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Latin grammar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Latin grammar

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Latin, like all other ancient Indo-European languages, is highly inflectional, and so has a very flexible word order. Thus Latin is archaic in its preservation of Proto-Indo-European forms. In Latin there are five declensions of nouns and four conjugations of verbs. Latin does not have articles and does not differentiate, for example, a girl and the girl; the same word, puella, represents both. Latin syntax is generally Subject Object Verb, although variations on this syntax in poetry are common. Latin is right-branching, uses prepositions, and usually places adjectives after their nouns. Latin is also pro-drop and verb-framed.

Contents

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● 1 Verbs ● 2 Nouns ● 3 Determiners and personal pronouns ● 4 Adjectives ● 5 Adverbs ● 6 Word order ● 7 Ablative absolute ● 8 See also ● 9 References ● 10 External links

[edit] Verbs

Detailed information and conjugation tables can be found at Latin conjugation.

Verbs are one of the trickiest areas of Latin; each verb has numerous conjugated forms. Verbs have three moods (indicative, imperative, and subjunctive), two voices (active and passive), two numbers (singular

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflectional

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declensions

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugations

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_Object_Verb

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching_%28linguistics%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching_%28linguistics%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preposition

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-drop_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb_framing

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_grammar&action=edit&section=1

http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Fundraising


and plural), three persons (first, second and third), and various other forms. Verbs are conjugated in six main tenses (present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect), and have complements of moods for the present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect. Infinitives and participles occur in the present, perfect, and future tenses.

Conjugation is the process of inflecting verbs; a set of conjugated forms for a single word is called a conjugation. Latin verbs are divided into four different conjugations by their infinitives, distinguished by the endings -•re, -•re, -ere, and -•re.

There are six tenses (Latin: tempus) in Latin. They are:

● Present (Latin: praesens): describes actions happening at the time of speaking: The slave carries the wine jar home.

● Imperfect (Latin: imperfectum): describes actions continuing in the past: The slave was carrying the wine jar home.

● Future (Latin: futurum simplex): describes actions taking place in the future: The slave will carry the wine jar home.

● Perfect (Latin: perfectum): describes actions completed by the present: The slave carried (or has carried) the wine jar home.

● Pluperfect (Latin: plusquamperfectum): describes actions occurring before another past action: The slave had carried the wine jar home.

● Future Perfect (Latin: futurum exactum): describes actions that will be completed some time in the future: By tomorrow, the slave will have carried the wine jar home.

There are three moods (Latin: modus):

● Indicative (Latin: indicativus), which states facts: That slave is carrying a wine jar. ● Subjunctive or Conjunctive (Latin: coniunctivus), which is used for possibilities, intentions,

necessities, statements contrary to fact: Let the slave carry the jar. The subjunctive is also used with the formation of subordinate clauses.

● Imperative (Latin: imperativus): used for commands: "Carry this wine jar home!"

There are two voices (Latin: genus):

● Active (Latin: activum), where the verb is done by the subject: The slave carried the wine jar home.

● Passive (Latin: passivum), where the verb is done to the subject: The wine jar was carried home by the slave.

[edit] Nouns


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_tense

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfect_tense

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_tense

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_tense

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluperfect_tense

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_perfect_tense

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicative_mood

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjunctive_mood

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunctive_mood

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_mood

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_voice

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_voice

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_voice



Detailed information and declension tables can be found at Latin declension.

Nouns (including proper nouns and pronouns) have six cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, and vocative (special nouns have a seventh "locative" case); three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter, which serve a grammatical function, not to distinguish the sex of the object; and two numbers: singular and plural. Declining is the process of inflecting nouns; a set of declined forms of the same word is called a declension. Most adjectives, pronouns, and participles, indicate the gender of the noun they reference or modify.

Most nouns in the 1st declension are feminine; most in the 2nd are masculine and neuter; nouns in the 3rd can either be masculine, feminine, or neuter; nouns in the 4th are either masculine or neuter; and in the 5th they are usually feminine, with a couple of masculine. It is necessary to learn the gender of each noun because it is often impossible to discern the gender from the word itself. One must also memorize to which declension each noun belongs in order to be able to decline it. Therefore Latin nouns are often memorized with their genitive (rex, regis) as this gives a good indication for the declension to use and reveals the stem of the word (reg, not rex).

● The nominative case, which is used to express the subject of a statement. ● The genitive case, which expresses possession, measurement, or source. In English, the

preposition of is used to denote this case. ● The dative case, which expresses the recipient of an action, the indirect object of a verb. In

English, the prepositions to and for most commonly denote this case. ● The accusative case, which expresses the direct object of a verb or direction or extent of motion. ● The ablative case, which expresses separation, indirection, or the means by which an action is

performed. In English, the prepositions by, with, and from most commonly denote this case. ● The vocative case, which is used to address someone or something in direct speech. ● The locative case, which is used to express the place in or on which, or the time at which, an

action is performed. The locative case is extremely marginal in Latin, applying only to the names of cities and small islands and to a few other isolated words, and is identical to the genitive case in the singular of the first and second declension, and the ablative case otherwise.

[edit] Determiners and personal pronouns


In Latin there is no indefinite article or definite article, though there are demonstratives, such as hic, haec, hoc (masculine, feminine and neuter for this) and ille, illa, illud (for that). As in English, these can act as pronouns as well. There are also possessive adjectives and pronouns, cardinal and ordinal numbers, quantifiers, interrogatives, etc.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablative

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indefinite_article

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definite_article

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstrative

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possessive_adjective

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possessive_pronouns

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_number

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_number

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_number

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantifier

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogative_word


Personal pronouns also exist, for each one of the three possible persons, in both singular and plural. As in most Romance languages and English, only third-person pronouns show gender differentiation (check is, ea, id: he, she, it).

[edit] Adjectives


In Latin, adjectives must agree with the nouns they modify in case and number and gender. Because of this, Latin adjectives must also be declined. First and second declension adjectives are declined identically to nouns of the first and second declension. Unless the word in question is in poetry, adjectives are generally placed behind the nouns they modify. Adjectives exist, like in English with positive, comparative and superlative forms. Positive and superlative adjectives are declined according to the first and second declension noun paradigm, however comparative adjectives are declined according to the third declension noun paradigm. When used in sentences, the comparative adjective (better, faster, brighter) may be put in the ablative or with the addition of 'quam' (Latin: than).

● Cornelia est fortis puella: Cornelia is a strong girl. ● Cornelia est fortior puella quam Flavia: Cornelia is a stronger girl than Flavia. (Here quam is

used.) ● Cornelia est fortior puella Flavi•: Cornelia is a stronger girl than Flavia. (Here Flavia is in the

ablative.) ● Cornelia est fortissima puella omnium: Cornelia is the strongest girl of all.

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

bonus, -a, -um melior, -ius optimus, -a, -um

m•gnus, -a, -um m•ior, -ius m•ximus, -a, -um

malus, -a, -um p•ior, -ius pessimus, -a, -um

multus, -a, -um plus (only neuter); pl. pl•res, pl•ra pl•rimus, -a, -um

parvus, -a, -um minor, -us minimus, -a, -um

regular adjectives

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

exterus, -a, -um exterior, -ius extr•mus, -a, -um

novus, -a, um novior, -ius novissimus, -a, -um

posterus, -a, -um posterior, -ius postr•mus, -a, -um

pulcher, -chra, -chrum pulchrior, -ius pulcherrimus, -a, -um




superus, -a, -um superior, -ius supr•mus

[edit] Adverbs


Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs by indicating time, place, or manner. Latin adverbs are indeclinable. They can be formed by modifying the ending of an adjective. Like adjectives, adverbs have positive, comparative, and superlative forms.

The positive form of an adverb is formed from the first and second declension adjectives, in which a long -e replaces the ending. Instead of the adjective clarus, -a, -um, which mean bright, the adverb is clare, which means brightly.

The comparative form of an adverb, formed from third declension adjectives, is extremely simple. It is exactly the same as the neuter nominative singular form of a comparative adjective and it almost always ends in -ius. Instead of the adjective clarior, which mean brighter, the adverb is clarius, which means more brightly.

The superlative form as well is extremely simple. It has exactly the same stem as the superlative adjective and it always ends in with a long -e. Instead of the adjective clarissimus, which mean brightest, the adverb is clarissime, which means most brightly.

[edit] Word order

Latin allows for a very flexible word order because of its inflectional syntax. Ordinary prose tended to follow the pattern of Subject, Indirect Object, Direct Object, Adverbial Words or Phrases, Verb. Any extra, though subordinate verbs, are placed before the main verb, for example infinitives. Adjectives and participles usually directly followed nouns, unless they were adjectives of beauty, size, goodness, or truth, in which case they preceded the noun being modified. Relative clauses are always placed after the antecedent which the relative pronoun describes. While these patterns for word order were the most frequent in Classical Latin prose, they are frequently varied; and it is important to recall that there is virtually no evidence surviving that suggests the word order of colloquial Latin (see Vulgar Latin).

In poetry, however, word order was often changed for the sake of the meter, for which vowel quantity (short vowels vs. long vowels and diphthongs) and consonant clusters, not rhyme and word stress, governed the patterns. It is, however, important to bear in mind that poets in the Roman world wrote primarily for the ear, not for the eye; many premiered their work in recitation for an audience. Hence variations in word order served a rhetorical, as well as a metrical purpose; they certainly did not prevent understanding. In Virgil's Eclogues, for example, he writes, Omnia vincit amor, et nos cedamus amori!:




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgar_Latin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclogues


Love conquers all, let us yield to love!. The words omnia (all), amor (love) and amori (to love) are thrown into relief by their unusual position in their respective phrases. The meter here is dactylic hexameter, in which Virgil composed The Aeneid, Rome's national epic.

The ending of the common Roman name Marcus is different in each of the following examples due to its grammatical usage in that sentence. The ordering in the following sentences would be perfectly correct in Latin and no doubt understood with clarity, despite the fact that in English they're awkward at best and senseless at worst:

● Marcus ferit Corneliam: Marcus hits Cornelia. (Subject-Verb-Object) ● Marcus Corneliam ferit: Marcus hits Cornelia. (Subject-Object-Verb)

● Cornelia dedit Marco donum: Cornelia has given Marcus a gift. (Subject, Verb, Indirect Object, Direct Object)

● Cornelia Marco donum dedit: Cornelia has given Marcus a gift. (Subject, Indirect Object, Direct Object, Verb)

[edit] Ablative absolute

In Latin grammar, the ablative absolute (Latin: ablativus absolutus) is a noun phrase cast in the ablative case. More specifically it consists of a noun or pronoun and some participle (in the case of sum (to be) a zero morpheme often has to be used as the past and present participle do not exist, only the future participle), all in the ablative absolute. It indicates the time, condition, or attending circumstances of an action being described in the main sentence. It takes the place of, and translates, many phrases that would require a subordinate clause in English. The unfamiliarity of this construction makes it sometimes difficult for Latin students to grasp; however, mastery of this construction is needed to write Latin well, and its availability makes Latin prose quite concise. The closest English equivalent is the nominative absolute.

The closest translation to the Latin follows the paradigm, with the NOUN PARTICPLE. This construction however can often sound awkward in English. Therefore, it is often finessed into some other, more English-like, construction. In the following examples, the first line is the direct translation from Latin, while the second has been construed to sound more at home in English. The usage of present, passive or future participles will determine the verbal idea in the ablative absolute.

Urbe capta, Aeneas fugit

● The city having been captured, Aeneas flees. (literal) ● With the city having been captured, Aeneas flees. ● When the city was captured, Aeneas flees.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aeneid



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablative_case


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_morpheme

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_absolute

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_absolute

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneas


Ovidio exule, Musae planguntur.

● Ovid having been exiled, the Muses weep. (literal) ● With Ovid having been exiled, the Muses weep. ● The Muses weep because Ovid has been exiled.

The ablative absolute indicates the time when things happened, or the circumstances when they occurred.

vivo Caesare...

● with Caesar having been alive... ● when Caesar was alive...

It also indicates the causes of things, as in:

Ira calefacta, sapientia dormit.

● With anger having been kindled, wisdom sleeps. ● Wisdom sleeps because anger is kindled.

Domino absente, fur fenestram penetravit.

● With the master being absent, a thief entered the window. ● Since the master was absent, a thief entered the window.

It can be used to add descriptions:

Passis palmis, pacem petiverunt.

● With hands outstretched, they sued for peace. ● Hands outstretched, they sued for peace.

Sometimes an infinitive or clause occurs in the ablative absolute construction, especially in Livy and later authors:

audito eum fugisse...

● with it having been heard that he had fled... ● having heard that he had fled... ● when they heard he had fled...


