WELCOME TO THE PRESENTATION ON “CORRELATES OF ADOPTION OF VEGETABLES BY TRIBAL FARMERS OF KEONJHAR DISTRICT OF ODISHA”.

IAFSC2015 Date-21-2-2015Topic

Correlates of Adoption Of Vegetables by Tribal Farmers of Keonjhar District of Odisha

Department of Extension Education

College Of AgricultureOdisha University Of Agriculture & Technology

Bhubaneswar-3

Seminar-I

Name of the Scholar: Bibhu Santosh Behera

Name of the Guide:-Dr. Bibhuti Prasad Mohapatra

1. Introduction

2. Theoretical Orientation

3. Review of Literatures

4. The Locale and Settings

5. Research Methodology & Specific Case study

6. Expected Outcoms,Result & Discussion ,Summary & Conclusion

7. Refferences,Photogallery & Pre-Testing Schedule

PROPOSED PLAN OF WORK AN OVERVIEW

Tribals are 44.5 percent of total population of Keonjhar District needs attention.

Not many studies conducted on Adoption behavior of exclusively vegetable farmers of tribal communities.

Personal likingness towards this area of my home district.

Govt. of India has emphasized more concrete research on Tribal farmers in Scheduled areas for the upliftment of their livelihood as well as socio-economic status to ensure the success of Vision-2030.(As per ICAR,MOA,Govt. of India & SCSTRI,Bhubaneswar,Govt.of Odisha)

Selection Of Problem

Basic Information of Keonjhar District

Agro climatic Zone:-North Central plateau & North Central coastal Plain.

Land Utilization Pattern(Figure in Ha)Geographical area:-831000

Cultivable area:-297873(36% of Geographic area)

a)High land:-158653(53.3% of cultivable area)

b)Medium land:-99832(33.5% of cutivable area)

c)Low land:-40336(13.2% cultivable area)

Irrigation Potentiala)Kharif:-81653

b)Rabi:-31327

Cropped areaa)Single cropped area:-2959409

b)Double cropped area:-6504

c)Tripple Cropped area:-278

District Data & Tribal Data

Situation of District:-The KeonjharDistrict emerged as one of the District on 1st January, 1948. The District is bounded by Mayurbhanj District and Bhadrak District to the east, Jajpur District to the south, Dhenkanal District and Sundargarh District to the west and West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand State to the north. Covering a geographical area of 8240 sq kms, the Keonjhar District lies between 210 1’ N to 220 10’ N latitude and 850 11’ E to 860 22’ E longitudude.

No of Farm families:-(a) small farmer-77025 nos. (b) marginal farmers-103016 nos. (c) Big farmers-33403 nos. (d) Agricultural Labourers-245284 nos. (e) Tribal farmers-204133 nos. VEGETABLES GROWN IN KEONJHAR DISTRICT WITH DATA Potato,tomato,pumpkin,cauliflower,cabbage,onion,garlick, chilli,colocasia and all cucurbit family vegetables. DAO Anandpur-Patna-140hectres-production(325250MT)-Productivity-

100.60 quintal/ha DAO Kendujhar-Champua-157hect-Production(314525MT)-103.53

quintal/ha Jhumpura-111hect-Production(280790MT)-92.95

quintal/ha Chilli stands no.1 position in keonjhar districts having production

2070MT & productivity 12quintal/hectare

Social Composition of The Population of The District.

Sl. No. Social Group Total Percent

1 SC 181488 11.6

2 ST 695141 44.5

3 Hindu 1525874 97.7

4 Muslim 20390 1.3

5 Christian 6144 0.4

6 Budhhist 37 0.002

7 Other 9545 0.6

  All social groups 1561990  

The commonest family type is nuclear and the average family size is less than six.

Population Data of the Dist.

Sl. No. Feature Unit Value

1 Geographical Area Sq. Km. 8303

2Population as per 2011

provisionalLakh 18.02

3 Sub-divisions Number 3

4 Block Number 13

5 Cluster/circles Number 8

6 Revenue Village Number 2122

7 Urban habitations Number 65 wards

8 Gram Panchayats Number 286

9 Panchayat Samitis Number 13

10 Municipal Councils Number 4

Some Basic Facts About The District

Name of the Block Number of villageTotal Population

Male Female Total

Anandpur 125 42,602 41,748 84,350

Banspal 163 35,196 35,451 70,647

Champua 148 39,776 40,329 80,105

Ghasipura 179 62,899 61,156 1,24,055

Ghatagaon 142 44,164 43,662 87,826

Harichandanpur 218 50,358 49,205 99,563

Hatadihi 212 62,076 60,358 1,22,434

Jhumpura 154 41,742 41,703 83,445

Joda 118 37,794 36,876 74,670

Keonjhar 225 58,732 57,992 1,16,724

Patna 153 40,239 40,982 81,221

Saharpada 139 34,950 35,952 70,902

Telkoi 149 37,601 36,609 74,210

TOTAL 2,125 5,88,129 5,82,023 11,70,152

Block Wise Population Data

Introduction

Vegetable cultivation is a part of Horticultural science. In scientific word it is termed as “Olericulture”.In global context “India” placed 2nd position after china in vegetable cultivation.(Both in area and production)

