YMC GC Vol12 08 - Leacsaleacsa.com.mx/pdfs/otros-32.pdfHigh-molecular weight compounds (proteins,...

Sample Pretreatment, Accessories

11　

Sample pretreatment -------------------------- 144

Column protection----------------------- 145~147

Tubing parts ------------------------------ 148~151

Empty columns and other parts ----- 152~155

Pressure resistant empty glass columns -- 156, 157


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Excellent recovery

SampleYMC Dispo

SPECartridge,

Company ACartridge,

Company B

Basic sample (Propranolol hydrochloride) 89(99)% 59(73)% 66(89)%

Acidic sample (Thioctic acid) 91(100)% 92(89)% 87(88)%

*Figures inside parentheses represent recoveries obtained when buffer was used.

YMC Dispo SPE C18

Product No. Specification

XQSPEC18101 C18 100mg/1mL 100-pack



XQSPEC18A06 C18 1000mg/6mL 30-pack

YMC Dispo SPE SIL


XQSPESIL503 SIL 500mg/3mL 50-pack

XQSPESILA06 SIL 1000mg/6mL 30-pack

Material properties of products

Sample pretreatment

Sample pretreatment, Accessories

Stainless (SUS-316)

A general-purpose material for general HPLC products.

Contains Ni, Cr, Mo, etc, as well as Fe, and is highly resistant

to corrosion.

PEEK (polyetheretherketone)

A super engineering plastic developed as an alternative to

metals.

A polymer containing ketones and ether bonds, it is highly

resistant to pressure, chemicals, heat, and fatigue. Used as

an alternative to stainless for a metal-free tubing system.

Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE)

A polymer of tetrafluoroethylene. Highly resistant to

chemicals but not so resistant to pressure as PEEK.

Generally used for low pressure tubing systems.

(Teflon is a trademark of DuPont.)

Polyacetal

An engineering plastic. A polymer in which aldehyde

compounds are polymerized, with excellent chemical

resistance and excellent machinability.

Polypropylene

A polymer of propylene. Excellent chemical and heat

resistance. Often used for containers since processing,

such as injection molding, is easy.

Sample pretreatment cartridge

YMC Dispo SPE

Disposable type cartridge made from polypropylene Utilizes packing material designed for HPLC columns,

manufactured under strict quality controls Excellent cartridge-to-cartridge reproducibility High recovery of samples

ContainerMade from medical-grade polypropylenewith minimal elution of additives.

Upper and lower fritsPore size of 20 µm

Luer tipCan be connected to commerciallyavailable vacuum solid phaseextraction systems.

Solid phaseYMC＊GEL

Vacuum

Syringe

Vacuum method Compression method Centrifugation

YM

C D

ispo SP

E

YM

C D

ispo SP

E

Adapter

YMC Dispo SPE

Vacuum method is suitable for large-scale treatment and compression method is suitable for small-scale treatment

Method of use

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Stainless steel precolumn filter


XRPRCS02 For tubing system with 1/16” outer diameter, 1 filter included

XRPRCS25 5 spare filters 2 μm are included

PEEK precolumn filter


XRPRCP02 For tubing systems with 1/16” outer diameter, 1 filter included

XRPRCP25 5 spare filters 2 μm are included

Column protection

Column : YMC-Pack ODS-A (5 μm, 120 Å) 150 X 4.6 mmI.D.

Eluent : acetonitrile/water (60/40)Flow rate : 1.0 mL/minTemperature : 37°CDetection : UV at 270 nm, 0.32 AUFSSample : 1. Uracil (0.05 mg/mL)

2. Methyl benzoate (0.5 μL/mL) 3. Butyl benzoate (1.5 μL/mL) 4. Butylbenzene (12.0 μL/mL)

Stainless steel precolumn filters are convenient for the case shown below: Problem prevention

One of the causes of a gradual increase of a column pressure after eachsample injection is that fine particles in the sample clog the frit of thecolumn. Replacing the column frit is one solution; however it is moreconvenient to use precolumn filter. Connect a precolumn filter betweenthe injector and the column, check the line pressure occasionally, andreplace the precolumn filter when the line pressure increases.Stainless steel precolumn filters are suitable for stainless steel tubingsystems. Both PEEK and stainless steel precolumn filters are suitable forPEEK tubing systems.

High-molecular weight compounds (proteins, DNA, sugars,etc.) that easily and irreversibly adsorb to the main columnare likely to cause a pressure increase and separationfailure. When these compounds adsorb to the main column,it is difficult to recover column performance by cleaning.A guard column will protect the main column when foulingof the main column is due to contamination from samplematrices.

YMC guard cartridges

YMC-Pack

Precolumn �lter

Stainless steel precolumn filter

Filter construction with minimal dead volume Effective diameter of the filter is extremely small about 1.6 mm.

Sample diffusion that occurs in passage is minimized.

PEEK precolumn filter

Metal free The material of the wetted part of the holder is PEEK and the packing is PCTFE.

