E.G. please always turn off your cell phone or put it on vibrate mode for class

A kind reminder on distractions such as phone use, noise (see syllabus). Please allow fellow students to focus.

Dr. William James Smith, Jr.Assistant Professor of Environmental Studies, UNLV

Adjunct Assistant Professor in Geography, The University of Iowa

Renewable energy: Solar and Wind

Blue text represents terms or concepts you should pay special attention to for testing

Our plan

• Basic understanding of principles and geography of renewables• Solar and wind focus• High tech battery charger and low tech “solar cook-it”

UNLV InformationSent by: Auto Mail

02/09/2006 03:10 PM Please respond to marlis brown

To: UNLV Information/UNLV@UNLV

Bill Smith/UNLV

Subject:UNLV ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT - FACTS NOT FICTION

UNLV spends over $7 Million annually for electricity.ll of us can help ensure that this expense is wisely used. The

following are only two examples everyone on campus can do to help reduce this major expense.

1. Turn off lights and equipment.2. Assure the power saving options are fully activated on computers,

copiers, office machines, etc..More tips see our web site. http://www.unlv.edu/facilities/energy/.

Thank you for supporting and exercising energy efficiency at UNLV.

CNN recycling clipWe are not doing a full presentation on recycling.

But, before we go on to more ways to CONTINUE energy production we need to acknowledge that conservation and recycling

can reduce the need for energy production in the first place

http://www.earth911.org/master.asp

But production of energy is necessary at this point, and thus, we explore “alternative” or “soft-technology” approaches

What are “renewable resources?” and at what scales do they operateEnergy sources which are continuously replenished by natural processes:

SOME (mainstream) kinds of renewable energy listed here, but improvedefficiency / conservation is always key!

-Wind (measured in watts per square meter)

-Solar or Photovoltaics AKA PV (devices that convert sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductor materials. Most commonly foundon a fixed or movable panel (see my battery charger).

-Biomass (the process of converting forestry and agricultural crops, cropproducing wastes and residues, animal manures, and landfill methane gasinto electricity or thermal energy in processing plants)

-Geothermal (heat, in the form of hot water, steam, or rocks, near the surface of the Earth’s crust used for direct heating or cooling, or for electricity generation / powering turbines). http://images.google.com/images?q=iceland+geothermal&hl=en&btnG=Search+Images

http://www.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/egs_animation.html

(*Solar cookers reflect sunlight and capture heat to cook food without regular fuel)

-Related issue “Distributed generation” (small power plants sited at manylocations, which can be used to reduce burden on a transmission systemby generating electricity close to areas of customer need, thereby reducingthe need for transmitting electricity during peak times.

-Cogeneration (production of two useful forms of energy, e.g. high temp. heat or steam and electricity, from same fuel source

Renewables have varying, but important potential all over the world -- see geothermal potential below

Potential in parts of the U.S. for renewable energy

(Western U.S. energy atlas on-line pp. 8 & 10-13 & 18-19 )

Home power magazine (free PDFs / buy subscription) and solar today etc.Selling back to the grid is important as a policy

How does solar energy work?

Animation use quicktime player not win amp to open PV Big

Passive solar -- a building example:

No mechanical means are employed in passive solar heating.

E.G. buildings designed for passive solar and daylighting incorporate design features such as large south-facing windows and building materials that absorb and slowly release the sun's heat.

Incorporating passive solar designs can reduce heating bills as much as 50 percent. Passive solar designs can also include natural ventilation for cooling. Windows are an important aspect of passive solar design.

For more for your home and elsewhere see homepower magazine on-line and http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/solar_passive.html

Active solar -- a heating example:

Mechanical and advanced engineering means are employed in.

There are two basic types of active solar heating systems based on the type of fluid—either liquid or air—that is heated in the solar energy collectors. (The collector is the device in which a fluid is heated by the sun.) Liquid-based systems heat water or an antifreeze solution in a "hydronic" collector, whereas air-based systems heat air in an "air collector."

Active solar continued

Both of these systems collect and absorb solar radiation, then transfer the solar heat directly to the interior space or to a storage system, from which the heat is distributed.

If the system cannot provide adequate space heating, an auxiliary or back-up system provides the additional heat. Liquid systems are more often used when storage is included, and are well suited for radiant heating systems, boilers with hot water radiators, and even absorption heat pumps and coolers. Both air and liquid systems can supplement forced air systems.