But we are proud to know that our country placed 1st position in cauliflower,2nd in onion ,3rd in cabbage and 4th in potato respectively in the world. As per the recommendation made by Indian Council for Medical Research(ICMR),the use of vegetables per day is 280 gm.

But now a days we avail less than equal to 100 gm due to poor production and adoption pattern of vegetable production in India.

After getting conscious on the vegetable demand now farming people giving more emphasis on vegetable crops in order to meet the need of consumers ,”Odisha “placed a respectable position in vegetable cultivation.

In Odisha out of 30 districts Keonjhar is one of the progressing tribal district to conquer over the rank in vegetable cultivation due to cool temperate condition and vegetable forcing areas in the bank of the Baitarani river.

Apart from these “Kudumi” tribes (Mahanta families )have a greater effort on vegetable cultivation actively.

In Keonjhar district Swampatana,Saharpada,Anandapur,Ghatagaon, Hatadihi Telkoi blocks have remarkable vegetable production due to “Gola” and “Chasa “families.

In this district mainly cabbage ,cauliflower,pumpkin,cucumber,pointed gourd ,bitter gourd,parwal,onion and potato are cultivated.

The district has a high percentage of tribal population, which is 44.5% of the total population. there are 25 types of tribes residing in the districts.

Out of 13 blocks of keonjhar district -Banspal,Patna,champua,Harichandanpur,Joda,Jhumpura,keonjhar( Sadarblock) ,Telkoi & ghatgaon are tribal dominated blocks & educationally quiet backward.

Keonhar, Telkoi, Champua & Barbil Tehsils are declared as scheduled areas.

Apart from these “Kudumi” tribes (Mahanta families )have a greater effort on vegetable cultivation actively.

Among Tribal vegetable farmers the following communities play the leading role; the communities are (1)Munda (2)Kolha

(3)Bathudi (4)Ho (5)Bhuiyan (6)Gond (7)Saora(8)Juanga The word “tribal” or Adivasi brings to our mind a picture of half-naked men and

women,with arrows & spears in their hands,feathers in their heads,and speaking in an unintelligib-le language .

Our knowledge about the tribals is very limited, leading us to believe many myths at the cost of their dignity.

The mainstream world branded them variously as natives,uncivilized people,aboriginals,Adivasis,Tribals, Indigenous people etc.

In India, we mostly refer them as Adivasis/ Girijans. Tribal vegetable Farmers:-Actually all the tribal peoples are being man of nature

and soil, they mainly depend upon the livelihood by means of cultivation. Those who were believe their occupation by means of business after livelihood maintenance by growing vegetable crops in large scale. They generally grown the crops in organic way or by their own way .The traditional actually grown the crops in hilly areas by shifting and contour cultivation. They are self esteemed and guide their own culture, norms, values .So sceptical and by Govt. Data base neglected, ignored & laggards

. Specific Objectives

1. To Study the socio-economic Characters of Tribal Vegetable farmers.

2. To Identify the vegetable innovations adopted by the tribal farmers during last ten years and reasons for adoption and diffusion.

3. To identify the vegetable innovations rejected/discontinued by the tribal farmers during last ten years and the reasons for rejection or discontinuance.

4. To list out the opinion of tribal vegetable farmers , on social, economic and management constraints and their suggestions.

5.To suggest suitable strategies for the effective adoption of vegetable technology by the tribal vegetable farmers of Keonjhar District of Odisha.

Year Author Focus(Reviews)

1993 Choudhury,S.N.

72 Percent of the tribal farmers are coming under either illiterate or primary school educated. Had cultivatation as main occupation and wage earning are as additional source of income. Majority of them belong to small and nuclear families and income up to less than Rs8ooo/-per annum.65 percent of dwelling houses of tribal farmers were Kutcha houses. Personal Localite sources were the major sources of farm information(Source-Choudhury,S.N.(1993).”Adoption behavior of tribal farmers in Phulbani district towards improved agricultural practices”.

