week 1

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Materials

Strength - strong or weak?

Steel (strong in both compression and tension)> timber; brick& concrete (compression)

Stiffness

Stiff (concrete), flexible (rubber), stretchy, floppy

Shapemono- dimensional; bi-dimensional (metal); tri-dimensional (brick&concrete)

Material Behaviours

isotropic (metal & steel) or anisotropic

Economy

cost: available: impact to environment; How far did materials should

Sustainabilityhow efficiently did the materials get be used (e.g. timber)

week 1

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Tension Force

An external load pulls on a structural member

Tension forces stretch and elongate the material

The amount of elongation depends on the stiffness of material, cross sectional area, and the magnitude of the load

Produce the opposite effect of a tension force

An external load pushed on a structural member the particles of the material compact together

Compression Force

Basic Structural Forces

week 1

Load Path Diagrams:

Key Terms: Load Path & Reaction Force & Point Load & Beam

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week 1

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Static Loads: Assumed to be applied slowly to a structure until it reaches its peak without fluctuating rapidly in magnitude or position.

1.Live loads: Any movable loads on a structure resulting from occupancy. !

2.Occupancy loads: Result from the weight of people, furniture, stored material… !

3.Snow loads: The weight of snow accumulating on a roof !

4.Rain loads: Result from the accumulation of water on a roof. !

5.Impact loads: Are kinetic loads of short duration due to moving vehicles, equipment & Machinery

Loads on buildings

week 1

!!! !!!!!!! !

!!! !!!!!!!!

! （wind）

!(earthquake) !

Earthquake loads: Consists of a series of longitudinal and transverse vibrations induced in the earth’s crust by the abrupt movement of plates along fault lines.

Dynamic Loads: Are applied suddenly to a structure, often with rapid changes in magnitude and point of application. (2 major types)

Wind loads: The forces exerted by the kinetic energy of a moving mass of air, assumed to come from any horizontal

Loads on buildings

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! （Bird Nest） (The Great Wall of China)

! !

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Solid System: Working with stone, bricks and mud.

Surface System: A planar structure

Skeletal System: frame system

Membrane System: cover large area cheaply

Hybrid System:

Bird’s Nest

Structural System

Environmentally Sustainable Design

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!

! !

1.Embodied Energy

2.Life Cycle

3. Stages

a. Raw material acquisition

b. Primary processing and refining

c. Manufacturing

d. Delivery

e. Construction use and maintenance

f. Final disposal !4. Recyclability !5. Carbon footprint !

1. Local materials !2. Material efficiency !3. Thermal mass !4. Night air purging !5. Solar energy !6. Cross ventilation !7. Smart sun design !8. Insulation !9. Water harvesting !10.Wind energy

ESD Strategies

! !!

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! ! ! !

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Three basic structural joints

Roller Joints

- Less common

Fixed Joints

- Very common

Pin Joints

- Very common

Tutorial class: This is out first time to build the tower with the slender crabsticks. We have 16 crabsticks (each one is 16cm), 16 crabsticks (each one is 20cm). We failed at last because of some weaknesses. 1. We build 3 cuboids not the cubes 2.Height. Our tower is 90cm high so that it is easy to break down. !

! !

! !

!Subject Glossary: !!!Pin joint: it is a solid cylinder-shaped device used to connect objects together at a joint !Load path: it is simply the direction in which each consecutive load will pass through connected members. The sequence commences at the highest point of the structure working all the way down to the footing system, ultimately transferring the total load of the structure to the foundation. !Compression: it is the application of balanced inward ("pushing") forces to different points on a material or structure !Reaction Force: According to Newton's third law, for every action force there is an equal (in size) and opposite (in direction) reaction forces. Forces always come in pairs - known as "action-reaction force pairs." !Point Load: A point load is a load which is localized to a specific location on a structure. !Beam: (structure), a structural element !Frame: A frame is a structural system that supports other components of a physical construction. !Tension: it is the pulling force exerted by a string, cable, chain, or similar solid object on another object. !Dead load: Imposed load (live load). Live snow load. The dead load includes loads that are relatively constant over time, !Kinetic Energy: In physics, the kinetic energy of an object is the energy which it possesses due to its motion.[1] It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity. !!Collinear forces: Co-Linear or collinear forces are forces moving along the same line (not necessarily in the same direction). !Parallelogram law: The parallelogram law gives the rule for vector addition of vectors A and B. The sum A and B of the vectors is obtained by placing them head to tail and drawing the vector from the free tail to the free head. !!!!!!!

Reference List: !

1. The Great Wall Of China. Received from: http://www.globalmountainsummit.org/great-wall-of-china.html

2. The Bird's Nest: A monument of the Olympics, a symbol of modern Beijing

Received from; http://en.beijing2008.cn/cptvenues/venues/nst/headlines/n214412804.shtml.

3. The 10 Key Sustainable Building Categories. Received from: http://www.yarracity.vic.gov.au/planning-- building/Environmentally-Sustainable-Design/ten-key-sustainable-building-categories/

4. Roller joint. Received from: http://flickriver.com/photos/tomhensr/2194173906/

5. Pin Joint. Received from: https://code.google.com/p/impsim/wiki/ManualChapter3

6. Fixed Joint. Received from: http://www.stopmotionshop.com/10mm-ball--socket-joint---singlefixed-337-p.asp

7. Clare Newton. (Directors) (2014).Introduction to Materials[Video].Australia. YouTube

8. Trinny and Susannah: The Brick. Received from: http://bodyshapestyle.com/2011/02/09/trinny-and-susannah-the-brick/

9. Techno Cut: The best solution. Received from: http://technocuthungary.com/foam/

10. Timber- trade and retail. Received from: https://www.yellowpages.com.au/see/timber-trade-and-retail-category

11. Black Metal Texture Grungetextures HD Wallpaper Detail. Received from: http://www.funwallz.com/black-metal-texture-grungetextures-hd-wallpaper-65648.html

12. Steel. Received from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel

13. Concrete. Received fromhttp://www.pageresource.com/wallpapers/4205/wall-texture-concrete-free-hd-wallpaper.html

14. Basic forces structural. Received from: https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2001/Basic%20Structural%20Forces%201.pdf

15. Hand drawn by Yue Yang 16. Ching, FDK 2008, ‘The Building’, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken,

N.J., pp. 2.08 17. Hand drawn by Yue Yang . Ching, FDK 2008, ‘The Building’, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J., pp. 2.08 - 2.10. 2. Primary Loads. Received from:

http://toolboxes.flexiblelearning.net.au/demosites/series10/10_01/content/bcgbc4010a/01_loads_loading/01_primary_loads/page_004.htm

18. The constructor Civil Engineering Home. Received from: http://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/analysis/types-of-loads-on-structure/1698/

19. The information of Subject Glossary all from http;//google.com.au

week 3

Footings & Foundations!

Foundation:!(consist dead and live loads)!Substructure o the building constructed partly or wholly below the ground in order to support the supper structure.!

Footing:!Super structure’s loads needs to be transferred into a footing system which does’t exceed bearing capacity of a soil. If loads are too great for strength of soil, footing will sink. It will not be a static loads.

Settlement:!Buildings compress the earth beneath them and tend to sink a little into the earth.!Cracking in a building often occurs with Differential Settlement(uneven)!

Shallow Footings:!soil conditions are stable and where the required soil bearing capacity is adequate close to the surface of the ground. Load is transferred vertically from foundation to

Deep Foundations:!used where soil conditions are unstable or where the soil bearing capacity is inadequate. Load transferred from the foundation, through the unsuitable soil and down to levels where bed rock, skiff clay, dense sand/gravel is located.

Pad footings:!(= isolated footings.) Help to spread a point load over a wider area of ground.

Raft Foundation:!(= raft slab), the type of foundations provides increased stability by joining the individual strips together as a single mat.

Strip footings:!used when loads from a wall or a series of column is spread in a linear manner.

End Bearing piles:!extend the foundations down to rock or soil that will provide support for the building loads.

Friction piles:!rely on the resistance of the surrounding earth to support the

Ways and Materials can be used for constructing these piles:!1.driving long timber, steel or concrete member into the ground.!2.drilling into the ground and then filling the hole with concrete.

week 3

Introduction To Mass Construction! !