For more see homepower magazine on-line and http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/solar_passive.html

Active solar for your home and elsewhere seehomepower magazine on-line andhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/space_heating_cooling/index.cfm/mytopic=12490

Advantages Disadvantages

Fairly high netenergy Work on cloudydays Quick installation Easily expandedor moved No CO2 emissions Low environmentalimpact Last 20–40 years Low land use(if on roof)

Need accessto sun Sun access can be blocked Low efficiency Need electricitystorage system or backup

High land use (solar cell power plants) could disrupt desert areas High costs (but should be competitive in 5–15 years) DC current must be converted to AC

Like wind

Dear Dr. Smith,

Mark Schaffer, an Environmental Studies Alumni member just called with a unique tour opportunity called the Southern Nevada Solar

Home Tour on 10/1. This might be a good opportunity to share with students looking for a potential project or outside class experience.

Information about the tour appears at:http://www.solarnv.org/

Producing Electricity from WindProducing Electricity from Wind

Wind TurbineWind Turbine

Power cable

Electricalgenerator

Gearbox

Fig. 15.29, p. 381

Existing projects

Planned projects

Normal winds

Moderate winds

Good winds

Excellent winds

Fig. 15.30, p. 382

How does wind energy work?

http://search.nrel.gov/query.html?qp=site%3Awww.eere.energy.gov+site%3Awww.oit.doe.gov+site%3Awww.rebuild.org+site%3Awww.energycodes.gov+site%3Awww.fueleconomy.gov+site%3Awww.futuretruck.org+site%3Aev.inel.gov+site%3Awww.bioproducts-bioenergy.gov+site%3Awww.energysavers.gov&style=eere&qs=&qc=eren&ws=0&qm=0&st=1&nh=10&lk=1&rf=0&oq=&col=eren&qt=animations&x=0&y=0

Animation at: http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/electricity/index.cfm/mytopic=10501

http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_how.html

http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_potential.html

http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_consumer_faqs.html

http://www.awea.org/

not downloaded to hard drive

http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/animfuelcell.htm

SMALL ISLANDS VOICE As global oil prices rose in 2005, this forum ran a discussion about the use

of alternative fuels in small islands. You responded with many different examples of how islands were beginning to substitute biofuel (fuel produced

from organic matter such as plants) for oil to run cars, trucks and electricity generating plants. Examples ranged from coconut oil in Vanuatu to

bagasse (waste material from sugar production) in Fiji. In case you missed this discussion, all the messages can be seen at

http://www.unesco.org/csi/smis/siv/Forum/coconut-comp.htm.

In the year since this discussion, innovative entrepreneurs in small islands around the world are investigating and trying out alternative energy sources. For example, if you visit Maui in Hawaii, you will have the opportunity of

renting a bio-beetle, a car run on used cooking oil. The company has around 12 diesel-powered rental cars available in Maui. If you rent one of these cars,

then instead of buying diesel fuel from the regular service station, biodiesel in the form of used cooking oil is available at an outlet in the main city,

Kahului. Perhaps most significantly the biodiesel is around US$1 per gallon cheaper than regular diesel – although this difference varies with the market price of diesel. Used cooking oil is collected from restaurants in Maui and

also from some of the visiting cruise ships.

Comments from a recent car renter showed that the biodiesel (used cooking oil) is light in colour and has very little smell, not at all like a conventional

fuel, and that the car performed well, just like a normal diesel powered car.

Biodiesel in Maui provides users with the opportunity to use recycled fuel, to contribute to making the environment cleaner by reducing emissions of harmful

substances, and to save money. More information is available at www.bio-beetle.com and www.biodiesel.com.

Do you have some new information about ways in which your island is using alternative fuels? If so, please send it to us, so we can share it with

islanders around the world.

http://babelfish.altavista.com/tr allows for translation into other languages. .

Title: From frying oil to car fuel Author: websites

Date: Monday, 2 October 2006

***************************************************************************

Please send your comments to <mailto:smallislandsvoice@sivglobal.org>

To see all the messages in this global forum, visit <http://www.sivglobal.org/>

To find out more about Small Islands Voice, go to <http://www.smallislandsvoice.org/>

If you wish to be removed from the mailing list, please email to <mailto:smallislandsvoice@sivglobal.org>

The controversy of labeling hydro and micro-hydro asrenewable sources in the U.S. and abroad

http://www.dsireusa.org/

http://www.puc.state.nv.us/renewable_energy.htm

Rest of semester schedule

CASE STUDY: RENEWABLE OPTIONS FOR WESTERN CHINA

THIS IS COMPLICATED SO ASK ME TO REPEAT IF THAT HELPS YOU!

