgo ~mc`t)


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2=

`kseqe~) è smtò~es a~kd tè |b~t}' Mg 2=?5 bate~

tè Bzmb$|bjmamj Sb~ è egcbceo mg eztbnimz`mgc tè

Fb|bg Zkjmbimzt \b~t} (tkob}z Zkjmbi Oedkj~btmj\b~t} ka Fb|bg- bgo sbz b||kmgteo tk ne Boqmzk~ ka

tè |b~t} mg 2=55'

Jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez

Mg 2=>< è k~cbgmveo tè \u~j`bze Bzzkjmbtmkg

H}kehm$z`b mg Kzbhb tk md|~kqe imqmgc jkgomtmkgz

ka u~nbg sk~he~z abdmimez bgo tèHkne jkgzude~

bzzkjmbtmkg mg Hkne mg tè gept }eb~' @e bizk cumoeo tè mgjk~|k~btmkg ka tè Gbob \u~j`bze

Bzzkjmbtmkg mg 22' _è nkt` jkk|e~btmqe bzzkjmbtmkgz de~ceo smt` ebj` ktè~ mg 2=12)

ak~duibtmgc tkob}z Jk$k|Hkne'Mg 2=>: è segt tk _kh}k) oeqbztbteo n} tè C~ebtHbgtk Eb~t`

Rubhe tk |~kqmoe ~eimea ze~qmjez' Bate~sb~o) è dkqeo tk _kh}k Mg 2=>1 è smt` Mzkk Bne

cumoeo tè mgjk~|k~btmkg ka tè _kh}k Ztuoegt Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe) bgo mgmtmbteo tè Hktk

Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe mg tè gept }eb~' @e ~e|~ezegteo tè ze~mez ka Abdmi} \u~j`bze

Jkk|e~btmqez jegte~mgc kg J`~mztmbgz bgo mgteiiejtubiz' Mg 2=:> è mgjk~|k~bteo b deomjbi

ze~qmje uze~ jkk|e~btmqe) tè |~eoejezzk~ ka tè _kh}k Deomjbi Jkk|e~btmqe ka tkob})' mg

jkk|e~btmkg smt` Mgbvk Gmtkne'

Mg 2=?5 bate~ tè ego ka tè sb~) è ugmteo tè tsk zj`kkiz ka jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez

dkqedegt tbheg kqe~ a~kd kgez neak~e tè sb~ tmde6 tè abdmi} |u~j`bze jkk|e~btmqez ieo n}

juitu~bi amcu~ez bgo tèHbgz`k~eg$c~ku| jkk|e~btmqez iebo n} ieatmztz bgo sk~he~ jbd|bmcge~z)

eztbnimz`mgc tè Fb|bgeze Jkk|e~btmqe Biimbgje bgo bzzudeo kaamje ka tè |~ezmoegt ka tè

Biimbgje' Mg 2=52 è bzzudeo kaamje ka tè |~ezmoegt ka tè Fb|bgeze Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe

Ugmkg (FJJU- mgjk~|k~bteo ugoe~ tè Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqez Bjt'

Mg 2=:5 è qmzmteo tè Ugmteo Ztbtez tk oeimqe~ b ze~mbi iejtu~ez kg tè J`~mztmbgmt} bgo

Jkk|e~btmzd bii kqe~ tè gbtmkg) mgz|m~mgc jkk|e~btmqe bjtmqmztz tè~e' Ez|ejmbii} bt tè Nb~jib}

Jkgzude~ Jk$k|) Jbimak~gmb) è cbqe b c~ebt mgaiuegje n} boqkjbtmgc eimdmgbtmkg ka ~eimcmkuz

bgo ~bjmbi omzj~mdmgbtmkg a~kd tè ed|ik}degt'

Bgtm$sb~ bgo |ebje bjtmkgz

Bz b dbg ka tè Demfm e~b) mt sbz gbtu~bi ak~ `md tk |kzmtmqei} bjje|t tè teggk Xed|e~k~T z}zted

bgo ~ez|ejteo tè Z`ksb Ed|e~k~' Zu~|~mzmgci} egkuc`) è ieo nbgvbm Xù~~b`T n} z`kutmgc

@b~~b` ak~ tè Ed|e~k~ bt tè ego ka tè mgbucu~btmkg jkgqegtmkg ka tè Fb|bgeze Zkjmbimzt

\b~t}) |uvvimgc tè |b~tmjm|bgtz' Geqe~tèiezz) e |b~tmjm|bteo mg tè Mgte~gbtmkgbi Sb~ \~kteztmgc

Biimbgje bt tè n~khe kut ka tè Sk~io Sb~ ) bgo fkmgeo b |ebje dmzzmkg tk tè UZ mg tè tmde

ka kqe~`bgcmgc ka tè n~ebh kut ka tè sb~ netseeg tè tsk gbtmkgz'

Ugoe~ tè k||~ezzmkg n} tè |kimje bgo tè dmimtb~} |kimje s`mj` oetbmgeo `md ak~

Hbcbsb smt` j`mio~eg mg b Hkne ziud


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(Iegt Gk'?-Jkd|ietei} oeqbztbteo _kh}k jmt}$jegte~)Bucuzt 2=?5 (H}kok Gesz-

ênumiomgc Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe

Dkqedegt bate~ tè Bzmb$\bjmamj Sb~

2' Ejkgkdmj _u~dkmi bgo @b~oz`m| ka \ek|iez Imqmgc

bate~ tè Oeaebteo Sb~

Kg Bucuzt 25) 2=?5) Fb|bg dboe bg

ugjkgomtmkgbi zu~~egoe~ tk tè Biimeo \kse~z

bjje|tmgc tèm~ \ktzobd Oejib~btmkg tk ego tè

Bzmb$\bjmamj Sb~' _è Sb~ qmjtmdmveo dk~e

t`bg : dmiimkg dmimtb~} bgo jmqmimbg |ek|ie ka

Fb|bg bgo s~ebheo oeqbztbtmgc omzbzte~z ak~

Bzmbg gbtmkgz bgo dbg} ka tèm~ |ek|ie'

Bate~ tè zu~~egoe~ ka Fb|bg) Cege~bi

@eborub~te~z (C@R- ka tè Biimeo \kse~z

jkgoujteo mtz kjju|btmkg |kimjmez nbzeo kg

oedmimtb~mvbtmkg bgo oedkj~btmvbtmkg tk |~k|ei

tè |kzt$Sb~ ~eak~dbtmkgz mg eqe~} b~eb ka tè

zkjmet} mgjiuomgc |kimtmjz) ejkgkd}) eoujbtmkg)

etj' Fb|bgeze |ek|ie èio kut tèm~ `bgoz tk

tèd bgo dboe b zuooeg ~mze bgo ~ejkqe~} ka

zkjmbi dkqedegtz s`mj` `bo ikgc neeg ugoe~

k||~ezzmkg n} tè dmimtb~mzd'

_è am~zt cege~bi eiejtmkg ugoe~ tè ges

eiejtk~bi ibs tkkh |ibje mg 2=?1 bgo tè ges

Jkgztmtutmkg segt mg eaaejt mg 2=?3' Ugoe~ tè

Jkgztmtutmkg egz`~mgmgc |ek|iez zkqe~emcgt}

bgo sb~ ~egugjmbtmkg) |ek|ie auii$èb~teoi}

ep|ejteo tè boqegt ka oedkj~bj} bgo |ebje'

Debgs`mie) `kseqe~) tèm~ imqmgc

jkgomtmkgz se~e |ut mgtk c~ebt dmze~}' Bt tè

ego ka tè |~kikgceo Sb~) omzt~mnutmkg ka ztb|ie

akko |e~ |e~zkg o~k||eo tk kgi} :


23/149

>:

Hkegfm 1

Nikjh Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe)nk~g a~kd b gemc`nk~`kko bzzkjmbtmkg mgGkqedne~ 2=?5 (FJJU eae~egje kkd-

Bikgc smt` |~kc~ezzmgc oedkj~bj} bgo ~eqmqbi

ka ibnk~ dkqedegtz) b zkjmbimzt$ieo

Ckqe~gdegt sbz nk~g ak~ tè am~zt tmde eqe~ mg

tè Fb|bgeze `mztk~}) bgo tè Jkgzude~

Jkk|e~btmqez Bjt sbz egbjteo mg 2=?0'

>' êqmqbi ka Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqez

bgo Nm~t` ka tè Fb|bgeze Jkk|e~btmqe Biimbgje

Imhe Duz`~kkdz C~ksmgc U| bate~ b ^bmg6

êqmqbi ka Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqez

Mg tè omzk~oe~ ka |kzt$Sb~ tmde) jkk|e~btmqe

bjtmqmztz s`k zu~qmqeo tè Sb~ zkkg necbg

~eqmqmgc k~ ~enumiomgc tèm~ jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez' Bdkgc tèze bjtmqmtmez) tè

Fb|bgeze Jkk|e~btmqe Biimbgje sbz k~cbgmveo

nemgc ieo n} _k}k`mhk Hbcbsb'

Mg tè omzt~mjt sè~e tè Sezte~g Zunu~n

Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe ka _kh}k uzeo tk ne) b

gudne~ ka jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez mg

gemc`nk~`kkoz se~e k~cbgmveo bgo tè}

eztbnimzèo b aeoe~btmkg' Mg Hbgbcbsb

|~eaejtu~e' Zeqe~bi gudne~z ka jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez se~e eztbnimzèo mg ebj` jmt}

nemgc ieo n} ak~de~ ieboe~z ka Hbgz`k~eg'

Dkzt ka tèze mgmtmbtmqez) `kseqe~) se~e

z|kgtbgekuz smt`kut oeamgeo ieboe~z`m|'

Debgs`mie) mg ~ezmoegtmbi omzt~mjtz ka t`kze

ob}z) tè ak~de~ gemc`nk~`kko jkddugmt}

bzzkjmbtmkgz) s`mj` uzeo tk ne tè te~dmgbi |b~t

ka tè Gbtmkgbi Dknmimvbtmkg êcmde bgo

augjtmkgeo bz jkddkomt}$omzt~mnutmkg j`bggeiz

ou~mgc tè Sb~ tmde) necbg k~cbgmvmgc zdbii

jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez kg tè nbzmz ka

~ezmoegtmbi jkddugmtmez tk kntbmg bgo omzt~mnute

akko mtedz bgo ktè~ obmi}$imae ckkoz ak~ tè

~ezmoegtz'

_èze jkk|e~btmqez |u~j`bzeo akkoz a~kd

ab~de~z mg zu~~kugomgc ~u~bi omzt~mjtz bgo

omzt~mnuteo tèd tk tèm~ dedne~z' Bit`kuc`

gemc`nk~`kko jkddugmt} bzzkjmbtmkgz

tèdzeiqez se~e bnkimzèo ibte~ n} b C@R

om~ejtmkg) k~cbgmvbtmkg ka jkk|e~btmqez ka t`mz

t}|e |ebheo a~kd 2=?1 tk 2=?3'

Bt tè zbde tmde) mg dbg} sk~h|ibjez)

ed|ik}eez se~e nuz} tk cet akkoz kutzmoe ka

tèm~ kaamjez k~ abjtk~mez ~btè~ t`bg sk~hmgc

mgzmoe' _è} ~uzèo tk k~cbgmve jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez mg tèm~ sk~h|ibjez' _`mz

dkdegtud dk~e t`bg okunieo t`bt mg

~ezmoegtmbi omzt~mjtz' Mg dbg} jbzez ka t`mz

k~cbgmvbtmkg) jeii$k~cbgmvbtmkgz mg sk~h|ibjez

ka tè Mgouzt~mbi \bt~mktmj Bzzkjmbtmkgz ou~mgc

tè Sb~ tmde se~e tu~geo mgtk jkk|e~btmqez'

Sk~h|ibje jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez se~e

eztbnimzèo mg ckqe~gdegt bgo ktè~ |unimj

kaamjez' _è~e uzeo ne b jkk|e~btmqe eqeg mg tè

Md|e~mbi @kuze`kio Bcegj}) ak~ epbd|ie)


24/149

>?

s`mj` |~kqmoeo tè bcegj} smt` tè c~bje

jmcb~ettez |~ezegteo tk qkiugtee~z sk~hmgc tk

jiebg u| tè md|e~mbi |bibje' _è Jkgzude~Jkk|e~btmqe mg tè Dmgmzt~} ka Bc~mjuitu~e bgo

Amzè~} k|e~bteo b jbgteeg bgo z`k|) s`mj`

se~e |k|uib~ bdkgc |unimj kaamje~z sk~hmgc mg

tè Hbzmdmcbzehm omzt~mjt sè~e jegt~bi

ckqe~gdegt kaamjez b~e jkgjegt~bteo) bgo

qmzmtk~z jkdmgc tè~e tk iknn}' _è~e sbz b

jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqe eqeg mg tè _kh}k

Det~k|kimtbg \kimje Oe|b~tdegt'

Bate~ tè ~uz` ak~ jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqe

k~cbgmvbtmkg a~kd 2=?1) tè gudne~ ka

jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez gbtmkgsmoe bdkugteo tk

1)5)