Mass Materia

Stone: sections of Great Wall Of China

Earth:made into mud brick,walls.

Concrete: use with in Roman Times, Roman concrete

Clay: bricks are clay product. Create a stable product (by high temperature)

Main Properties: Strong in compression! Weak in tension

Hard resists abrasion!(scratching&blasting )

Compressive Strength

Good Thermal Mass

Durable

Mass Construction can be…

Modular Non-!Modula

- Clay Brick!- Mud Brick! (adobe)!- Concrete

Block!- Ashlar Stone

- Rammed Earth!- Monolithic

Stone(columns and beams)!

- Concrete

week 3

Introduction To Masonry!

Masonry Materials !

- Stone!!!!- Earth!!!- Clay!!!!- Concrete

- Slabs!- Ashlar blocks!- Rubble Stone

- Mud bricks! (adobe)

- Bricks!- Honeycomb

blocks

- Blocks!- Commons

Masonry Construction!

- Vertical Elements!!!

- Horizontal&Curved Spanning Elements!!!

- Spanning/ Enclosing Elements!

- Walls!!- Columns/Piers

- Beams/Lintels!!- Arches Greek Ruins!

Five courts house!!!Roman column Greek Temple of Segesta!

- Vaults!!- Domes

Railway bridge. Kameyama, Japan!!!Backyard Pizza oven!

Masonry Definition!

Masonry refers to building with units of various natural or manufactured products… usually with the use of mortar as a bonding agent.!

Masonry Properties!The properties of the unit are to a degree applicable to the built element(whole). In other words, the units together act as a monolithic whole.!

week 3

Bricks- A standard size masonry unit out of clay!!

!

Clay Bricks

Provence: Are manufactured from clay or shale.!There are three main types: 1.extruded and wire-cut! 2.machine moulded(pressed)! 3.handmade(convict-made)!

Uses: main uses include walls, arches, paving!Bricks can be arranged in various ways: 1. stretcher course! 2. header course! 3. brick-on-edge- course!

4. soldier couse!

Joints: mortar joints are usually 10mm (vertical one called perpends&horizontal one called bed joints)!There are lots of joint finishing profiles: 1. raked! 2.ironed! 3. weather struck! 4. flush!

Considerations: Bricks are permeable(non-waterproof)!Advantages: 1. join with water based mortar! 2. if adequately ventilated so that any wetness can escape,they’ll not deteriorate !Disadvantages: 1.They absorb moisture and expand overtime>expansion joints required ! 2.Salts and lime from the soil can be drawn up through the bricks. This may cause- efflorescence.!

!

PROPERTIES

Hardness: Medium-High!Fragility: Medium!Ductility: Very Low Ductility!Flexibility/Plasticity: Very Low!Porosity/Permeability: Medium- Low!Density: Medium!

Conductivity: Poor conductors of heat and electricity!Durability/Life Span: typically very durable!Reusability/Recyclability:High!Sustainability&Carbon Footprint: tends to be locally produced!Cost:cost effective (need consider labour cost)

week 3

Structural Elements!!! !!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!

!

Loads can be carried Materials used

the form & shape chosen for element

Beam:!A horizontal element designed to carry vertical load using its bending resistance.!Material: Timber&Steel& Reinforce Concrete !

Basic of designing a structural element

Strut (A compression element):!a slender element design to carry load parallel to its long axis. !Eg.Column

Tie (A tension element):!a slender element design to carry load parallel to its long axis.!Material: Cables(Ties)

KEY !Structural !Elements

Slab/Plate:!A wide horizontal element designed to carry vertical load in bending usually supported by beams.

Panel:!A deep vertical element designed to carry vertical or horizontal load

Wall:!can carry loads & transfer them vertically.!Sheer Diaphragm:!could be a bracing system.!It can prevent overturning.!

week 3

!In week 3 tutorial class, the tutor introduce some buildings in Melbourne Uni. Like 1888 building, Frank Tate, Cafe shop, ERC, Car park, McDonell, Arts West…!!1888 buildings: use bricks. Cafe shop: reinforced concrete frame and fixed joint frame without bracing. ERC: beams in very big tension.!!

!!!We also talk about the moment at point A:! ＝Force*Distance !!!!!!

week 3

Glossary:!!!Bond: the pattern or arrangement of units!!Course: a horizontal row of masonry units!!Joint: the way units are connected to teach other!!Mortar: mixture of cement or lime, sand and water used as a bonding agent!!Moment: are measured by the product of the force magnitude and the !perpendicular distance between the line of the action of the force and the point (this distance is called the moment arm).  Mo = F x d (i.e. moment = force x distance)!!The centre of mass: is the point about which an object is balanced!!Equilibrium: is a state of balance or rest resulting from the equal !action of opposing forces. In other words, as each structural !element is loaded, its supporting elements must react with equal !but opposite forces. !!Retaining wall: are structures designed to restrain soil to unnatural slopes.!!Pad footing: is the base of a column that transfers the load to the foundation.!!Strip footings: This slab is supported by strip footings. Strip footings are also called 'edge beams'. A footing slab requires two separate concrete pours. It can only be used on Class A and Class S sites.!!Slab on the ground: The slab on the ground is constructed similar to the stiffened raft, however, it does not require internal stiffening beams and can only be constructed on Class A or Class S sites!!Superstructure: is an upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline. !!Masonry: is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar!!Vault: is an architectural term for an arched form used to provide a space with a ceiling or roof.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

week 3

Reference:!!Multi-Column Bent Design Procedure. Retrieved from: http://rebar.ecn.purdue.edu/lrfd2/multicolumn/index.aspx!!TITAN Column Forms. Retrieved from: http://www.ischebeck.com/home/formworking-system/column-forms.html!!lift slab. Retrieved from: http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/lift-slab.html!!sip panel house by Alejandro Soffia and Gabriel Rusolphy. Retrieved from:http://arcinspiration.tumblr.com/post/22775674281/sip-panel-house-by-alejandro-soffia-and-gabriel!!kulaitoll plaza extension. Retrieved from: http://m1052.blogspot.com.au/2009/01/kulai-toll-plaza-progress-photos.html!!Foundation(cont.) and some materials involved. Retrieved from: http://construction-greatopportunity.blogspot.com.au/2012/03/to-be-continued.html!!Wetland Trail Design and Construction. Retrieved from: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/recreational_trails/publications/fs_publications/01232833/found01.cfm!!Grey Dry Stone Wall - Stone Background Wallpaper. Retrieved from: http://www.free-background-wallpaper.com/imagelarge/1600x1200/91/Grey-Dry-Stone-Wall-Wallpaper!!Tag Archives:rammed earth. Retrieved from: http://modernacular.wordpress.com/tag/rammed-earth/!!Solid wire cut clay brick. Retrieved from: http://www.archiexpo.com/prod/hanson/solid-wirecut-clay-bricks-59475-302615.html!!Why Roman Concrete Outlasts Ours. Retrieved from: http://simplesupports.wordpress.com/2013/06/25/the-truth-about-roman-concrete/!!Download texture: brick wall, brick wall, Texture brick wall, bricks, bricks texture. Retrieved from: http://bgfons.com/download/3325!!All Types Of Masonry Construction – Patios, Walkways, Driveways, Chimneys, Veneers and More!. Retrieved from: http://allbrothersroofingchimney.com/?page_id=49!!Elephant No. 243: Carved Brick. Retrieved from: http://elephantaday.blogspot.com.au/2012/06/elephant-no-243-carved-brick.html!!handmade clay bricks. Retrieved from: http://all4architect.com/articles/item/27-handmade-clay-bricks.html!!Jackson's Brick Works. Retrieved from: http://www.pittdixon.go-plus.net/jacksons-brickworks/jacksons-brickworks.htm!!Brickwork Basics. Retrieved from: http://www.pavingexpert.com/featur09.htm!!

week 4

Span & Spacing

SPAN - is the distance measured between two structural supports. """"SPAN - can be measured between vertical supports (for a horizontal"member) or between horizontal supports (for a vertical member). """""SPAN - is not necessarily the same as the length of a member.