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muses

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitive

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy

Latin conjugation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Latin conjugation



Conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from one basic form. It may be affected by person, number, gender, tense, mood, voice or other language-specific factors. When, for example, we use a verb to function as the action done by a subject, most languages require conjugating the verb to reflect that meaning. (For more information on conjugation in general, see the article on grammatical conjugation.)

In Latin, there are four main patterns of conjugation composed of groups of verbs that are conjugated following similar patterns. As in other languages, Latin verbs have a passive voice and an active voice. Furthermore, there exist deponent and semi-deponent Latin verbs (verbs with a passive form but active meaning), as well as defective verbs (verbs with a perfect form but present meaning). Sometimes the verbs of the third declension with a root on -•, are regarded as a separate pattern of conjugation, and are called the fifth conjugation, so that it is said there are five main patterns of conjugation.

In a dictionary, Latin verbs are always listed with four principal parts which allow the reader to deduce the other conjugated forms of the verbs. These are:

● the first person singular of the present indicative active ● the present infinitive ● the first person singular of the perfect indicative active ● the supine or, in some texts, the perfect passive participle, which is nearly always identical. Texts that

commonly list the perfect passive participle use the future active participle for intransitive verbs. Some verbs lack this principal part altogether.

For simple verb paradigms, see the following pages: [1], [2], [3], [4]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_conjugation (1 of 29)4/30/2007 9:34:04 AM


running!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_person

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_%28language%29


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_voice

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deponent_verb

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defective_verb

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_aspect

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supine

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary_Appendix:Latin_first_conjugation

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary_Appendix:Latin_second_conjugation

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary_Appendix:Latin_third_conjugation

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary_Appendix:Latin_fourth_conjugation



Contents

[hide]

● 1 Overview of the Latin Verb ❍ 1.1 Latin verb properties ❍ 1.2 The four conjugations

■ 1.2.1 The first conjugation ■ 1.2.2 The second conjugation ■ 1.2.3 The third conjugation ■ 1.2.4 The fourth conjugation

❍ 1.3 Personal endings ❍ 1.4 Imperfective aspect tenses

■ 1.4.1 Present tense ■ 1.4.1.1 Indicative present ■ 1.4.1.2 Subjunctive present ■ 1.4.1.3 Imperative present

■ 1.4.2 Imperfect tense ■ 1.4.2.1 Indicative imperfect ■ 1.4.2.2 Subjunctive imperfect

■ 1.4.3 Future tense ■ 1.4.3.1 Indicative future ■ 1.4.3.2 Imperative future

❍ 1.5 Perfective aspect tenses ■ 1.5.1 Perfect tense

■ 1.5.1.1 Indicative perfect ■ 1.5.1.2 Subjunctive perfect

■ 1.5.2 Pluperfect tense ■ 1.5.2.1 Indicative pluperfect ■ 1.5.2.2 Subjunctive pluperfect

■ 1.5.3 Future perfect tense ■ 1.5.3.1 Indicative future perfect

❍ 1.6 Non-finite forms ■ 1.6.1 The participles ■ 1.6.2 The infinitives ■ 1.6.3 The supine ■ 1.6.4 The gerund ■ 1.6.5 The gerundive

❍ 1.7 Periphrastic conjugations ■ 1.7.1 Active



■ 1.7.2 Passive ❍ 1.8 Peculiarities within conjugation and non-finite forms

■ 1.8.1 Irregular verbs ■ 1.8.2 Deponent and semi-deponent verbs ■ 1.8.3 Third conjugation –i• verbs ■ 1.8.4 Defective verbs

■ 1.8.4.1 •i• — I affirm, state ■ 1.8.4.2 inquam — I say ■ 1.8.4.3 f•r• — to speak

■ 1.8.5 Impersonal verbs ■ 1.8.6 Irregular future active participles ■ 1.8.7 Syncopated verb forms

● 2 Summary of Forms ❍ 2.1 The Four Conjugations [in the Indicative Mood] ❍ 2.2 References ❍ 2.3 See also ❍ 2.4 External links

[edit] Overview of the Latin Verb

[edit] Latin verb properties

Latin verbs have the following properties.

1. Two aspects—perfective, imperfective 2. Two voices—active, passive 3. Three moods—indicative, subjunctive, imperative 4. Six tenses—

Present Perfect

Imperfect Pluperfect

Future Future Perfect

5. Two numbers—singular, plural 6. Three persons—first, second, third

[edit] The four conjugations


http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_conjugation&action=edit&section=1


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_aspect





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_tense

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfect_tense

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluperfect_tense

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_tense

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_perfect_tense


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_person



There exist four important systems of verb inflection. These are the four conjugations.

[edit] The first conjugation

The first conjugation is characterized by the vowel • and can be recognized by the -•re ending of the present active infinitive. The principal parts usually adhere to the following patterns.

● perfect with –v•

port•, port•re, port•v•, port•tum — to carry, bring am•, am•re, am•v•, am•tum — to love, be fond of

—— All regular first conjugation verbs follow this pattern. ——

● perfect with –u•

sec•, sec•re, secu•, sectum — to cut, divide fric•, fric•re, fricu•, frictum — to rub vet•, vet•re, vitu•, vititum — to forbid, prohibit

● perfect with –• and stem vowel lengthening

lav•, lav•re, l•v•, lautum — to wash, bathe iuv•, iuv•re, i•v•, i•tum — to help, assist

● reduplicated perfect

st•, st•re, stet•, statum — to stand

d•, dare, ded•, datum – to give, bestow irregular

[edit] The second conjugation

The second conjugation is characterized by the vowel •, and can be recognized by the -e• ending of the first person present indicative and the -•re ending of the present active infinitive.


terre•, terr•re, terru•, territum — to frighten, deter doce•, doc•re, docu•, doctum — to teach, instruct tene•, ten•re, tenu•, tentum — to hold, keep

—— All regular second conjugation verbs follow this pattern. ——




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel



d•le•, d•l•re, d•l•v•, d•l•tum — to destroy, efface cie•, ci•re, c•v•, citum — to arouse, stir

● perfect with –s• and –x•

auge•, aug•re, aux•, auctum — to increase, enlarge iube•, iub•re, iuss•, iussum — to order, bid

● reduplicated perfect with –•

morde•, mord•re, momord•, morsum — to bite, nip sponde•, spond•re, spospond•, sp•nsum — to vow, promise

● perfect with –• and vowel lengthening

vide•, vid•re, v•d•, v•sum — to see, notice fove•, fov•re, f•v•, f•tum — to caress, cherish

● perfect with –• only

str•de•, str•dere, str•d• — to hiss, creak forve•, forv•re, ferv•1 — to boil, seethe

1may be fervu•.

[edit] The third conjugation

The third conjugation is characterized by a short thematic vowel, which alternates between e, i, and u in different environments. Verbs of this conjugation end in an –ere in the present active infinitive. There is no one regular rule for constructing the perfect stem of third-conjugation verbs, but the following patterns are used.


carp•, carpere, carps•, carptum — to pluck, select trah•, trahere, tr•x•, tr•ctum — to drag, draw ger•, gerere, gess•, gestum — to wear, bear flect•, flectere, flex•, flexum — to bend, twist

● reduplicated perfect with –•

curr•, currere, cucurr•, cursum — to run, race




caed•, caedere, cec•d•, caesum — to kill, slay tang•, tangere, tetig•, t•ctum — to touch, hit pell•, pellere, pepul•, pulsum — to beat, drive away

● perfect with -v•

pet•, petere, pet•v•, pet•tum — to seek, attack lin•, linere, l•v•, litum — to smear, befoul ser•, serere, s•v•, satum — to sow, plant trev•, trevere, tr•v•, tretum — to rub, wear out stern•, sternere, str•v•, str•tum — to spread, stretch out


ag•, agere, •g•, •ctum — to do, drive leg•, legere, l•g•, l•ctum — to collect, read em•, emere, •m•, •mptum — to buy, purchase vinc•, vincere, v•c•, victum — to conquer, master fund•, fundere, f•d•, f•sum — to pour, utter

● perfect with –• only

•c•, •cere, •c•, •ctum — to strike, smite vert•, vertere, vet•, versum — to turn, alter v•s•, visere, v•s•, v•sum — to visit, call


met•, metere, messu•, messum — to reap, harvest vom•, vomere, vomu•, vomitus — to vomit col•, colere, colu•, cultus — to cultivate, till tex•, texere, texu•, textus — to weave, plait gign•, gignere, genu•, genitus — to beget, cause

● present stem with a –u

minu•, minuere, minu•, min•tum — to lessen, diminish ru•, ruere, ru•, rutum — to collapse, hurl down stru•, struere, str•x•, str•ctum — to build, erect

● verbs with –sc•

n•sc•, n•scere, n•v•, n•tum — to investigate, learn adol•sc•, adol•scere, adol•v• — to grow up, mature



fl•r•sc•, fl•r•scere, fl•ru• — to begin flourish, blossom haer•sc•, haer•scere, haes•, haesum — to adhere, stick p•sc•, p•scere, p•v•, p•stum — to feed, nourish

Intermediate between the third and fourth conjugation are the third-conjugation –i• verbs, discussed below.

[edit] The fourth conjugation

The fourth conjugation is characterized by the vowel • and can be recognized by the -•re ending of the present active infinitive. The fourth conjugation verbs' principal parts generally adhere to the following patterns.


audi•, aud•re, aud•v•, aud•tus, a, um — to hear, listen (to) muni•, mun•re, mun•v•, mun•tus, a, um — to fortify, build

—— All regular fourth conjugation verbs follow this pattern.


aperi•, aper•re, aperu•, apertum – to open, uncover


saepi•, saep•re, saeps•, saeptum – to surround, enclose sanci•, sanc•re, s•nx•, s•nctum – to confirm, ratify senti•, sent•re, s•ns•, s•nsum – to feel, perceive


veni•, ven•re, v•n•, ventum – to come, arrive

[edit] Personal endings

Personal endings are used in all tenses. The present, imperfect, future, pluperfect and future perfect tenses use the same personal endings in the active voice. However, the pluperfect and future perfect do not have personal endings in the passive voice. The perfect tense uses its own personal endings in the active voice.

Active Passive

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Familiar

First Person •, m mus or, r mur

Second Person s tis ris (re) min•





Third Person t nt tur ntur

Active

Singular Plural

Perfect

First Person • imus

Second Person ist• istis

Third Person it •runt (•re)

[edit] Imperfective aspect tenses

The tenses of the imperfective aspect, which are the present, imperfect and future tenses, express an action that hasn't been completed. The verbs for explanation are:

1st Conjugation: port•, port•re, port•v•, port•tum — to carry, bring 2nd Conjugation: terre•, terr•re, terru•, territum — to frighten, deter 3rd Conjugation: pet•, petere, pet•v•, pet•tum — to seek, attack 4th Conjugation: audi•, aud•re, aud•v•, aud•tum – to hear, listen (to)

For the all conjugations, the –re is removed from the second principal part. For example, from port•re, port• is formed. This is the present stem, and it is used for all of the tenses in the imperfective aspect. Occasionally, the terminating vowel of the stem is lengthened and/or shortened, and sometimes completely changed. This is especially so in the third conjugation and most conjugations in the subjunctive mood.

[edit] Present tense

The present tense (Latin tempus praes•ns) is used to show an uncompleted which happens in the current time. The present tense does not have a tense sign. Instead, the personal endings are added to the bare present stem. However, in this tense, the thematical vowel, most notably, the • in the third conjugation changes the most frequently.

[edit] Indicative present

The indicative present expresses general truths, facts, demands and desires. Most commonly, a verb like port• can be translated as "I carry," "I do carry," or "I am carrying."

● In all but the third conjugation, the thematical vowel of the stem is only used. In the third conjugation, the e is only used in the second person singular in the passive for a less difficult pronunciation. Otherwise, it becomes either an i or u.

● The first person singular of the indicative active present is the first principal part. All end in –•.

Indicative Active Present

port•re terr•re petere aud•re






Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

First Person port• port•mus terre• terr•mus pet• petimus audi• aud•mus

Second Person port•s port•tis terr•s terr•tis petis petitis aud•s aud•tis

Third Person portat portant terret terrent petit petunt audit audiunt

Add the passive endings to form the passive voice. The passive portor can be translated as "I am carried," or "I am being carried."

Indicative Passive Present



First Person portor port•mur terreor terr•mur petor petimur audior aud•mur

Second Person port•ris port•min• terr•ris terr•min• peteris petimin• aud•ris aud•min•

Third Person port•tur portantur terr•tur terrentur petitur petuntur aud•tur audiuntur

Notice that the second person singular for petere is peteris instead of the supposed petiris.

[edit] Subjunctive present

The subjunctive present may be used to assert many things. In general, in independent sentences, it is translated hortatorily (only in the third person plural), jussively and optatively. Portem can be translated as "Let me carry." or "May I carry." Port•mus can be "Let us carry."

Some alterations have occurred in the vowels from the indicative and subjunctive.