2011 Basantia,D

A total of 32.5 percent of tribal farm families among the sample respondents had no social participation at all, and 36.25 percent were predominantly localite in nature(Source-Basantia,D(2011)”Impact of NGO on socio-economic development of tribal farmers in Koraput District”.)

1993 Choudhury,S.N.

Innovation adopted by tribal farmers. The tribal farmers had adopted seed and varietal innovations more followed by seed treatment and plant protection measures.Where as adoption in improved agricultural implements,post harvest and storage care were found to be very less.(Source-Choudhury,S.N.(1993).”Adoption behavior of tribal farmers in Phulbani district towards improved agricultural practices”.)

Year Author/ Sources

Focus(Reviews)

1993 Choudhury,S.N.

It was observed that 60 percent of tribal farmers belong to medium adoption behavior category,19 percent to high and 21 percent to low adoption behavior category..(Source-Choudhury,S.N.(1993).”Adoption behavior of tribal farmers in Phulbani district towards improved agricultural practices”.)

1993 Choudhury,S.N.

Adoption gap was 91.3 percent in agricultural implements and 68.45 percent in post harvest and storage. (Source-Choudhury,S.N.(1993).”Adoption behavior of tribal farmers in Phulbani district towards improved agricultural practices”.)

1982 Bajaj & Kambley.

. A study conducted on AKDA tribal block of Maharashtra established that tribal farmers are generally conservative and there fore less likely to adopt new innovations.(Bajaj & Kambley(1982).,” A study on the adoption of Improved Agricultural Practices by tribal farmers of Maharastra.”)

Locale of Study( Keonjhar Dist. Map)

Odisha

C

Keonjhar

Patna

Champua and Jhumpura

Respondents (145)

C

C

Method of Sampling

Purposive

Purposive

Random

Purposive

Purposive

Pilot study:- The study was conducted in keonjhar district of odisha.The three blocks namely Patana,Champua & Jhumpura were selected at random for the study.Two grampanchaya t one from each block were selected & two villages from each grampanchayat were selected for study.The datas are collected by door to door visit method& applying PRA tools.Then liasioning with various line departments like Agriculture dept. Horticulture dept.,I.T.D.A office,J.D.A office,Panchayatraj inst. & peoples organisation like PRADAN,WOSCA,KIRDTI,CYSD Etc. available in keonjhar districts.

Consultation made with Director, SCSTRI,Bhubaneswar,Sj.Khetrabasi Behera(Leading Agro Entrepreneur),MD Trupti Industries,Keonjhar DDM NABARD Keonjhar& Social Activist Padmashree Tulashi Munda of Adivasi kalyan vikas samiti Keonjhar.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Based on the objective of study an inerview schedule was prepared. Initially the schedule was pretested with ten tribal vegetable farmers to

test the reliability.Here the questions are remain openended because the tribal farmers are generaly illiterate& scepticals in nature.In order to collect the broad data from their open mind the format is very common &general. Later the interview schudule was modified based on the experience gained at field level and to be modified with proper scaling techniques as per the requirement.

PRETESTING OF INTERVIEW SCHEDULE

Selection of district was purposive. Selection of the Block:-Out of 13 blocks three blocks namely Champ

ua,Jhumpura& Patna Blocks were intentionally Selected(purposive sa mpling).

Selection of G.P:-Here random selection with lottery method was followed for selection of G.P.(From each block two g.ps are selected) Champua-23G.P- Jajaposi & Uchhabali Jhumpura-22G.P- Tukudiha & Asanpat Patna - 20G.P-Turumunga & Chemana

Selection of village:-Two villages from each G.P Selected at random for sample.Total twelve no. Of villages selected from six G.P.

Selection of tribal farmers:-Ten tribal farmers were selected at random from each village.Total 145 respondents.

Village Names-1.)Baliaposi2.)Barudiposi3.)Hatibari4.)Nihnua5.)Jajaposi6.)Kankada7.)Pahadpur8.)Sarasingha9.)Asanpat 10.)Padmapur11)Nandapur12).Chitrapur

SAMPLING

District Block GP. Village Small Marginal Total

Keonjhar Patna Turumunga Nihnua 10% 10%

Hatibari 10% 10%

Baliaposi 10% 10%

Chemana Barudiposi 10% 10%

Champua Jajaposi Jajaposi 10% 10%

Kankada 10% 10%

Uchhabali Padmapur 10% 10%

Nandapur 10% 10%

Jhumpura Tukudiha Sarasingha 10% 10%

Pahadpur 10% 10%

Asanpat Chitrapur 10% 10%

Asanpat 10% 10%

AREAS FOR RESEARCH WORK

Socio-Economical Variables MeasurementAge (x1) : Chronological Age of the farmers.