SPAN

SPACING

SPACING - is the repeating distance between a series of like or similar elements."""""SPACING - is often associated with supporting elements (such as beams,columns etc.) and can be measured horizontally or vertically.""""SPACING - is is generally measured centre-line to centre-

SPAN & SPACIN

Spacing of the supporting elements depends on the Spanning capabilities of the supported elements

week 4

Beams & Cantilevers""

BEAMS

CANTILEVERS

BEAM - is a (mostly) horizontal structural element."""BEAM - function of it is to carry loads along the length of the beam and transfer these loads to the vertical supports."""BEAM can be - 1.supported at both ends of the

beam"2.supported at numerous points along the length of beam"3.supported at points away from the ends of the beam"4.supported at only one end of the beam

CANTILEVER - created when a structural element is supported at only one end (or the overhanging portions of a member are significant)."""CANTILEVER - function of it is to carry loads along the length of the member and transfer these loads to the support."""CANTILEVER can be - horizontal & vertical & angled

week 4

Concrete

Concrete

Components

- Cement"- Fine aggregates"- Coarse aggregate"- Water

Provenance- too much water (weak)"""- too little water (unworkable)"

Process Finishes 11 Properties ConsiderationReinforcement

Common concrete mix - 1 part cement & 2 parts fine aggregates & 4 parts coarse aggregate & 0.4-0.5 part water

- portland"- lime"

- sand" - crushed rock"

Process:"Advantages- fluid and shapeless before it hardens"Formwork - used for temporary support & it can be built at building site’IN SITU’ or factory ‘PRE-CAST’"Finishes: "Sand-Blasted & Exposed Aggregate & Raked Finished & Bush Hammered & Board-Marked & Batten & Board

Porosity/Permeability - Medium-low"Density - About 2.5 more dense than water"Conductivity - Poor conduction of heat and electricity"Hardness - High"Fragility - Low"Ductility - Very low"Flexibility/Plasticity - Low in the two characteristics"Durability/Life Span - Typically very durable"Reusability/Recyclability - Medium-low"Sustainability & Carbon Footprint - High embodied energy. Non renewable. Long lasting"Cost - Generally cost effective

Properties

week 4

In Situ & Pre-Cast Concrete

Element

- Poured into formwork"

- Cured on the building site

Process

- Fabrication"- Assembly of the formwork"- Placing any required reinforcement"- the pouring,vibration, curing of the

concrete

Uses

- For structural purposes"(self supporting/as primary structure)"- In footings"- In retaining walls"- In all bespoke(not

standard)structural elements

Joints- Both are potential weak points"- Construction joints"- Control joints - The elongation/

shrinkage: temperature differential" material coefficient" dimensions of the piece

Pre-Cast Concrete

In Situ Concrete

Process

- Fabricated in a controlled environment - Transported to site for installation - To progress at a much faster rate - Ensures a much standardized

outcome(avoid many of quality control issues)

Uses

- Associated with structure of buildings, bridge or civil works, forming part of primary structure , self-supporting panel type elements

- (rarely used) in footings - (common used) in retaining walls, walls,

columns

Joints

- These two joints will greatly depend on the desired aesthetic outcome

- Construction Joints- when one element meets another joints naturally occur

- Structural Joints - type and performance of the structural connections joining the precast elements to each other and to other parts of the structure are critical for the overall performance of the building.

Consideration

- Pre-cast concrete elements can be limited in size due to transport

- on site changes are very difficult to incorporate

week 4

Floor System

Floor & Framing System

Concrete system

- Slabs of various types are used to span between structural supports. "

- This can be one-way or two-way spans. "

Timber system

- Traditional Timber Floor framing system use a combination of bearers (primary beams) and Joists (secondary beams)"

- Span of bearers determines the spacing of the piers or stumps"

- Spacing of bearers equal span of joists

- Steel Framing systems take various forms with some utilizing heavy group structural steel members and other using light gauge steel framing."

- In many instance a combination of member types and materials are combined(e.g. heavy and light members)depending on structural function."

- Steel Framing systems sometimes combine with concrete slab systems to where the particular benefits of steel framing and shallow depth floor slab systems are desired."

- The spanning capabilities of the particular materials help to determine the spacing requirements of the supports

Steel"system

week 4

"Glossary: "Joist: is one of the horizontal supporting members that run between foundations, walls, or beams to support a ceiling or floor. "Steel Decking: is a flat surface capable of supporting weight, similar to a floor, but typically constructed outdoors, often elevated from the ground, and usually connected to a building. "Span: a section between two intermediate supports "Girder: is a support beam used in construction.[1] Girders often have an I-beam cross section for strength, but may also have a box shape, Z shape or other forms. "Construction Joints: is a separation of either vertical or concrete pours designed to offer movement in case of wind loading or other loads so as not to compromise the integrity of the concrete structure itself. "Spacing: the distance between microphones in an AB microphone system "Cantilever: is a beam anchored at only one end. The beam carries the load to the support where it is forced against by a moment and shear stress. "Beam: is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting bending. "Foundation Wall: is a wall which rests on the footers of the foundation, and provides support for the weight of a house. Foundation walls are a critical part of the construction of a home with a perimeter foundation design, and they are one of the areas of construction in which it most definitely pays to take the time to do the job right. "In Situ Concrete: There are two methods of fabricating reinforced concrete. The first is to pour the liquid material into forms at the building site; this is so-called in situ concrete "Pre-cast Concrete: is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or "form" which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place. """"

week 4

""Reference:"""Loads, spacings and spans. Retrieved from: https://nationalvetcontent.edu.au/alfresco/d/d/workspace/SpacesStore/b2f0fcee-47cb-4650-b248-f533d73d5428/13_05/toolbox13_05/unit7_assembling_wall_frames/section1_wall_frame_components/lesson4_loads_spacings_and_spans.htm""Best Deck Ever: Contemporary Cantilever House Design. Retrieved from: http://dornob.com/best-deck-ever-contemporary-cantilever-house-design/#axzz31vGSADKw""cement. Retrieved from: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/AE_cement.html""aggregate. Retrieved from: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/AE_aggregate.html"" "Berrigan Quarry. Retrieved from: http://oandkconcrete.com.au/html/berrigan_quarry.html""WATER. Retrieved from: http://eofdreams.com/water.html""Framework Construction. Retrieved from: http://www.desedesign.com.tr/en/architecture/framework-construction""Overlooked and Handpicked. Retrieved from: http://extramilegirl.wordpress.com/tag/thoughts-on-scripture/""Pouring concrete. Retrieved from: http://www.constructionphotography.com/Details.aspx?ID=6180&TypeID=1""Concrete, Segmental and Cantilevered Bridge Building Equipment. Retrieved from: http://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/contractors/bridges/strukturas/strukturas2.html""productie betoane in Braila, Galati, Tecuci, productie betane constructii. Retrieved from: http://betoanecomplexe.infoconstruct.ro/anunt_401391-Productie+beton+++productie+betoane+in+braila,+galati,+tecuci,+productie+betane+constructii+-+prin+betoane+complexe.html""Precast Concrete Retaining Wall Panels. Retrieved from: http://www.acp-concrete.co.uk/products/wall-panels/retaining-walls/""Shutting and Concrete Systems. Retrieved from: http://www.epspoland.com/zastosowanie.php?use=shuttering""Classic Steel Joist System. Retrieved from: http://www.vangviet.com/classic-steel-joist-system/""

week 5

Short And Long Columns!

!

SHORT COLUMNS - Columns are considered SHORT if the ratio of effective column length to the smallest cross section dimension is less than 12:1.!

- SHORT COLUMNS will be structurally adequate if the load applied to the column cross section does not exceed the compressive strength of the material.!

- SHORT COLUMNS become shorter when a compressive load is applied and then fail by CRUSHING (shear)when the compressive strength is exceeded

LONG COLUMNS - Columns are considered LONG if the ratio of effective column length to the smallest cross section dimension is greater than 12:1.!

- LONG COLUMNS become unstable and fail by BUCKLING.!

- The actual length of LONG COLUMNS and how they are fixed at the top and bottom of the columns determines how they will buckle and how much load the column can carry.