● The first conjugation now uses an e and an •. ● The second conjugation uses ea and e•. ● In the third conjugation all thematicals have become either a or •. ● The fourth conjugation now has either ia or i•.

"We eat caviar" is a helpful mnemonic for remembering this. 1st conjugation verbs have an "e" in their stem (wE), 2nd conjugation verbs have an "-ea" (EAt), third conjugation verbs have an "a" (cAviar), and fourths have an "ia" (cavIAr). Other acceptable mnemonics include shE rEAds A dIAry, hE bEAts A lIAr, or Everybody EAts Apple IAmbics.

Subjunctive Active Present



First Person portem port•mus terream terre•mus petam pet•mus audiam audi•mus

Second Person port•s port•tis terre•s terre•tis pet•s pet•tis audi•s audi•tis



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohortative_mood

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jussive_mood

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optative_mood


Third Person portet portent terreat terreant petat petant audiat audiant

Like the indicative, active personal endings may be replaced by passive personal endings. Porter can be translated as "Let me be carried" or "May I be carried." Hortatorily, Port•mur can be "Let us be carried."

Subjunctive Passive Present



First Person porter port•mur terrear terre•mur petar pet•mur audiar audi•mur

Second Person port•ris port•min• terre•ris terre•min• pet•ris pet•min• audi•ris audi•min•

Third Person port•tur portentur terre•tur terreantur pet•tur petantur audi•tur audiantur

[edit] Imperative present

The imperative in the present conveys commands, pleas and recommendations. Port• can be translated as "Carry you." or simply, "Carry." The imperative present only occurs in the second person.

● The second person singular in the active voice only uses the bare stem, and doesn't add an imperative ending.

Imperative Active Present



Second Person port• port•te terr• terr•te pete petite aud• aud•te

The imperative present of the passive voice is rarely used. Port•min• can be translated as "Be carried you." or "Be carried."

● The singular uses the present active infinitive, and the plural uses the present passive indicative form of the second person plural.

Imperative Passive Present



Second Person port•re port•min• terr•re terr•min• petere petimin• aud•re aud•min•

[edit] Imperfect tense

The imperfect tense (Latin tempus imperfectum) indicates a perpetual, but incomplete action in the past. It is recognized by the tense signs b• and b• in the indicative, and re and r• in the subjunctive.





[edit] Indicative imperfect

In the indicative mood, the imperfect simply express an action in the past that was not completed. Port•bam can be translated to mean "I was carrying," "I kept carrying," or "I used to carry."

● In the indicative, the imperfect employs its tense signs ba and b• before personal endings are added.

Indicative Active Imperfect



First Person port•bam port•b•mus terr•bam terr•b•mus pet•bam pet•b•mus audi•bam audi•b•mus

Second Person port•b•s port•b•tis terr•b•s terr•b•tis pet•b•s pet•b•tis audi•b•s audi•b•tis

Third Person port•bat port•bant terr•bat terr•bant pet•bat pet•bant audi•bat audi•bant

As with the present tense, active personal endings are taken off, and passive personal endings are put in their place. Port•bar can be translated as "I was being carried," "I kept being carried," or "I used to be carried."

Indicative Passive Imperfect



First Person port•bar port•b•mur terr•bar terr•b•mur pet•bar pet•b•mur audi•bar audi•b•mur

Second Person port•b•ris port•b•min• terr•b•ris terr•bamin• pet•b•ris pet•b•min• audi•b•ris audi•b•min•

Third Person port•b•tur port•bantur terr•b•tur terr•bantur pet•b•tur pet•bantur audi•b•tur audi•bantur

[edit] Subjunctive imperfect

In the subjunctive, the imperfect tense is quite important, especially in subordinate clauses. Independently, it is largely translated conditionally. Port•rem can mean "I should carry," or "I would carry."

● Unlike the indicative, the subjunctive doesn't modify the thematic vowel. The third conjugation's thematical remains short as an e, and the fourth conjugation doesn't use an i• before the imperfect signs. It keeps its •.

● In the subjunctive, the imperfect employs its tense signs re and r• before personal endings.

Subjunctive Active Imperfect



First Person port•rem port•r•mus terr•rem terr•r•mus peterem peter•mus aud•rem aud•r•mus





Second Person port•r•s port•r•tis terr•r•s terr•r•tis peter•s peter•tis aud•r•s aud•r•tis

Third Person port•ret port•rent terr•ret terr•rent peteret peterent aud•ret aud•rent

As with the indicative subjunctive, active endings are removed, and passive endings are added. Port•rer may be translated as "I should be carried," or "I would be carried."

Subjunctive Passive Imperfect



First Person port•rer port•r•mur terr•rer terr•r•mur peterer peter•mur aud•rer aud•r•mur

Second Person port•r•ris port•r•min• terr•r•ris terr•r•min• peter•ris peter•min• aud•r•ris aud•r•min•

Third Person port•r•tur port•rentur terr•r•tur terr•rentur peter•tur peterentur aud•r•tur aud•rentur

[edit] Future tense

The future tense (Latin tempus fut•rum simplex) expresses an uncompleted action in the future. It is recognized by its tense signs b•, bi, bu, e and • in the indicative and the vowel • in the imperative mood.

[edit] Indicative future

The future tense always refers to an incomplete action. Also, the future tense is more strict in usage temporally in Latin than it is in English. Standing alone, port•b• can mean "I shall carry," or "I will carry." Remember that "shall" and "will" are only used in the first person. All other persons only use "will" in the indicative.

● The first and second conjugations use b•, bi and bu as signs for the future indicative. ● The third and fourth conjugations replace their thematicals with a, • and •. The fourth conjugation

inserts an • before the a, e and •.

Indicative Active Future



First Person port•b• port•bimus terr•b• terr•bimus petam pet•mus audiam audi•mus

Second Person port•bis port•bitis terr•bis terr•bitis pet•s pet•tis audi•s audi•tis

Third Person port•bit port•bunt terr•bit terr•bunt petet petent audiet audient

As with all imperfective system tenses, active personal endings are removed, and passive personal endings are put on. Port•bor translates as "I shall be carried."

Indicative Passive Future







First Person port•bor port•bimur terr•bor terr•bimur petar pet•mur audiar audi•mur

Second Person port•beris port•bimin• terr•beris terr•bimin• pet•ris pet•min• audi•ris audi•min•

Third Person port•bitur port•buntur terr•bitur terr•buntur pet•tur petentur audi•tur audientur

Notice that the second person singular for port•re and terr•re are port•beris and terr•biris instead of the supposed port•biris and terr•beris. The former inflections are used to ease pronunciation.

[edit] Imperative future

The so-called future imperative was an archaic and formal form of the imperative; by the classical period it was chiefly used in legal documents and the like. A few irregular or defective verbs (esse 'be', meminisse 'remember') used this form as their only imperative.

Port•t• can be translated as "You shall carry".

● As mentioned previously, the vowel • is used as a sign of the future imperative.

Imperative Active Future



Second Person port•t• port•t•te terr•t• terr•t•te petit• petit•te aud•t• aud•t•te

Third Person port•t• portant• terr•t• terrent• petit• petunt• aud•t• audiunt•

The letter R is used to designate the passive voice in the future imperative. The second person plural is absent here. Port•tor translates as "You shall be carried."

Imperative Passive Future



Second Person port•tor —— terr•tor —— petitor —— aud•tor ——

Third Person port•tor portantor terr•tor terrentor petitor petuntor aud•tor audiuntor

[edit] Perfective aspect tenses

The tenses of the perfective aspect, which are the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses, are used to express actions that have been completed. The verbs used for explanation are.

1st Conjugation: port•, port•re, port•v•, port•tum — to carry, bring





2nd Conjugation: terre•, terr•re, terru•, territum — to frighten, deter 3rd Conjugation: pet•, petere, pet•v•, pet•tum — to seek, attack 4th Conjugation: audi•, aud•re, aud•v•, aud•tum – to hear, listen (to)

For all conjugations, the –• is removed from the third principal part. For example, from port•v•, port•v is formed. This is the perfect stem, and it is used for all of the tenses in the perfective aspect. The perfective apsect verbs also use the perfect passive participle in the passive voice. See below to see how it is formed. Along with these participles, the verb esse, which means "to be", is used.

Unlike the imperfective aspect, inflection does not deviate from conjugation to conjugation.

[edit] Perfect tense

The perfect tense (Latin tempus perfectum) refers to an action completed in the past. Tense signs are only used in this tense with the indicative. The tense signs of the subjunctive are eri and er•.

[edit] Indicative perfect

The indicative perfect expresses a finished action in the past. If the action wasn't finished, but still lies in the past, one would use the imperfect tense. Port•v• is translated as "I carried," "I did carry," or "I have carried."

● As aforementioned, the indicative present in the active voice has its special personal endings.

Indicative Active Perfect



First Person port•v• port•vimus terru• terruimus pet•v• pet•vimus aud•v• aud•vimus

Second Person port•vist• port•vistis terruist• terruistis pet•vist• pet•vistis aud•vist• aud•vistis

Third Person port•vit port•v•runt terruit terru•runt pet•vit pet•v•runt aud•vit aud•v•runt

In the passive voice, the perfect passive participle is used with the auxiliary verb esse. It uses the indicative present form of esse. Port•tus sum translates as "I was carried," or "I have been carried."

Indicative Passive Perfect



First Person

port•tus sumport•t• sumus

territus sumterrit• sumus

pet•tus sumpet•t• sumus

aud•tus sumaud•t• sumus

Second Person

port•tus esport•t• estis

territus es territ• estis pet•tus es pet•t• estis aud•tus esaud•t• estis





Third Person

port•tus estport•t• sunt

territus est territ• sunt pet•tus est pet•t• sunt aud•tus est aud•t• sunt

[edit] Subjunctive perfect

Like the subjunctive imperfect, the subjunctive perfect is largely used in subordinate clauses. Independently, it is usually translated as the potential subjunctive. By itself, port•verim translates as "I may have carried."

● The tense signs eri and er• are used before the personal endings are added.

Subjunctive Active Perfect



First Person port•verim port•ver•mus terruerim terruer•mus pet•verim pet•ver•mus aud•verim aud•ver•mus

Second Person

port•ver•s port•ver•tis terruer•s terruer•tis pet•ver•s pet•ver•tis aud•ver•s aud•ver•tis

Third Person port•verit port•verint terruerit terruerint pet•verit pet•verint aud•verit aud•verint

The passive voice uses the perfect passive participle with the subjunctive present forms of esse. Port•tus sim means "I may have been carried."

Subjunctive Passive Perfect



First Person

port•tus simport•t• s•mus

territus simterrit• s•mus

pet•tus simpet•t• s•mus

aud•tus simaud•t• s•mus

Second Person

port•tus s•s port•t• s•tis territus s•s territ• s•tis pet•tus s•s pet•t• s•tis aud•tus s•s aud•t• s•tis

Third Person

port•tus sit port•t• sint territus sit territ• sint pet•tus sit pet•t• sint aud•tus sit aud•t• sint

[edit] Pluperfect tense

The pluperfect tense (Latin tempus pl•s quam perfectum) expresses an action which was completed before another completed action. It is recognized by the tense signs era and er• in the indicative and isse and iss• in the subjunctive.

[edit] Indicative pluperfect

As with English, in Latin, the indicative pluperfect is used to assert an action which was completed before






another (perfect tense). Port•veram translates as "I had carried."

● The tense signs era and er• are employed before adding the personal endings.

Indicative Active Pluperfect



First Person port•veram port•ver•mus terrueram terruer•mus pet•veram pet•ver•mus aud•veram aud•ver•mus

Second Person

port•ver•s port•ver•tis terruer•s terrurer•tis pet•ver•s pet•ver•tis aud•ver•s aud•ver•tis

Third Person

port•verat port•verant terruerat terruerant pet•verat pet•verant aud•verat aud•verant

In the passive voice, the present passive participle is utilized with esse in the indicative imperfect. Port•tus eram is translated as "I had been carried."

Indicative Passive Pluperfect



First Person

port•tus eramport•t• er•mus

territus eramterrit• er•mus

pet•tus erampet•t• er•mus

aud•tus eramaud•t• er•mus

Second Person

port•tus er•sport•t• er•tis

territus er•sterrit• er•tis

pet•tus er•spet•t• er•tis

aud•tus er•saud•t• er•tis

Third Person

port•tus eratport•t• erant

territus eratterrit• erant

pet•tus eratpet•t• erant

aud•tus erataud•t• erant

[edit] Subjunctive pluperfect

The subjunctive pluperfect is to the subjunctive perfect as the subjunctive imperfect is to the subjunctive present. Simply put, it is used with the subjunctive perfect in subordinate clauses. Like the subjunctive imperfect, it is translated conditionally independently. Port•vissem is translated as "I should have carried," or "I would have carried."