Education (x2) : Year of Schooling.

Family type(x3) : Trivedi (1963)

Family Size(x4) : Scale developed by Pareek and Trivedi (1964), modified

Cosmopolite ness(x5) : Desai (1971)Land holding size(x6) : Venkatramaiah and Sethurao (1983)Agricultural implement possession(x7)

: Schedule developed for the study

Occupation (x8) : Schedule will be developed.

House type(x9) : Trivedi (1963)

Independent Variables

Variables and their Measurements

Variables MeasurementsPerception on Adoption & diffusion(y1)

: Schedule will be developed.

Perception on Rejection(y2) : Schedule will be developed.

Disagreement(y3) : Schedule will be developed.

Conflict(y4) : Schedule will be developed.

Reason for discontinuance (y5) : Schedule will be developed.

Reason for Reinvention (y6) : Schedule will be developed.

Adoption Index(y7) : Schedule will be developed.

Dependent VariablesDependent Variables

1. Mean Score2. Percentage3. Correlation4. Rank Order5. Frequency6. Test of Significance

Statistical Tools for Analysis of Data

Collection of Data

Primary Data will be collected directly from the farmer through Structured Interview Schedule.

Statistical Tools for Collection And Analysis of Data

Beginning

Start

The salient findings are summarized herewith. Majority of respondents (44.82 percent) were in the age group up to 30 years i.e. young age group. The relevance

of age as to adoption of vegetable cultivation doesn’t show any significant difference. Maximum respondents (51.72 percent) were illiterate. Least member of the respondents had educated up to

college level. Educational status bears a little influence on adoption behavior of the respondents. Majority of respondents (34.48 percent) farmers were practising vegetable cultivation within 5 to 10 years, which

was very important for determining adoption as per our objective. Chilli was cultivated by maximum number of farmers (91.03percent) followed by tomato(77.24 percent) and

okra(76.55 percent).The more adoption of chillies in the sample area was due to the adoption of Pusa Jwala variety by them and good climate fit for chilly as well as capsicum cultivation in their locality.

Maximum respondents (37.93 percent) were taking vegetable farming as maintenance of livelihood followed by 17.93 percent farmers adopted it due to suitable climate, 14.48 percent as profitable business.

Burning of stubbles was somewhat adopted by majority( 28.27 percent )of the respondents. A small proportion of 14.48 percent of the respondents gave some cowdung manure to their field before cultivation. The summer ploughing though a good innovation was not practised even to a modest degree. The field preparation technologies were not popular among the tribal vegetable farmers. So, gap percentage was more in Summer ploughing(93.79 percent). Simillarly manuring method had a wide gap in adoption process by the respondents(85.51 percent) as because of illiteracy

More popularity of using local varieties(54.48 in percentage) by tribal farmers due to taste, culture etc. and. They had less priority on adoption of HYV and hybrid varieties, 24.82 percent and 20.68 percent respectively. The gap percentage was highest in case of Hybrid variety (79.31 percent) and high yielding variety (75.17 percent) adoption so, it had direct impact on Production and productivity.

Majority (54.48 percent) of the respondents were adopting Chemicals and root dip treatment due to the cause of easily availability of chemicals and awareness via seed treatment campaigns by govt. and NGOs. From the sample 33.79 percent respondents were still practising traditional method of seed treatment due to traditional in nature and cultural trait.

Majority(46.20 percent) of people were following Broadcasting methods because they were still unaware about the benefit of line sowing/broadcasting.So,line Sowing/Transplanting Method had a wide gap (53.79 percent) because of lack of awareness among respondents and another reason might be improper information flow among them.

MAJOR FINDINGS FROM RESEARCH

Strategy for vegetables by tribal farmers

Factors

Adoption

Discontinuance•Causes•Suggestion

Rejection

•Causes•Suggestion

·Age,education,family size,type,social participation,outward orientation

·Income·Housing pattern·Occupation·Credit status·Savings statusA

It is shown from the caste analysis that majority of respondents belong to ST categories or tribal population is more. There is no significant difference between caste and adoption behavior of vegetable farmers.

Irrigation patches of upland and medium land mainly proved to have greater potential of vegetable cultivation.

Farmers have localized extension contact with a cosmopolite attitude, high degree of social participation and exposure to information outlets are significantly co-related with adoption behavior.

Farmers with farming along with a business bent of mind were found to better inclination towards vegetable cultivation.

Cultivation of vegetable over a couple of year has shown considerable increases in their annual income implement possession.