SHORT AND LONG COLUMNS

- COLUMNS are vertical structural members designed to transfer axial compressive loads.!

- ALL columns are considered SLENDER MEMBERS and for axial loads, they can be classified as either the SHORT or LONG.!

- SHORT COLUMNS are shorter (length) and thicker (cross-section).!

- LONG COLUMNS are taller (length) and slimmer (cross-section).

week 5

Wall, Grids And Columns!

!!

WALL SYSTEM

Structural Frames! - concrete frames!- steel frames!- timber frames(post & beam)

Load Bearing Walls - concrete!- mansory!

Stud Walls - light gauge steel framing!- timber framing

Structural Frames!

Concrete Frames: typically use a Grid of columns with concrete beams connecting the columns together.!Steel Frames: typically use a Grid of steel columns connected to steel girders and beams.!Timber Frame(post & beam): typically uses a grid of timber POSTS or POLES connected to timber beams.!

Concrete load bearing walks can be achieved using either in situ or precast elements.!!Reinforced Masonry load bearing walls can be constructed from CORE FILLED hollow concrete blocks or Grout Filled cavity masonry.!Solid Masonry load bearing walls can be created with single or multiple skins of concrete masonry units or clay bricks.!Cavity Masonry walls are typically formed from two skins of masonry. !

Load Bearing Walls

Stud Framing

Metal and Timber Stud Framed walls use smaller sections of FRAMING TIMBER or LIGHT GAUGE FRAMING STEEL to meet the structural demands of the construction. !!Brick Veneer Construction : Combinations of 1 skin of non-structural masonry and 1 skin of structure frames wall are widely used in the construction industry. !

week 5

Timber!

Properties

Porosity/Permeability - High!Density - Extremely varied depending on timber type!Conductivity - Poor conductor of heat and electricity!Hardness - Medium-Low!Fragility- Medium- Low!Ductility- Low!Flexibility/Plasticity - High flexibility and Medium Plasticity!Durability/Life Span - can very durable!Reusability/Recyclability - very high!Sustainability & Carbon Footprint - Very low embodied energy, Fully renewable if correctly

Specifying&Handling

Size - depth * breadth! - make sure size is available before specifying! - length (0.3 m increments)common maximum 6.0-longer lengths limited sizes!!Strength Grade - ! F-grade & MGP gradings are commonly used to identify the strength of particular limber elements! !Moisture content - ! seasoned<15%! only limber>15% is sold as unseasoned!!Species of wood - ! different limber types provide variations in performance and appearance!!Treatment - ! or insect repellent treatments will be required!!Availability -! not all timber types or sizes are available in all locations!

Consideration

Durability - GOOD PRACTICE!!Water related Damage!fungal attack often occurs when moisture content of wood > 20%!swelling, shrinkage can cause cracks!!PROTECTION against water!avoid expose [when possible]!seal against moisture movement - paint!particular care is needed with end again - seal before assembly

week 5

!

!

The second part is to build the model for our kitchen part. We cut the wooden board into some slender sticks and use 6 sticks to build two walls. The left-hand wall is higher than right-hand wall because if there is water drop on the roof it will not be accumulated on the roof

In the tutorial class…!We use 4 different models to find out which joints are much more stable. !In the fist picture, two pin joints on the top and bottom respectively and it is easy to bend the batten.The second on is, Pin joint on the top and Fixed joint on the bottom. The third one is the two fixed joints, and it stars to difficult to bend the batten. The forth picture is Pin joint on the top, fixed joint in the middle and then the pin joint on the bottom and we cannot bend the batten at all.!

week 5

!Glossary:!!!!!Stud: is a vertical framing member in a building's wall of smaller cross section than a post. They are a fundamental element in building framing.!!Nogging: term used for the filling in-between wall framing in buildings!!Lintel: can be a load-bearing building component, a decorative architectural element, or a combined ornamented structural item. It is often found over portals, doors, windows, and fireplaces.!!Axial Load: is a force administered along the lines of an axis. This is typically used to describe an injury in which there is compression of the spine from the head.!!Seasoned Timber: Seasoning is the controlled process of reducing the moisture content (MC) of the timber so that it is suitable for the environment and intended use. !!Long Column: When the ratio of effective length to the least radius of gyration is greater than 45, then it is called a long column.!!Short Column: When the ratio of effective length to the least lateral dimensions of the column is less than 12, then it is called a short column.!!Light gauge steel: Very thin steel sheet that has been temper-rolled or passed through a cold-reduction mill. Light gauge steel normally is plated with tin or chrome for use in food containers.!!Ductility: is a solid material's ability to deform under tensile stress; this is often characterized by the material's ability to be stretched into a wire. !!Porosity: is a measure of the void (i.e., "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume, between 0 and 1, or as a percentage between 0 and 100%.

week 5

!Reference:!!!Short column. Retrieved from: http://www.nexus.globalquakemodel.org/gem-building-taxonomy/overview/glossary/non-ductile--dno!!The 4 Pillars of Long Term Success You Can’t Live Without. Retrieved from: http://www.exkalibur.com/the-4-pillars-of-long-term-success-you-cant-live-without/!!美国的国家植物园与中国园. Retrieved from: http://blogs.america.gov/mgck/2013/07/25/chinagarden/!!Introduction to Computers 8th. Retrieved from: http://www.myteacherpages.com/webpages/rbarucky/introduction.cfm!!COMMON STRUCTURAL FRAMES. Retrieved from: http://www.a-ztech.on.ca/details/strcturaL.htm!!how do I find the structural walls in my house.Retrieved from: http://www.vehko.com/2010/08/todays-question-how-can-you-tell.html!!Stud wall.Retrieved from: http://wiki.diyfaq.org.uk/index.php?title=Stud_wall!!Timber: Ghana loses GH¢50m. Retrieved from: http://www.citifmonline.com/2014/03/10/timber-ghana-loses-gh%C2%A250m/!!Planed All Round European Oak Timber. Retrieved from: http://www.britishhardwoods.co.uk/planed-all-round-european-oak-timber.html!!Retrieved from:!Retrieved from:!!

week 6

Roof Systems!

!

ROOF SYSTEM

FLAT ROOF!PITCH: 1`~ 3`

PITCHED AND SLOPING ROOFS!PITCH: > 3`

Concrete Roofs

- Are generally flat PLATS of reinforced concrete (or precast slabs with a topping of concrete)!

- The top surface is sloped towards drainage points and the entire roof surface finished with applied waterproof membrane.

Structural Steel Framed Roofs

- FLAT structural steel roofs consist of a combination of primary and secondary BEAMS for behavior roof finishes such as metal deck/concrete.!

- SlOPING structural steel roofs consist of ROOF BEAMS and PURLINS and lighter sheet metal roofing.!

- PORTAL FRAMES consist of a series of braced RIGID FRAMES with PURLINS

Trussed Roofs - TRUSS roofs are framed roofs constructed from a series of OPEN

Space Frames

- are 3D PLATE type structures that are long spanning in two directions!

- Linear steel sections of various cross section types are welded, bolted or threaded together to form matrix-like structures.

Light Framed Roofs

- GABLE ROOFS are characterized by a vertical, triangular section of wall at one or both ends of the roof!

- consists of common rafters, ridge beams and ceiling joists.!

- Materials: timber, cold-formed steel sections (and also sometimes behavior steel for major beams )!!

- HIP ROOFS are characterized by a vertical, triangular section of wall at one or both ends of the roof!

- consists of common rafters, hip rafters, valley rafters, jack rafters, ridge beams and ceiling joists.!

- Materials: timber, cold-formed steel sections

week 6

Introduction To Metals!

Type

Properties

- Porosity/Permeability - generally impermeable!

- Density - High!- Conductivity - Very good conductors of

heat and electricity!- Hardness - Varied. Depend on type !- Fragility - Low. Generally will not shatter

or break!- Ductility - High ( due to atomic

composition)!- Flexibility/Plasticity - Medium- High!- Durability/Life Span - Can be durable.

- Ferrous(=iron):IRON is the 4th most common element in the Earth(relatively cheap)!

- Non-Ferrous: All other metals - Generally more expensive (less common), less likely to react with oxygen (to oxide) and superior working qualities.!