● The tense signs isse and iss• are used before the personal endings.

Subjunctive Active Pluperfect



First Person

port•vissem port•viss•mus terruissem terruiss•mus pet•vissem pet•viss•mus aud•vissem aud•viss•mus




Second Person

port•viss•s port•viss•tis terruiss•s terruiss•tis pet•viss•s pet•viss•tis aud•viss•s aud•viss•tis

Third Person

port•visset port•vissent terruisset terruissent pet•visset pet•vissent aud•visset aud•vissent

As always, the passive voice voice uses the perfect passive participle. The subjunctive imperfect of esse is used here. Port•tus essem may mean "I should have been carried," or "I could have been carried," in the conditional sense.

Subjunctive Passive Pluperfect

port•re terr•re


First Person port•tus essem port•t• ess•mus territus essem territ• ess•mus

Second Person port•tus ess•s port•t• ess•tis territus ess•s territ• ess•tis

Third Person port•tus esset port•t• essent territus esset territ• essent

petere aud•re


First Person pet•tus essem pet•t• ess•mus aud•tus essem aud•t• ess•mus

Second Person pet•tus ess•s pet•t• ess•tis aud•tus ess•s aud•t• ess•tis

Third Person pet•tus esset pet•t• essent aud•tus esset aud•t• essent

[edit] Future perfect tense

The least used of all the tenses, the future perfect tense (Latin tempus fut•rum ex•ctum) conveys an action that will have been completed before another action. It is signified by the tense signs er• and eri. The future perfect tense is the only tense that occurs in a single mood.

[edit] Indicative future perfect

As said, the future perfect is used to mention an action that will have been completed in futurity before another action. It is often used with the future tense. In simple translation, port•ver• means "I will have carried," or "I shall have carried."

● The tense signs er• and eri are used before the personal endings.

Indicative Active Future Perfect



First Person port•ver• port•verimus terruer• terruerimus pet•ver• pet•verimus aud•ver• aud•verimus





Second Person port•veris port•veritis terrueris terrueritis pet•veris pet•veritis aud•veris aud•veritis

Third Person port•verit port•verint terruerit terruerint pet•verit pet•verint aud•verit aud•verint

As with all perfective aspect tenses, the perfect passive participle is used in the passive voice. However, the future perfect uses the indicative future of esse as the auxiliary verb. Port•tus er• is "I will have been carried," or "I shall have been carried."

Indicative Passive Future Perfect



First Person

port•tus er•port•t• erimus

territus er•territ• erimus

pet•tus er•pet•t• erimus

aud•tus er•aud•t• erimus

Second Person

port•tus erisport•t• eritis

territus eris territ• eritis pet•tus eris pet•t• eritis aud•tus erisaud•t• eritis

Third Person

port•tus eritport•t• erunt

territus eritterrit• erunt

pet•tus erit pet•t• erunt aud•tus eritaud•t• erunt

[edit] Non-finite forms

The non-finite forms of verbs are participles, infinitives, supines, gerunds and gerundives. The verbs used are:

1st Conjugation: port•, port•re, port•v•, port•tum — to carry, bring 2nd Conjugation: terre•, terr•re. terru•, territum — to frighten, deter 3rd Conjugation: pet•, petere, pet•v•, pet•tum — to seek, attack 4th Conjugation: audi•, aud•re, aud•v•, aud•tum – to hear, listen (to)

[edit] The participles

See also: Participle

There are three participles: present active, perfect passive and future active.

● The present active participle is declined like a third declension adjective with one ending. ❍ In the first and second conjugations, the present active infinitive is formed by taking the present

stem and adding an –ns. The genitive singular form adds an –ntis, and the thematicals • and • are shortened.

❍ In the third conjugation, the e of the present stem is lengthened. In the genitive, the • is short again.

❍ In the fourth conjugation, the • is shortened, and an • is placed. Of course, this • is short in the genitive.

❍ Puer port•ns translates into "carrying boy."




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participle


● The perfect passive participle is declined like a first and second declension adjective. ❍ In all conjugations, the perfect participle is formed by taking the –um from the supine, and

adding a –us (masculine nominative singular). ❍ Puer port•tus translates into "carried boy."

● The future active participle is declined like a first and second declension adjective. ❍ In all counjugations the –um is removed from the supine, and an –•rus (masculine nominative

singular) is added. ❍ Puer port•t•rus translates into "boy about to carry," or "boy who is about to carry."

Participles


Present Active port•ns, –antis terr•ns, –entis pet•ns, –entis audi•ns, –entis

Perfect Passive port•tus, –a, –um territus, –a, –um pet•tus, –a, –um aud•tus, –a, –um

Future Active port•t•rus, –a, –um territ•rus, –a, –um pet•t•rus, –a, –um aud•t•rus, –a, –um

[edit] The infinitives

See also: Infinitive

There are six infinitives. They are in the present active, present passive, perfect active, perfect passive, future active and future passive.

● The present active infinitive is the second principal part (in regular verbs). ❍ Port•re means "to carry."

● The present passive infinitive is formed by adding a –r• to the present stem. This is only so for the first, second and fourth conjugations. In the third conjugation, the thematical vowel, e, is taken from the present stem, and an –•.

❍ Port•r• translates into "to be carried." ● The perfect active infinitive is formed by adding an –isse onto the perfect stem.

❍ Port•visse translates into "to have carried." ● The perfect passive infinitive uses the perfect passive participle along with the auxiliary verb esse.

❍ Port•tus esse means "to have been carried." ● The future active infinitive uses the future active participle with the auxiliary verb esse.

❍ Port•t•rus esse means "to be going to carry." ● The future passive infinitive uses the supine with the auxiliary verb •r•.

❍ Port•tum •r• is translated as "to be going to be carried." This is normally used in indirect speech. For example: Omn•s sen•t•res d•x•runt templum conditum •r•. "All the senatores said that a temple will be built."

Here, masculine endings are used.

Infinitives






Present Active port•re terr•re petere aud•re

Present Passive port•r• terr•r• pet• aud•r•

Perfect Active port•visse terruisse pet•visse aud•visse

Perfect Passive port•tus esse territus esse pet•tus esse aud•tus esse

Future Active port•t•rus esse territ•rus esse pet•t•rus esse aud•t•rus esse

Future Passive port•tum •r• territum •r• pet•tum •r• aud•tum •r•

[edit] The supine

See also: Supine

The supine is the fourth principal part. It resembles a masculine noun of the fourth declension. Supines only occur in the accusative and ablative cases.

● The accusative form ends in a –um, and is used with a verb of motion show the purpose. Thus, it is only used with verbs like cedere, ven•re, etc. The accusative form of a supine can also take an object if needed.

❍ Pater v•nit port•tum l•ber•s su•s. — The father came to carry his children. ● The ablative, which ends in a –•, is used with the Ablative of Specification.

❍ Arma haec facillima port•t• erant. — These arms were the easiest to carry.

Supine


Accusative port•tum territum pet•tum aud•tum

Ablative port•t• territ• pet•t• aud•t•

[edit] The gerund

See also: Gerund

The gerund is formed similarly to the present active participle. However, the –ns becomes an –ndus, and the preceding • or • is shortened. Gerunds are neuter nouns of the second declension, but the nominative case is not present. The gerund is a noun, meaning "the act of doing (the verb)".

● Portand• can mean "of carrying." Portand• (dative) can mean "to carrying." Portandum can simply mean "carrying." Portand• (ablative) can mean "by carrying," "in respect to carrying," etc.

Gerund


Genitive portand• terrend• petend• audiend•





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund


Dative portand• terrend• petend• audiend•

Accusative portandum terrendum petendum audiendum

Ablative portand• terrend• petend• audiend•

[edit] The gerundive

See also: Gerundive The gerundive is the passive equivalent of the gerund, and much more common in Latin. It means "[the act of] (the verb) being done" It is a first and second declension adjective, and means "[the act of] (the verb) being done". Often, the gerundive is used with an implicit esse, to show obligation. Many say that the gerundive is a future passive participle, but it does not show futurity.

● Puer portandus means "boy should be carried," or "boy who should be carried." Amanda means "She who must be loved".

Gerundive


portandus, –a, –um terrendus, –a, –um petendus, –a, –um audiendus, –a, –um

[edit] Periphrastic conjugations

There are two periphrastic conjugations. One is active, and the other is passive.

[edit] Active

The first periphrastic conjugation uses the future participle. It is combined with the forms of esse. It is translated as "I am going to carry," "I was going to carry", etc.

Conjugation Translation

Pres. Ind. port•t•rus sum I am going to carry

Imp. Ind. port•t•rus eram I was going to carry

Fut. Ind. port•t•rus er• I will be going to carry

Perf. Ind. port•t•rus fu• I have been going to carry

Plup. Ind. port•t•rus fueram I had been going to carry

Fut. Perf. Ind. port•t•rus fuer• I will have been going to carry

Pres. Subj. port•t•rus sim I may be going to carry

Imp. Subj. port•t•rus essem I should be going to carry

Perf. Subj. port•t•rus fuerim I may have been going to carry

Plup. Subj. port•t•rus fuissem I should have been going to carry



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerundive




[edit] Passive

The second periphrastic conjugation uses the gerundive. It is combined with the forms of esse. It is translated as "I am to be carried," "I was to be carried", etc.

Conjugation Translation

Pres. Ind. portandus sum I am to be carried

Imp. Ind. portandus eram I was to be carried

Fut. Ind. portandus er• I will deserve to be carried

Perf. Ind. portandus fu• I was to be carried

Plup. Ind. portandus fueram I had deserved to be carried

Fut. Perf. Ind. portandus fuer• I will have deserved to be carried

Pres. Subj. portandus sim I may deserve to be carried

Imp. Subj. portandus essem I should deserve to be carried

Perf. Subj. portandus fuerim I may have deserved to be carried

Plup. Subj. portandus fuissem I should have deserved to be carried

Pres. Inf. portandus esse To deserve to be carried

Perf. Inf. portandus fuisse To have deserved to be carried

[edit] Peculiarities within conjugation and non-finite forms

[edit] Irregular verbs

There are a few irregular verbs in Latin that aren't grouped into a particular conjugation (such as esse and posse), or deviate slightly from a conjugation (such as ferre, •re, and dare). It consists of the following list and their compounds (such as conferre). Many irregular verbs lack a fourth principal part.

sum, esse, fu•, fut•rus — to be, exist possum, posse, potu• — to be able, can e•, •re, •v•, •tum — to go vol•, velle, volu• — to wish, want n•l•, n•lle, n•lu• — to be unwilling, refuse m•l•, m•lle, m•lu• — to prefer fer•, ferre, tul•, l•tum (Old Latin tl•tum) — to bear, endure fi•, f•er•, factus sum — to become, happen ed•, •sse (edere), •d•, •sum – to eat, waste d•, dare, ded•, datum — to give, bestow

[edit] Deponent and semi-deponent verbs







Deponent verbs are verbs that are passive in form (that is, conjugated as though in the passive voice) but active in meaning. These verbs have only three principal parts, since the perfect tenses of ordinary passives are formed periphrastically with the perfect participle, which is formed on the same stem as the supine. Some example coming from all conjugations are:

1st Conjugation: m•ror, m•r•r•, m•r•tus sum — to admire, wonder

2nd Conjugation: polliceor, pollic•r•, pollicitus sum — to promise, offer

3rd Conjugation: loquor, loqu•, loc•tus sum — to speak, say

4th Conjugation: orior, or•r•, ortus sum – to rise, spring up

Deponent verbs use active conjugations for tenses that do not exist in the passive: the gerund, the supine, the present and future participles and the future infinitive. They cannot be used in the passive themselves, and their analogues with "active" form do not in fact exist: one cannot directly translate "The word is said" with any form of loqu•, and there are no forms like loqu•, loquis, loquit, etc.

Semi-deponent verbs form their impefective aspect tenses in the manner of ordinary active verbs; but their perfect tenses are built periphrastically like deponents and ordinary passives; thus semideponent verbs have a perfect active participle instead of a perfect passive participle. An example:

aude•, aud•re, ausus sum — to dare, venture

Note: In the Romance languages, which lack deponent or passive verb forms, the Classical Latin deponent verbs either disappeared or (as in the case of m•r•r•) changed to a non-deponent form.

[edit] Third conjugation –i• verbs

There is a rather prolific subsect of important verbs within the third conjugation. They have an –i• present in the first principal part (–ior for deponents), and resemble the fourth conjugation in some forms. Otherwise, they are still conjugated as normal, third conjugation verbs. Thus, these verbs are called third conjugation –i• verbs or third conjugation i-stems. Some examples are:

capi•, capere, c•p•, captum — to take, seize rapi•, rapere, rapu•, raptum — to plunder, take up faci•, facere, f•c•, factum — to do, make cupi•, cupere, cup•v•, cup•tum — to desire, long for morior, mor•, mortuus sum (dep.) — to die, decay patior, pat•, passus sum (dep.) — to suffer, undergo

They resemble the fourth conjugation in the following instances.

