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Dr Russell Brewer Dr Jesse Cale Professor Andrew Goldsmith Professor Thomas Holt Young people, the internet and pathways into criminality: A study of Australian Adolescents

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Dr Russell BrewerDr Jesse CaleProfessor Andrew GoldsmithProfessor Thomas Holt

Young people, the internet and pathways into criminality: A study of Australian Adolescents

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To be young in a digital world

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• Adolescence as a period of significant and tumultuous– Biological change– Psychological change– Social change

• Experimental and risk-taking behaviourcentral to the adolescent condition

• Changing environments – technologies such as the Internet, social media

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• Much ado about the effects (and affects) of digital technologies adolescent development

• It’s true – adolescents are highly connected, and spend an unprecedented amount of time online

• The landscape through which adolescents traverse developmental stages is very different

Negotiating the digital landscape

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Features of a criminogenic internet

• The Internet as a set of spaces/places where individuals converge and interact

• A unique social setting that allows social encounters that– Transcend space– Transcend time (synchronous + asynchronous)– Scalability

• Opportunities for experimentation – Ready accessibility, entry and exit that create incredible diversity

of criminal opportunities made possible through Internet use

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• New technological capabilities challenge notions of co-offending– Characterized by great distance, mass connectivity,

identity concealment, lack of trust/reciprocity – Digital “offender convergence settings” (Felson)

• Can shape the ways criminal learning occurs:– Development of criminal commitments– Acquisition of criminal capabilities

• Internet as a “carnival” of potential criminal opportunities that tempt, seduce, thrill and engross (Katz, The Seduction of Crime)

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Implications for pathways into crime• The Internet/technologies makes purposeful adolescent

experimentation/exploration/risk-taking ‘easy’

• Criminal encounters can be ‘accidental’ or ‘unpredictable’– Extension of mainstream pursuits or innovations in

technological platforms

• Criminal encounters can be limited/episodic and not necessarily indicative of long-term commitments

• Formation of long-term commitments incremental

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Theoretical influences

• “digital drift” [Goldsmith and Brewer 2015]

• Affordances (Gibson, Hutchby)

• Cultural criminology (Katz, Presdee)

• Environmental criminology

– Routine activities– precipitators

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The study: ‘Becoming Delinquent Online’

• Survey of entire cohort of Grade 8 students at an Australian Secondary School (n=43)

• Measures include:• Demographic variables• Self control (Grasmick et al 1993)• Delinquency (offline)• Digital Delinquency (across 7 areas)• Access to digital technologies• Digital literacy• Exposure to with the Internet

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Results: Sample description

• Year 8 students (13-14 years of age)• Gender: 51% male, 49% female• Overwhelming majority white (93%) and

had siblings (x=1.5, sd=1.1)• Delinquency (offline) ‘any’ of four types

18.6%• Males significantly more likely to score

lower on the self-control scale

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Results: Access to digital technologies

• 100% of participants access the internet

• 100% use mobile computer (laptop/tablet) to access the Internet; 93% a smartphone; 54% a desktop

• Report spending on average ~5 hours online per day (x=4.7. sd=2.4)

– 61% of time spent accessing Internet from laptops, 34% smartphones, 15% desktops

• Most frequently accessed locations: home (54%), school (31%) a friend’s house (8%), other locations (4.2%)

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Results: Digital Literacy

• Basic tasks – vast majority comfortable with all tasks

• Advanced tasks – vast majority uncomfortable with all tasks

• Males significantly more likely to be comfortable performing most advanced tasks

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Results: Exposure to the internet

• Tasks undertaken by majority of participants at least daily (simple and intermediate)– Searches, email, messaging, posting/checking social

media, streaming video/music

• Tasks undertaken by majority of users infrequently or never (intermediate and advanced)– Video chat, uploading personal photos/videos, banking,

buying/selling items, bittorent, website creation, programming, using VPNs and TOR.

• Average score on variety scale 0.5

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Results: Digital Delinquency• Just under half (49%) of respondents engaged in at

least one form of digital delinquency– IP infringement (30%)– Discrimination & bigotry (26%)– Advocating violence (14%)– Sexual activity (12%)– Hacking 9%– Illicit transactions (2%)

• Average score (for above activities) on the variety of digital delinquency scale was 0.1 (i.e. least serious)

• Modal duration for delinquent activities 0-5 minutes per session (lowest score possible)

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Results: conceptual relationships• Those scoring higher on self-control showed less engagement in

terms of the variety scale of digital delinquency (r=-0.37, p<0.05) and particularly sex-related forms (r=0.32, p<0.05)

• Congruence between online and offline delinquency: strong correlation between engaging in the real world and online scale (r=0.45, p<0.01) – and especially for piracy (r=0.47, p<0.01) and discrimination (r=0.41, < p<0.01).

• Digital literacy not related to digital delinquency items (not surprising, as relatively constant amongst cohort)

• Exposure scale was associated with advocating discrimination & bigotry (r=.039, p<0.01); Number of older siblings associated with discrimination & bigotry (r=0.31, p<0.05)

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• Exploratory study provides initial insights into the emergence of delinquency in a digital context

• Provides some preliminary support for the digital drift hypothesis and pertinent conceptual links

• Highlights the need for further study – especially longitudinal

Implications

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[email protected]

Questions?


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