Maximization of yield and income happened to be main purpose behind vegetable cultivation as opened by the growers. Hence farmers with commercial bent of mind show a better adoption rate towards new innovations. Meeting family consumption and climatic suitability also show an adoption rate in vegetable cultivation. Moreover availability of suitable land and assured irrigation also contributed towards the purpose behind vegetable cultivation along with vegetable can be grown round the year to meet market demand.

The respondents had very poor knowledge about varieties mostly they knew and adopted local varieties.

The respondents had poor knowledge and adoption of nursery raising with raised bed and other management practice and very poor knowledge and adoption on soil and seed treatment.

MAJOR FINDINGS

Among the social constraints ignorance and negligence by government (42.75 percent) ranked top by the respondents along with not expose to society due to traditional(24.13 percent).

In case of organizational constraints, inadequate government support and guidance (46.89 percent) was the important one as quoted by the farmers.

Inadequate demonstration & lack up follow up service followed by lack of intelligence and technical know-how were the major tech-hindrances in adoption of vegetable, as opined by the growers.

No support for vegetable crops, insufficient credit facilities, lack of easy disposal of produce which were found to be the major economical constraints for the cultivators.

Poor quality seed(29.65 percent),Unreasonable seed price(20 percent),Un availability of fertilizers(17.24 percent) were considered as major constraints in input supply.

Severe weed infestation(86.89 percent), more disease and pest attack(82.06 percent),in sufficient skill to manage(31.72 percent) which were found to be more important in technological constraints.

In sufficient training(21.37 percent),no exposure visits(17.24 percent), and lack of information(15.86 percent) were the important constraints in advisory service.

Harassment in payment(20 percent), low market demand(16.55 percent) and Cost of production not considered in fixing sale price(14.48 percent) were the constraints of harvesting and marketing.

MAJOR FINDINGS

Lack of storage facility(46.89 percent),lack of processing industries(31.034 percent),lack of marketability(32.41 percent) and lack of transport facility and communication(22.06 percent) were treated as miscellaneous constraints.

Cumbersome and complicated procedure(24.13 percent), long credit processing time(22.06 percent), and high rate of interest(20 percents) were the major credit constraints.

The major suggestions from field level in order of importance were availability of agricultural credit on easy terms to avail loans(94.48 percent), Subsidy on inputs be provided(93.10 percent), quality seed supply be done(87.58 percent), assured irrigation is required(83.33 percent) and storage facility to be enhanced(82.06 percent).

. A total of 14.48 percent of respondents had rejected stubble burning in field preparation and rejection of Guamal variety of pumpkin(44.82 percent),VNR seed of okra(33.79 percent) and BT brinjal variety(57.24 percent) in varietal adoption, seed treatment by captain(17.24 percent),line sowing(33.79 percent), row to row planting in cole crops(40 percent),flood irrigation in root crops, chilly and leafy vegetables.(28.96 percent),wooden plough as implement(29.66 percent),hand weeding(11.72 percent) in intercultural operation, plucking of fully matured vegetables(15.86 percent),traditional preservation(32.41 percent) in post harvest technology, use of endosulfan and DDT(86.20 percent), and use of pheromone traps & tricho cards(40 percent) perceived as final. Discontinuance was found in seed treatment by Gammaxene and Danadar (86.89 percent) & in variety Namdhari seed (hybrid) of bittergourd (32.41percent).

Gap percentage analysis in vegetable adoption presented about the major gaps in case of summer ploughing(93.79 percent) in field preparation innovation,use of hybrids(79.31 percent) in varietal innovation, in line sowing(53.79 percent) of seed sowing innovations,drainage facility(87.58 percent), in nursery management innovations, in top dressing(84.13 percent) in fertilizer innovation,in drip irrigation(89.56 percent) in water management innovations,in post harvest technology 94.48 percent of gap in preserve vegetables by using chemicals.On an average in each innovation there were existing of wide gap(more than 50 percent) due to improper adoption strategy, low diffusion of technology and information dissemination.

Amrit Pani ,a typical ITK was adopted by19.31 percent of the respondents.  

MAJOR FINDINGS

RECOMMENDATION On the basis of findings of the study the following recommendations are

suggested to motivate the tribal vegetable farmers for self employment in agriculture as well as to set up own entrepreneurship via vegetable cultivation.

Efforts need to be made to increase mass-media exposure regarding entrepreneurship development in agriculture & allied sectors.

There should be adequate training facilities for vegetable entrepreneurship development in agriculture and allied sectors.

Extension Functionaries must orient them about various policies & programmes.Hence they should have clear cut idea about “Rural Entrepreneurship in Agriculture Development Yojana” i.e. READY concept based on ICAR, Govt. Of India.