Indicative present (first person singular, third person plural) — capi•, capiunt, etc. Indicative imperfect — capi•bam, capi•b•mus, etc. Indicative future — capiam, capi•mus, etc.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deponent_verb


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periphrasis

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mirari

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/polliceri

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/loqui

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oriri

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_participle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages



Subjunctive present — capiam, capi•mus, etc. Imperative future (third person plural) — cupiunt•, etc. Present Active Participle — capi•ns, –entis Gerund — capiend•, capiendum, etc. Gerundive — capiendus, –a, –um

[edit] Defective verbs

Defective verbs are verbs that are only conjugated in only some instances.

● Some verbs are only conjugated in the perfective aspect's tenses, yet have the imperfective aspect's tenses' meanings. As such, the perfect becomes the present, the pluperfect becomes the imperfect, and the future perfect becomes the future. So, the defective verb •d• means "I hate." These defective verbs' principal parts are given in vocubulary with the indicative perfect in the first person and the perfect active infinitive. Some examples are:

•d•, •disse — to hate memin•, meminisse — to remember coep•, coepisse — to have begun

● A few verbs, which meanings usually have to do with speech, only appear in certain occurrences.

Que•, qu•re, qu•v• (to be able) and neque•, nequ•re, nequ•v• (to be unable) are conjugated like •re, and only occur in the present tense. Cedo (plur. cette), which means "Hand it over!" or "Out with it!" is only in the imperative mood, and only is used in the second person.

The following are conjugated irregularly.

[edit] •i• — I affirm, state

Conjugation of •i•

Indicative Present

Indicative Imperfect

Subjunctive Present

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

First Person •i• —— •i•bam •i•b•mus —— ——

Second Person a•s —— •i•b•s •i•b•tis •ias ——

Third Person a•t •iunt •i•bat •i•bant •iat ——

Present Active Participle: — •i•ns, –entis

[edit] inquam — I say






Conjugation of inquam

Indicative Present

Indicative Future

Indicative Perfect


First Person inquam —— —— —— —— ——

Second Person inquis —— inqui•s —— —— ——

Third Person inquit inquiunt inquiet —— inquit ——

[edit] f•r• — to speak

Conjugation of f•r•

Indicative Present

Indicative Future

Indicative Perfect

Indicative Pluperfect

Imperative Present

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

First Person for —— f•bor —— f•tus sum —— f•tus eram —— —— ——

Second Person —— —— —— —— —— —— —— —— f•re ——

Third Person f•tur fantur f•bitur —— —— —— —— —— —— ——

Present Active Participle — f•ns, fantis Present Active Infinitive — f•r• Supine — (acc.) f•tum, (abl.) f•t• Gerund — (gen.) fand•, (dat. and abl.) fand•, no accusative Gerundive — fandus, –a, –um

The Romance languages lost many of these verbs, but others (such as •d• and the imperative cedo), survived but became regular fully-conjugated verbs (in Italian, odiare, cedere). The Spanish verb hablar may be partially descended from f•r•, but is not quite a genetic descendant.

[edit] Impersonal verbs

Impersonal verbs are those lacking a person. In English impersonal verbs are usually used with the neuter pronoun "it" (as in "It seems," or "It storms"). Latin uses the third person singular. These verbs lack a fourth principal part. A few examples are:

pluit, pluere, pluvit — to rain (it rains) ningit, ningere, ninxit — to snow (it snows) oportet, oport•re, oportuit — to be proper (it is proper, one should/ought to)

The third person forms of esse may also be impersonal.





Nox aest•va calida fuit. — It was a hot, summer night. Est e• qu• terram colunt. — It is they who till the land.

[edit] Irregular future active participles

As stated, the future active participle is normally formed by removing the –um from the supine, and adding a –•rus. However, some deviations occur.

present active infinitive

supinefuture active participle

iuv•re i•tum iuv•t•rus

lav•re lautum lav•t•rus

parere partum parit•rus

ruere rutum ruit•rus

sec•re sectum sec•t•rus

fru• fructum1 fruit•rus

mor• mortuum morit•rus

or•r• ortum orit•rus

1—may be fruitum; this is actually the form from which the future active participle comes from.

[edit] Syncopated verb forms

Like most Romance languages, syncopated forms and contractions are present in Latin. They may occur in the following instances.

● The ending –ris in the passive voice may be –re as in:

port•b•ris → port•b•re

● The ending –•runt in the perfect tense may be –•re as in:

port•v•runt → port•v•re

● Perfect stems that end in a –v maybe contracted when inflected.

port•visse → port•sse port•vist• → port•st• port•verant → port•rant port•visset → port•sset




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraction_%28grammar%29


● The compounds of noscere (to learn) and mov•re (to move, dislodge) are also able to be contracted.

novist• → nost• novistis → nostis commoveram → commoram commover•s → commor•s

[edit] Summary of Forms

[edit] The Four Conjugations [in the Indicative Mood]

The Four Conjugations, Indicative Mood

1st 2nd 3rd 3rd (i-stem) 4th

laud•, laud•re, laud•v•, laud•tum

terre•, terr•re, terru•, territum

ag•, agere, •g•, actum

capi•, capere, c•p•, captum

audi•, aud•re, aud•v•, aud•tum

Active Passive Active Passive Active Passive Active Passive Active Passive

Present

1st Singular

laud• laudor terr•o terreor ag• agor capi• capior audi• audior

2nd Person

laud•s laud•ris terr•s terr•ris agis ageris capis caperis aud•saud•ris (aud•re)

3rd Person

laudat laud•tur terret terr•tur agit agitur capit capitur audit aud•tur

1st Plural

laud•mus laud•mur terr•mus terr•mur agimus agimur capimus capimur aud•mus aud•mur

2nd Person

laud•tis laud•min• terr•tis terr•min• agitis agimin• capitis capimin• aud•tis aud•min•

3rd Person

laudant laudantur terrent terrentur agunt aguntur capiunt capiuntur audiunt audiuntur

Imperfect

[edit] References

● New Latin Grammar, an eBook, originally written by Charles Edwin Bennett at the Project Gutenberg

[edit] See also

● Latin declension ● Grammatical conjugation ● Latin verbs





http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/PG/Bennett/bennett.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edwin_Bennett

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_verbs

Latin declension - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Latin declension



Latin is an inflected language, and as such its nouns, pronouns, and adjectives must be declined in order to serve a grammatical function. A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension. There are five declensions, which are numbered and grouped by ending and grammatical gender. For simple declension paradigms, visit the Wiktionary appendices: First declension, Second declension, Third declension, Fourth declension, Fifth declension.

Contents

[hide]

● 1 Grammatical cases ● 2 Syncretic trends ● 3 First declension (a)

❍ 3.1 First declension Greek nouns ❍ 3.2 Peculiarities

● 4 Second declension (o) ❍ 4.1 Second declension R nouns ❍ 4.2 Second declension Greek nouns ❍ 4.3 Peculiarities

● 5 Third declension (i) ❍ 5.1 Third declension i-stem nouns ❍ 5.2 Peculiarities

● 6 Fourth declension (u) ● 7 Fifth declension (e) ● 8 Pronoun declensions

❍ 8.1 Personal pronouns ❍ 8.2 Interrogative pronouns ❍ 8.3 Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives ❍ 8.4 Relative pronouns ❍ 8.5 Indefinite pronouns ❍ 8.6 Definite pronouns

● 9 First and second declension adjectives ❍ 9.1 First and second declension –r adjectives ❍ 9.2 First and second –•us genitive adjectives

● 10 Third declension adjectives

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_declension (1 of 25)4/30/2007 9:35:18 AM


running!


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflection

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declension

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Latin_first_declension

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Latin_second_declension

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Latin_third_declension

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Latin_fourth_declension

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Latin_fifth_declension

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Latin_fifth_declension



❍ 10.1 Third declension adjectives with one ending ❍ 10.2 Third declension adjectives with 2 endings ❍ 10.3 Third declension adjectives with three endings

● 11 Declension of numerals ● 12 Declension of •dem ● 13 Comparison and superlative forms of adjectives

❍ 13.1 Comparisons and superlatives of –er adjectives ❍ 13.2 Comparisons and superlatives of –lis adjectives ❍ 13.3 Irregular comparisons and superlatives

● 14 Adverbs and their comparisons and superlatives ❍ 14.1 First and second declension adjectives' adverbs ❍ 14.2 Third declension adjectives' adverbs ❍ 14.3 Adverbs' comparative and superlative forms ❍ 14.4 Irregular adverbs and their comparative and superlative forms

● 15 Peculiarities within declension ❍ 15.1 Irregularity in number ❍ 15.2 Indeclinable nouns ❍ 15.3 Heterogeneous nouns ❍ 15.4 Plurals with alternative meanings

● 16 References ● 17 See also

[edit] Grammatical cases

A complete declension consists of seven grammatical cases:

● The nominative case, which is used to express the subject of a statement. It is also used with copulative verbs. ● The genitive case, which expresses possession, measurement, or source. In English, the genitive case is

represented analytically by the preposition of or by the enclitic "–s", which itself developed from the genitive case. This –s closely resembles the Latin suffix "–is".

● The dative case, which expresses the recipient of an action, the indirect object of a verb. In English, the prepositions to, from and for most commonly denote this case analytically.

● The accusative case, which expresses the direct object of a verb. In English, except for a small number of words which display a distinct accusative case (e.g., who > whom), the accusative and nominative cases are identical.

● The vocative case, which is used to address someone or something in direct speech. This case is indicated in English by punctuation, e.g. "Mary is going to the store" (Mary is nominative) compared to "Mary, are you going to the store?" or "Mary!" (Mary is vocative).

● The ablative case, which expresses separation, indirection, or the means by which an action is performed. In English, the prepositions by, with, from, in and on are most commonly used to indicate this case.

● The locative case, which is used to express the place in or on which, or the time at which, an action is performed. The locative case is extremely marginal in Latin, applying only to the names of cities and small


http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_declension&action=edit&section=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_cases

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/of

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclitic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/to

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/from

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/for

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/by

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/with

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/from

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/in

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/on

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locative_case


islands and to a few other isolated words, and is identical to the genitive case (in the first and second declension singular), the dative case (in the first and second declension plural and in the third declension) or the ablative case (fourth and fifth declension).

The sequence of the grammatical cases above is standard in North America, and in fact goes back to Byzantine grammarians originally writing about Greek. But the presentation NOM-VOC-ACC-GEN-DAT-ABL has been the usual order in Britain and many European and Commonwealth countries since the publication of Hall Kennedy's Latin Primer (1866). This order is argued to more closely reflect the tendencies of different cases to share similar endings.

In Polish language Latin learner texts, however, the most common order is NOM-GEN-DAT-ACC-ABL-VOC, which is a similar order to the one adopted for Modern Polish. Likewise, in German textbooks, the order NOM-GEN-DAT-ACC-VOC-ABL is used, to mirror the order of the four grammatical cases of Modern German (NOM-GEN-DAT-ACC). The same order is used in Italian textbooks (Italian has no grammatical cases).

However, Brazilian grammarian Napoleão Mendes uses the unusual sequence NOM-VOC-GEN-DAT-ABL-ACC.

[edit] Syncretic trends

Syncretism, where one form in a paradigm shares the ending of another form in the paradigm, is common in Latin. The following are the most notable patterns of syncretism:

● The accusative is always identical to the nominative in the neuter (both singular and plural, across all declensions). In addition, the accusative is the same as the nominative in the plural of the third, fourth and fifth declensions (but note the alternative –•s accusative plural ending for i-stem nominals, different from nominative –•s).

● The vocative is always identical to the nominative in the plural, and also in the singular except in the second declension and a few Greek nouns. For example, the vocative of Aene•s is Aenea, although Aene•s is first declension.

● The dative is always the same as the ablative in the plural, and in the singular in the second declension, the third-declension full i-stems i.e. neuter i-stems, adjectives), and fourth-declension neuters.

● The genitive singular is the same as the nominative plural in first-, second-declension, and fourth declension nouns that are not neuter.

● The dative singular is the same as the genitive singular in first- and fifth-declension nouns. ● Plural neuter nominative/accusative always ends in -a (with a few exceptions: demonstrative hic and related

istic and illic, relative/interrogative qu• and friends; in all of them, the neuter plural takes the same form as feminine singular nominative).

● The accusative singular ends in short vowel plus -m, except for a few neuters with unusual base forms. ● The accusative plural (assuming not neuter) ends in a long vowel plus -s; so does the nominative plural of the

third, fourth and fifth declensions (again assuming not neuter).