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>5

Bt tè am~zt cege~bi bzzedni} ka tèJkk|e~btmqe ka tè Ugmqe~zmt} ka _kh}k)boo~ezzmgc Z`mce~u Gbdnb~b) \~ezmoegt katè Ugmqe~zmt} bgo tè Jkk|e~btmqe) j`b~~mgc\~kaezzk~@}ke Kuj`m) Dbgbcmgc Om~ejtk~ katè Jkk|e~btmqe) Aen~ub~} 2=?3 (Ugmqe~zmt} ka_kh}k JKK\-

n~bgjèz mg Hmgutb omzt~mjt ~edbmgz _kob} bz

tè Hmgutb Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe' _è Hktk

Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe ~ezudeo mtz nuzmgezzdbmgi} bt Hkmsb Ztk~e) s`mj` zu~qmqeo tè

bm~$~bmoz) nut omzzkiqeo mg 2=52 abmimgc tk

zu~qmqe ejkgkdmj omzk~oe~ bate~ tè Okoce

Imge |kimjmez (ibte~ degtmkgeo- ka tè C@R'

_è Auhuz`mdb Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe

cbmgeo omzt~mnutmkg ~mc`tz ak~ |~koujez bgo

zeb$akkoz) bgo jkgtmgueo mtz ~enumiomgc sk~hz

zujjezzauii} tk ~edbmg ugtmi tkob}'

ênumiomgc bgo Gesi} K~cbgmvmgc

Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqez mg Sk~h|ibjez

bgo Jkiiecez

Zeqe~bi gudne~z ka sk~h|ibje jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez se~e zujjezzauii} ~enumit zkkg

bate~ tè Sb~ bgo zkde ka tèd ztmii ~edbmg

tkob}'

Dbg} ka tè gesi} k~cbgmveo sk~h|ibje

jkk|e~btmqez se~e bt tè mgmtmbtmqe ka ibnk~

ugmkgz ka dbfk~ jkd|bgmez zuj` bz _K]K_B

(butkdknmie-) M@M (èbq} mgouzt~}-) DM_ZUM

(z`m| numiomgc-) _BHEOB (|`b~dbjeutmjbiz-)

F^J (teie$jkddugmjbtmkg erum|degt- bgo

_K\\BG (|~mgtmgc-'

Akiiksmgc tè |kimj} ka tè Fb|bg _ebj e~z

Ugmkg) eztbnimzèo mg 2=?3) zj`kki$tebjè~z

k~cbgmveo jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez bgo tè

gudne~ ka zuj` jkk|e~btmqez bdkugteo tk >1

dkgt`' _è |b~tmjm|bgtz jkgzmzteo ka

~e|~ezegtbtmqez a~kd t`~ee bgjezt~mez ka tè

dkqedegt6 jkk|e~btmqez mgmtmbteo n} Hbcbsb)Abdmi} \u~j`bze Bzzkjmbtmkgz) Hbgz`k~eg bgo

tèm~ jkk~omgbtk~z' Hbcbsb j`bm~eo tè

jkgae~egje' Bate~ zeqe~bi akiiksmgc deetmgcz)

tè} bc~eeo tk mgtec~bte omqe~ceo zt~ebdz ka

tè dkqedegt mgtk b zmgcie zt~ebd smt`kut

ztmjhmgc tk tè |bzt jku~ze) bgo eztbnimzèo tè

Fb|bgeze Jkk|e~btmqe Biimbgje smt` tè

|~ezmoegj} kaHbcbsb mg Gkqedne~ 20) 2=?5'

_è Biimbgje necbg qb~mkuz sk~hz mg

`k|ez ka ug~eze~qeo oeqeik|degt ka

(jkgzude~- jkk|e~btmqe dkqedegt) e'c'

|~kqmomgc cumobgje ak~ mgjk~|k~btmkg) |e~zkggei

t~bmgmgc) |unimjmt} bgo |~kdktmkg ka jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez' Mt zet u| b jkgzuitmgc ze~qmje

kaamje) dboe jkgtbjtz smt` ikjbi jkk|e~btmqezbgo |~ezegteo cumobgje tk tèd' êcmkgbi

jegte~z bgo |~eaejtu~e n~bgjèz ka tè Biimbgje

se~e k~cbgmveo'

_è Biimbgje k~cbgmveo b jbd|bmcg tk

oedbgo ~ejkqe~mgc a~kd akko j~mzmz bgo ab~e

omzt~mnutmkg ka akko mg jkk|e~btmkg smt` ibnk~

ugmkgz bgo ab~de~ bzzkjmbtmkgz) nkt` mg md|etuz

ak~ nm~t`' _è} k~cbgmveo tè Jmtmveg

Jkddmtteez ak~ Akko Jkgt~ki mg qb~mkuz

~ecmkgz bgo k~cbgmveo Akko Db}ob} tk sb~d

u| tè jbd|bmcg mg Db} 2=?1'

:' Zt~uccimgc tk Numio Nuzmgezz Nbzmz ka Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqez

Kntbmgmgc Jkgzmcgee bgo Omzt~mnutk~

^mc`tz

S`mie jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez se~e boo~ezzmgc

jbd|bmcgz tk ~ejkqe~ a~kd akko j~mzmz) tè}

se~e ak~jeo tk zt~uccie tk kntbmg akko ztuaa ak~

tèm~ dedne~z' Bit`kuc` ~ecuibtmkg kg

omzt~mnutmkg ka |e~mz`bnie akkoztuaa sbz

jbgjeiieo kgje bate~ tè ego ka tè Sb~) mt sbz

zkkg n~kuc`t nbjh oue tk b ztee| ~mze ka akko

|~mjez' Mt sbz |ibjeo ugoe~ tè ckqe~gdegt

~ecuibtmkgz bikgc smt` ktè~ ckkoz' Kaamjmbi

omzt~mnutmkg mgztmtutmkgz ou~mgc tè Sb~ tmde

jkgtmgueo tèm~ dkgk|kimztmj augjtmkgz

epjiuomgc jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez a~kd ztkjhmgc

bgo omzt~mnutmgc gejezzmt} b~tmjiez zuj` bz ~mje)

zk} zbuje) aueiz) jikt`mgc) etj'

Mg k~oe~ tk ~ecuib~i} |u~j`bze tèze mtedz

tk |~kqmoe tèd ak~ dedne~z) bgo tùz

eztbnimz` tèdzeiqez bz nuzmgezz egtmtmez)

jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez bt bii jkzt geeoeo

jkgzmcgee ~mc`tz (ak~ s`kiezbie nuzmgezz ka

jkk|e~btmqe ugmkgz- bgo omzt~mnutk~ ~mc`tz (ak~

~etbmi nuzmgezz ka mgomqmoubi jkk|e~btmqez-'

_è} mgmtmbteo jbd|bmcgz tk kntbmg tèze ~mc`tz

mg |b~biiei smt` jbd|bmcgz tk oedbgo

~ejkqe~mgc a~kd akko j~mzmz'

Mg k~oe~ tk kntbmg jkgzmcgee ~mc`tz)

jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez k~cbgmveo ugmkgz bt

|~eaejtu~e ieqei' Mg @}kck |~eaejtu~e) ak~

epbd|ie) tèHkne Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe bgo

mtz |ee~z ~enumit tè jkk|e~btmqe ugmkg

mgjk~|k~bteo ou~mgc tè |~e$Sb~ tmde bgo

zujjezzauii} kntbmg jkgzmcgee ~mc`tz ak~

|~koujez' Mg _kh}k epmztmgc amqe jkk|e~btmqe

ugmkgz mgtec~bteo smt` ebj` ktè~ tk kntbmg

jkgzmcgee ~mc`tz bgo zujjeeoeo mg mt' _è zbde


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akiikseo mg Mnb~bhm) Auhuz`mdb) Kzbhb bgo

ktè~ |~eaejtu~ez'

Debgs`mie) omzt~mnutk~ ~mc`tz z}zted sbztu~geo mgtk zunzj~m|tmkg ~ecmzt~btmkg z}zted)

mg s`mj` kgi} ~etbmie~z smt` zunzj~m|tmkgz ka

dk~e t`bg b je~tbmg udne~ ka jkgzude~z db}

|~kqmoez oezmcgbteo mtedz zuj` bz |~koujez)

dmzk Xnebg |bzteT) zk} zbuje) jikt`mgcz bgo

aueiz) etj'' Ugoe~ t`mz jm~judztbgje) jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez smt` bii tèm~ ak~je t~meo tk cbtè~

zunzj~m|tmkgz ka jkgzude~z jkd|etmgc bcbmgzt

|~mqbte z`k| ksge~z'

_`~kuc` tèze eaak~tz) jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez ~ebimveo tè gejezzmt} ka b gbtmkgbi

jkk|e~btmqe aeoe~btmkg) ktè~ t`bg tè Fb|bgeze

Jkk|e~btmqe Biimbgje) smt` nuzmgezz augjtmkgz

tk epj`bgce |~koujtz bgo nuzmgezz ep|e~megjez'

Mg boomtmkg tk t`mz ~ebzkg) b zmgcie jkk|e~btmqe

ugmkg smt` iecbi ztbtuz sbz ~erum~eo ak~

Fb|bgeze jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez tk fkmg tè

Mgte~gbtmkgbi Jkk|e~btmqe Biimbgje (MJB-'

_è~eak~e) tè} oejmoeo tk eztbnimz` b zmgcie

gbtmkgbi jkk|e~btmqe ugmkg ugoe~ tè Mgouzt~mbi

Jkk|e~btmqez Bjt'

_è ges ugmkg sbz mgjk~|k~bte mg Fui}

2=?3 bgo gbdeo bz tè Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe

Nuzmgezz Ugmkg tk ne èborub~te~eo mg Kzbhb)

sè~e ~eibtmqei} dbg} jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez

se~e ikjbteo' Mt sbz ep|ejteo tk |ib} b dbfk~

~kie bz tè nuzmgezz jegte~ ka jkk|e~btmqez

s`mie tè Fb|bg Jkk|e~btmqe Biimbgje augjtmkgz

mg tè ameio ka cumobgje bgo |unimj ~eibtmkgz ak~

jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez'

Ugak~tugbtei}) `kseqe~) tè ges Ugmkg

jkuio gkt duj` ep|bgo jkgzmcgee ~mc`tz bgo

dedne~ jkk|e~btmqez nuzmgezz |e~ak~dbgjez

ztb}eo ugztbnie' Ugoe~ tè jm~judztbgje) tè

ges Ugmkg abjtubii} omzzkiqeo mg b }eb~ k~

dk~e'

Jbd|bmcg ak~ Egbjtdegt ka tè Jkgzude~

Jkk|e~btmqez Bjt

Egbjtdegt ka b ges ibs ak~ jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez bite~gbtmgc tè Mgouzt~mbi

Jkk|e~btmqez Bjt `bo neeg kge ka tè dkzt

ezzegtmbi tbzhz ak~ Fb|bgeze jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez zmgje tè mgjk~|k~btmkg ka tè

Fb|bgeze Jkk|e~btmqez Biimbgje' Mg tè

|b~tmjuib~ zmtubtmkg t`bt tè} j~mtmjbii} geeoeo

iecbi ztbtuz tk kntbmg ~mc`tz bz nuzmgezz egtmtmez)

tè Biimbgje ~uzèo tk gecktmbte egbjtdegt ka b

ges ibs ak~ jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez smt` tè

C@R'

S`mie tè~e sbz b jkgtegtmkg t`bt b

jkd|~eègzmqe ibs ak~ jkk|e~btmqe egte~|~mzez

mg cege~bi mz gejezzb~}) tè Bc~mjuitu~bi

Jkk|e~btmqez Bjt bgo tè Amzè~mez

Jkk|e~btmqez Bjt se~e bi~ebo} mg o~bat' (_è

Bc~mjuitu~bi Jkk|e~btmqez Bjt sbz egbjteo mg

Gkqedne~ 2=?3) bgo tè Amzè~mez

Jkk|e~btmqez Bjt sbz egbjteo mg 2=?0-

_k}k`mhk Hbcbsb boo~ezzmgc bt b deetmgc

tk oedbgo tè Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe Bjt

(FJJU êae~egje ^kkd-


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Bjjk~omgci}) tè Biimbgje o~bateo kut b ibs ak~

zmgci} ak~ jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez bgo |~k|eiieo

tè |~e|b~btmkgz' Kzbdu ]bdbdktk) b dedne~ka \e~dbgegt Jegt~bi Jkddmttee ka tè

Biimbgje bgo b ak~de~ ieboe~ ka Hbgz`k~eg)

dboe kut b o~bat'

_è 2=?3 Cege~bi Bzzedni} ka tè

Fb|bgeze Jkk|e~btmqe Biimbgje bok|teo tè am~zt

o~bat ka tè ibs' _è he} |kmgtz ka tè ibs mg

o~bat se~e6

2- _è b~tmjie >5 ka tè Jkgztmtutmkg ka Fb|bg

ztbtmgc t`bt tè gbtmkg `bz tè ~mc`t tk dbmgtbmg

tè dmgmdud ztbgob~oz ka s`kiezkde bgo

juitu~eo imqmgc z`kuio ne |ibjeo bz tè c~kugo

ka jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqe bzzkjmbtmkgz8

>- J~eomt bgo mgzu~bgje nuzmgezzez z`kuio ne

but`k~mveo tk jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez8

:- Nuzmgezz ~mc`tz ugoe~ ckqe~gdegt

~ecuibtmkgz z`kuio ne egtmtieo tk jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez8