- Alloys- Combinations of two or more metals(ferrous alloy if it contains iron, non-ferrous alloy if does not)

Consideration

- Metals will react with other metals by giving up/taking on another metal’s ions. !

- The Galvanic Series lists the metals in order of their tendency to give up ions to other metals and corrode.!

- WATER Related DMAGE!- Oxidation and Corrosion!- Protect against water to reduce corrosion! avoid prolonged exposure to moisture ! seal against moisture! chemical treatment (i.e. galvanized steel)

week 6

Truss!

!

- A truss is a structural frame based on the geometric rigidity of the triangle and composed of linear members subject only to axial tension or compression.!

TRUSS!

- Top and bottom chords are the principal members of a truss extending from end to end and connected by web members.!

- Web is the integral system o members connecting the upper and lower chords of a truss!

- Panel refers to any of the spaces within the web of a truss between any two panel points on a chord and a corresponding joint or pair of joints on an opposite chord.!

- Heel is the lower, supported end of a truss.

Plates & Grids

PLATE

- Plate structure are rigid, planar, usually monolithic structures that disperse applied loads in a multidirectional pattern, with the loads generally following the shortest and stiffest routes to the supports.!

- A Plate can be envisioned as a series of adjacent beam strips interconnected continuously along their lengths. As an applied load is transmitted to the supports through bending of one beam strip, the load is distributed over the entire plate

week 6

Ferrous Metals And Alloys!

IRON

- significant and important MAGNETIC properties!

- VERY REACTIVE chemically!- Good COMPRESSIVE strength

Distinctive Properties

Types & !Uses

- Wrought Iron!!- Cast Iron

IRON ALLOYS - STEEL

STEEL

Distinctive!Properties

- Very STRONG and resistant to fracture!- Transfers HEAT and ELECTRICITY!- Can be formed into MANY DIFFERENT

SHAPES(from wires to panels to beam and columns)!

- Long Lasting and resistant to wear (if properly protected)

Types & !Uses

- 1.STRUCTURAL STEEL! FRAMING - columns, beams, purlins, stud frames.! - Hot rolled steel -Elements are shaped while metal is hot.! - Cold formed steel - Elements are FOLDED from SHEETS that have been previously produced and cooled down.! - Reinforcing Bars - Due to its good TENSILE resistance, sheet is used in conjunction with concrete to produce reinforced concrete.!- 2. STEEL SHEETING! CLADDING and ROOFING (corrugated iron or other sheet profiles)- must be protected from weather exposure.!- 3. STAINLESS STEEL ALLOYS! Chromium si main element.! Alloy is milled into coils, sheets, plates, bars, wire and tubing.! Stainless steel is very very rarely used as primary structure due to cost.

week 6

!!In this week’s tutorial class, we prepare the presentation for the workshop and site visit. Most people take part in the site visit, they need to go to the construction site and analyse the structure of the buildings and find out what kind of materials will be used in the building and why we need use this? What’s advantage of using this kind of material….!

Analysis the bracing and structure!- Timber frame structural system!- Domestic site does not have to wear helmet only commercial site!- The front of the house has been kept the way it was to look the

same as the other house,but the back of the house has been modified to be modern!

- Timber on and pour concrete laster on!- All Timber goes through strew test so it is strong enough

week 6

!Glossary:!!!Rafter: is one of a series of sloped structural members (beams) that extend from the ridge or hip to the wall plate, downslope perimeter or eave, and that are designed to support the roof deck and its associated loads.!!Eave: is the bottom edge of a roof.!!Purlin: is any longitudinal, horizontal, structural member in a roof except a type of framing with what is called a crown plate.!!Alloy: is a mixture or solid solution composed of a metal and another element.!!Cantilever: is a beam anchored at only one end. The beam carries the load to the support where it is forced against by a moment and shear stress!Soffit: describes the underside of any construction element. !!Portal Frame: a method of building and designing structures, primarily using steel or steel-reinforced precast concrete although they can also be constructed using laminated timber such as glulam.!!Truss:is a structure comprising five or more triangular units constructed with straight members whose ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes. !!Roofing: is the outermost layer on the roof of a building, sometimes self-supporting, but generally supported by an underlying structure.!!Cast Iron: is iron or a ferrous alloy which has been heated until it liquefies, and is then poured into a mould to solidify.!!Wrought Iron: is an iron alloy with a very low carbon (0.1 to 0.25%) content in contrast to cast iron (2.1% to 4%), and has fibrous inclusions, known as slag up to 2% by weight.!!!!!!!!!!

week 6

!Reference:!!!!Raising the timber frame screen room. Retrieved from: http://huntertimberframe.blogspot.com.au/p/real-comfortable-timber-frame-screen.html!!Space Frames. Retrieved from: http://www.triodetic.com/products/space-frames!!Tips & Trick: Roof Structure Lightweight Steel Frame. Retrieved from: http://www.tapja.com/choosing-lightweight-steel-frame-roof-home/roof-structure-lightweight-steel-frame/#.U3d8SK2SxPA!!How to Choose a Roof for Your Home. Retrieved from: http://www.todayshomeowner.com/choosing-a-roof/!!Mervis Industries. Retrieved from: http://www.mervis.com/materials/non-ferrous.asp!!NON FERROUS PRODUCTS - DESCRIPTION.Retrieved from: http://www.castleconsultants.in/non-ferrous-products.html!!METALS.Retrieved from: http://www.reactionpowderworks.com/Services.html!!Spatial metal framework. Retrieved from: http://www.archiexpo.com/prod/faletti-sas-building-construction/spatial-metal-frameworks-55636-1010755.html!!How to Install Roof Trusses. Retrieved from: http://www.onlinetips.org/install-roof-trusses!!THREE SEGMENT FOLDED PLATE. Retrieved from: http://www.ketchum.org/ShellTandF/folpl_3seg.html!!10 Iron Facts. Retrieved from: http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementfacts/a/10-Iron-Facts.htm!!The Iron Triad: Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel. Retrieved from: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Inorganic_Chemistry/Descriptive_Chemistry/d-Block_Elements/The_Iron_triad%3A_Iron,_Cobalt,_and_Nickel!!Corrugated Steel Sheet Introduction. Retrieved from: http://www.corrugatedsteelsheet.com/!!!

week 7

Paints & Rubber!

!!

PAINTS

Provenance

Types & Uses

- Paints are liquid until they’re applied on a surface forming a film that becomes solid when in contact with air!

- Main purpose is to protect [and color] a particular element!

- Clear paints are: lacquers&varnishes

- Binder(the film-forming component of paint-polyurethanes,polyesters,resins,epoxy,oils)!

- Diluent(dissolves paint and adjusts its viscosity-alcohol, ketones, petroleum distillate,esters)!

- Pigment(gives paint its color and opacity-clays, talcs, calcium carbonate, silicas, synthetic)

Components

- Used prior to PLASTIC PAINTS(water based)!- Very good High Gloss finishes can be achieved!- Not water soluble(brushed to be cleaned with

TURPENTINE)!

- Most common today(except where particular finishes are desired)!

- Durable and Flexible!- Tools and brushes an be cleaned with water

Oil Based!!!!!Water Based!

Provenance

Natural Rubber - naturally sourced from Rubber Tree!Synthetic Rubber - synthesized in a laboratory generating a range of variations(technically a PLASTIC)

Types & Uses

Natural Rubber

Synthetic

EPDM - mainly used in GASKETS and CONTROL JOINTS!Neoprene - mainly used in CONTROL JOINTS!Silicone - SEALS!

- seals!- gaskets & control joints!- flooring !- insulation!- hosing & piping

Consideration

RUBBER

- Weather related Damage!- (Rubbers can lose their properties when

exposed to weather-especially sunlight)!- Protection!- avoid or minimise sun exposure

week 7

PLASTICS

Provenance

Types & Uses

Consideration

Properties

- The plastics we use made from elements like: carbon, silicon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and chloride combined by chemical reactions into monomers.!

- The monomers combine with each other to form polymers!

- Polymers are long chains of monomers that make the substances we call Plastics

Thermoplastics- mouldable when heated and

become solid again when cooled.Can be Recycled.

