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Yong Uk Song Yonsei Univerisity Wonju Campus Hangul: Korean Characters

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Why Hangul in Programming Class? Encoding Encoding is mapping a meaning to a series of symbols. E.g. HTML, Program Human language Voice Letter

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How People Learn Languages? Baby Language, and then characters Adult Characters, and then language We are adults! Lets learn Korean characters first.

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Introduction to Languages and Characters

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Languages vs. Characters CountryLanguageCharacter United Kingdom U. S. A. Canada EnglishAlphabet PhilippinesTagalogAlphabet Indonesia Malaysia Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Malaysia Alphabet RussiaRussianCyrillic alphabet ChinaChineseChinese character JapanJapaneseKana KoreaKoreanHangul

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Examples of Characters Cyrillic alphabet Chinese character Kana (Japanese character) mixed with Chinese characters Hangul (Korean character) ( , , , , , , , , , ) , , ( / , ), .

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Categories of Characters CategoriesSub-categoriesExamples Meaning-based (ideogram) -Chinese Character Sound-based (phonetic symbol) Syllable-based Ancient Phoenician Kana (Japanese) Phoneme-based Alphabet Cyrillic alphabet Hangul (Korean)

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Terminology (1) Meaning-based character scheme maps a mean directly into a character. E.g. Water (in meaning) (in Chinese) Sound-based character scheme maps a mean into a sound, and then maps the sound into a series of characters. E.g. Water (in meaning) [w t r] water (in English) E.g. Water (in meaning) [mul] (in Korean) E.g. Water (in meaning) [tu bik] tubig (in Tagalog)

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Terminology (2) Syllable A unit of complete sound A segment of a spoken word consisting of one sound or of two or more sounds said as a single unit of speech Examples of one-syllable words Sing, song, run, go, Examples of two-syllable words Singing, forget, knowledge, Examples of words with three or more syllables Philippines, remember, Phoneme The smallest unit of sound in a language that has significance in distinguishing one word from another A syllable can be divided into several phonemes. Two categories of phonemes Consonants (e.g. B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z (in Alphabet)) Vowels (e.g. A, E, I, O, U (in Alphabet))

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Evolution of Characters Characters have been evolved in the sequence of meaning- based, syllable-based, and finally phoneme-based, even though some languages still use meaning-based (China) or syllable-based (Japan) characters. Why? To reduce the number of symbols (characters) The more there are symbols, the more it is difficult to learn. E.g. Chinese : 30,000 or more symbols Kana : 50 + 1 symbols Alphabet : 26 symbols

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Uniqueness of Hangul

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Unique Feature of Hangul (1) Hangul is phoneme-based, but it can represent syllables, too. Example English For river, we can identify only consonants (r, v, r) and vowels (i, e). There is no specification about syllables. Korean For (Seoul), we can identify two syllables ( , ) firstly, and then, one consonant ( ) and one vowel ( ) from (Seo), and two consonants ( , ) and one vowel ( ) from (ul).

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Coverage by Alphabet and Language In English, If you do not learn a word, you may not read or write the word. E.g. School, Chair In Korean language, Even though you do not learn a word, you can read and write the word. PhonemeSyllableWord EnglishAlphabetEnglish KoreanHangulKorean

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Unique Feature of Hangul (2) Transparency (from Computer Science) The representation is transparent from its meaning in Korean thanks to Hangul. You can learn reading and writing (Hangul) without the knowledge about Korean words (vocabulary), whereas you should learn reading and writing with English words simultaneously. Reading & writing are separated from vocabulary in Korean, but reading & writing are combined with vocabulary in English. So, Hangul is very easy to learn, read and write.

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Unique Feature of Hangul (3) Syllable-based representation scheme of Hangul enforces no exceptions. (There are some exceptions, though) Thanks to Hangul, Korean language has a tendency to adapt itself as a pronunciation for a word is changed. Adaptation example (rent-fee) [sag-wol-se] [sa-gl-se] Korean government changed the standard from to . English allows many exceptions. English do not adapt itself even though a pronunciation for a word is changed. Example School vs. Skul UK or USA governments do not change the word from SCHOOL to SKUL. Writing school but reading skul is still OK for them. The issues is not government officers attitude (diligentness or lazyness), but the tendency by the characters (Hangul and Alphabet). There is no spelling bee competition in Korea. Because every Korean (except babies) is a spelling bee.

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To Learn Hangul Symbols for Phonemes Consonants: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Vowels: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Rule of layout for consonants and vowels to represent syllables ( distinguished from other characters)

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Layout

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Rule of Layout for Syllable Con. : a consonant Vow. : a vowel M : mandatory B : at least one vowel in sections II and III Vowels with a vertical bar ( , , , , , ) locate at section III. Vowels with a horizontal bar ( , , , , , ) locate at section II. O : optional Section I Con. (M) Section II Vow. (B) Section III Vow. (B) Section IV Con. (O) Section V Con. (O)

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Example: Layout for Syllable (1) Con. (M) Vow. (B) Con. (O) [so]

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Example: Layout for Syllable (2) Con. (M) Vow. (B) Con. (O) [sa]

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Example: Layout for Syllable (3) Con. (M) Vow. (B) Con. (O) [song]

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Example: Layout for Syllable (4) Con. (M) Vow. (B) Con. (O) [sang]

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Example: Layout for Syllable What if Con. (M) not exist? Void (empty, zero) consonant ( ) Con. (M) Vow. (B) Con. (O) [o]

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Special Consonant - When is in section I, it means void. [o] When is in section IV, it is a consonant with its own sound, ng. [song] Section I Con. (M) Section II Vow. (B) Section III Vow. (B) Section IV Con. (O) Section V Con. (O)

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Example: Layout for Syllable (5) Con. (M) Vow. (B) Con. (O) [kwang]

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Example: Layout for Syllable (6) Con. (M) Vow. (B) Con. (O) [man + h] * h sound goes to next syllable.

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What is Good Layout? The layout result should be a square if possible. (Bad)(Good) (Bad)

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Symbols

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Consonants (1) Symb ol NameSound Example (in English) ( ) GGet, Gag NName, Moon ( ) DDad LLarge, Little MMoon, Mom BBaby, Bob ( ) SSong, Get

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Consonants (2) Symb ol NameSound Example (in English) (void) Ng Ask Song JJob ChChair C, KCar, Kid TTop PPopular HHave

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Consonants (3) Symb ol NameSound Example (in Taglog) KkCalamansi TtTagalog, Ate PpOpoOpo SsSinigang JjJaz * means two.

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Naming Rule for Consonants If C is a consonant, E.g. ( ), ( ), ( ), Exceptions: ( ), ( ), ( ) C C

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Vowels (1) Symb ol NameSound Example (in English) AAsk (in England) YaYahoo EoSeoul YeoYoung OSong YoYogurt UGlue

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Vowels (2) Symb ol NameSound Example (in English) YuYou EuGroup, Field IItIt AeAtAt Yae EGetGet YeYes

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Vowels (3) Symb ol NameSound Example (in English) WaWhat (German)K nig (German) Were Wage We

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Naming Rule for Vowels As it is, by adding the void consonant, in Section I. E.g.)

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Writing Guideline Left to right, then top to down Maintain SQUARE layout if possible

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Writing Consonants (1) Symb ol NameSequence ( ) ( ) ( )

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Writing Consonants (2) Symb ol NameSequence

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Writing Vowels (1) Symb ol NameSequence

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Writing Vowels (2) Symb ol NameSequence

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Vowels (3) Symb ol NameSequence

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