?- _è ^kjòbie Jkk|e~btmqe \~mgjm|iez

z`kuio ne bok|teo bz tè nbzmz ka jkk|e~btmqe

bodmgmzt~btmkg bgo ckqe~gdegt ~ecuibtmkgz kg

jkk|e~btmqez z`kuio ne ~ezt~mjteo8

5- Skdeg (`kuze smqez- z`kuio ne bodmtteo

tk ne jkk|e~btmqe dedne~z8

1- Jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez z`kuio ne

epje|teo a~kd jk~|k~bte tbp mg |~mgjm|ie

akiiksmgc tè mgouzt~mbi jkk|e~btmqez bjt8 bgo

3- Gkg$dedne~z t~boe smt` jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez z`kuio ne |e~dmtteo smt`mg 25% ka

b tktbi bdkugt ka dedne~z t~boe) bgo zk kg'

_`mz }eb~) ibnk~ jbd|bmcgz |~eqbmieo

t`~kuc`kut tè gbtmkg jegte~eo kg tè

Aen~ub~} 2zt

Cege~bi Zt~mhe) s`mj` sbz

ztk||eo n} b C@R om~ejtmkg smt`mg bg mgj`) bgo

tè Fb|bg Zkjmbi \b~t} skg tè cege~bi

eiejtmkg mg B|~mi tk ak~d b jkbimtmkg Jbnmget

èboeo n} _etzu Hbtb}bdb bt mtz mgmtmbtmqe'

S`mie tè t`~ee ~uimgc jkbimtmkg |b~tmez b~e

|~e|b~mgc tèm~ ksg nmii ak~ jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez) tè Fb|bg Jkk|e~btmqe Biimbgje

k~cbgmveo b jbd|bmcg ak~ tè iecmzibtmkg

mgjiuomgc kge dmiimkg |etmtmkg zmcgbtu~ez smt`

okgbtmkgz ka kge }eg |e~ |e~zkg) bgo |~e|b~eo

mtz zejkgo o~bat ak~ eb~i} iecmzibtmkg mg

jkd|~kdmze smt` |b~tmez' Mg tè zmtubtmkg ka tè

Omet) `kseqe~) bg} nmii jkuio gkt ne zundmtteo'

Mg |b~biiei smt` tèze dkqez) tè Dmgmzt~}

ka @ebit` bgo Seiab~e sbz |~e|b~mgc mtz o~bat

nmii ak~ jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez) bgo tè Jbnmget)

zujjeeoeo n} tè jkgze~qbtmqez èboeo n}

@mtkz`m Bzmob) mg Fui} 2=?0 zundmtteo b nmii

bate~ |b~ti} dkoma}mgc tè o~bat |~e|b~eo n} tè

Dmgmzt~} ka @ebit` bgo Seiab~e' _è Omet

|bzzeo tè nmii smt` boomtmkgbi ~ecuibtmqe

jibuzez mgjiuomgc |~mgjm|bi |~k`mnmtmkg ka

gkg$dedne~z t~boe) bgo tè Jkgzude~

Jkk|e~btmqez Bjt sbz egbjteo mg Kjtkne~ ka

t`mz }eb~'

_è ges ibs omo gkt jieb~i} |~kqmoe tè

nuzmgezz ~mc`tz ugoe~ ckqe~gdegt ~ecuibtmkgz)

bgo |~k`mnmteo nuzmgezz bjtmqmtmez ka

Jbd|bmcg jb~ bggkugjmgc tè egbjtdegtka tè Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqez Bjt bgojbiimgc ak~ fkmgmgc jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez)_kh}k2=?0 (FJJU eae~egje kkd-


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30/149

:0 iejtu~e ~kkd ka t`e Ugmqe~zmt} ka

_kh}k) Db~j` >


32/149

:>

jkk|e~btmqez zmgje tè tmde ka tè Fb|bgeze

Jkk|e~btmqe Biimbgje) tè C@R `bo gkt

|e~dmtteo mt ugtmi tè ego ka mtz kjju|btmkg'

Mg Ze|tedne~ 2=52) tè Zbg A~bgjmzjk \ebje

_~ebt} sbz zmcgeo n} ~eibteo gbtmkgz) epje|tmgc

tè Zkqmet Ugmkg) J`mgb bgo ktè~ tsk zkjmbimzt

ztbtez) egomgc Fb|bg kjju|btmkg n} tè biimeo

ak~jez bgo dbhmgc Fb|bg mgoe|egoegt' _ùz)

tè |~ejkgomtmkg ak~ tè FJJU baamimbtmkg smt`

MJB sbz b~~bgceo' Mg Fbgub~} 2=5>) tè FJJU

fkmgeo tè MJB tk necmg mgte~gbtmkgbi epj`bgcez

mg auii$zsmgc'

Mg 2=?= tè Zkqmet Ugmkg zujjeeoeo mg mtz

am~zt `}o~kceg nkdn tezt bgo tè UZ |~ezmoegt

@b~~} Z' _~udbg zuccezteo tè uze ka B$nkdnz

mg tè Hk~ebg Sb~) |ibjmgc tè sk~io ugoe~

t`~ebtz ka gujieb~ sb~z' Bizk mg 2=?=) tè jies

ka Gk' 5Auhu~}u$db~u) b Fb|bgeze amz`mgc nkbt

mg k|e~btmkg geb~ tk tè Nmhmgm Btkii ka tè

Db~z`bi Mzibgoz mg tè dmo$\bjmamj Kjebg) bgo

mtz j~es bgo tugb jbtj` se~e zeqe~ei} obdbceo

n} ~bomkbjtmqe gujieb~ abiikutz' (_è j`mea ~bomk

k|e~btk~Bmhmj`m Hunk}bdb b `bia }eb~ ibte~

omeo ka ~bomkbjtmqe$jbuzeo omzebzez'- _è aeb~

ka ~bomkbjtmqe tugb jbuc`t mg tè b~eb) |~k|eiieo

Fb|bgeze `kuzesmqez tk mgmtmbte zmcgbtu~e

jbd|bmcgz bcbmgzt B$nkdnz' _è skdegdedne~z ka jkk|e~btmqez se~e mgjiuoeo mg tè

mgmtmbtk~z mg Zucmgbdm sb~o) _kh}k'

_è jbd|bmcg z|~ebo gbtmkgsmoe bgo ieo tk

k~cbgmvmgc tè am~zt sk~io ~bii} oedbgomgc

|~k`mnmtmkg ka btkdmj+`}o~kceg nkdnz mg

Bucuzt 2=55 mg@m~kz`mdb) tè am~zt qmjtmd jmt}

ka B$nkdn mg tè sk~io nemgc akiikseo n} tè

jmt} ka Gbcbzbhm' _è bjtmkgz n} dktè~

dedne~z ka jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez se~e

n~kuc`t nbjh mgtk imae ibte~ mg tè 2=3


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::

jkk|e~btmqez) tè FJJU bgo tè Jegt~bi Ugmkg

ka Jkgzude~ Zkjmet} (JEG_^KZKFUV-

bc~eeo tk eztbnimz` b dutubi t~bomgc zjède bgotè FJJU mgjk~|k~bteo b zunzmomb~} jkd|bg}

(Jkk|e~btmqe _~boe) Mgj' ka Fb|bg- ak~ t`bt

|u~|kze mg 2=51' _ùz) tè FJJU necbg t~bomgc

smt` kqe~zebz jkk|e~btmqez jegte~mgc kg tè

Zkqmet Ugmkg'

(_è ego ka J`b|te~ Kge-

J`b|te~

tttssskkk

Ep|bgzmkg ka Nuzmgezz B~ebz

mg tè êjkqe~mgc Fb|bgeze Ejkgkd}_è 2=5 |b~tmez uzeo tk z`b~e

tè dbfk~mt} ka tè Omet) tè IO\ dbmgtbmgeo mtz

okdmgbgje mg Fb|bgeze |kimtmjz ugtmi 2==: sèg

mt ikzt tè zkiei}$~uimgc Jbnmget bt ibzt'

_è Hk~ebg Sb~) mg s`mj` tè UZ ak~jez

akuc`t uzmgc Fb|bg bz zt~kgc`kioz ak~ t`~ee

}eb~z) cbqe z|ejmbi dmimtb~} |~kju~edegt

oedbgoz tk Fb|bg tu~gmgc tè Okoce Imge

Ziud| mgtk b zuooeg ejkgkdmj nkkd' Mg 2=52)

tè Dmgmgc bgo Dbguabjtu~mgc \~koujtmkg)

êbi C~kzz Gbtmkgbi \~koujt bgo C~kzz

Gbtmkgbi Ep|egomtu~e ~ejkqe~eo tè |~e$Sb~

tmde ieqeiz' Fb|bgeze mgouzt~mez ~ejkqe~eo

jegte~mgc kg èbq} mgouzt~mez) bgo) t`bghz tk

|~eae~egtmbi tbp z}ztedz) amgbgjmbi bzzmztbgje

bgo dkoe~bteo bgtm$t~uzt |kimjmez) egte~eo b

tmde ka `mc` ejkgkdmj c~kst`'

_è 2=51 Ejkgkdmj Zu~qe} ka Fb|bg

oejib~eo tè ego ka tè ~ejkqe~} |e~mko a~kd

tè Sb~ tmde oezt~ujtmkg zb}mgc Mt mz gkt tè

Nibjh$s`mte _Q) Eiejt~mj sbzè~) êa~mce~btk~ ( _è

_`~ee$|meje zet ka zbj~eo t~ebzu~ez mg tè 2=5


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:?

|kzt$tè$Sb~ tmde bg} dk~e' Imhe bz mtz |~kka)

tej`gkikcmjbi mggkqbtmkgz zuj` bz butkdbteo

|~koujtmkg) j`bgcez mg mgouzt~mbi zt~ujtu~e zuj`bz oeqeik|degt ka eiejt~mj bgo |et~kjèdmjbi

mgouzt~mez mgztebo ka tè |~mdb~} zejtk~z zuj` bz

bc~mjuitu~e bgo dmgmgc mgouzt~mez) sk~hak~je

bgo |k|uibtmkg z`mat a~kd bc~mjuitu~bi

jkddugmtmez tk u~nbg ikjbtmkgz) j`bgcez mg

ed|ik}degt zt~ujtu~e bgo zk kg `bqe neeg

ede~cmgc c~boubii}' Bt tè zbde tmde) tè

ejkgkd} sbz egte~mgc b tmde ka dbzzmqe

|~koujtmkg bgo dbzzmqe jkgzud|tmkg

~e|~ezegteo n} jkgzude~ ou~bniez zuj` bz`kde eiejt~mj b||imbgjez bgo |~e|b~eo akkoz)

j`bgcmgc jkgzude~ imaezt}ie'

Aebtu~ez ka Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqez mg tè

2=5


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:5

nuzmgezz iebomgc tk eztbnimz`degt ka tè Bii

Fb|bg Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe Nuzmgezz Ugmkg)

bz mtz |b~biiei egtmt} mg 2=50'

>' Sk~he~ Seiab~e Bjtmqmtmez bgo Ibnk~ Jkddugmt} Jkk|e~btmqez

S`mie ibnk~ sbcez se~e k||~ezzeo ugoe~ tè

Okoce Imge |kimjmez) tèm~ ugmkgz ceb~eo tk

seiab~e$md|~kqmgc sk~hz ak~ tèd zuj` bz

kntbmgmgc akko$ztuaaz bgo sk~hmgc ceb~z' Mg

2=?=) gbtmkgbi jegte~z ka ibnk~ ugmkgz) tèg

nemgc z|imt mgtk tsk zejtz) bikgc smt` tè

Fb|bgeze Jkk|e~btmqe Biimbgje) k~cbgmveo tè

Jegt~bi Imbmzkg Jkgae~egje ak~ Sk~hmgc Ceb~z'

Bate~ tè de~ce~ ka tè tsk gbtmkgbi jegte~z) mt

sbz ~ek~cbgmveo bz Jegt~bi J`bdne~ ak~ Ibnk~

Seiab~e \~kqmzmkg nemgc akiikseo n} tè zbde

dkqez mg qb~mkuz omzt~mjtz gbtmkgsmoe'

_è mgj~ebzeo ~btmk ka seiab~e |~kqmzmkg

sk~hz mg ibnk~ ugmkgz ~bmzeo tèm~ mgte~ezt mg

jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqe dkqedegt tk bjjeie~bte

mgmtmbtmgc ibnk~ j~eomt ugmkgz) ibnk~ jkddugmt}

jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez bgo ibnk~ mgzu~bgje

jkk|e~btmqez'

Bz ak~ ibnk~ j~eomt ugmkgz) tè am~zt kge sbz

mgjk~|k~bteo mg Khb}bdb |~eaejtu~e n} ikjbi

jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez bgo ktè~z mg 2=5 tk 2=5:) tè

FJJU bikgc smt` sk~he~ ugmkgz k~cbgmveo b

jbd|bmcg tk oedbgo egbjtdegt ka tè

akugobtmkg ibs ak~ ibnk~ j~eomt ugmkgz bgo skg

tè Ibnk~ J~eomt Ugmkgz Bjt' _è ibnk~ j~eomt

ugmkgz negeamteo smoe$b~eb ibnk~z jkk|e~btmqez

jkgjegt~btmgc kg j~eomt zbiez ka jkgzude~

ou~bniez bgo `kuzez smt` augoz jkiiejteo a~kd

sk~he~z' Kg tè ktè~ `bgo) `kseqe~) tè}

jkuio gkt auiamii ep|ejtbtmkgz a~kd jkddugmt}

jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez mg bjute geeo ak~ augoz

oue tk tèm~ imdmteo nuzmgezz |u~|kze'