Thermosetting Plastics- can only be shaped once!- Melamide Formaldehyde (widely

used for finishing surfaces)!- Polystyrene(mostly used in

Elastomers(Synthetic Rubbers)- Refer to separate e-MODULE!- EPDM!- Neoprene!- Silicone

- Weather related Damage!- plastics properties DEGRADE when exposed to

weather (especially sunlight) and need to be checked and maintained!

- Protection & Management!- avoid or minimize sun exposure !- some plastics have very high expansion/

contraction coefficients

Porosity/Permeability - Many Plastics are waterproof!Density - Low!Conductivity - Very poor conductors of heat and electricity!Hardness - Medium-Low!Fragility- Low - Medium!Ductility- High(when in heated state)!Flexibility/Plasticity - High flexibility and Plasticity!Durability/Life Span - can very durable!Reusability/Recyclability - High for thermoplastics and elastomers / very limited for thermosetting plastics!Sustainability & Carbon Footprint - Embodied energy varies generally between recycled / not recycled!Cost - generally cost effective.

Plastics

week 7

Detailing for Moisture!

For water penetrate into a building, all three conditions should occur

- An opening!- Water present at

the opening!- A force to move

water through the opening

To prevent water penetrating into a building Three different strategies should be employed

- Remove openings!- Keep water away from

openings!- Neutralise the forces that

move water through openings

Openings

Planned elements such as windows, doors, skylights etc.!!Unplanned openings in the building fabric created by:!- poor construction workmanship!- deterioration of materials(over a period of time

or through incorrect application of materials )

Keeping water from openings

- Grading(sloping) roofs so that the water is collected in Gutters which then discharge the water to Downpipes and STORM-WATER SYSTEMS.!

- Overlapping cladding and roofing elements(e.g.Weatherboards and Roof Tiles)!

- Sloping window and door sills and roof/wall FLASHINGS!

- Sloping the ground surface away from the walls at the base of buildings

Neutralising the forces

- Gravity!- Surface tension and capillary

action!- Momentum!- Air pressure differential

week 7

Detailing for Heat

CONTROLLING!HEAT

Heat gain & loss

- Heat is conducted through the building envelope!

- The building envelope and building elements are subjected to Radiant Heat sources!

- Thermal Mass is used to regulate the flow of heat through the building envelope.

Conduction

- Thermal Insulation to reduce heat conduction!- Thermal Breaks made from low conductive

materials (rubbers and plastics)to reduce heat transfer from outside to inside when using highly conductive materials like metals.!

- Double Glazing or triple glazing so that the air spaces between glass panes reduces the flow of heat through the glazed elements

Radiation

- Reflective Surfaces such as low-e glass, reflective materials to reduce building elements from becoming warm/hot!

- Shading Systems like verandahs, eaves, solar shelves, blinds, screens, and vegetation to prevent radiation striking the building envelope.

Thermal Mass

- Large areas of exposed thermal mass cane used to absorb and store heat over a period of time.!

- Materials: Masonry, Concrete, Water bodies

CONTROLLING!AIR LEAKAGE

Ways to stop air leakage:!- Eliminating any one of the causes!- Wrapping the building in polyethylene or

reflective foil sacking to provide an Air barrier!

- Weather Stripping around doors and windows and other openings

week 7

Arches, Domes & Shell

ARCHES

DOMES

SHELL

- are curved structure or spanning an opening, designed to support a vertical load primarily by axial compression. They transform the vertical forces of a support load into inclined components and transmit them to abutments on either side of the archway.!!

- Masonry arches!- Rigid arches

- is a spherical surface structure having a circular plan and constructed of stacked blocks,a continuous rigid material like reinforced concrete, or of short, linear elements, as in the case of a geodesic dome,!

- A dome is similar to a rotated arch except that, circumferential forces are developed that are compressive near the crown and tensile in the lower portion.

- is a spherical surface structure having a circular plan and constructed of stacked blocks,a continuous rigid material like reinforced concrete, or of short, linear elements, as in the case of a geodesic dome,!

- A dome is similar to a rotated arch except that, circumferential forces are developed that are compressive near the crown and tensile in the lower portion.

week 7

Glossary:! !!Drip: a projection from a cornice or sill designed to protect the area below from rainwater (as over a window or doorway)!!Vapour Barrier: is any material used for damp proofing, typically a plastic or foil sheet, that resists diffusion of moisture through wall, ceiling and floor assemblies of buildings and of packaging. !!Flashing: refers to thin pieces of impervious material installed to prevent the passage of water into a structure from a joint or as part of a weather resistant barrier (WRB) system.!!Rain Gutter: is a narrow channel, or trough, forming the component of a roof system which collects and diverts rainwater shed by the roof. It is also known as an eavestrough (especially in Canada), eaves channel[1] guttering or simply as a gutter.!!Exterior Insulation: is a type of building exterior wall cladding system that provides exterior walls with an insulated finished surface and waterproofing in an integrated composite material system.!!Parapet: is a barrier which is an extension of the wall at the edge of a roof, terrace, balcony, walkway or other structure. !!Sealant: may be viscous material that has little or no flow characteristics and stay where they are applied or thin and runny so as to allow it to penetrate the substrate by means of capillary action. !!Arches: is a structure that spans a space and supports structure and weight below it. !!Momentum: has a direction as well as magnitude. Quantities that have both a magnitude and a direction are known as vector quantities. !!!!!!!!!!

week 7

Reference:!!!Colorful paint splash - Stock Image. Retrieved from: http://depositphotos.com/8311058/stock-photo-Colorful-paint-splash.html!!VAE emulsion focuses on paints and plasters. Retrieved from: http://www.european-coatings.com/Raw-Materials-Technologies/Raw-Materials/Coatings-Binders/VAE-emulsion-focuses-on-paints-and-plasters!!Thermoplastic rubber hose. Retrieved from: http://www.directindustry.com/prod/flexaust/thermoplastic-rubber-hoses-58321-565536.html!!Prosperity from Rubber Plantations. Retrieved from: http://www.thebetterindia.com/392/prosperity-from-rubber-plantations/!!Plastic. Retrieved from: http://www.glogster.com/toeslyagal/plastic/g-6mfmq0vc3l8q08ue1dthna0!!Food Plastics: How they can Alter your Food, Brain, & Sex Drive. Retrieved from: http://www.richardhanleyjr.com/food-plastics-how-they-can-alter-your-food-brain-sex-drive!!Advantages and Disadvantages of Injection Moulding. Retrieved from: http://www.avplastics.co.uk/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-injection-moulding!!Water ponding, potential slip hazard, water penetration into the building. Retrieved from: http://biv.com.au/pictures!!Building Preservation, Structural Repairs & Waterproofing Consultancy. Retrieved from: http://www.protectahome.co.uk/consultancy/!!Arches National Park.Retrieved from: http://www.discovermoab.com/archesnationalpark.htm!!Introduction to Vaulted Structures (AVD).Retrieved from: http://www.earth-auroville.com/vaulted_structures_introduction_en.php!!Dome Connector Components. Retrieved from: http://www.naturalspacesdomes.com/dome_store/dome_home_building_kits/dome_connector_components.htm!!Shell by ARTechnic architects.Retrieved from: http://www.dezeen.com/2009/01/04/shell-by-artechnic-architects/!!THE GROINED VAUL.Retrieved from: http://www.ketchum.org/ShellTandF/warpd_groi.html!!Retrieved from: !

week 8

Openings: Doors & Windows!!(A)Door & Door Frame Terminology!!

Door Leaf

Handle,Latch & Lock

Door Swing

Sill / Threshold

Stop: Prevents winds below in

HeadRound Opening

Jamb

Architrave

(C)Materials !

(B)Door Leaf

Steel Doors&Frames: For security ! !

Timber Doors&Frames: !May be internally hinged with door jamb,head and !architrave or sliding door hanging on a track or channel.!

!Aluminium Doors&Frames!

week 8

Openings: Doors & Windows! ! (A)Window&Window Frame Terminology !!

! ! (B)Materials!!

! ! (C)Curtain Walls

Timber Doors&Frames!Aluminium Doors&Frames!Steel Doors&Frames

1.Windows or exterior wall system!2.Type of hybrid system!