The state government should provide minimum five acres of land as incentive to the Tribal Youths, those who are interested for self entrepreneurship in agriculture.

In rural areas establishment of cold storage and godown are highly essential. So proper ware housing should be made by Central Ware Housing Corporation (CWC), Govt. of India with the Joint collaboration with FCI, Govt. of India.

SUITABLE STRATEGIES FOR TRIBAL FARMERS IN VEGETABLE ADOPTION

Market structure is to be well established in rural areas for sell of various farm produce. Regarding this “Rural mart”, ”Tribal Mart”,& “Forest Mart” should be taken as major initiative.

The crop insurance scheme should also cover orchard crops & all horticultural crops(Vegetable & Fruit crops) in order to avoid risk of entrepreneurs.

Attention must be given by banks for simplification of loan produce for self employement of Literate Tribal Youths. Govt. should take priority in the term of “Earn while You Learn”/ “Hunar se Rojgar” scheme being implemented by Central Govt.

Subsidy should be provided on various infrastructural developments of farms. There should be better communication and transport facilities in rural areas.. There should be formulation of hi-tech agriculture practices, which may yield cent

percent result than traditional Farming method via ICT mediated agriculture, pod casting vod casting, e-choupals, and IT-kiosks & Knowledge management portals available with local dialects.

Agriclinics and Agro advisory centers should be established at the door step of Tribal farmers in order to provide common solutions & information dissemination.

Documentation & patents should be preserved about local varieties, ITKs and local methods for future for intensive study & advance research as per their need,culture etc.

Every year Agriculture census should be done to study their growth and development. Formation of group should be done to empower both man and woman farmers. There should be development and progress on transporation, storage and information

sector.

SUITABLE RECCOMENDATIONS

Suggestions Simply identification of the problems does not serve the purpose, unless &

until realist and definite suggestion are put forth. Keeping interview the pros and cons of vegetable cultivation, it is suggested to take up vegetable cultivation where the following facilities are available.

Subsidy on inputs(urea, seed of vegetables, and hand implements) Smooth procedure for agricultural credit to tribal people Storage facilities for particularly Cole crops. Incentive for drip and sprinkler irrigation. Special training and demonstration on vegetables Assured cooperative marketing facility Provision of authorized dealer Information on weather in peak harvesting period Quality seed supply Location specific recommendations. Formation of farmers club, SHGs, Cooperatives. Establishment of IT-Kiosks,e-choupals and Common service centers for proper

information dissemination. Establishment of agriclinics in each village. Proper credit facilities from bank and incentives should be provided on vegetable

crop. Crop insurance must be done on risk prone valuable cash crops.

SUITABLE SUGGESTIONS

Conclusion In this age of management, the winner that who comes out with maximum output making the most

rational use of available resources. All categories of farmers irrespective of holding size, caste, age and educational background are growing vegetables. But they did not have contact with different sources of information and confined to localized sources only. They have also good understanding about the important practices of vegetable cultivation. Growing to local varieties and less using micronutrient in vegetable crops perhaps the main reason on for getting fewer yields.

Farmers as a whole without discrepancy as regarded to age, education, economic status at least need to have a positive bent of mind towards modern methods of agricultural practices .In order to achieve something one should have clear and concrete purpose behind so as to get more income ,as in case of vegetable cultivation . Better knowledge excellent skill and positive attitude are pre requisite for bringing behavioral changes of farmers from traditional to modern approaches in vegetable cultivation. The constraints as mentioned in the earlier section are not that right but can be easily addressed through awareness camps, training exposure, providing credit support to cultivators and creating a proper market for their produce through preservation and value addition technique.

The study although concludes that these are good practices of vegetable cultivation in Keonjhar district. They require community organizations, team work, and leader to lead them and enable them to take decision with risk learning capacity. They also required sufficient training and demonstrations to develop their knowledge and skill competency , credit facilities, incentives and minimum support price easy disposal of produce needs due consideration . If all these things are provided to the vegetable growers then there will be definitely increases in area, production and productivity of vegetables in Keonjhar district. The district can contribute significantly for the vegetable requirement of the state as well as increase the economic status of tribal dominated farmers.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

The study therefore concluded that within limited resource specific time period and much academic mobility and financial constraints, definitely unfolded some significant areas in the field of vegetable cultivation which can be critically analyzed and suitable streamlined by the planner, policymakers, scientist besides the cultivator. For a economically sound, resource rich, materially stranger and cheerful and happy farming community.