[edit] First declension (a)

Nouns of this declension usually end in –a and are typically feminine, for example 'road' (via, viae fem.) and 'water' (aqua, aquae fem.), with a few masculine exceptions, including 'farmer' (agricola, agricolae masc.), 'sailor' (nauta, nautae masc.), 'charioteer' (auriga, aurigae masc.), 'inhabitant' (incola, incolae masc), and


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Hall_Kennedy

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Napole%C3%A3o_Mendes&action=edit


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism_%28linguistics%29



'poet' (poeta, poetae masc). The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is a. The nominative singular form consists of the stem and the affix -a, and the genitive singular form is the stem plus -ae.

puella, –ae girl, maiden f.

Singular Plural

Nominative puella –a puellae –ae

Genitive puellae –ae puell•rum –•rum

Dative puellae –ae puell•s –•s

Accusative puellam –am puell•s –•s

Vocative puella –a puellae –ae

Ablative puell• –• puell•s –•s

Locative puellae –ae puell•s –•s

[edit] First declension Greek nouns

The first declension also holds three types of Greek nouns. They are declined irregularly in the singular. These nouns are derived from Ancient Greek's Alpha Declension.

neani•s, –ae boy, chap m.

psych•, –•s psyche, mind, spirit f.

athl•t•s, –ae athlete, wrestler m.


Nominative neani•s –•s neaniae –ae psych• –• psychae –ae athl•t•s –•s athl•tae –ae

Genitive neaniae –ae neani•rum –•rum psych•s –•s psych•rum –•rum athl•tae –ae athl•t•rum –•rum

Dative neaniae –ae neani•s –•s psychae –ae psych•s –•s athl•tae –ae athl•t•s –•s

Accusative neani•n –•n1 neani•s –•s psych•n –•n psych•s –•s athl•t•n –•n athl•t•s –•s

Vocative neani• –• neaniae –ae psych• –• psychae –ae athl•t•s –•s3 athl•tae –ae

Ablative neani• –• neani•s –•s psych• –• psych•s –•s athl•t• –•2 athl•t•s –•s

Locative neaniae –ae neani•rum –•rum psych•s –•s psych•rum –•rum athl•tae –ae3 athl•t•rum –•rum

1—may be –am 2—may be –• 3—may be –a

Sometimes, Greek nouns may be declined as if they were native, Latin nouns. For example, athl•t•s may be athl•ta.

[edit] Peculiarities

● The older genitive singular termination is an –•s. This is often used with familia as in pater famili•s and m•ter famili•s.

● In poetry, the genitive singular –•• occurs. Aquae becomes aqu••. ● The genitive plural ending –um replaces –•rum. This is actually a contraction. Puellum.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_%28linguistics%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affix


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar#Alpha_Declension



● Because first declension nouns and second declension nouns display an –•s in the dative and ablative plural, words like equus (horse) and equa (mare) will end up looking alike in these cases. However, if a distinction must be made, equ•s for 'mares' would become equ•bus in the dative and ablative plural. Dea, "goddess", likewise has the ablative and dative plural de•bus.

[edit] Second declension (o)

The second declension is a large group of nouns consisting of mostly masculine nouns like equus, equi ("horse") and puer, pueri ("boy') and neuter nouns like castellum, castelli ("fort"), with a few feminine exceptions including names of gemstones, trees, and some cities. In the nominative singular, most masculine nouns consist of the stem and the affix -us, although some end in -er, which is not necessarily attached to the complete stem. Neuter nouns generally have a nominative singular consisting of the stem and the ending -um. However, every second-declension noun has the affix -i attached as a suffix to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is o.

campus, –• field, plain m.

bellum, –• war n.


Nominative campus –us camp• –• bellum –um bella –a

Genitive camp• –• camp•rum –•rum bell• –• bell•rum –•rum

Dative camp• –• camp•s –•s bell• –• bell•s –•s

Accusative campum –um camp•s –•s bellum –um bella -a

Vocative campe –e camp• –• bellum –um bella –a

Ablative campo –o camp•s –•s bell• –• bell•s –•s

Locative campo –o camp•s –•s bell• –• bell•s –•s

[edit] Second declension R nouns

Some masculine nouns of the second declension end in an –er or an –ir in the nominative singular. The genitive singular must be learned to see if the E is dropped. For example, socer, –er• keeps its E. Though, in magister, –tr• drops its E. (The I in nouns that have –ir in the nominative singular is never dropped.) Below is an example of magister and armiger.

magister, –tr• teacher, director m.

armiger, –er• armor-bearer m.


Nominative magister –er magistr• –• armiger –er armiger• –•

Genitive magistr• –• magistr•rum –•rum armiger• –• armiger•rum –•rum

Dative magistr• –• magistr•s –•s armiger• –• armiger•s –•s

Accusative magistrum –um magistr•s –•s armigerum –um armiger•s –•s

Vocative magister –er magistr• –• armiger –er armiger• –•

Ablative magistr• –• magistr•s –•s armiger• –• armiger•s –•s



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affix



Locative magistr• –• magistr•s –•s armiger• –• armiger•s –•s

[edit] Second declension Greek nouns

There are two types of masculine Greek nouns, and there is one type of neuter Greek noun. These nouns are only irregular in the singular, as are their first declension counterparts. Greek nouns in the second declension are derived from Omicron Declension.

barbitos, –• lyre, zither m.

archig•s, –• head, top m.

the•tron, –• theatre, amphitheatre n.


Nominative barbitos –os barbit• –• archig•s –•s archig• –• the•tron –on the•tra –a

Genitive barbit• –• barbit•rum –•rum archig• –•1 archig•rum –•rum the•tr• –• the•tr•rum –•rum

Dative barbit• –• barbit•s –•s archig• –• archig•s –•s the•tr• –• the•tr•s –•s

Accusative barbiton –on barbit•s –•s archig•n –•n archig•s –•s the•tron –on the•tra –a

Vocative barbite –e barbit• –• archig•s –•s archig• –• the•tron –on the•tra –a

Ablative barbite –e barbit•s –•s archig• –• archig•s –•s the•tr• –• the•tr•s –•s

Locative barbit• –• barbit•rum –•rum archig• –•1 archig•rum –•rum the•tr• –• the•tr•rum –•rum

1—may be –•

Some Greek nouns may be declines as normal, Latin nouns. For example, the•tron can appear as like the•trum.


● Nouns ending with –vus, –quus and –vum may be declined in two ways. The following inflection resembles Old Latin.

servos, –• slave, servant m.

equos, –• horse m.

aevom, –• eternity, age n.

Singular Singular Singular

Nominative servos –os equos –os aevom –om

Genitive serv• –• equ• –• aev• –•

Dative serv• –• equ• –• aev• –•

Accusative servom –om equom –om aevom –om

Vocative serve –e eque –e aevom –om

Ablative serv• –• equ• –• aev• –•

Locative serv• –• equ• –• aev• –•

● The plural of deus (god, deity) is also irregular.



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar#Omicron_Declension


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Latin


Nom. d•

Gen. de•rum

Dat. d•s

Acc. de•s

Voc. d•

Abl. d•s

Loc. d•s

● The vocative singular of deus is also irregular, and identical to the nominative: deus.

[edit] Third declension (i)

The third declension is the largest group of nouns. These nouns may end in –a,–e, –•, –•, –y, –c, –l, –n, –r, –s, –t, or –x. It consists of masculine, neuter, and feminine nouns of variable nominative cases and roots. The third declension includes flumen, fluminis neut. ("river"), flos, floris masc. ("flower"), and pax, pacis fem. ("peace"). Each noun has the affix -is as a suffix attached to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form. Masculine, feminine and neuter nouns each have their own special nominative singular endings. For instance, only masculine nouns end in an –or (amor). Only feminine nouns end in an –•x (phoen•x), and only neuter nouns end in an –us (onus). As in all declensions, some nouns defy these rules.

pr•nceps, –cipis leader, chief, prince m.

phoen•x, –•cis phoenix, fire-bird f.

c•n•men, –inis effort, struggle n.


Nominative pr•nceps –ps pr•ncip•s –•s phoen•x –•x phoen•c•s –•s c•n•men –en c•n•mina –a

Genitive pr•ncipis –is pr•ncipum –um phoen•cis –is phoen•cum –um c•n•minis –is c•n•minum –um

Dative pr•ncip• –• pr•ncipibus–ibus

phoen•c• –• phoen•cibus–ibus

c•n•min• –• c•n•minibus–ibus

Accusative pr•ncipem–em

pr•ncip•s –•s phoen•cem–em

phoen•c•s –•s c•n•men–en1 c•n•mina –a

Vocative pr•nceps –ps pr•ncip•s –•s phoen•x –•x phoen•c•s –•s c•n•men –en c•n•mina –a

Ablative pr•ncipe –e pr•ncipibus–ibus

phoen•ce –e phoen•cibus–ibus

c•n•mine –e c•n•minibus–ibus

Locative pr•ncip• –• pr•ncipibus–ibus

phoen•c• –• phoen•cibus–ibus

c•n•min• –• c•n•minibus–ibus

1—The nominative and accusative of neuter nouns are always identical. It should not be assumed that –en is always the appropriate ending, as it might appear above.

[edit] Third declension i-stem nouns

The third declension also has a set of nouns which are declined differently. They are called i-stems. One can tell whether a word is an i-stem or not based on the following criteria.





● Masculine & Feminine ❍ Parisyllabic Rule: Some masculine and feminine third declension i-stem nouns have the same

number of syllables in the genitive as they do in the nominative. For example: amnis, –is ❍ Double-Consonant Rule: The rest of the masculine and feminine third declension i-stem nouns have

two consonants before the –is in the genitive singular. For example: pars, partis ● Neuter

❍ Special Neuter Ending: Neuter third declension i-stems have no rule. However, all of them end in either an –al, –ar or –e. For example: animal, –•lis

amnis, –is stream, torrent m.

pars, partis part, piece f.

animal, –•lis animal, living being n.

Parisyllabic Rule Double Consonant Rule Special Neuter Ending


Nominative amnis –is amn•s –•s pars –rs part•s –•s animal –al anim•lia –ia

Genitive amnis –is amnium –ium partis –is partium –ium anim•lis –is anim•lium –ium

Dative amn• –• amnibus –ibus part• –• partibus –ibus anim•l• –• anim•libus –ibus

Accusative amnem –em1 amn•s –•s2 partem –em1 part•s –•s2 animal –al anim•lia –ia

Vocative amnis –is amn•s –•s pars –rs part•s –•s animal –al anim•lia –ia

Ablative amne –e3 amnibus –ibus parte –e3 partibus –ibus anim•l• –• anim•libus –ibus

Locative amn• –• amnibus –ibus part• –• partibus –ibus anim•l• –• anim•libus –ibus

1—may end in –im 2—may end in –•s 3—may end in –•


In the third declension, there are four irregular nouns.

Casevis

force, power f.s•s, suis

swine, pig, hog c.b•s, bovis

ox, bullock c.Iuppiter, Iovis

Jupiter m.

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular

Nominative vis v•r•s s•s su•s b•s bov•s Iuppiter

Genitive roboris1 v•rium suis suum bovis bovum Iovis

Dative robori1 v•ribus su• subus bov• b•bus Iov•

Accusative vim v•r•s suem su•s bovem bov•s Iovem

Vocative vis v•r•s s•s su•s b•s bov•s Iuppiter

Ablative v• v•ribus sue subus bove b•bus Iove

Locative robori1 v•ribus su• subus bov• b•bus Iov•

1--Borrowed from robur,roboris (oak)




[edit] Fourth declension (u)

The fourth declension is a group of nouns consisting of mostly masculine words like 'wave' (fluctus, fluct•s masc.) and 'port' (portus, port•s masc.) with a few feminine exceptions, including 'hand' (manus, man•s fem.). The fourth declension also includes several neuter nouns like 'knee' (genu, gen•s neut.). Each noun has the affix -•s as a suffix attached to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is u.

portus, –•s port, haven, harbor m.

corn•, –•s horn, strength n.


Nominative portus –us port•s –•s corn• –• cornua –ua

Genitive port•s –•s portuum –uum corn•s –•s cornuum –uum

Dative portu• –u• portibus –ibus corn• –• cornibus –ibus

Accusative portum –um port•s –•s corn• –• cornua –ua

Vocative portus –us port•s –•s corn• –• cornua –ua

Ablative port• –• portibus –ibus corn• –• cornibus –ibus

Locative port• –• portibus –ibus corn• –• cornibus –ibus

In the dative and ablative plural, –ibus may be replaced with –ubus. This is only so for a few nouns.

The declension of domus is irregular:

domus, –•s house, home m.