Glass

Components! OF! Glass

Formers- are the basic ingredient used to produce glass. Any chemical compound that can be melted and cooled into a glass is a FORMER

Fluxes- help FORMERS to melt at lower and more practical temperatures.

Stabilizers- combine with FORMERS&FLUXES to keep the finished glass from dissolving or crumbling

FORMER:!silica!

FLUXES:!Soda Ash/Potash/Lithium Carbonate!

STABILIZERS:!limestone/Alumina/!Magnesia

Properties! OF! Glass

Porosity/Permeability: non-porous/waterproof!Density:medium-high!Conductivity: transmits heat and light but not electricity!Hardness:high!Fragility: high!Ductility:very low!Flexibility/Plasticity:very high in the two characteristics!Durability/Life Span:typically very durable!Reusability/Recyclability:very high!Sustainability & Carbon Footprint:typically high!

Cost:expensive to product and transport

week 8

Deformation & Geometry & Moment of Inertia!!

Deformation

Resisting moment - an internal moment equal and opposite to a bending moment.

Bending stress - a combination of compressive and tension stresses developed at a cross section of a structural member to resist a transverse force.

Neutral axis - an imaginary line passing through the controid of the cross section of a beam or other member subject to bending, along which no bending stresses occur

Moment of Inertia

The sum of the products of each element of an area

The square of its distance from a coplanar axis of rotation

It is a geometric property that indicates how the cross-sectional area of a structural member is distributed

week 8!In the tutorial class…

It is a section of function room roof.!!Steel angle!!It is acoustic insulation for walls.There are lots of materials we can choose to reduce the sound.!Through the pattern on drawing is the same as acoustic insulation but it is thermal insulation for roof. It is the reduction of heat transfer between objects in thermal contact or in range of radiative influence.

This is the real structure of the drawing. The ceiling is perpendicular to the wall system.!Outside material is wood.

week 8

Glossary:!!!!!Sash window: or hung sash window is made of one or more movable panels or ‘sashes’ that form a frame to hold panes of glass, which are often separated from other panes (or "lights") by narrow muntins.!!!Deflection: is the degree to which a structural element is displaced under a load. It may refer to an angle or a distance.!!!Moment of inertia: is the mass property of a rigid body that defines the torque needed for a desired angular acceleration about an axis of rotation. It depends on the shape of the body and may be different around different axes of rotation.!!!Door furniture: or door hardware refers to any of the items that are attached to a door or a drawer to enhance its functionality or appearance.!!!Shearing forces: are unaligned forces pushing one part of a body in one direction, and another part of the body in the opposite direction. When the forces are aligned into each other, they are called compression forces. !!!Deformation: is a change in the shape or size of an object due to:!1.an applied force (the deformation energy in this case is transferred through work) or!2.a change in temperature (the deformation energy in this case is transferred through heat).!!!Neutral axis: is an axis in the cross section of a beam (a member resisting bending) or shaft along which there are no longitudinal stresses or strains. !!!Pattern: apart from the term's use to mean ‘Template', is a discernible regularity in the world or in a manmade design. A geometric pattern is a kind of pattern formed of geometric shapes and typically repeating like a wallpaper.

week 8

References:!!!Door Frames, Architraves and Skirting. Retrieved from: http://www.doorsonlineuk.co.uk/store/5-door-frames,-architraves-and-skirting/214-softwood-with-cill---fully-weatherstripped/!!Doors. Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/s1250e/S1250E0m.htm!!Aluminium Frames. Retrieved from: http://www.ceswindows.co.uk/frames/aluminium-window-frames/index.shtml!!Drywall Slip-On Frames. Retrieved from: http://www.steeldoor.org/T-DOC/alert-SDI-drywall.php!!Spirit Unearths Former Yellowstone on Mars. Retrieved from: http://www.universetoday.com/14460/spirit-unearths-former-yellowstone-on-mars/!!Paste Fluxes. Retrieved from: http://www.gasflux.com/paste.html#!!Base Material. Retrieved from: http://leroyschroeder.com/base-material/!!Glass Pool Fencing Brisbane. Retrieved from: http://www.aquavistaglass.com.au/!!Frameworks for Lateral Loads. Retrieved from: http://urban.arch.virginia.edu/~km6e/arch721/content/lectures/lec-02/home.html!!ROTATIONAL INERTIA. Retrieved from: https://www.ph.utexas.edu/~coker2/index.files/RI.htm!!

week 9

Composite Materials

Monolithic"Materials

- a single material"- materials combined so that

components are

- when two or more materials are combined in such a way that the individual materials remain easily distinguishable

Composite "Materials

- combination of materials which differ in composition or form"

- remain bonded together"- retain their identities and properties"- act together to provide improved specific or

synergistic characteristics not obtainable by any of the original components acting alone

be formed

be created

Types

- FIBROUS"- LAMINAR"- PARTICULATE"- HYBRID

- Fibre Reinforced Cement(FRC)"

- Fibreglass"- Aluminium Sheet

Composites"- Timber Composites"- Fibre Reinforced Polymers

week 9

Joints & Connections"

The connectors used to join the structured elements may be in the form of …

- Point connector: bolt"

"- Linear connector; weld"

""- Surface connector: glue

- Pinned joints theoretically allow rotation but resist transaction in any direction."

- Rigid or fixed joints maintain the angular relationship between the joined elements, restrain rotation and transaction in any direction, and provide both force and moment resistance ."

- Roller joints allow rotation but resist transaction in a direction perpendicular into

JOINTS

week 9

Finish work"""

Rigid finish materials capable of spanning short distances may be applied to a supporting grid of linear members.""More flexible finish materials, on the other hand, require a solid, rigid backing.""Additional technical factors to consider include the acoustic qualities, fire resistance, and thermal insulation value of a finish material.

Surface finishes have a critical influence on the aesthetic qualities of a space.""In the selection and use of a finish material, we should carefully consider its color, texture, and pattern, and the way it meets and joins with other materials. ""If a finish material has modular characteristics, then its unit dimensions can be used to regulate the dimensions of a wall, floor, or ceiling surface.

FINISH WORK

week 9

Movements Joints "

"

TYPES OF "Movements Joints

Expansion Joints - continuous, unobstructed slots constructed between two parts of a building or structure permitting thermal or moisture expansion to occur without damage to either part."

Control Joints - continuous grooves or separations formed in concrete ground slabs and concrete masonry walls to form a plane of weakness and thus regulate the location and amount of cracking resulting from drying shrinkage, thermal stresses, or structural movement."

Isolation Joints - divide a large or geometrically complex structure into sections so that differential movement or settlement can occur between the parts."

Flat Roof

Concrete Foundation Wall

Masonry Cavity Wall

Column and Wall Juncture

Expansion Joint Covers

week 9

"In this week tutorial, the tutor visited the site with us."The first picture is about the insulation"second picture : i think it used the timber when I first saw it, however, it is used concrete up and the steel down."The third picture is about the glass system….

week 9

Glossary:""""Sandwich Panel: Aluminum composite panel (ACP) also aluminum composite material, (ACM) is a type of flat panel that consists of two thin aluminum sheets bonded to a non-aluminum core. ACPs are frequently used for external cladding or facades of buildings, insulation, and signage.""Bending: In Applied mechanics, bending (also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a slender structural element subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the element.""Skirting: is a (generally wooden) board covering the lowest part of an interior wall. Its purpose is to cover the joint between the wall surface and the floor.""Composite Beam: A structural member composed of two or more dissimilar materials joined together to act as a unit. ""Cornice: is generally any horizontal decorative molding that crowns a building or furniture element— the cornice over a door or window, for instance, or the cornice around the top edge of a pedestal or along the top of an interior wall. ""Flat Roof: is a roof which is almost level in contrast to the many types of shaped roofs. The slope of a roof is properly known as its pitch and flat roofs have up to approximately 10°""""""""""""""""""""""""""