Mg |b~biiei smt` mgjk~|k~btmkg ka ibnk~ j~eomt

ugmkgz) ~ecmkgbi aeoe~btmkgz ka sk~he~ ugmkgz

ceb~eo tk mgjk~|k~btmkg ka jkddugmt}$nbzeo

jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez' _è Ibnk~ Dmgmzt~} bt

tè tmde |ut ed|`bzmz kg sk~he~ seiab~e

|kimjmez mgjiuomgc j~boimgc jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez ka sk~he~z bgo ikjbi ckqe~gdegtz

akiikseo mt' Mg 2=?= tk 2=5


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:1

Jkk|e~btmqe bj`meqeo b dedne~z`m| ka 2>) eztbnimzèo tè

Jegt~bi Ugmkg ka Jkbi$Dmge~ Jkgzude~

Jkk|e~btmqez'

Mgjk~|k~btmkg ka Ibnk~ Mgzu~bgje

Jkk|e~btmqez bgo Ibnk~ J~eomt Zbiez

Jkk|e~btmqez

Bit`kuc` tkob}z Fb|bgeze jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez k|e~bte mgzu~bgje nuzmgezzez mg b

ùce zjbie) jkk|e~btmqe mgzu~bgjez nuzmgezz

sbz mgmtmbteo n} sk~he~z ugmkgz kaGmmcbtb bgo

Kzbhb |~eaejtu~e mg tè eb~i} 2=5


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:0

jbuzeo n} tè ejkgkdmj c~kst` necmggmgc bt

tè tmde' _è} ù~~meo tk |~e|b~e ak~ tè

u|$jkdmgc tmoe ka zeia$ze~qmje bgo zu|e~db~het'Debgs`mie) epmztmgc jkddugmt}

jkk|e~btmqez dboe eaak~tz tk zt~egctèg tèm~

dedne~ k~cbgmvbtmkgz t`~kuc` bjtmqmtmez zuj`

bz Abdmi} Jiunz bgo Skdeg Ugmkgz'

Neo~kjh Numiomgc ak~ Z|~ebomgc Nuzmgezz

Ameioz

Sk~h|ibje jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez se~e

zt~uccimgc mg ejkgkdmj ziud|) s`mj` jbde

zkkg bate~ tè ego ka z|ejmbi |~kju~edegt nkkd

ou~mgc tè Hk~ebg Sb~ bgo zeqe~e t~ebtdegtz

n} dktè~ jkd|bgmez' Ugoe~ tè jm~judztbgje)

tè FJJU `bdde~eo kut b ges |kimj} t`bt

sk~h|ibje jkk|e~btmqez z`kuio eptego tèm~

nuzmgezz mgtk zu~~kugomgc ~ezmoegtmbi

jkddugmtmez' êz|kgomgc tk t`mz |kimj}) zkdeka ib~ce$zjbieo sk~h|ibje jkk|e~btmqez)

mgjiuomgc kgez mg z`m|$numiomgc jkd|bgmez)

necbg tèm~ k|e~btmkgz mg ikjbi ~ezmoegtmbi

jkddugmtmez'

Zj`kki$tebjè~ jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez

necbg tk ceb~ tk |~kqmoe obmi} jkddkomtmez ak~

tè dedne~z abdmimez ~btè~ t`bg zj`kkimgc

gejezzmtmez oeqmzmgc jèjh$kaa z}zted bgo

~etbmie~ oezmcgbtmkg z}zted' _èm~ gbtmkgbi

ugmkg mgmtmbteo oeqeik|mgc mtz k~mcmgbi |~koujtz

smt` mtz n~bgo zuj` bz eiejt~mj sbzè~z bgohgmttmgc skki) bgo |unimz`mgc jbtbikcuez ak~

jk~~ez|kgoegje zbiez mg 2=53'

_è gudne~ ka ugmqe~zmt} jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez oej~ebzeo tk kgi} >< mg 2=?= bgo

tè Gbtmkgbi Jkiiece Jkk|e~btmqe Aeoe~btmkg

qm~tubii} segt mgtk tudnieo tk ~umg' _è ~kkt

jbuze ka t`mz jkde$oksg sbz ejkgkdmj

jkdnuztmkg bgo eoujbtmkgbi z}zted ~eak~dz'

Mddbtu~e dbgbcedegt n} qkiugtee~ dbgbce~z

ka ztuoegtz jkuio gkt zu~qmqe tè omaamjuitmez' Mg

tè ibtte~ `bia ka 2=5


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:=

Z|~ebomgc Skdeg Ugmtz (Abdmi} Jiunz-

Bjtmqmtmez

Zkkg bate~ tè ego ka tè Sb~) jkgzude~jkk|e~btmqez ka Gbob bgo Hkne ~enumit tèm~

Abdmi} Jiunz bgo tè Auhuz`mdb Jkgzude~

Jkk|e~btmqe akiikseo mt' Bit`kuc` zkde ka tè

jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez ka tè |~e$Sb~ tmde

md|iedegteo skdeg$jegte~eo dbgbcedegt ka

tè k~cbgmvbtmkg) tè dedne~z ka dkzt

jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqe bt t`bt tmde se~e deg

m'e' `kuze`kio èboz mg tè iecbi z}zted ka tè

tmde) bgo tè nkb~o dedne~z se~e okdmgbteo

n} deg' Ugoe~ tè jm~judztbgje) dbg}

jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez k~cbgmveo Abdmi} Jiunz

bz tè |ibjez ak~ skdeg tk |b~tmjm|bte mg

jkk|e~btmqe bjtmqmtmez' Eqeg mg tè |kzt$sb~

tmde sèg tè `kuze`kio èbo z}zted `bo neeg

bi~ebo} bnkimzèo) dkzt ka tè jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqe dedne~z se~e deg) |uttmgc

md|k~tbgje kg tè ~kie ka Abdmi} Jiunz mg

jkk|e~btmqe k|e~btmkg'

_è gesi} mgjk~|k~bteo jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez bizk k~cbgmveo Abdmi} Jiunz k~

Skdeg Ugmtz tk eg`bgje |b~tmjm|btmkg ka

skdeg (`kuze smqez- mg jkk|e~btmqe bjtmqmtmez

zuj` bz fkmgt nu}mgc ka ckkoz) t~bmgmgc bgo

|ibjedegt ka zmoe fknz) ~ej~ebtmkgz) jkkhmgc

jku~zez bgo zk kg' _èze bjtmqmtmez z|~ebo kut

t`~kuc` sk~h|ibje jkk|e~btmqez) tkk'

_è am~zt gbtmkgbi bzzedni} ka tè Skdeg

Ugmtz sbz k~cbgmveo bt tè Gbob Jkgzude~

Jkk|e~btmqe mg 2=55 bgo mt sbz akiikseo n}

|~eaejtu~e jkk|e~btmqe ugmkgz iebomgc tk zettmgc

u| tè Gbtmkgbi Jkugjmi ka Skdeg Ugmtz ka tè

FJJU mg 2=53'

_è Jkugjmi) nbzeo kg tè t`~ee$|~kgc

|kimj} ka `kuze`kio bjjkugtz) |~koujt ztuo}

bgo ometb~} `bnmt) z|~ebo b qb~met} ka ieb~gmgc

bgo juitu~bi bjtmqmtmez ak~ skdeg bgo kaae~eok||k~tugmtmez ak~ tèd tk fkmg jkgzude~) |ebje

bgo ktè~ zkjmbi bjtmkgz' _`mz |ib}eo bg

md|k~tbgt ~kie tk md|~kqe jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez |kzmtmkg bz |b~tmjm|btmgc

k||k~tugmtmez mg zkjmbi bjtmqmtmez ak~ jkgzude~z

bgo skdeg'

_è `kuze`kio bjjkugtz bjtmqmtmez

|k|uib~mveo `kuzehee|mgc$nkkh `bnmtz bdkgc

`kuzesmqez bgo tè bggubi zuddb~} dbt` n}

tè FJJU sbz utmimveo ak~ bgtm$mgaibtmkg

jbd|bmcgz' \~koujt ztuo} bjtmqmtmez se~e uzeaui

tk md|~kqe jkgzude~ imqmgc bgo de~j`bgomze

bzzk~tdegt ka jkk|e~btmqez' Gbtmkgbi bzzedniez

ka Skdeg Ugmtz ka tè FJJU) jegte~mgc kg tè

epj`bgcez ka tèm~ bjtmqmtmez) se~e tè kgi}

k||k~tugmtmez tk cbtè~ bt tè gbtmkgbi ieqei ak~

skdeg dedne~z ka jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez'

_è FJJU moegtmameo tè Skdeg Ugmt

bjtmqmtmez bz b neit jkggejtmgc jkk|e~btmqez

smt` skdeg dedne~z k~ |b~tge~ nko} smt`

jkk|e~btmqez) mg |b~biiei smt` nbzmj k~cbgz) m'e'

ê|~ezegtbtmqez Bzzedniez bgo Nkb~o ka

Om~ejtk~z'


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?1) 2=5= |ek|ie

zbt ugoe~ tegtz mg a~kgt ka tè Omet mg zgksabiiz'

_`mz sbz tè zejkgo ib~cezt jbd|bmcg n} tè

FJJU akiiksmgc tè kge ak~ oedbgomgc

egbjtdegt ka tè Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqez Bjt'

Bit`kuc` tè jbd|bmcg zujjeeoeo mg

bdegomgc tè nmii mgjiuomgc epje|tmkg ka

~ecuibtk~} jibuzez kg jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez)

ê|~ezegtbtmqez a~kd jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqezzmttmgc$mg mg a~kgt ka tè Omet tk |~ktezt tèzundmtteo nmii ka tè êtbmi NuzmgezzJkk~omgbtmgc Z|ejmbi Debzu~ez Bjt )Aen~ub~} 2=5= (FJJU eae~egje kkd-


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?>

tè Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqez Bjt sbz bdegoeo)

mgztebo) tk au~tè~ ~ezt~mjt gkg$dedne~

z`k||mgc bt jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez'

Jbd|bmcgz bcbmgzt ^bmzmgc ka Gesz|b|e~

Aeez bgo ktè~z

Mg tè eb~i} 2=5


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?:

ugoe~ tè |kimtmjbi |~ezzu~e n} gesz|b|e~

jk~|k~btmkgz) bgo tè èbo ka tè Jkddmzzmkg

bggkugjeo |bzzmgc kqe~ tè jbze' Oez|mte t`mzoeaebt) tè jbd|bmcg sbz bg e|kj`$dbhmgc

eqegt mg Fb|bgeze jkgzude~ dkqedegt'

Fkmgmgc tè Gbtmkgbi Jbd|bmcg bcbmgzt

Bdegodegt ka tè Fb|bg$UZ Zeju~mt}

_~ebt}

Sèg Fb|bg ~eztk~eo mtz mgoe|egoegje a~kd tè

UZ$okdmgbteo kjju|btmkg mg 2=52) mt jkgjiuoeo

bt tè zbde tmde tè zeju~mt} t~ebt} smt` tè

Ugmteo Ztbtez ka Bde~mjb tk jkgzkimobte

zunk~omgbte biimbgje smt` tè UZB mg tè

Jkio$Sb~ zt~ujtu~e ka tè sk~io' _è nkt`

Ckqe~gdegtz oejmoeo tk bdego bgo eptego tè

_~ebt} tk dbmgtbmg tèm~ biimbgje' sk~he~ ugmkgz

ugoe~ Zk`}k) ztuoegt k~cbgmvbtmkgz bgo ieatmzt

|b~tmez ~e|ebteo jbd|bmcgz bcbmgzt tè

bdegodegt' Bdkgc jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez)

ez|ejmbii} ugmqe~zmt} jkk|e~btmqez hee|mgc u|

tè zt~ebd ka ztuoegt dkqedegt) bgo sk~he~

ugmkgz ka jkddugmt} jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez

fkmgeo tè jbd|bmcgz a~kd tè eb~i} ztbce' Mg

Db} 2=1


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??

jkk|e~btmqe mg _kh}k sbz kgje oe~bmieo bgo

~eqmtbimveo ibte~ bz tè C~ebt Det~k|kimtbg

Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe Mgjk~|k~btmkgMgmtmbtmqe bz oetbmieo mg tè gept j`b|te~'

(_è ego ka J`b|te~ _sk-


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?5

J`b|te~

_`~ee

Boqbgjmgc Jkgzude~ dkqedegt bgo

Ges Eqkiutmkg ka

Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe Dkqedegt

_è 2=1 gept tk tè UZB' mg 2=10'

B gudne~ ka ib~ce mgouzt~mbi jkd|iepez

se~e oeqeik|eo tk |~kdkte ikjbi

oeqeik|degt tu~gmgc ~u~bi omzt~mjtz mgtk ges

mgouzt~mbi tksgz btt~bjtmgc b ib~ce bdkugt ka

sk~hak~je a~kd bc~mjuitu~bi jkddugmtmez'

_è ~btmk ka bc~mjuitu~e bgo amzè~}

sk~hak~je mg tè tktbi sk~hak~je) s`mj`

db~heo :< % k~ dk~e mg 2=1


46/149

?1

_è ejkgkdmj nkkd bgo j`bgcez mg

jkgzude~ imaezt}ie jbuzeo c~ebt eqkiutmkgz mg

Fb|bgeze ~etbmi mgouzt~}'Dbzz |~koujtmkg bgo jkgzud|tmkg

geeoeo dbzz omzt~mnutmkg z}ztedz'