On the whole the study has following implications: 1. The findings of the study will serves as guidelines to the planners, policy makers to appreciate

the location specific problems and design appropriate development programmes. 2. The findings will also help the extensionists to formulate need based and appropriate

extension strategies befitting to the handicap ecology and implement them in true spirit. 3. The findings also serve as a source of reference material for the researchers to take up

research on vegetable farming in other areas. 4. Review of Literature will also help the Researchers, scholars for their comprehensive study on Tribal

Vegetable farmers. FUTURE LINE OF WORK Research study in the other block of Keonjhar District. Present study was conducted with limited sample size. In order to derive wider generalization a study

should conducted with larger sample size. Tribal Led Agriculture should be formulated & more emphasis should be given to poor, neglected farmers. More Change agents should be involved in this programme. Special policy, Programme & Project should be developed along with appropriate action plan & certain road

map. Some Common Models should be developed. Follow up measures regarding the Problems should be taken care of. Comprehensive & detailed study should be done in their thrust areas. Case studies of successful vegetable farmers can be taken up.    

CONCLUDING REMARKS

Conclusion:-        To make the life smooth, pleasurable with a substantial continuous

income, Olericulture is a suitable profession for all classes of people in the district since the Geographical situation, Agro-climatic condition and land pattern is quite suitable for growing Vegetable crops

          Adoption of proper practices and improved technologies will help people to attain satisfaction out of Horticulture profession to lead a healthy, wealthy and peaceful life.

Expected Outcomes:- Vegetable Cultivation by tribal’s in terms of negative behavior:

Discontinuance; Rejection; Disagreement; Conflict; Dissonance; Confusion and reason for reinvention can be explained under the process of Technology Socialization.

2. The status of predictors of tribal vegetable farming can be rationalized and can be attuned to expedite the Process of technology socialization.

3. Some models of tribal vegetable farming will be evolved, which will be helpful for policy maker to standardize the process of Technology Socialization in the realm of rural development.

Conclusion

Village Case Studies(By Rio Tinto Team)   Agriculture is possibly one common factor among all of OJV community, though with varied degrees of success and sustenance. The community

largely practices one season shifting cultivation (podu) . A fresh piece of land is cleared each season and coarse cereal seeds sown at random. A temporary dwelling is also created and the entire family shifts here to tend, care and protect the crop. Limited land is available around the community hamlets with scarce or poorly maintained water sources which makes sustained agriculture difficult. Rio Tinto team worked with three villages, Pidhipokhri, Mithirda and Sakradih to introduce better agriculture practices. Initial attempts met with limited response; an SHG in Pidipokhri showed some enthusiasm which allowed a start. Land selected was large while resources in terms of technique, manpower and water was limited. Regular meetings were held to engage the group into commencing work and it was agreed that vegetables would be grown, with Rio Tinto providing seeds and any other inputs required while labour and care / maintenance will be the responsibility of the SHG members. Financing was also negotiated by Rio Tinto assistance with a local bank and an initial loan of Rs. 20,000 was given to the SHG. The process of land levelling and creation of seedling bed went well. However given the poor technical knowledge, lack of expert advise was immediately apparent. This was addressed by engaging Prof. Samal who had recently retired from Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Keonjar. This brought in scientific creation of seed beds and transplantation as also fertilizers and pesticides use over a period of time. The SHG dynamics and lack of enthusiasm created issues even though substantial crops were harvested.

At the end of the season, the SHG struggled to break even and the disappointment was obvious given expectation of returns for little effort. The results could have been encouraging but for lack of specific division of work amongst SHG members lack of fencing around the plot leading to cattle straying in, festivals causing members not caring for the land, difficult access to water Though the exercise did not give the expected returns, it brought community closer to one another and was a learning for all and also led to a realization.

  .

                   

CASE STUDIES(TRIBAL VEGETABLE FARMERS EMPOWERED BY SHGs)

Success & Failure Story on Pumpkin CultivationSuccess Full Beneficiaries1.Padma Lochan Naik,BaliaPosi(Patna Block) has been gaining a profit of 1 lakh

rupees from 1.5 acre of area by the aid from PRADAN,Keonjhar by adopting Guamal variety.

2.Saroj Kumar Naik,Baliaposi(Patna Block) has been gaining a profit of 1.5 lakh from 2.25 Acre of area by the impact drawn from Padma Locan Naik & Dusha Shan Mohanta as friend farmer.

Reason For success-Adoption of better package of practice, Exposure visit to CYSD-Plan, Karanjia ,Early adopter by nature with risk bearing ability & Learning by Seeing approach.

Failure Beneficiaries1.Bijaya Kumar Naik,Barudiposi(Patna Block), a diploma engineer has been getting

loss in Pumpkin cultivation of Rs 40,000/- due to less shelf life & post harvest losses of Baidyabati variety provided by PRADAN .Another cause was climate & improper irrigation during maturity period.