ÊÚÊÚÊÚ ÊÚ ÊÚÊÚÊÚ ÊÚÊÚÊÚ ÊÚ ÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚ ÊÚÊÚ ÊÚÊÚ ÊÚÊÚÊÚ ÊÚÊÚÊÚ ÊÚ ÊÚÊÚ ÊÚ ÊÚÊÚ ÊÚ ÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚ ÊÚÊÚÊÚ ÊÚ ÊÚÊÚÊÚ ÊÚÊÚ ÊÚÊÚ ÊÚÊÚÊÚ ÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚ ÊÚÊÚ ÊÚÊÚÊÚ ÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚ ÊÚÊÚ ÊÚÊÚÊÚ

ÊÚ ÊÚÊÚÊÚ

ÊÚÊÚÊÚÊÚ ÊÚ ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚÊÚ ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚÊÚÊÚ ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚÊÚÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ ÊÚ

ÊÚÊÚ

ÊÚ ÊÚÊÚÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚÊÚ

ÊÚÊÚ

ÊÚÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚÊÚ ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ

ÊÚ ÊÚ

Study AreaStudy Area

“Sustainable development”Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising

the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Renewable energy is part of the sustainable development movement.

Problem

In some parts of Western China people live a mostly sustainable agriculture existence. Out of the 60 million rural Chinese without electricity, one-fifth live in sparsely populated Western China.

Many would benefit from merely a few hours of power a day so that their children can read, to reduce mortality of certain animals, etc.

But, they live too far from major Chinese cities to attach to their power grids -- to do so would be a waste of energy, and they do not need that much power anyway.

Why waste energy and make them pay for it in the name of “modern development?!”

Research questions

Are there renewable “off-grid” options for counties in W. China thatcan take into account: 1. What natural resources are available; 2. Income of people;3. Desire for varying amounts of electricity; and4. Uneven ability and willingness to pay?

Background

1996 Inner Mongolia Autonomous region and U.S. Dept. of Energyexplore potential of renewable energy for W. China. Look at existinghouse and village power systems.

Chinese Academy of Sciences and Center for Energy and Environmental Policy and National Renewable Energy Laboratory joined to design and implement “appropriate” renewable packages.

Methods (The BRIEF version!!)

1. Develop a spreadsheet-based computer simulation model (Rural Renewable Energy Analysis and Design Tool, or RREAD) to evaluate energy and economic performance of PV, wind, and PV/wind hybrid systems VS. conventional or diesel generators in place (not including pollution generated); WHAT’S A SPREAD-SHEET?

2. To conduct the socio-economic assessment of renewable energy utilization in Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, and Xinjiang China vis-à-vis a questionnaire (531 rural households in 22 counties) and statistical techniques to apply the data to the wider region (regression models determine the potential market) and collect information on solar and wind potential;

KIND OF LIKE PREDICTING WINNERS IN ELECTIONS FROM SAMPLES

3. Map renewable energy potentialities; and

4. Based on the aforementioned considerations, and through our partnerships in China and in the U.S., offer policy suggestions for implementation.

The life-cycle cost can be described as a summation of the values of the all the costs (initial investment cost, O&M cost and fuel cost) incurred during the life time of an option (this is simplified). You could annualize both the life-cycle cost and energy output and then calculate the levelized cost.

Our definition of the levelized cost of energy is total life-cycle cost (or total costs) divided by energy output or saved in year n (total energy output).

SYSTEMS COMPETE IN TERMS OF ENERGY PRODUCTION AND COSTS

Economics, not just environment or energy needs, factor into local choices

Three renewable options: 1) Wind; 2) Solar; Wind-Solar hybrid

HOW COULD THIS MATTER?

How tomatchdemand

Those graphs do NOT include “unaccounted-for costs” saved suchas impacts on public health and reduction of some types of pollution

* 1 sq kilometre [km] is equivalent to 0.39 sq mile [mi]

Never mind the currency amount per se, just the variance that exists.

Levelized cost =Energy output

Lifecycle costs (e.g. initial investment costs, O & M,Fuel necessary during lifetime, etc.)

(*This can be annualized by having the numbers above be per year.)

The utilization of a common criterion to compare different technologies

Now, compare this energy output and cost to LOCAL people’s 1. Energy needs2. Willingness to pay3. Ability to pay(Discover this by going to the grassroots to survey directly.)This, as opposed to simply selecting whatever produces the MOST energy, which means some communities may have to pay for energy that they do not need, or simply selecting the cheapest option and ignoring the desires of locals with the result being not enough power.