Zu|e~$db~het ak~dbt sbz zumtbnie ak~ dbzz

omzt~mnutmkg bgo ~b|moi} z|~ebo necmggmgc

a~kd sezte~g Fb|bg) mgmtmbtmgc bjtmqe

omzjuzzmkgz kg tè tèk~} ka Omzt~mnutmkg

êqkiutmkg) dkoe~gmvbtmkg ka tè ~etbmi

mgouzt~}' Mg tè ibtte~ `bia ka tè 2=1-) necmggmgc ka bm~ bzzbuitz kg Qmetgbd

n} tè UZB (2=1?-) gujieb~ seb|kg

oeqeik|degt n} J`mgb bgo gujieb~

jkd|etmtmkgz netseeg tè UZB bgo tè Zkqmet

Ugmkg' Mg Fb|bg) sè~e tè UZ dmimtb~} nbzez

sk~heo ak~ tè Qmetgbd Sb~) |ebje

jbd|bmcgz se~e ~bmzeo mgjiuomgc k||kzmtmkg

~biimez tk tè UZ gujieb~$o~mqeg zundb~mge

nkbtz o~k||mgc mgtk Fb|bgeze |k~tz' _è

jkgjiuzmkg ka tè Fb|bg$Hk~eb Augobdegtbi

_~ebt}(&-

mg 2=15 sbz bgktè~ gbtmkgbi jkgt~b

qe~zmkg'

Mg tè ibtte~ `bia ka tè 2=1


47/149

?3

ka t`e 2=5


48/149

?0

tk jkgzude~ imae bgo èbit`' B t}|mjbi kge sbz

èbit` eaaejtz ka akko boomtmqez' Mg 2=53 tè

Akko Zbgmtbtmkg Bjt sbz ~eqmzeo mg ~ez|kgzetk b akko mgtkpmjbtmkg jbze jbuzeo n}

b~zegmj$ibjeo |ksoe~ dmih kjju~~eo mg 2=55

tk hmii 2:< k~ dk~e nbnmez' _è b~zegmj sbz

uzeo tk dbhe b akko boomtmqe s`mj` dbhez

|ksoe~ dmih zkiunie' _è b~zegmj uzeo sbz

ak~ mgouzt~mbi uze bgo ~edbmgeo mg tè |ksoe~

dmih |~koujeo' _è ibs nbggeo tè uze ka

z}gtètmj akko boomtmqez gkt but`k~mveo n} tè

Ckqe~gdegt' êz|kgomgc tk tè c~kst` ka

|~kjezzeo$akko |~koujtmkg) tè uze ka

z}gtètmj akko boomtmqez sbz nejkdmgc mg

nkkd) bgo) m~kgmjbii}) tè ~eqmzeo ibs |bqeo

tè ~kbo tk mgj~ebze tè gudne~ ka z}gtètmj

akko boomtmqez mg but`k~mveo uze' _è gudne~

mgj~ebzeo tk bnkut :5< t`~kuc` tè 2=1 0


49/149

?=

nuzmgezz ak~dbt a~kd ~kugo dbg z}zted tk

j`bmg$k|e~btmkg ka zu|e~$db~hetz bgo

bjjuduibteo eaak~tz tk dkoe~gmve tèm~dbgbcedegt' Mg 2=1>) tè tsk jkk|e~btmqez

de~ceo mgtk b ges jkk|e~btmqe) tè

Gbob$Hkne Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe) smt` b

dedne~z`m| ka 5:):


50/149

5=?

jkk|e~btmqez mg k~oe~ tk |~e|b~e oeqeik|mgc

|ibgz ak~ t`mz |u~|kze'

Mg |b~biiei tk tè bnkqe) tè FJJU zet u|

b tbzh$ak~je jkddmttee tk |~e|b~e b |kimj} tk

~eqmqe tè qmzmkg ka C~ebt Det~k|kimtbg

Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe Mgjk~|k~btmkg

Mgmtmbtmqe) s`mj` sbz kgje jkgjemqeo tk

|~bmze bj`meqedegtz ka tè ibte \~ezmoegt

_k}k`mhk Hbcbsb mgtegomgc tk eztbnimz` b

aibcz`m| jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqe mg _kh}k' _è

jkddmttee oejmoeo b |ibg tk mgjk~|k~bte b

jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqe mg _kh}k) s`mj` skuio

k|e~bte b j`bmgeo zu|e~$db~het ztk~ez bgo ne

tè jk~e egtmt} ak~ jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez mg

tè Det~k|kimtbg b~eb' Bjjk~omgc tk tè |ibg)

tè FJJU mgjk~|k~bteo) bt mtz ksg mgmtmbtmqe

smt` mtz ksg |e~zkggei bgo ep|egzez) tè

_kh}k Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe mg Db} 2=1='

_è FJJU mtzeia epejuteo jkd|iete jkgt~ki

kqe~ tè |~e|b~btmkg ak~ mgjk~|k~btmkg)

k|egmgc ka tè ztk~e) bgo tè egtm~e

dbgbcedegt ka tè ges jkk|e~btmqe' Mg

boomtmkg) tè FJJU zet u| \u~j`bze

Mgtec~btmkg Oe|b~tdegt bz mtz mgte~gbi zejtmkgtk mgtec~bte nu}mgc augjtmkgz ka tè _kh}k

Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe) tè ]khk`bdb

Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe bgo ktè~z) mgtegomgc

tk `bqe augjtmkgz bz tè èborub~te~z ka tè

j`bmgeo ztk~ez neikgcmgc tk baamimbteo

jkk|e~btmqez tk ne'

Bit`kuc` tè _kh}k Jkgzude~

Jkk|e~btmqe k|egeo > ztk~ez mg 2=1=) mt jkuio

gkt cet mtzeia mgtk ceb~ bgo zkkg aeii mgtk

dbgbcedegt j~mzmz' Bt tè Cege~bi Bzzedni}

ka tè FJJU ka tè gept }eb~ mg Auhuz`mdb)

j~mtmjmzd bgo oegkugjedegt se~e akjuzeo kg

tè FJJU |kimjmez bgo jkgoujtz kg tè _kh}k

Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe bgo \u~j`bze

Mgtec~btmkg Oe|b~tdegt' êz|kgomgc tk t`mz

zmtubtmkg) Nkb~o ka Om~ejtk~z ka tè FJJU

|~ezegteo b jkgjiuzmkg ztbtmgc t`bt tè FJJU

bgo tè baamimbteo jkk|e~btmqez z`kuio ~eqmes

tè |kimjmez bgo jkgoujtz ka tè jkk|e~btmqe

bgo tè oe|b~tdegt) bgo tè abzt$oeqeik|degt

imge bz tè nbjhc~kugo'

Auhuz`mdb Cege~bi Bzzedni}

Jkgjiuzmkg bgo S~ejhbce ka Jmtmveg

Jkk|e~btmqe Zb||k~k

_è jkgjiuzmkg bt tè Auhuz`mdb Cege~bi

Bzzedni} ka tè FJJU u~ceo jkk|e~btmqe

bjtmqmztz tk ~eaiejt tè tk|$oksg dbgbcedegt

bgo ztk~e k|egmgc ka jkk|e~btmqez smt`kut

|b~tmjm|btmkg ka ikjbi dedne~z+jkgzude~z)

bgo tk b||~ejmbte tè |~mgjm|iez ka oedkj~btmj

bodmgmzt~btmkg ka jkk|e~btmqez ~kktmgc mg

dedne~z'


61/149

12

Bz ma z`boksmgc t`mz jkgjiuzmkg) tè

Jmtmveg Jkk|e~btmqe (~egbdeo a~kd tè

Zb||k~k Jmtmveg Jkk|e~btmqe- aeii mgtk augo

z`k~tbce bgo bzheo tè FJJU amgbgjmbi

zu||k~t mg tè butudg ka tè zbde }eb~' Zmgje

mtz mgjk~|k~btmkg mg 2=1? tè Jmtmveg

Jkk|e~btmqe Zb||k~k `bo neeg kg b

abzt$oeqeik|mgc imge bgo |ibggmgc tk zet 25

ztk~ez mg tè zmgcie }eb~ ka 2=3 oejboez'

_è FJJU omzdmzzeo tè \u~j`bze

Mgtec~btmkg Oe|b~tdegt bgo tè _kh}k

Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe necbg mtz ~enumiomgc

bgo oeqeik|mgc sb} mg mtz ksg |kse~

mgoe|egoegti} a~kd tè FJJU bgo nejbde

kge ka tè k~mcmgz ka tkob}z Jk$k| _kh}k'

Eqkiutmkg ka Mgte~gbtmkgbi Epj`bgcez

bgo _~bomgc

Mgte~gbtmkgbi epj`bgcez ka tè FJJU se~e

dbmgi} |e~ak~deo bt tè b~egb ka tè MJB'

_è >:~o MJB Jkgc~ezz mg Qmeggb mg 2=11

omzjuzzeo tè ~eqmzmkg ka tè Zeqeg

Jkk|e~btmqe \~mgjm|iez(&-

' Mt sbz |~k|kzeo tk

kdmt tè |~mgjm|ie ka \kimtmjbi bgo êimcmkuz

Geut~bimt} bgo Jbz` _~bgzbjtmkg bgo tk

boo tè |~mgjm|ie ka Jkk|e~btmkg netseeg

Jkk|e~btmqez' _è FJJU mgzmzteo t`bt tè

ak~de~ |~mgjm|ie z`kuio ne bite~gbteo tk A~ee

a~kd \kimtmjz bgo êimcmkg bgo bok|t b ges

|~mgjm|ie oeamge gejezzmt} ka numiomgc nbzmj

dedne~ k~cbgmvbtmkgz zuj` bz `bg' Bz b

~ezuit ka omzjuzzmkgz) tè ges 1 |~mgjm|iez(&&-

|~k|kzeo se~e bok|teo bt tè Jkgc~ezz'

_è nmibte~bi epj`bgcez smt`

jkk|e~btmqez ka tè Zkqmet Ugmkg bgo J`mgb

jkgtmgueo ou~mgc tè 2


62/149

1>

bgo tè oeiecbtez ka JEG_E^KZKFUV

qmzmteo Fb|bg mg 2=1> bgo 2=1?' _è FJJU

zegt mtz oeiecbtez tk J`mgb ? tmdez a~kd 2=1>tk 2=11) bgo bjje|teo J`mgeze oeiecbtez

:-tmdez a~kd 2=1: tk 2=11'

_è epj`bgcez smt` kqe~zebz jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez qmb tè MJB ep|bgoeo tk tè

Bzmbg ~ecmkg) bgo b jbnmget$bgo$ ieboe~

jkgae~egje kg jkk|e~btmqez sbz èio mg

_kh}k mg 2=1?'

_è jkugte~|b~tz ka mgte~gbtmkgbi

jkk|e~btmqe t~boe ep|bgoeo a~kd tè Zkqmet

Ugmkg bgo J`mgb tk Ebzt Ce~dbg}) Zseoeg)

tè UZB bgo ktè~z' A~kd tè Zkqmet Ugmkg)

tè md|k~t ka è~~mgc bgo è~~mgc ~ke necbg'

Bgtm$|kimk qbjjmge sbz u~cegti} md|k~teo

a~kd tè JE_^KZKFUV ~ez|kgomgc tk tè

|kimk$e|moedmj mg Fb|bg mg tè ibte$2=1- Oedkj~btmj Jkgt~ki (Kge Dbg) Kge

Qkte-

:- Omzt~mnutmkg ka Zu~|iuz mg \~k|k~tmkg tk

_~bgzbjtmkgz

?- Imdmteo Mgte~ezt kg Jb|mtbi

5- \kimtmjbi bgo êimcmkuz Geut~bimt}

1- Jbz` _~bomgc

3- \~kdktmkg ka Eoujbtmkg'

(&&-

_è ges zmp |~mgjm|iez bok|teo mg tè

2=11MJB Jkgc~ezz b~e6

2- K|eg Dedne~z`m|

>- Oedkj~btmj Jkgt~ki (Kge Dbg) Kge

Qkte-

:- Omzt~mnutmkg ka Zu~|iuz mg \~k|k~tmkg tk

_~bgzbjtmkgz

?- Imdmteo Mgte~ezt kg Jb|mtbi

?- Omzt~mnutmkg ka Zu~|iuz tk Dedne~z

5- \~kdktmkg ka Eoujbtmkg

1- Jkk|e~btmkg netseeg Jkk|e~btmqez'


63/149

1:

J`b|te~

Aku~

Smoe$Z|~ebomgc Jmtmveg

Jkk|e~btmqez Jegte~mgc kg@kuzesmqez

_è 2=3 tè ges bodmgmzt~btmkg ieo n}

Hbhuem _bgbhb jbde kg ztbce zettmgc u| tè

b~j`m|eibck ~eak~dbtmkg tèk~} bgo necbg

|~kdktmgc gbtmkgbi ibgo ~eoeqeik|mgc)

~eikjbtmgc mgouzt~mez bgo jmtmez) numiomgc

`mc`sb}z bgo z`mghbgzeg Xzu|e~ `mc` z|eeoT

~bmi~kboz jkggejtmgc tèd) bgo zk kg' Mg

boomtmkg) epjezzmqe imrumomt} jbuzeo n} okiib~

mgaiksz se~e om~ejteo tk ibgo z|ejuibtmkgz

bgo mgqmteo te~~mamj mgaibtmkg' Mg Kjtkne~ 2=3:

tè aku~t` Dmooie Ebzt Sb~ kut n~khe) bgo) mg

~ez|kgze) B~bnmbg kmi jkugt~mez oej~ebzeo kmi

|~koujtmkg n} b ib~ce db~cmg bgo md|kzeo kmi

ednb~ck tk tè UZB) mgqmtmgc bg kmi z`kjh

ak~ tè sk~io ejkgkd}' Akiiksmgc tè z`kjh)

zmduitbgekuz ziksoksg ka tè sk~io

ejkgkd}) s`mj` sbz jkgzmoe~eo tk ne

zeqe~ezt bate~ 2=:


64/149


65/149

15

tè Gbtmkg

Mgjk~|k~btmkg ka dbg} JmtmvegJkk|e~btmqez

Bit`kuc` imqmgc ztbgob~oz se~e ~bmzeo

t`~kuc` tè ~b|mo ejkgkdmj c~kst`) aeb~z ka

oete~mk~btmgc imqmgc jkgomtmkgz zuj` bz

hkcbm bgo zk kg se~e mg mgj~ebze) bgo tè

dbzz$|~koujtmkg+dbzz$jkgzud|tmkg zkjmet}

jbuzeo ges gumzbgjez mgjiuomgc dmziebomgc

ibneimgc kg |~kjezzeo akkoz bgo `b~daui akko

boomtmqez' _è kmi j~mzmz bgo zu||i}

z`k~tbce bgo smio |~mje z|m~bi mg 2=3:

t~mcce~eo bgce~ ka jkgzude~z' Mg ~ez|kgze)

jkgzude~z jk|eo smt` tè omaamjuitmez n}

k~cbgmvmgc tèdzeiqez mgjiuomgc fkmgt

nu}mgc bjtmqmtmez'

Ou~mgc tè 2=1


66/149

11

Ges jk$k|z := 05 ?: 213

Mg 2=0'1 % mg 2=32)

~b|moi} okunieo tk 5'? % mg 2=35 bgo au~t`e~

~kze tk 0'< % mg 2=0


67/149

13

jkddmttee dedne~z ztkko bt tè ak~ea~kgt ka

bjtmqmtmez ak~ dedne~ ep|bgzmkg) |k|uib~mvmgc

ka JK$K\ n~bgo ckkoz) jb|mtbi mgj~ebzmgc)bgo zk kg' _èze bjtmqmtmez zse|t mgtk `bg

k~cbgmvbtmkgz bgo |b~tmjm|btmgc mg zuj`

bjtmqmtmez nejbde jkgqegtmkgz ka `bg

dedne~z'

Kg tè ktè~ `bgo) dedne~z qkiugtb~}

ztuo}+bjtmkg c~ku|z nbzeo kg tèm~ jkgje~gz

k~ mgte~eztz se~e ak~deo mg smoe$z|~ebomgc

ameioz boomgc ges btt~bjtmkgz ka jkk|e~btmqez

ak~ b n~kbo zsbt` ka dedne~z' Ez|ejmbii} kg

|~koujtz) |b~tmjm|btmkg mg ztuomez kg akko

boomtmqez bgo omzjuzzmkgz kg oeqeik|degt bgo

zbiez |ibgz se~e bjtmqei} k~cbgmveo tk dbhe

ugmt} ka nuzmgezz bjtmqmtmez bgo dedne~

bjtmqmtmez'

Numiomgc \~eaejtu~e Jkk|e~btmqe Ugmkgz

bgo Aibcz`m| Jkk|e~btmqez

Bz tè gudne~ ka jkddugmt} jkk|e~btmqez

mgj~ebzeo) jkk|e~btmqe ugmkgz bt tè

|~eaejtu~e ieqei se~e gesi} mgjk~|k~bteo bgo

ak~tmameo' _è gudne~ ka |~eaejtu~e ugmkgz

baamimbteo smt` tè FJJU sbz kgi} >? mg 2=3 jkk|e~btmqez de~ceo smt` tè

Jmtmveg Jkk|e~btmqe Zb||k~k bgo tè

]khk`bdb Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe bgo ktè~ ?

jkk|e~btmqez de~ceo tkcetè~ mgtk tè

Hbgbcbsb Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe (tkob}z

Jk$k| Hbgbcbsb-' > jkk|e~btmqez ka _kh}k

fkmgeo tè _kdmg Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe

(tkob}z Jk$k| _kh}k-' Mg boomtmkg) zkimob~mt}

bdkgc jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez ne}kgo

|~eaejtu~e nkb~oe~z sbz mgmtmbteo' Jkdmgc

neak~e mt mg H}uzù omzt~mjt) jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez uzeo tk epj`bgce tèm~

ep|e~megjez t`~kuc` tè H}uzù

Jkk|e~btmqe Jkgae~egje' Dbg} dmooie+zdbii

zmveo jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez mg tè _kh}k

det~k|kimtbg b~eb ak~deo b fkmgt$nuzmgezz

ugmkg mg 2=33) s`mj` numit tè nbzmz ka tè \bi

Z}zted Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe Ugmkg ka

tkob}' _è Zemhbtzu Jiun Jkgzude~

Jkk|e~btmqe ka_kh}k sbz |ib}mgc tè ~kie bz

tè gbtmkgbi nuzmgezz jegte~ ak~ mtz |ee~

jkk|e~btmqez z|~ebomgc tk ktè~ |~eaejtu~ez'

:' Oeqeik|mgc J`bmg Ztk~e K|e~btmkg bgo Fkmgt Nu}mgc Nuzmgezz

Okunieo Zbiez B~eb mg teg (2


68/149

10

bt tè am~zt |ibje mg bggubi zbiez epjeeomgc

Dmtzuhkz`m Oe|b~tdegt Ztk~ez) s`mj`

k~mcmgbtez a~kd b hmdkgk z`k| k|egeo mg213:j`b~bjte~mvmgc mtzeia bz jbz` t~bomgc

bite~gbtmgc smt` tè t~bomtmkgbi zbiez n} j~eomt'

J`bmg ztk~e k|e~btk~z jkgtmgueo ep|bgomgc

tèm~ nuzmgezzez t`~kuc` tè 2=3


69/149

1=

~e|ebteo t~mez$bgo$e~~k~z tk numio u| mt bz b

zkimo nuzmgezz ak~dbt mg tè am~zt `bia ka tè

2=3

(nbjte~mjmoe-)

iedkg smt`kut K\\ (bgtm$ze|tmj-) amz` zbuzbce

smt`kut |`kz|`bte (bgtm$ze|tmj- oete~cegt

smt`kut |`kz|`k~uz bgo IBZ'

_èze jkk|e~btmqez |~koujtz oeqeik|eo

n} tè FJJU bgo mgomqmoubi jkk|e~btmqez tk

|u~zue zbaet} ~b|moi} ep|bgoeo bdkgc

jkk|e~btmqe dedne~z'

_è FJJU |ib}eo tè ~kie tk oeqeik| bgo

|~kqmoe mtz ksg JK$K\ n~bgo |~koujtz s`mj`

sbz kgi} |kzzmnie bt tè gbtmkgbi ieqei zuj` bz

oete~cegtz) jkzdetmjz bgo ktè~z geeomgc b

dbzz |~koujtmkg bgo md|k~teo |~koujez'

êcmkgbi n~bgjèz ka tè FJJU gkt kgi}

augjtmkgeo bz zbiez |~kdkte~ ak~ tè FJJU

|~koujtz nut bizk abjmimtbteo mgtec~bteo

|u~j`bze ka |~koujtz bdkgc ikjbi jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez' _è n~bgjèz bizk bzzmzteo

dedne~ jkk|e~btmqez mg epj`bgcmgc |kimjmez

bgo ep|e~megjez mg fkmgt nu}mgc nuzmgezz'

Ak~ dbg} ka tè gesi} nk~g jkgzude~jkk|e~btmqez)zbgj`khu) om~ejt |u~j`bze a~kd

|~kouje~z k~ ab~de~z smt`kut n~khe~z k~

s`kiezbie db~hetz ka a~ez` dmih) ecc)

qecetbniez bgo a~umtz) amzèz bgo |~kjezzeo

amzèz) etj') |ib}eo b zmcgmamjbgt ~kie tk

ep|bgo tèm~ dedne~z bgo nuzmgezzez'

Zbgj`khu |mkgee~eo tè mgmtmbtmqe tk moegtma}

tè k~mcmgz bgo omzt~mnutmkg j`bggeiz ka

|~koujez) m'e' t~bjebnmimt} mg tkob}z te~d)

bgo sbz ibte~ akiikseo n} ktè~ ~etbmimgc

nuzmgezzez' Mt bizk |~kdkteo epj`bgcez

netseeg jkgzude~z bgo |~kouje~z'


(&-

_è jkdnmgbtmkg ka tè mtedz tk ne |~kqmoeo

bgo tè oeimqe~} z}zted sbz moebimztmj nejbuze

tè nkt` geeo zmgcie$mted jkgjegt~btmkg'

Oeqeik|mgc JK$K\ n~bgo |~koujtz k~

zbgj`khu |~koujez geeoz zmgcie$mted

jkgjegt~btmkg tk ok b dbzzmqe bdkugt ka

|u~j`bze ka tè |~koujtz k~ |~koujez bt

~eoujeo |~mjez bgo ka `mc` rubimtmez' Fkmgt

nu}mgc z}zted jbg ne eaamjmegti} k|e~bteo

sèg mt bt kge tmde oeimqe~z b dbzzmqe qkiude

ka ckkoz ka aese~ mtedz'

Bt tè zbde tmde) JK$K\ n~bgo |~koujtz

bgozbgj`khu |~koujez booeo dbg} btt~bjtmkgz

ak~ jkgzude~z tk fkmgt nu}mgc nuzmgezz'

(&&-

_èze akko mtedz uzeo tk ne |~koujeo mg


70/149

3 bz b ~ezuit

ka jkgzude~ jbd|bmcgz' S`bt jbde kut gept

se~e akko boomtmqez zuj` bz K\\ (bgtm$ze|tmj

ak~ iedkg-) zbimj}imj bjmo (bgtm$ze|tmj ak~

bijk`kimj neqe~bcez- bgo tb~$nbzeo jkik~mgcz)

bgo egqm~kgdegt |kiiutmgc dbte~mbiz zuj` bz

\JN) k~cbgmj de~ju~}) |ki}qmg}i jìk~moe) b

gudne~ ka bc~mjèdmjbiz bgo bgmdbi$akko

boomtmqez' Jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez k~cbgmveo

B Nmc Gbtmkgbi Bzzedni} bcbmgzt tèmgt~koujtmkg ka cege~bi Jkgzud|tmkg_bp _kh}k Kjtkne~ 2=3= (FJJU êae~egje^kkd-


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3>

ztuo} bjtmqmtmez kg tèze mzzuez ak~ dedne~z

bgo ~eqmeseo tè uze ka tèze bcegtz ak~ tèm~

|~koujtz' Jkgzude~z bizk oedbgoeo tèCkqe~gdegt tk ~ecuibte tè uze ka akko

boomtmqez bgo egzu~e zbaet} ka md|k~teo akko

mtedz'

Bt tè zbde tmde) |`ktkjèdmjbi zdkc

bgo bjmo ~bmg nejbde jkddkg mddeombte

jkgje~gz bdkgc |ek|ie' Jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqe dedne~z z|~ebo epbdmgbtmkg

bjtmqmtmez kg ikjbi bm~) ~mqe~ sbte~z bgo zkmiz tk

oetejt |kiiutmkgz' _è} oedbgoeo tè

Ckqe~gdegt tk ~ecuibte tè uze ka |`kz|`k~uz

mg oete~cegt s`mj` jbuzez gut~megt

kqe~$eg~mj`degt ka jikzeo sbte~z cege~btmgc

~eo tmoe mg Ibhe Nmsb (tè ib~cezt ibhe ka

Fb|bg- bgo ktè~ jikzeo sbte~z'(&-


(&-

Bit`kuc` BNZ) tè ak~de~ dbmg bcegt ka

z}gtèzmveo oete~cegt) s`mj` jbuzeo ak~dmgc

mg ~mqe~ sbte~z) `bo neeg bite~gbteo n} IBZ

(imgeb~ bih}inegvege zuiakgbte-) tè ges bcegt

IBZ `bz iks nmk$oec~bobnmimt}) jbuzmgc sbte~

|kiiutmkgz) bgo jkgzude~z aeb~eo bnkut mtz

obdbcez tk ùdbg zhmg bgo èbit`' _è} bizk

oedbgoeo tè Ckqe~gdegt tk ~ecuibte tè uze

ka IBZ mg oete~cegt) bgo jkk|e~btmqe

dedne~z bgo jkgzude~z |~kdkteo uze ka

zkb| bgo ktè~ oete~cegtz smt`kut |`kz|`k~uz

bgo IBZ'

\ebje bgo Bgtm$Gujieb~ Seb|kg Bjtmkgz

_è bgtm$gujieb~ seb|kg dkqedegt ka Fb|bg)

s`mj` ie tk tè am~zt mgte~gbtmkgbi ~bii} mg 2=55)

zkkg z|imt kaa oue tk omz|ute kqe~ gujieb~ teztz

n} zkjmbimzt ztbtez bgo tè sk~io ~biimez `boneeg èio ze|b~btei} n} ebj` |kimtmjbi abjtmkg

bimegbtmgc cege~bi jmtmvegz mgjiuomgc

jkk|e~btmqe dedne~z' Mg 2=33) `kseqe~) tè

bggubi Sk~io Jkgae~egje Bcbmgzt B!@

Nkdnz sbz fkmgti} jkgqegeo ak~ tè am~zt tmde

mg aku~teeg (2?- }eb~z' _è FJJU bgo

dedne~ jkk|e~btmqez zegt tèm~ oeiecbtez tk

tè Jkgae~egje) bgo a~kd tèg kg tè}

jkgtmgueo bggubii} k~cbgmvmgc jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez ksg cbtè~mgcz bgo bjtmkgz mg