Singular Plural

Nominative domus –us dom•s –•s

Genitive dom•s –•s dom•rum –•rum

Dative domu• –u• domibus –ibus

Accusative domum –um domos –os

Vocative domus –us dom•s –•s

Ablative dom• –• domibus –ibus

Locative domi –i domibus –ibus

[edit] Fifth declension (e)

The fifth declension is a small group of nouns consisting of mostly feminine words like 'affair, matter, thing' (r•s, re• fem.) and 'day' (di•s, di•• usually feminine, except on notable days when it is masculine). Each noun has either the affix -•• or –e• as a suffix attached to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form.





effigi•s, –•• effigy, ideal f.

sp•s, –e• hope, anticipation f.


Nominative effigi•s –•s effigi•s –•s sp•s –•s sp•s –•s

Genitive effigi•• –•• effigi•rum –•rum spe• –e• sp•rum –•rum

Dative effigi•• –•• effigi•bus –•bus spe• –e• sp•bus –•bus

Accusative effigiem –em effigi•s –•s spem –em sp•s –•s

Vocative effigi•s –•s effigi•s –•s sp•s –•s sp•s –•s

Ablative effigi• –• effigi•bus –•bus sp• –• sp•bus –•bus

Locative effigi• –• effigi•bus –•bus sp• –• sp•bus –•bus

Note that nouns ending in i•s have long •• in the dative and genitive, while nouns ending in a consonant + •s have short e• in these cases.

This declension class is the last to develop in Latin; the only nouns that have the full declension are di•s and fid•s.

[edit] Pronoun declensions

Relative and demonstrative pronouns are generally declined like first and second declension adjectives, with the following differences:

● the nominatives are often irregular ● the dative singular ends in -•: rather than -ae or -•. ● the genitive singular ends in -•us rather than -ae or -•.

These differences identify the "pronominal" declension, and a few adjectives also follow this pattern.

[edit] Personal pronouns

The first and second persons are irregular. They may only be masculine or feminine.

First Person Second Person

ego, me• I m. and f.

n•s, nostrum we m. and f.

t•, tu• thou m. and f.

v•s, vestrum ye m. and f.


Nominative ego n•s t• v•s

Genitive me• nostrum1 tu• vestrum1

Dative mihi n•b•s tibi v•b•s

Accusative m• n•s t• v•s

Vocative —— —— t• v•s

Ablative m• n•b•s t• v•b•s





Locative m• n•b•s t• v•b•s

1—may be nostr• or vestr•

Usually, to show the ablative of accompaniment, cum would be added to the ablative form. Though, with personal pronouns and the interrogative (not with 3rd person), cum is added on to the end of the ablative form. For example: m•cum, n•b•scum, t•cum, v•b•scum and qu•cum (sometimes qu•cum).

is, e• he, they m.

ea, eae she, they f.

id, ea it, they n.


Nominative is e•, i• ea eae id ea

Genitive eius e•rum eius e•rum eius e•rum

Dative e• e•s, i•s e• e•s, i•s e• e•s, i•s

Accusative eum e•s eam e•s id ea

Vocative - - - - - -

Ablative e• e•s, i•s e• e•s, i•s e• e•s, i•s

Locative e• e•s, i•s eae e•s, i•s e• e•s, i•s

The third person reflexive pronouns always refer back to the subject whether it be singular or plural.

—, su• himself, herself

itself, oneself, themselves

Nominative —

Genitive su•

Dative sibi

Accusative s•, s•s•

Vocative -

Ablative s•, s•s•

Locative s•, s•s•

[edit] Interrogative pronouns

The interrogative pronouns are used strictly for asking questions. It is best not to confuse them with the relative pronoun and the interrogative adjective (which is declined like the relative pronoun). Interrogative pronouns rarely occur in the plural, though they may. The plural interrogative pronouns are the same as the plural relative pronouns.

quis who? m. and f.

quid what? n. only

Singular




Nominative quis quid

Genitive c•ius c•ius

Dative cui cui

Accusative quem quid

Vocative - -

Ablative qu• qu•

Locative qu• qu•

[edit] Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives

hic, haec, h•c this, this one

ille, illa, illud that, that one

Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative hic h• haec hae h•c haec ille ill• illa illae illud illa

Genitive h•ius h•rum h•ius h•rum h•ius h•rum ill•us ill•rum ill•us ill•rum ill•us ill•rum

Dative huic h•s huic h•s huic h•s ill• ill•s ill• ill•s ill• ill•s

Accusative hunc h•s hanc h•s h•c haec illum ill•s illam ill•s illud illa

Vocative hic h• haec hae h•c haec ille ill• illa illae illud illa

Ablative h•c h•s h•c h•s h•c h•s ill• ill•s ill• ill•s ill• ill•s

Locative h•c h•s haec h•s h•c h•s ill• ill•s illae ill•s ill• ill•s

● Another demonstrative pronoun iste, ista, istud, which means 'that of yours', and the intensive pronoun ipse, ipsa, ipsum follow the preceding declension.

[edit] Relative pronouns

qu•, quae, quod who, which, that

Masculine Feminine Neuter


Nominative qu• qu• quae quae quod quae

Genitive c•ius qu•rum c•ius qu•rum c•ius qu•rum

Dative cui quibus cui quibus cui quibus

Accusative quem qu•s quam qu•s quod quae

Vocative qu• qu• quae quae quod quae

Ablative qu• quibus qu• quibus qu• quibus

Locative qu• quibus quae quibus qu• quibus

[edit] Indefinite pronouns






[edit] Definite pronouns

[edit] First and second declension adjectives

First and second declension are inflected in the masculine, the feminine and the neuter; the masculine form typically ends in –us (although some end in -er, see below), the feminine form ends in –a, and the neuter form ends in –um. Therefore, adjectives are given like altus, alta, altum.

altus, –a, –um high, long, tall



Nominative altus –us alt• –• alta –a altae –ae altum –um alta –a

Genitive alt• –• alt•rum –•rum altae –ae alt•rum –•rum alt• –• alt•rum –•rum

Dative alt• –• alt•s –•s altae –ae alt•s –•s alt• –• alt•s –•s

Accusative altum –um alt•s –•s altam –am alt•s –•s altum –um alta –a

Vocative alte –e alt• –• alta –a altae –ae altum –um alta –a

Ablative alt• –• alt•s –•s alt• –• alt•s –•s alt• –• alt•s –•s

Locative alt• –• alt•s –•s altae –ae alt•s –•s alt• –• alt•s –•s

[edit] First and second declension –r adjectives

Some first and second declension adjectives' masculine form end in an –er. As with second declension nouns –r nouns, some adjectives retain the E throughout inflection, and some omit it. Sacer, sacra, sacrum omits its E while miser, misera, miserum keeps it.

miser, –era, –erum sad, poor, unhappy



Nominative miser –er miser• –• misera –a miserae –ae miserum –um misera –a

Genitive miser• –• miser•rum –•rum miserae –ae miser•rum –•rum miser• –• miser•rum –•rum

Dative miser• –• miser•s –•s miserae –ae miser•s –•s miser• –• miser•s –•s

Accusative miserum –um miser•s –•s miseram –am miser•s –•s miserum –um misera –a

Vocative miser –er miser• –• misera –a miserae –ae miserum –um misera –a

Ablative miser• –• miser•s –•s miser• –• miser•s –•s miser• –• miser•s –•s

Locative miser• –• miser•s –•s miserae –ae miser•s –•s miser• –• miser•s –•s

sacer, –cra, –crum sacred, holy








Nominative sacer –er sacr• –• sacra –a sacrae –ae sacrum –um sacra –a

Genitive sacr• –• sacr•rum –•rum sacrae –ae sacr•rum –•rum sacr• –• sacr•rum –•rum

Dative sacr• –• sacr•s –•s sacrae –ae sacr•s –•s sacr• –• sacr•s –•s

Accusative sacrum –um sacr•s –•s sacram –am sacr•s –•s sacrum –um sacra –a

Vocative sacer –er sacr• –• sacra –a sacrae –ae sacrum –um sacra –a

Ablative sacr• –• sacr•s –•s sacr• –• sacr•s –•s sacr• –• sacr•s –•s

Locative sacr• –• sacr•s –•s sacrae –ae sacr•s –•s sacr• –• sacr•s –•s

[edit] First and second –•us genitive adjectives

There are nine first and second declension adjectives that are irregular in the genitive and the dative in all genders. Here belong:

alius, –a, –ud; (gen. sing. alter•us to avoid ali•us); another •llus, –a, –um; any uter, –tra, –trum; which (of two) solus, –a, –um; sole, alone alter, –era, –erum; the other (of two) n•llus, –a, –um; no, none (of any) neuter, –tra, –trum; neither (of two) t•tus, –a, –um; whole •nus, –a, –um; one

•llus, –a, –um any



Nominative •llus –us •ll• –• •lla –a •llae –ae •llum –um •lla –a

Genitive •ll•us –•us •ll•rum –•rum •ll•us –•us •ll•rum –•rum •ll•us –•us •ll•rum –•rum

Dative •ll• –• •ll•s –•s •ll• –• •ll•s –•s •ll• –• •ll•s –•s

Accusative •llum –um •ll•s –•s •llam –am •ll•s –•s •llum –um •lla –a

Vocative •lle –e •ll• –• •lla –a •llae –ae •llum –um •lla –a

Ablative •ll• –• •ll•s –•s •ll• –• •ll•s –•s •ll• –• •ll•s –•s

Locative •ll• –• •ll•s –•s •llae –ae •ll•s –•s •ll• –• •ll•s –•s

[edit] Third declension adjectives

Third declension adjectives are, of course, declined like third declension i-stem nouns.

[edit] Third declension adjectives with one ending






Third declension adjectives with one ending have single nominative ending for all genders. Like nouns, a genitive is given for the purpose of inflection.

atr•x, –•cis terrible, mean, cruel

Masculine & Feminine Neuter


Nominative atr•x –•x atr•c•s –•s atr•x –•x atr•cia –ia

Genitive atr•cis –is atr•cium –ium atr•cis –is atr•cium –ium

Dative atr•c• –• atr•cibus –ibus atr•c• –• atr•cibus –ibus

Accusative atr•cem –em atr•c•s –•s1 atr•x –•x atr•cia –ia

Vocative atr•x –•x atr•c•s –•s atr•x –•x atr•cia –ia

Ablative atr•c• –•2 atr•cibus –ibus atr•c• –•2 atr•cibus –ibus

Locative atr•c• –• atr•cibus –ibus atr•c• –• atr•cibus –ibus

1—may end in –•s 2—may end in –e

[edit] Third declension adjectives with 2 endings

Third declension adjectives that have 2 endings have one form for the masculine and feminine, and a separate form for the neuter. The ending for the masculine and feminine is –is, and the ending for the neuter is –e. Because the sexed form ends in an –is, we find the adjective genitive singular.

agilis, –e nimble, swift



Nominative agilis –is agil•s –•s agile –e agilia –ia

Genitive agilis –is agilium –ium agilis –is agilium –ium

Dative agil• –• agilibus –ibus agil• –• agilibus –ibus

Accusative agilem –em agil•s –•s1 agile –•x agilia –ia

Vocative agilis –is agil•s –•s agile –e agilia –ia

Ablative agil• –• agilibus –ibus agil• –• agilibus –ibus

Locative agil• –• agilibus –ibus agil• –• agilibus –ibus

1—may end in –•s

[edit] Third declension adjectives with three endings

Third declension adjectives with three endings have three separate nominative forms for all three genders. Like third





and second declension –r nouns, the masculine ends in an –er. The feminine ends in an –ris, and the neuter ends in an –re. With that information, we come upon the genitive singular needed for inflection, the feminine form.

celer, –eris, –ere swift, rapid, brash



Nominative celer –er celer•s –•s celeris –is celer•s –•s celere –e celeria –ia

Genitive celeris –is celerium –ium celeris –is celerium –ium celeris –is celerium –ium

Dative celer• –• celeribus –ibus celer• –• celeribus –ibus celer• –• celeribus –ibus

Accusative celerem –em celer•s –•s1 celerem –em celer•s –•s1 celere –e celeria –ia

Vocative celer –er celer•s –•s celeris –is celer•s –•s celere –e celeria –ia

Ablative celer• –• celeribus –ibus celer• –• celeribus –ibus celer• –• celeribus –ibus

Locative celer• –• celeribus –ibus celer• –• celeribus –ibus celer• –• celeribus –ibus

alacer, –cris, –cre lively, jovial, animated



Nominative alacer –er alacr•s –•s alacris –is alacr•s –•s alacre –e alacria –ia

Genitive alacris –is alacrium –ium alacris –is alacrium –ium alacris –is alacrium –ium

Dative alacr• –• alacribus –ibus alacr• –• alacribus –ibus alacr• –• alacribus –ibus

Accusative alacrem –em alacr•s –•s1 alacrem –em alacr•s –•s1 alacre –e alacria –ia

Vocative alacer –er alacr•s –•s alacris –is alacr•s –•s alacre –e alacria –ia

Ablative alacr• –• alacribus –ibus alacr• –• alacribus –ibus alacr• –• alacribus –ibus

Locative alacr• –• alacribus –ibus alacr• –• alacribus –ibus alacr• –• alacribus –ibus

1—may end in –•s

[edit] Declension of numerals

See also: Roman numerals.