Results A socially sensitive and environmentally responsible energy choice

Outline indicates choiceGreen = windBlue = hybridRed = solar

Levelized cost and system selection

The maps guide our implementation.

What did our report conclusion say in terms of policy?

Policy concerns in making this sustainable development strategy work

• Renewable energy can address rural electricity needs in W. China• Barriers exist to implementation:

-High initial costs-Lack of supporting institutions-Lack of coherent policy framework w/ consistent collaboration

Opportunities to address concerns:

• Building institutions promoting renewables and providing information• Increasing financial support• Improving local services and training locals can empower and bring economic opportunity to locals if they are integrated• International cooperation prevents “reinventing the wheel” and cross-cultural learning

Where the project is today:

Center for Energy and Environmental Policy web site http://www.udel.edu/ceep/reportlist.htm#Off-Grid

I still have a fellowship with CEEP

National Renewable Energy Laboratory web sitehttp://search.nrel.gov/query.html?qp=site%3Awww.nrel.gov+site%3Awww.sst.nrel.gov+site%3Arredc.nrel.gov+site%3Awww.afdc.doe.gov+site%3Awww.ctts.nrel.gov&qs=&qc=eren&ws=0&qm=0&st=1&nh=10&lk=1&rf=0&oq=&col=eren&qt=CEEP

For more for your home and elsewhere see homepower magazine

on-line and

http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/solar_passive.html

RENEWABLE RESOURCES TO GET YOU STARTED

Solarhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/solar_photovoltaics.html

http://www.advancedenergyonline.com/http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/

http://www.solaraccess.com/news/story?storyid=5170&siteid=1272http://www.homepower.com/ http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/

http://she-inc.org/frames/links.html

Wind http://rredc.nrel.gov/wind/ http://www.nwseed.org/

Biomass http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bioenergy.htmlhttp://www.nrel.gov/programs/biomass.html

http://www.weea.org/Paper%20Series/BioPrimer.pdf

Fuel cellshttp://crest.org/hydrogen/hydrogen_fuelcell_intro.html

Geothermal http://rredc.nrel.gov/geothermal/

Mapping renewable potential http://www.nrel.gov/gis/http://www.energyatlas.org/default.asp

http://www.greeninfo.org/http://www.nrel.gov/gis/index_of_maps.htmlhttp://www.nrel.gov/gis/transportation.html

http://www.philippinefamily.net/CEEPresearch.html

Political and economic incentiveshttp://www.iisd.ca/linkages/process/trade_invest_in_sd.htm

General Government sites (Publications)http://www.eere.energy.gov/

http://www.energy.gov/engine/content.do?BT_CODE=TS_SUBSECTION2http://www.energy.gov/engine/content.do?BT_CODE=SCIENCE

http://www.eere.energy.gov/askanenergyexpert/http://www.afdc.doe.gov/ http://www.ccities.doe.gov/

http://www.nrel.gov/china/default.htmhttp://www.nrel.gov/analysis/partners.html

http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/factsheet.html

Major NGOshttp://www.pacificislandtravel.com/nature_gallery/energyresources.htm

http://library.thinkquest.org/26026/Science/energy_issues.html?tqskip1=1&tqtime=1003

http://www.illinoisrenew.org/resources/resources.htmlhttp://moreenergy.org/ http://www.udel.edu/ceep/

http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/about/index.htmhttp://www.she-inc.org/ http://www.shellfoundation.org/

Publications for downloadhttp://www.acad.carleton.edu/curricular/GEOL/DaveSTELLA/Carbon/carbon_intro.htm

#intro http://www.nrel.gov/publications/http://www.nrel.gov/china/pdfs/us_china_joint_renewable_energy_projects_in_chin

a.pdf http://www.udel.edu/ceep/reportlist.htm#Off-Gridhttp://www.moreenergy.org/media/56_kbps_modem.htm

http://search.nrel.gov/query.html?qp=site%3Awww.nrel.gov+site%3Awww.sst.nrel.gov+site%3Arredc.nrel.gov+site%3Awww.afdc.doe.gov+site%

3Awww.ctts.nrel.gov&qs=&qc=eren&ws=0&qm=0&st=1&nh=10&lk=1&rf=0&oq=&col=eren&qt=CEEP

Marcos Luna PPT on wind and EJ from AAG

END

Aspect GIS demo with contouring within polygons selected