@m~kz`mdb bgo Gbcbzbhm' _è} zegt dbg}

oeiecbtez bgo zmcgbtu~ez ka 2)2 dmiimkgz tk

tè am~ztUG Z|ejmbi Cege~bi Bzzedni} ak~

Gujieb~ Omzb~dbdegt mg 2=30'

A~kd tèg kg) |ebje bgo bgtm$gujieb~

jbd|bmcgz n} jkk|e~btmqe dedne~z z|~ebo

ikjbii} mg qb~mkuz ak~dz zuj` bz B!@ nkdn

omzbzte~ ep`mnmtmkgz) |ebje jkgje~tz)

epj`bgcez netseeg j`mio~eg bgo

`mnbhuz` 'Jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez tùz necbg

|ib}mgc b gujieuz ~kie mg jmtmveg c~ku|z ak~

|ebje bgo bgtm$gujieb~ jbd|bmcgz bgo

jkgt~mnuteo tk dbmgtbmgmgc tè ugmt} ka tè

dkqedegt'

Mg tè UG$boqkjbteo Mgte~gbtmkgbi ]eb~

ka tè J`mio ka 2=3=) ~ez|kgomgc tk tè b||ebi

ka tè MJB) Fb|bgeze jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez

~bmzeo b jbd|bmcg augo ka 2= dmiimkg }eg mg

tè zikcbg Ietz zego kge nujhet ka sbte~"

_`mz jbd|bmcg ieo tk tè oeqeik|degt ka

jkgtmgukuz augo ~bmzmgc bjtmqmtmez ak~ tè

UGMJEA n} jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez'


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3:

1' Oeqeik|degt ka Ebj` Zejtk~ ka Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqez bgo Jk$k|

Mgzu~bgje Nuzmgezz

Ou~mgc t`e 2=3


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3?

Mg z|mte ka tèze jm~judztbgjez) tè

gudne~ ka ugmqe~zmt} jkk|e~btmqez mgj~ebzeo

a~kd 2>0 mg 2=3< tk kge$ùgo~eo bgo 2?: mg2=0 tè FJJU zet u| b tbzhak~je tk jbd|bmcg ak~ bdegomgc tè Jkgzude~

_è bgtm~mkt |kimje ak~je o~mqmgc kut

ept~edmzt ztuoegtz a~kd tè ]bzuob

Buomtk~mud ka tè Ugmqe~zmt} ka _kh}k)

2=1= (H}kok Gesz-


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35

Jkk|e~btmqe Bjt tk eimdmgbte ~ecuibtk~}

jibuzez) ez|ejmbii} tè ~ecuibtmkg kg

jkddugmt} jkk|e~btmqe mgjk~|k~btmkg bgok|e~btmkg ne}kgo |~eaejtu~e nkb~oe~z) bgo

jkgtmgueo |etmtmkgz tk tè Ckqe~gdegt bgo

tè Omet) bikgc smt` |etmtmkgz ak~ eimdmgbtmkg

ka imdmtbtmkgz ~eibtmgc tk ckqe~gdegt

amgbgjmgcz bgo nuzmgezz ~mc`tz'

Ugoe~ tè jm~judztbgje t`bt tè Nbzmj

Bjt ak~ Jkgzude~ \~ktejtmkg sbz egbjteo mg

2=10 bgo jkgzude~ dkqedegt sbz cbmgmgc b

dkdegtud) tè Jkgzude~ \~mjez Boo~ezzmgc

Jkddmttee ka tè Ikse~ @kuze bok|teo

~ezkiutmkgz tk |~e|b~e tè bdegodegt ka tè

Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe Bjt bgo |kimjmez tk

n~mgc u| jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez mg 2=3> bgo

2=35' Bz b ~ezuit) tè Dmgmzt~} ka @ebit` bgo

Seiab~e necbg |~e|b~mgc tè bdegodegt ka

tè ibs'

Kg tè ktè~ `bgo) `kseqe~) zdbii bgo

dmooie$zmveo ~etbmie~z k||kzeo ztk~e k|egmgc

ka jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez |b~tmjuib~i} mg

Zb||k~k) Zegobm) _kh}k bgo ]khk`bdb bate~

2=31) bgo) mg ~ez|kgze) zkde ka tè ikjbi

ckqe~gdegtz jkgje~geo |unimzèo cumobgje

tk ~ecuibteo k|e~btmkgz ka jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez' Zkde Omet dedne~z ka tè

~uimgc |b~t} mgtegoeo tk zikt mg ~ecuibtk~}

jibuzez kg jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez mgtk tèêtbmi Nuzmgezz Jkk~omgbtmgc Z|ejmbi

Debzu~ez Bjt bgo tè Bjt kg Ib~ce$Zmve

êtbmi Ztk~ez sbz egbjteo mg 2=3? tk ~ecuibte

k|egmgc ib~ce$zmve ztk~ez kqe~ b je~tbmg zbiez

b~eb) nkt` ka s`mj` se~e mg tè |~kjezz ka

bdegodegt' \kimj} dbhe~z se~e omqmoeo mgtk

tsk |kzmtmkgz6 ak~ jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez k~

bcbmgzt tèd'

_è FJJU |kse~eo u| iknn}mgc nemgc

nbjheo u| n} : dmiimkg zmcgbtu~ez jkiiejteo

a~kd jkgzude~z t`~kuc`kut tè gbtmkg) bgo

zujjezzauii} cbmgeo smtò~bsbi ka tè

mgtegtmkgz) bgo) kg tè jkgt~b~}) cbmgeo

bok|tmkg ka mtz |etmtmkg tk akzte~ jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez bgo bdego tè Jkgzude~

Jkk|e~btmqez Bjt bt tè Omet'

Mg z|mte ka t`mz zujjezz) `kseqe~) tè

zt~ucciez bcbmgzt eqeg mgj~ebzmgc |kimtmjbi

|~ezzu~ez kg jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez

jkgtmgueo kg tk tè gept oejboe'

0' \~kc~ezz ka Mgte~gbtmkgbi Epj`bgcez bgo _~bomgc

Mgte~gbtmkgbi bjtmqmtmez ka Fb|bgeze jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez `bo ~edbmgeo smt`mg t`kze ka tè

FJJU mtzeia zuj` bz |b~tmjm|btmgc mg

jkgae~egjez ka tè MJB bgo epj`bgcez smt`

tè Zkqmet bgo J`mgeze jkk|e~btmqez' Egte~mgc

tè 2=3


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31

Eu~k|e tk knze~qe nuzmgezz jkbimtmkgz

netseeg jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez' _è FJJU

knze~qbtmkg tebd mg 2=33 tk tè UZB bgoJbgbob `bo b |~bjtmjbi |u~|kze tk ieb~g

nuzmgezz k|e~btmkgz ka tè jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez tè~e' _èze omz|btjèo tebdz

mgjiuoeo oeiecbtez a~kd tè FJJU dedne~

jkk|e~btmqez' Zkde jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez

mgjiuomgc tè Gbob$Hkne Jkgzude~

Jkk|e~btmqe bgo tè Dm}bcm Jkgzude~

Jkk|e~btmqe zmcgeo u| a~megoz`m| bc~eedegtz

smt` jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez kqe~zebz bgo

necbg epj`bgcez smt` Bzmbg jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez'

Mg tè b~egb ka tè MJB) tè FJJU bt tè

2=3> Jkgc~ezz ~e|k~teo dedne~ |b~tmjm|btmkg

mg tè Fb|bgeze jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez nbzeo

kg `bg k~cbgmvbtmkgz ed|`bzmvmgc tè

md|k~tbgje ka dedne~$nbzeo oedkj~bj} mg

jkk|e~btmqe bodmgmzt~btmkg) bgo bt tè 2=31

Jkgc~ezz tè FJJU b||ebieo ak~ gujieb~

omzb~dbdegt bgo ibmo kg tè tbnie b \ebje

êzkiutmkg bz bg ep|~ezzmkg ka tè smii ak~

|ebje ka jkk|e~btmqe |ek|ie bii kqe~ tè

sk~io _è FJJU au~tè~ |~kjeeoeo

epj`bgcez smt` jkk|e~btmqez ka zkjmbimzt

gbtmkgz mgjiuomgc zegomgc oeiecbtez tk tè

Zkqmet Ugmkg bgo tè Ebzte~g Eu~k|e mg 2=35)

bgo eptegoeo tè t~bomgc bc~eedegt smt`

JEG_^KZKFUV ka tè Zkqmet Ugmkg mg tèzbde }eb~'

_è Jkk|e~btmqe _~boe) Mgj' ka Fb|bg

ep|bgoeo mtz t~bomgc |b~tge~z tk Jbgbob bgo

tè \`mim||mgez bgo mtz t~bomgc mtedz tk uzubi

jkgzude~ kgez zuj` bz è~~mgc eccz) zbidkg

~kez) zrumoz bgo z`~md|z) mg boomtmkg tk

s`mzh} a~kd N~mtbmg bgo jikt`mgc mtedz a~kd

J`mgb' _è jkd|bg} sbz ep|ejteo tk |ib} bg

md|k~tbgt ~kie bz tè kqe~zebz$|u~j`bze

omqmzmkg ka Fb|bgeze jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez'

(_è ego ka J`b|te~ Aku~-

_è am~zt knze~qe~ tebd ak~d FJJU tk Eu~k|ebg

jkk|e~btmqez bt Jk$k| Dmibg) Mtbi} 2=3> (FJJU êae~egje

^kkd-


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33

J`b|te~ 5Dbhmgc C~ebt Zt~moez

Kqe~jkdmgc ^ecuibtk~} \~ezzu~e

_`e 2=0


78/149

30

cegt~mamjbtmkg ka |~koujtz'

Mg : }eb~z a~kd 2=01 tk 2=0=) bqe~bce

ztkjh |~mje t~m|ieo bgo bqe~bce ibgo |~mje ka 1dbfk~ jmtmez fud|eo u| n} >'3 tmdez' _è}

jbiieo t`mz zmtubtmkg Nunnie Ejkgkd}' Mg

k~oe~ tk ztbnmimve tè ejkgkd}) tè Ckqe~gdegt

t~meo tk bofuzt tè jku~ze n} ~bmzmgc tè kaamjmbi

omzjkugt ~bte mg 2=0= bgo 2==


79/149

3=

2=0'3 t~miimkg }eg'

Bdkgc tè bnkqe) tktbi dedne~z`m| ka

jkddugmt} jkk|e~btmqez ieb|eo a~kd >'=

dmiimkgz tk ='2 dmiimkgz mg tè zbde |e~mko

~bmzmgc tèm~ ugmkgmvbtmkg ~bte mg tktbi

`kuze`kioz a~kd 0 % tk >> %' _èm~dedne~z`m| z|~ebo gkt kgi} mg u~nbg b~ebz nut

mg ~u~bi b~ebz' _`bghz tk t`mz |e~ak~dbgje)

Fb|bgeze jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez mg tktbi

bj`meqeo :5 % ugmkgmvbtmkg ~btmk mg tè tktbi

`kuze`kioz (epjiuomgc zmgcie$|e~zkg

`kuze`kioz-'

Jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez mg tè 2=0


80/149

0- Jkddugmt} jk$k|z >'= D H ='2 D :2> %

>- + 2- ?: % 1?'5 %

_`e tktbi bggubi zbiez ka jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez (N6 Nmiimkg-

Amzjbi ]eb~ 2=0< 2==< 2==52 %

>- Jkddugmt} jk$k|z 13< N >)25= N :>< %>- + 2- ?1 % 30 %

>' Qmqmo Dedne~ Bjtmqmtmez bgo Ep|bgzmkg ka K~cbgmvbtmkg

Qmqmo Dedne~ Bjtmqmtmez Jegte~mgc kg

\~koujtz

A~kd t`e 2=3


81/149


82/149

0>

tè oedkc~b|`mj ka jkk|e~btmqe dedne~z

~ebjèo tk zeia$ed|ik}eo bgo ab~dmgc abdmimez

s`mie ztmii jegte~mgc kg t`kze ka sbceo sk~he~z'Bt tè zbde tmde) tè `kuzesmqez mg tè

nbn}$nkkde~ cege~btmkg) s`k uzeo tk ne tè

jk~e zu||k~te~z ka fkmgt nu}mgc nuzmgezz mg tè

2=3


83/149

0:

jkk|e~btmqez mg t`e ego ka t`e 2=3


84/149

0?