All numerals, except •num (one), duo (two), tria (three), m•lia (thousand, sing. m•lle) and ducent• (two-hundred) are indeclinable adjectives. •nus, •na, •num is declined like a first and second declension adjective with an –•us in the genitive, and –• in the dative. Duo is declined irregularly and tria is declined like a third declension adjective.

duo, duae, duo two


Plural

Nominative duo duae duo



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numerals


Genitive du•rum du•rum du•rum

Dative du•bus du•bus du•bus

Accusative du•s du•s duo

Vocative duo duae duo

Ablative du•bus du•bus du•bus

Locative du•bus du•bus du•bus

It should be noted that amb•, both, is declined as duo is. Though, its O is long.

tr•s, tria


Plural

Nominative tr•s tria

Genitive trium trium

Dative tribus tribus

Accusative tr•s, tr•s tria

Vocative tr•s tria

Ablative tribus tribus

Locative tribus tribus

The word, m•lle, is singular, an adjective and indeclinable. However, its irregular plural, m•lia is used in the same way pl•s is.

m•lia, m•lium (a) thousand n.

Plural

Nominative m•lia

Genitive m•lium

Dative m•libus

Accusative m•lia

Vocative m•lia

Ablative m•libus

Locative m•libus

As stated before, the rest of the numbers are indeclinable adjectives. They are also indeclinable as substantives.

1 I •nus, –a, –um 11 XI •ndecim 21 XXI •nus et vigint• 101 CI centum et •nus

2 II duo, –ae, –o 12 XII duodecim 22 XXII du• et vigint• 200 CC ducent•, –ae, –a

3 III tr•s, –ia 13 XIII tr•decim 30 XXX tr•gint• 300 CCC trecent•

4 IV quattuor 14 XIV quattuordecim 40 XL quandr•gint• 400 CD quadrigent•



5 V qu•nque 15 XV qu•ndecim 50 L qu•nqu•gint• 500 D qu•ngent•

6 VI sex 16 XVI s•decim 60 LX sex•gint• 600 DC sescent•

7 VII septem 17 XVII septendecim 70 LXX septu•gint• 700 DCC septingent•

8 VIII oct• 18 XVIII duod•vigint• 80 LXXX oct•gint• 800 DCCC octingent•

9 IX novem 19 XIX •nd•vigint• 90 XC n•n•gint• 900 CM n•ngent•

10 X decem 20 XX vigint• 100 C centum 1000 M m•lle

[edit] Declension of •dem

The adjective •dem, eadem, idem means 'same.' It is a variant of the third person pronouns which were declined earlier. Generally, they are formed by adding –dem to a declined third person pronouns. However, some forms have been changed to ease pronunciation.

•dem, eadem, idem the same, same as



Nominative •deme•dem, i•dem

eadem eaedem idem eadem

Genitive eiusdem e•rundem eiusdem e•rundem eiusdem e•rundem

Dative e•deme•sdem, i•sdem

e•deme•sdem, i•sdem


Accusative eundem e•sdem eandem e•sdem idem eadem

Vocative •deme•dem, i•dem

eadem eaedem idem eadem

Ablative e•deme•sdem, i•sdem



Locative e•deme•sdem, i•sdem

eaedeme•sdem, i•sdem


[edit] Comparison and superlative forms of adjectives

As in English, adjectives have superlative and comparative forms. For regular first and second declension and third declension nouns with one or two endings, the comparison is formed by adding an –ior for the masculine and feminine, and an –ius for the neuter to the base. The genitive for both are formed by adding an –i•ris. Therefore, they are declined like the third declension. However, they are not declined as i-stems are. Superlatives formed by adding an –issimus, –a, –um to the base. Now, we find that superlatives are declined like first and second declension adjectives.

Positive Comparative Superlative

ben•gnus, –a, –um (kind, nice) ben•gnior, –ius ben•gnissimus, –a, –um





Adjective fr•gidus, –a, –um (cold, chilly) fr•gidior, –ius fr•gidissimus, –a, –um

calidus, –a, –um (hot, fiery) calidior, –ius calidissimus, –a, –um

p•gn•x, –•cis (pugnacious) p•gn•cior, –ius p•gn•cissimus, –a, –um

fortis, –e (strong, robust) fortior, –ius fortissimus, –a, –um

aequ•lis, –e (equal, even) aequ•lior, –ius aequ•lissimus, –a, –um

[edit] Comparisons and superlatives of –er adjectives

Adjectives (in the third and first and second declensions) that have masculine nominative singular forms ending in –er have different forms. If the feminine and neuter forms drom the E, use that for the comparative form. The superlative is formed by adding an –rimus onto the masculine form.

Adjective


pulcher, –cra, –crum (pretty, beautiful) pulchrior, –ius pulcherrimus, –a, –um

sacer, –cra, –crum (sacred, holy) sacrior, –ius sacerrimus, –a, –um

tener, –era, –erum (delicate, tender) tenerior, –ius tenerrimus, –a, –um

•cer, –cris, –cre (sharp) •crior, –ius •cerrimus, –a, –um

cel•ber, –bris, –bre (celebrated, famous) cel•brior, –ius cel•berrimus, –a, –um

celer, –eris, –ere (quick, fast) celerior, –ius celerrimus, –a, –um

[edit] Comparisons and superlatives of –lis adjectives

Some third declension adjectives with two endings in –lis in the sexed nominative singular have irregular superlative forms. It should be noted that the following are the only adjectives that have this unique form.

Adjective


facilis, –e (easy) facilior, –ius facillimus, –a, –um

difficilis, –e (hard, difficult) difficilior, –ius difficillimus, –a, –um

similis, –e (similar, like) similior, –ius simillimus, –a, –um

dissimilis, –e (unlike, dissimilar) dissimilior, –ius dissimillimus, –a, –um

humilis, –e (low, humble) humilior, –ius humillimus, –a, –um

imbecillis, -e imbecillior, -ius imbecillimus, -a, -um

[edit] Irregular comparisons and superlatives

As in most languages, Latin has adjectives that have irregular comparisons and superlatives.







Adjective

bonus, –a, –um (good) melior, –ius optimus, –a, –um

malus, –a, –um (bad, evil) peior, –ius pessimus, –a, –um

magnus, –a, –um (great, large) maior, –ius maximus, –a, –um

parvus, –a, –um (small, slight) minor, –us minimus, –a, –um

multus, –a, –um (much, many) pl•s1 plurimus, –a, –um

n•quam2 (worthless) n•quior, –ius n•quissimus, –a, –um

posterus, –a, –um (next, future) posterior, –ius postremus, –a, –um

superus, –a, –um (above, upper) superior, –ius supremus, –a, –um

exterus, –a, –um (outer, outward) exterior, –ius extremus, –a, –um

novus, –a, –um (new, strange) recentior, –ius novissimus, –a, –um

senex, senis (old, aged) senior, –ius ——

iuvenis, –is (young, youthful) iunior, –ius ——

● 1: noun used with genitive to express more of something ● 2: indeclinable

[edit] Adverbs and their comparisons and superlatives

To the relief of many Latin students, adverbs are not declined. However, adverbs must be formed if one wants to make an adjective into an adverb.

[edit] First and second declension adjectives' adverbs

First and second declension adjectives' adverbs are formed by adding an –• onto their bases.

Adjective Adverb

cl•rus, –a, –um (clear, famous) cl•r• (clearly, famously)

validus, –a, –um (strong, robust) valid• (strongly, robustly)

•nf•rmus, –a, –um (weak) •nf•rm• (weakly)

solidus, –a, –um (complete, firm) solid• (completely, firmly)

integer, –gra, –grum (whole, fresh) integr• (wholly, freshly)

l•ber, –era, –erum (free) l•ber• (freely)

[edit] Third declension adjectives' adverbs

Typically, third declension adjectives' adverbs are formed by adding an –iter onto their bases. However, most third declension adjectives with one ending simply add an –er to their bases.






Adjective Adverb

pr•d•ns, –entis (prudent) pr•denter (prudently)

aud•x, –•cis (bold) aud•cter (boldly)

docilis, –e (docile) dociliter (dociley)

virilis, –e (courageous, spirited) viriliter (courageously, spiritedly)

sal•ber, –bris, –bre (wholesome) sal•briter (wholesomely)

pauper, –eris, –ere (meager) pauperiter (meagerly)

[edit] Adverbs' comparative and superlative forms

Adverbs' comparative forms are actually their neuter adjectives' comparative forms. Adverbs' superlative forms are made in the same way in which first and second declension adjectives' adverbs are made.


cl•r• (clearly, famously) cl•rius cl•rissim•

solid• (completely, firmly) solidius solidissim•

l•ber• (freely) l•berius l•berissim•

prudenter (prudently) prudentius prudentissim•

dociliter (docile) docilius docilissim•

sal•briter (wholesomely) sal•berius sal•berissim•

[edit] Irregular adverbs and their comparative and superlative forms

As so with adjectives, there are irregular adverbs with peculiar comparative and superlative forms.


bene (well) melius optim•

male (ill, badly) peius pessim•

m•gnoper• (greatly) magis maxim•

multum (much, a lot) pl•s pl•rimum

n•n multum (little) minus minim•

n•quiter (worthlessly) n•quius n•quissim•

saepe (often) saepius saepissim•

m•t•r• (seasonably, betimes) m•t•rius m•turrim•

prope (near) propius proxim•

n•per (recently) —— n•perrim•

—— potius (rather) potissim• (especially)





—— prius (before, previously) pr•mum1 (first)

secus (otherwise) s•tius (less) ——

● 1: may be pr•m•

[edit] Peculiarities within declension

[edit] Irregularity in number

Some nouns are declined in the singular only. This is the case with:

● Materials such as aurum (gold) and aes (copper) ● Abstract nouns such as celerit•s (speed) and scientia (knowledge) ● Proper names such as Iulius (Julius) and Cl•ra (Clara)

There are nouns that are only declined in the plural as well (plurale tantum):

● Many festivals, such as Saturnalia ● Words like castra (camp) and arma (arms) ● A few geological places are plural such as Th•bae (Thebes).

[edit] Indeclinable nouns

Indeclinable nouns are neuter nouns which only occur in the nominative and accusative singular. There are only six such nouns:

● f•s — fate, divine law ● •nstar — likeness ● m•ne — morning (used in the ablative case as well) ● nef•s — sin, abomination ● nihil — nothing, none ● secus — sex, coitus

[edit] Heterogeneous nouns

Heterogeneous nouns are nouns which vary in respect to gender.

● A few nouns in the second declension occur in both the neuter and masculine. However, their meanings remain the same.

● Some nouns are one gender in the singular, but become another gender in the plural. They may also change in meaning.

Singular Plural




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurale_tantum




balneum n. bath balneae f. bath-house

epulum n. feast, banquet epulae f. feasts, banquets

fr•num n. bridle, curb fr•n• m. bridle, curb

iocus m. joke, jest ioca n. jokes, jests

locus m. place, location loca n. places, locations; loc• region

r•strum n. hoe, rake r•str• m. hoes, rakes

[edit] Plurals with alternative meanings

The nouns below have a specific singular meaning, yet have a different plural meaning.

Singular Plural

aed•s, –is f. building, temple aed•s, –ium rooms, house

auxilium, –• n. help, aid auxilia, –•rum auxiliary troops

carcer, –eris m. prison, cell carcer•s, –um starting-place of a chariot race

castrum, –• n. fort, castle, fortress castra, –•rum milit. camp, encampment

c•pia, –ae f. plenty, much, abundance c•piae, –•rum troops

f•nis, –is m. end, boundary f•n•s, –ium territory

fort•na, –ae f. luck, chance fort•nae –•rum wealth

gr•tia, –ae f. charm, favor gr•tiae, –•rum thanks

imped•mentum, –• m. impediment, hindrance imped•menta, –•rum baggage

littera, –ae f. letter (as in A, B, C, etc.) litterae, –•rum epistle, scholarship, literature

m•s, m•ris m. habit, inclination m•r•s, –um m. morals, character

opera, –ae f. trouble, pains operae, –•rum workmen

ops, opis f. the goddess Ops (pers.), help op•s, –ium resources, wealth

pars, partis f. part, piece part•s, –ium office, function

s•l, salis m. salt, sea water sal•s, –um wit, smarts

[edit] References

● New Latin Grammar, an eBook, originally written by Charles Edwin Bennett at the Project Gutenberg

[edit] See also

● Latin conjugation

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_declension"

Category: Latin language




http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/PG/Bennett/bennett.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Edwin_Bennett

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Latin_language

Your Latin grammar - The Preterist Archive of Realized ...€¦ · (4 of 10)4/30/2007 9:30:31 AM....

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