Reason For Failure-Varietal Problem, Improper irrigation, Lack of Knowledge & skill regarding Package of practice ,improper market facility & lower price, not expose to outside means localite in nature.

CASE STUDIES WITH SUCCESS & FAILIURE

Department Of Agriculture,Govt.of Odisha Department of Horticulture,Govt.of Odisha ITDA,Keonjhar & Champua DDM, NABARD Office,Keonjhar PRADAN,WOSCA,CYSD,KIRDTI,ORISSA NGO,Keonjhar. Adivasi Vikash Samiti,Keonjhar SCSTRI,Bhubaneswar Trupti Industries ltd,Keonjhar & BILATI,Orissa Panchayat Raj Institutes of Respective area, Block office & Collectorate,Keonjhar Department of Anthropology & Tribal Studies, North Orissa University,Baripada District Statistical Office,Keonjhar Directorate Of Extension Education,OUAT,Bhubaneswar

Sources of Information & References

INNOVATION-1(Low cost Nursery)

For killing any type of Insects in Vegetable and groundnut crops the tribal farmers of Keonjhar Dist. Were using Phenyl/Nimayl.

Dosases-1-5 Bottle/1 Acre in standing crop by spraying.

INNOVATION-2(Use of Phenyl and Nimyl as Insecticide by farmer in Vegetable and

Groundnut

As most of the Tribal farmers were poor and illiterate they were interested for “Amrit Pani” by preparing with their own hand with low cost method used for Rice stem borer and Fruit borer insects.

Preparation Procedure 1.Cow slurry-1 litre 2.Jaggery-250 gm 3.Leave extracts of Neem,Arakh,Dudura,Karanj 4.Mud Put-1 5.Gunny bag and Thread Dosages:-10 litres per 1 Acre

INNOVATION-3(Use of Amrit Pani as a Bioinsecticide in Paddy(SRI Method and

Vegetable Crops

As the Tribal people’s were traditionals they were making a Low cost bamboo dustbin in their villages and put all food left out as well agro wastes and finally they use it as a substitute of Compost.

Dosages:-2 Bullock carts per Acre

INNOVATION-4(Agrowaste-Food Compost)

1. Arya, S.R.S. and Sahah, S.L (1984). New Technology of rainfed Agriculture and identification of constraints on its adoption in mid hills of U.P., Agril situation in India. 39 (7):487-496.

2.Jati, P.K. and Patra, P. (1980). Study of the impact of CADA in diffusion of farm innovations in command areas of Orissa, Unpublished M.Sc.(Ag.) Thesis, College of Agriculture, BBSR

3.Robert, C. and Gordon, C. 1992. Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Practical Concepts for the 21st Century, IDS Discussion Paper 296, Brighton, UK Institute of Development Studies.

4.R.Meher, 2007. A Study on Health and Socioeconomic Status of the Tribal Population in Orissa Journal of Health Management, 9, 343-367.

5.Thakur. D.S., Thakur, D.C. and Saini, A.S. 1991. Socioeconomic impact of tribal development programmes in Himachal Pradesh J. Rural Development, 10. 823-830.

6.Das, J. (2002); Keynote address: Socio- Economic perspectives of Detribalisation in North Orissa, conducted by Department of Tribal Studies, North Orissa University, Baripada.

7.Patnaik, N. (2005), Primitive Tribes of Orissa and their Development Strategies, D.K. Print world (p) Ltd: New Delhi. 8.SCSTRTI (2008), Tribes in Orissa at a Glance, Government of Orissa: Bhubaneswar. Anonymous. 2011. ICAR-Vision 2030 of Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Directorate of Knowledge Management in

Agriculture. New Delhi. pp 1-24. 9.Chadha, K.L. 2009. Horticulture: The Next in Agriculture Agriculture Year Book 2009. Agriculture Today. pp: 24-29. 10.Raj.R.K.,Prusty.S and Samantaray,S.K.(2009). Constraints in Vegetable Production-Experiences of Tribal Vegetable

Growers Indian Res. J. Ext. Edu. 9 (3), September, 2009. 11. Choudhury,S.N.(1993).”Adoption behavior of tribal farmers in Phulbani district towards improved agricultural practices”. 12. Basantia,D(2011)”Impact of NGO on socio-economic development of tribal farmers in Koraput District”. 13. Bajaj & Kambley(1982).,” A study on the adoption of Improved Agricultural Practices by tribal farmers of Maharastra.”

References

There is nothing like a dream to create the future.

....Victor Hugo

Thank You

Start