2=0


85/149

05

5' Oeqeik|degt ka Nuzmgezz Bimcgdegt bdkgc Jkddugmt} Jkk|e~btmqez

Numiomgc Aibcz`m| Jkk|e~btmqez bgo Bimcgdegt ne}kgo \~eaejtu~e Nkb~oe~z

Nm~t` ka Aibcz`m| Jkk|e~btmqez bt

\~eaejtu~e Ieqei

Dbg} ka t`e jkddugmt} jkk|e~btmqez

mgjk~|k~bteo mg t`e 2=3


86/149

01

tèm~ fkmgt nu}mgc nuzmgezz' _è jkk|e~btmqez

jkgje~geo mgjk~|k~bteo b nuzmgezz bimcgdegt

k~cbgmvbtmkg tk bodmgmzt~bte t`mz abjmimt}'

Mgmtmbtmkg ka Nuzmgezz Ugmkgz ne}kgo

\~eaejtu~e Nkb~oe~z

\~mk~ tk tè mgjk~|k~btmkg ka nuzmgezz

bimcgdegt k~cbgmvbtmkg n} jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez ka tè Gk~tè~g Hbgtk omzt~mjt)

jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez kaZemhbtzu Jiun bgo tè

Det~k|kimtbg Omzt~mjt Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqe

C~ku| `bo tèm~ ksg nuzmgezz ugmkgz ne}kgo

|~eaejtu~e nkb~oe~z) bgo tè jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez kaHbgbcbsb bgo Z`mvukhb `bo

neeg |u~zumgc nuzmgezz bimcgdegt bizk ne}kgo

|~eaejtu~e nkb~oe~z'

Mg 2==


87/149

03

_è \bgei tk Omzjuzz tè Moebi Zmtubtmkgz

ka Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqezUgak~tugbtei}) `kseqe~) tè ~eqe~ze ztk~d

bcbmgzt jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez omo gkt zbgh

oksg' _è ~uimgc Imne~bi Oedkj~btmj \b~t} mg

2=05 necbg |~e|b~mgc bdegodegt ka tè

Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqez Bjt tk ~ecuibte tèd'

_è gept }eb~) debgs`mie) tè Dmgmzt~} ka

@ebit` bgo seiab~e zet b |bgei tk omzjuzz moebi

zmtubtmkgz ka jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez jkgzmztmgc

ka mgaiuegtmbi |e~zkgz mg k~oe~ tk bzzezz tè

qbiue ka jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez mg tè zkjmet}

bgo zuccezt moebi zmtubtmkgz ka tèd'

Mg ~ez|kgze) tè FJJU bgo mtz dedne~

jkk|e~btmqez k~cbgmveo b dbzz ~bii} mg B|~mi

2=01 cbtè~mgc bnkut 2?)


88/149

00


(&-

_è} bzze~teo t`bt gkg$dedne~ z`k||mgc mz

jbuzmgc oej~ebzez ka tèm~ zbiez' Mg abjt) tè

Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqez Bjt) eqeg tkob})

|~kqmoez t`bt jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez z`bii gkt

biiks uze ka tèm~ ztk~ez bgo ktè~ abjmimtmez n}

gkg$dedne~z' _èk~etmjbii}) `kseqe~)

|~k`mnmtmkg k~ imdmtbtmkg ka gkg$dedne~ uze ka

jkk|e~btmqez mz mgtegoeo tk |~ktejt dedne~z

boqbgtbcez a~kd bnuze n} gkg$dedne~z'

Epjezzmqe uze n} gkg$dedne~z db} eqegtubii}

ikse~ ztbtuz ka dedne~z bz tè dbzte~z ka

jkk|e~btmqez' _è~eak~e) tè mzzue sètè~

jkk|e~btmqez md|kze |~k`mnmtmkg k~ imdmtbtmkg k~

gkt) bgo tk s`mj` eptegt tè} db} biiks

gkg$dedne~ uze) z`kuio ne ieat tk oejmzmkg n}

jkk|e~btmqe dedne~z tèdzeiqez' Bgo)

|~bjtmjbii}) mt mz gbtu~bi t`bt jkgzude~z mg

cege~bi z`k| bt jkk|e~btmqe ztk~ez bz b tezt

neak~e fkmgmgc jkk|e~btmqez' _k |~k`mnmt

gkg$dedne~ z`k||mgc mz tk nikjh b |bt` tk fkmg

jkk|e~btmqez ak~ jkgzude~z' Mg boomtmkg) sèg

jkk|e~btmqe ztk~ez k~ abjmimtmez b~e ikjbteo mg

b~ebz sè~e mz gk j`kmje ak~ jkgzude~z)|~k`mnmtmkg k~ imdmtbtmkg ka gkg$dedne~ uze

smii cmqe c~ebt mgjkgqegmegje ak~ jkgzude~z'

Jkgzmoe~mgc tè jm~judztbgje mg ~u~bi b~ebz) tè

Bc~mjuitu~bi Jkk|e~btmqez Bjt mgmtmbii}

but`k~mvez gkg$dedne~ uze u| tk >< % ka tè

tktbi zbiez ka jkk|e~btmqez' _è Deomjbi

\~bjtmtmkge~ Bjt |~kqmoez t`bt eqe~} deomjbi

mgztmtutmkg z`bii gkt |~k`mnmt k~ imdmt bg} |btmegt

uze' _`mz |~kqmzmkg bizk b||imez tk deomjbi

jkk|e~btmqez' Kg t`mz c~kugo) dbg} jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez `bo neeg mgzmztmgc ~edkqbi ka tè

~eibtmgc jibuze mg tè Jkgzude~ Jkk|e~btmqez

Bjt'

_`mz tèk~} sbz gkt smoei} bjje|teo eqeg

smt`mg tè jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqe jm~jie'

Ez|ejmbii} t`kze s`k b~e z|ejmbimveo mg fkmgt

nu}mgc ze~qmje bzze~teo t`bt oe~ecuibtmkg ka

gkg$dedne~ uze smii ~umg tè zmcgmamjbgje ka

jkk|e~btmqez s`mj` z`kuio ne egtm~ei}

zu||k~teo n} dedne~z'

3' Ep|bgoeo Bjtmkgz Boo~ezzmgc Zkjmbi \~kniedz

Bgtm Mgaibtmkg) He~kzege \~mje ^bmze bgo

Jkgzud|tmkg _bp

Bt tè necmggmgc ka tè 2=0 tè cumoeimgez ak~ |~mje$jb||mgc ka

he~kzege sbz bnkimzèo) mgqmtmgc ~mze ka

he~kzege |~mjez' Mg ~ez|kgze) jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez gbtmkgsmoe jbd|bmcgeo bcbmgzt

tè ~bmze bgo jkugte~sk~heo n} fkmgti} nu}mgc

he~kzege ugoe~ jkgt~bjtz smt` ikjbi he~kzege

~etbmie~z' _`~kuc` tè he~kzege fkmgt$nu}mgc ak~

jkk|e~btmqe dedne~z) jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez

|ib} tè ~kie ka he~kzege |~mje dbhe~z


89/149


90/149

= % epjeeomgc t`bt ka fkmgt nu}mgc

nuzmgezz ka 23 %' Ugak~tugbtei}) `kseqe~)

dbg} ka tè ztk~e oeqeik|degt mg t`mz |e~mko

se~e a~buc`t smt` e~~k~z mg ikjbtmkg j`kmjez)

epjezzmqe mgqeztdegtz bgo sebhgezz ka

de~j`bgomze |~kju~edegt |kse~' _`mz jbuzeo

dbgbcedegt ziud| mg dbg} jbzez mg tè ibtte~

`bia ka tè 2==


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smt` mt se~e k~cbgmveo6

bg mgte~gbtmkgbi z}d|kzmud kg tè ciknbi

egqm~kgdegt

|~ezegteo' _è _kh}k Det~k|kimtbg Ckqe~gk~

cbqe bg kaamjmbi ~eje|tmkg ak~ tè mgte~gbtmkgbi

oeiecbtez' b z}d|kzmud mg jkiibnk~btmkg smt` tè

Fb|bg Jkddmttee ak~ UGMJEA kg mgte~gbtmkgbi

jkk|e~btmkg) bgo

b ze~mez ka o~bdb |e~ak~dbgjez kg tè

tède ka |ek|iez jkk|e~btmkg'

Mg Kjtkne~ 2==> mg _kh}k) tè :

~ezt~ujtu~mgc t`~kuc` ~egkqbtmgc ztk~e nuzmgezz

bgo |e~zkggei z}ztedz a~kd tè ibtte~ `bia ka

tè 2==


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mgjiuoe qb~mkuz qkmjez bgo bjtmqmtmez ka tèm~

dedne~z'

Eomtk~$_~bgzibtk~ Gkte

(&-

_è dbmg |~knied sbz t`bt bttegobgje ~bte bt

`bg$ieboe~ deetmgc) |e~mkomjbii} èio tsmje b

}eb~) sbz c~boubii} oej~ebzmgc bate~ tè ibtte~

`bia ka tè 2=0


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Mg t`e ibtte~ `bia ka t`e 2==


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ka gbtu~bi omzbzte~z zuj` bzAucegobhe Qkijbgk

E~u|tmkg) Gbcbzbhm |~eaejtu~e mg Fuge 2==2)

Khuz`m~m M~eibgo Eb~t`rubhe) @khhbmok|~eaejtu~e mg Fui} 2==:) Hbckz`mdb

Jkgjegt~bteo @ebq} bmg mg Bucuzt 2==:'

Mg Fbgub~} 2==3) Gbh`kohb) b ûzzmbg kmi

tbghe~ nkbt zbgh kaa$Khmgkz`mdb) Z`mdbge |~ea'

z|miimgc b qkiude ka j~uoe kmi' _è kmi sbz

sbzèo bz`k~e tk tè gemc`nk~mgc z`k~ez

|kiiutmgc tè egqm~kgdegt' Mg ~ez|kgze)

jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez) s`mj` `bo ep|e~megjeo

mg k~cbgmvmgc ~eimea qkiugtee~z mg tè C~ebt

@bgz`mg$Bsbfm Eb~t`rubhe) zegt qkiugtee~z tk

tè obdbceo b~ebz tk jiebgu| tè z`k~ez) bgo

~bmzeo b ~eimea augo ka 2>2 dmiimkg }eg'

Bate~ t`bt) b gudne~ ka gbtu~bi omzbzte~z

kjju~~eo6 jkgjegt~bteo èbq} ~bmg mg Gk~tè~g

Auhuz`mdb |~eaejtu~e mg Bucuzt 2==0) Uzuvbg

qkijbgk e~u|tmkg mg @khhbmok Db~j` >') ~ez|kgomgc

tk t`mz dkqe mg 2==?) tè FJJU booeo emc`t (0-

mtedz ka akko boomtmqez tk mtz V Imztjkgtbmgmgc aku~teeg (2?- mtedz ka akko boomtmqez)

s`mj` jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez z`kuio gkt uze

bgo ne eimdmgbteo a~kd tè imzt ka t`kze

but`k~mveo tk uze n} tè Ckqe~gdegt'

Mg 2==5) tè Akko Zbgmtbtmkg Bjt sbz

bdegoeo tk mgjiuoe gbtu~bi akko boomtmqez

ugoe~ tè akko$boomtmqe but`k~mvmgc z}zted bgo

~eqmes j~mte~mb ak~ bc~mjuitu~bi jèdmjbi ~ezmoue'

Nbzeo kg tè ~ezeb~j` n} mtz boqmzk~} nko}

jkgzmztmgc ka ep|e~tz) tè FJJU bgo jkgzude~

jkk|e~btmqez boo~ezzeo dbhmgc tè uze ka

gbtu~bi boomtmqez) bc~mjuitu~bi jèdmjbiz bgo

o~ucz ak~ bgmdbiz tk ne b||~k|~mbte' Bt t`mz tmde)

ak~ jkgzude~z jkgqegmegje) tè ibneimgc

z}zted ak~ rubimt} hee|mgc |e~mko sbz

omzjuzzeo tk ne bite~eo a~kd obte ka

|~koujtmkg tk amgbi obte ak~ jkgzud|tmkg k~

amgbi obte ak~ ~eimz`' Jkgzude~ jkk|e~btmqez

b||~kqeo t`mz j`bgce ~erueztmgc oe~kcbtmkg ak~

oubi mgomjbtmkg smt` obte ka |~koujtmkg kg

dmih bgo ktè~ ~ea~mce~bteo akkoz jkgzmoe~mgc

jkgzude~z jkddkg z`k||mgc |~bjtmje' _`mz

oe~kcbtmkg sbz but`k~mveo n} tè Akko

Zbgmtbtmkg Bjt bdegoeo mg >


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K~cbgmvbtmkgz sbz egbjteo mg 2==0 tk but`k~mve

jmtmvegz tk eztbnimz` gkg$|~kamt k~cbgmvbtmkg

sk~hmgc ak~ |unimj mgte~eztz ~eibtmqei} ebzmi}t`bg mgjk~|k~btmgc |unimj mgte~ezt bzzkjmbtmkgz

k~ akugobtmkgz'

_èze ibsz `bqe neeg ikgctmde oezm~ez ka

jkgzude~z+jmtmvegz bgo tè egbjtdegt sbz b

c~ebt oebi ka |~kc~ezz mg jkgzude~+jmtmveg

~mc`tz mg tè Fb|bgeze zkjmet}'

Smoe$z|~ebomgc Egqm~kgdegt \~ktejtmkg

Bjtmkgz

_è egqm~kgdegtbi mzzuez zuj` bz ciknbi

sb~dmgc) kvkge ib}e~ oe|ietmkg bgo bjmo ~bmg)

etj' btt~bjteo b c~ebte~ oebi ka jkgje~gz ka

|ek|ie t`bg eqe~ neak~e' _è FJJU bgo mtz

dedne~ jkk|e~btmqez) bt tè necmggmgc ka tè

2==

A Brief Chronicle of the Modern Japanese Consumer Cooperative Movement / Breve Crónica del...

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