week 9

Reference:""""Qu’est-ce qu’un composite. Retrieved from: http://www.pluscomposites.eu/fr/content/qu%E2%80%99est-ce-qu%E2%80%99un-composite?destination=node/148""Amana Tool Roughing Spiral Multi-flute Router Bits for Composite Materials. Retrieved from: http://cuttingtoolschicago.com/metalcuttingtools/amana-tool-roughing-spiral-multi-flute-router-bits-for-composite-materials/""What Is Timber Plastic Composite Decking. Retrieved from: http://www.wpcdeckingfloor.com/wpc-decking/what-is-timber-plastic-composite-decking/""CFRP (Carbon-Fibre-Reinforced Plastic).Retrieved from: http://www.fassmer.de/wind-power/technologies/materials/cfrp/""K/D Fixing Screw, Confirmat Screw, Corner Connecting Screw, Joint Connector Bolt,. Retrieved from: http://www.linkwell.com.tw/en/product06.htm""Type JCB-BW Joint Connector Bolt . Retrieved from: http://www.richelieu.com/us/en/category/screws-and-fasteners/screws/assembly-screws/type-jcb-bw-joint-connector-bolt/1040980/sku-JCBCW01034""Parker Weld-Lok 12 FW-SS Stainless Steel .Retrieved from: http://www.amazonsupply.com/parker-12-fw-ss-stainless-connector/dp/B0065A8QTQ""glue. Retrieved from: http://www.ownta.com/wholesale-dropship-repairing-tools/standard-tools-dropshipping-wholesaler/glue-adhesive/smt-adhesive/""Microsoft Surface Pro 2 repairability marred by gobs of adhesive and over 90 screws. Retrieved from: http://www.techspot.com/news/54434-microsoft-surface-pro-2-repairability-marred-by-gobs-of-adhesive-and-over-90-screws.html""Building Expansion Joints:Roof Conditions. Retrieved from: http://www.copper.org/applications/architecture/arch_dhb/arch-details/building_expansion/roof_conditions.html""Controlling the Cracking. Retrieved from: http://www.masonrymagazine.com/12-02/controljoints.html""Concrete. Retrieved from: http://dc406.4shared.com/doc/6PjK1qQm/preview.html""Building the Woodshop: Part V - The Foundation. Retrieved from: http://norsewoodsmith.com/content/building-woodshop-part-v-foundation""ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS. Retrieved from: http://www.polyguardproducts.com/products/architectural/details/index.htm""

week 10

Heros and Culprits!!

Consideration of selecting materials

- Health and IEQ!!!!!!!!!!!

- Environment: waste/recycling!!!!!!!!!!!!

- Energy use and embodied energy!!!!!!!!!!!!!

- Pollution!!!!!!!!!!- Life cycle

Health (IEQ) Villains!- paints!- glues!- coppers!- chemical used for cleaning!Health (IEQ) Heroes!- bamboo product!

How to choose?!- Renewable/ Abundant

Resources! Agricultural products/Earth/Timber!- Timber! Recycled/RFA!- Waste! Reduce/Reuse/Recycle! Minimize use of composites

How to choose?!- Reduce VOCs!- Reduce particles/dust!- Green cleaning

practices

Source & Waste Villains!- Timbers!- Tiling!Source & Waste Heroes!- Recycled Timbers!- Recycled Fabric!

How to choose?!- Minimize embodied energy! Extraction/manufacture/transport!- Optimize lighting! General/task/switching!- Optimize appliances! Fridges/dishwasher/office equip

Energy Villains!- Aluminium!- Down lights!Energy Heroes!- Timber!- Australia Made

How to choose?!- Minimize waste!- Choose natural materials!- Choose organic!- Choose the one don’t contain

Pollution Villains!- Pvc!- Cigarette Smoke!Pollution Heroes!- Natural products!

week 10

Loads On buildings!

Static Loads

Dynamic Loads

are assumed to be applied slowly to a structure until it reaches its peak value without fluctuating rapidly in magnitude or position

- Live loads!- Occupancy loads!- Snow loads!- Rain loads!- Impact loads!- Dead loads

are applied suddenly to a structure, often with rapid changes in magnitude and point of application. Under a dynamic load, a structure develops inertial forces in relation to its mass and its maximum deformation does not necessarily correspond to the maximum magnitude of the applied force

- Wind loads!- Earthquake loads

week 10

Wind Loads & Earthquake Loads!

WIND LOADS

Wind loads are the forces exerted by the kinetic energy of a moving mass of air, assumed to come from any horizontal direction.

- Wind exerts positive pressure horizontally on the windward vertical surfaces of a building and normal to windward roof surfaces having a slope greater than 30`!

- Wind exerts negative pressure or suction on the sides and leeward surfaces and normal to windward roof surfaces having a slope less than 30`

EARTHQUAKE LOADS

An earthquake consists of a series of longitudinal and transverse vibrations induced in the earth’s crust by the abrupt movement of plates along fault lines.

Dynamic Loads

week 10

Building Materials!

MATERIALS

- Each material has distinct properties of strength, elasticity, and stiffness.!

- Stiffness is a measure of the force required to push or pull a material to its elastic limit.!!

- The dimensional stability of a material as it responds to changes in temperature and moisture content affects the manner in which it is detailed and constructed to join with other materials!!

- The resistance of a material to water and water vapor is an important consideration when it is exposed to weather or used in moist environments.!!

- The thermal conductivity or resistance of a material must be assessed when it is used in constructing the exterior envelope of a building.!!

- A material ’s transmission, reflection, or absorption, of visible light and radiant heat should be evaluated when the material is used to finish the surface of a room!

week 10

Glossary:!!!!Shear wall: is a structural system composed of braced panels (also known as shear panels) to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure. Wind and seismic loads are the most common loads that shear walls are designed to carry. Under several building codes, including the International Building Code (where it is called a braced wall line) and Uniform Building Code, all exterior wall lines in wood or steel frame construction must be braced.!Soft Storey: is a multi-storey building in which one or more floors have windows, wide doors, large unobstructed commercial spaces, or other openings in places where a shear wall would normally be required for stability as a matter of earthquake engineering design.!!Braced Frame:is a structural system which is designed primarily to resist wind and earthquake forces. Members in a braced frame are designed to work in tension and compression, similar to a truss. Braced frames are almost always composed of steel members.!!Lifestyle: is the typical way of life of an individual, group, or culture.!!Defect: the failure of some angles to add up to the expected amount of 360° or 180°, when such angles in the plane would. The opposite notion is the excess.!!Fascia: is a structure of connective tissue that surrounds muscles, groups of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves, binding some structures together, while permitting others to slide smoothly over each other.!!Corrosion: is the gradual destruction of materials (usually metals) by chemical reaction with its environment.!!IEQ: Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) is most simply described as the conditions inside a building. It does not refer to the air quality alone, but the entire environmental quality of a space, which includes air quality, access to daylight and views, pleasant acoustic conditions, and occupant control over lighting and thermal comfort.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

week 10

Reference:!!!Find semi-finished Antimicrobial Copper products. Retrieved from: http://www.antimicrobialcopper.com/uk/find-products-and-partners/find-antimicrobial-copper-semi-finished-products.aspx!!Benefits of Stocking Australian Made Products. Retrieved from: http://craftsmart.com.au/benefits-of-stocking-australian-made-products/!!PVC strips. Retrieved from: http://www.directindustry.com/prod/keala/pvc-strip-69877-706163.html!!Down lights. Retrieved from: http://cacms.clipsal.com/homeowner/products/lighting/indoor_lighting/downlights!!Building Enclosure Design Principles and Strategies. Retrieved from: http://www.wbdg.org/resources/buildingenclosuredesignstrategies.php!!Primary Loads.Retrieved from: http://stuff.mit.edu/afs/athena/course/4/4.441/1_lectures/1_lecture17/1_lecture17.html!!Types of loads on structures. Retrieved from: http://www.strutturista.com/2012/05/types-of-loads-on-structures/!!Building Science Digests. Retrieved from: http://www.buildingscience.com/documents/digests/bsd-014-air-flow-control-in-buildings!!Controlling Dimensional Stability. Retrieved from: http://www.teamflexo.com/blog/controlling-dimensional-stability/!!Resistant Materials. Retrieved from: http://www.educationquizzes.com/ks3/d-and-t/resistant-materials-02/!!Thermal Interface Material. Retrieved from: http://www.empf.org/empfasis/2009/dec09/tech_tips_1209.html!!!