The packaging that of the filter is a mixture of PEEK and Teflon. PEEK precolumn

filters are suitable for use in HPLC systems requiring a metal-free environment.

High-pressure resistance PEEK precolumn filters are resistant to ca. 35 MPa.

Retainer

Filter

1 23

4

10 20 min0Theoretical plate number (peak 4) : Pressure (MPa) :

11,200±200 (n=3)5.4±0 (n=3)

12

34

10 20 min0Theoretical plate number (peak 4) : Pressure (MPa) :

11,500±300 (n=3)5.4±0 (n=3)

Main column only

There is no decrease of column efficiency due to connection of a precolumn filter.

After connection of

a precolumn filter

Filter


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YMC guard cartridges

Wide variety of packing materials YMC＊GEL with various functional groups identical to those

available for analytical columns is packed under high pressure.

Disposable The cartridge holder can be used repeatedly. Only the cartridge

column needs replacement when worn out.

Easy cartridge replacement The main body of the YMC guard cartridge is composed of a

cartridge holder and a cartridge column. The cartridge column

is threaded for easy replacement.

cartridge column

column coupler

cartridge holder

Guard cartridge column for semi-preparative

Pressure resistance up to 30 MPa (4350 psi) Ideal for protecting semi-preparative column

cartridge holder

cartridge column

Cartridge Column

Column sizeinner diameter X length (mm)

Product number1/pack 5/pack

1.0 X 10 -0101GC-1 -0101GC2.1 X 10 -01Q1GC-1 -01Q1GC3.0 X 10 -0103GC-1 -0103GC4.0 X 10 -0104GC-1 -0104GC1.0 X 20 -0201GC-1 -0201GC2.1 X 20 -02Q1GC-1 -02Q1GC3.0 X 20 -0203GC-1 -0203GC4.0 X 20 -0204GC-1 -0204GC

A cartridge holder will need to be purchased separately before using this product for the first time.

Cartridge Holder Set

cartridge holder set(10 mm length) XPGCH-Q1

cartridge holder set(20 mm length) XPGCH-Q2

Cartridge holder set includes a cartridge holder (1 set), and a column coupler.

Cartridge Column (2/pack)

Column sizeinner diameter X length (mm)

Product number

10 × 10 -0110CC20 × 20 -0120CC30 × 20 -0130CC

A cartridge holder will need to be purchased separately before using this product for the first time.

Cartridge Holder

cartridge holder (inner diameter : 10 mm) XPCHSPW1cartridge holder (inner diameter : 20 mm) XPCHSPW2cartridge holder (inner diameter : 30 mm) XPCHSPW3

＊ Please refer to the page of each product for product number.Example) Triart C18 (5 μm, 120 Å) = TA12S05

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EXP®Cartridge Column (Max. pressure: 100 MPa, 3/pack)

Particle sizeColumn size

inner diameter X length (mm)

Product number

Triart C18 Triart C8 ExRS Triart C8 Triart Phenyl Triart PFP

1.9 μm2.1 X 5 TA12SP9-E5Q1CC TAR08SP9-E5Q1CC TO12SP9-E5Q1CC TPH12SP9-E5Q1CC TPF12SP9-E5Q1CC

3.0 X 5 TA12SP9-E503CC TAR08SP9-E503CC TO12SP9-E503CC TPH12SP9-E503CC TPF12SP9-E503CC

EXP®Guard Cartridge Holder (Adjustable ferrule, Max. pressure: 137 MPa)

EXP®direct connect holder (for both 2.1 mm and 3.0 mm inner diameter, 2 titanium hybrid ferrule and 1 nut included)

XPCHUHP

Fitting for Connecting System and Main Column/Guard Cartridge (Adjustable ferrule, Max. pressure: 137 MPa)

Hand-tight EXP® fitting (Hand-tight nut and titanium hybrid ferrule included) XRHTF-01

Fitting for connecting system and main column/guard cartridge is also available.

Replacement Ferrule

Titanium hybrid ferrule (5/pack) XRHTF-05

Guard cartridge column for UHPLC

�High Pressure resistance up to 100 MPa (15,000 psi) Low-volume, low-dispersion cartridges minimize the impact on separation �Zero-dead-volume direct connection to column Hand-tight guard replacement (No tools required)

Low-volume, low-dispersion cartridges minimize the impact on separation

EXP®Guard cartridge holder

EXP®cartridge column

Column : YMC-Triart C18 1.9 μm 100 X 2.0 mmI.D.

Eluent : acetonitrile/water (60/40)Flow rate : 0.4 mL/minTemperature : 25°CDetection : UV at 270 nmInjection : 1 μLSample : 1. Uracil

2. Methyl benzoate 3. Naphthalene 4. Butyl benzoate

1

2 3

4

50

100

150

mV

Main column onlyN4 = 19,700

With guard cartridgeN4 = 19,200

0

0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 min

EXP® guard cartridge column with low-volume and low-dispersion column minimize the impact onseparation. EXP® guard cartridge column provides less than 3% decrease in theoretical plate count.

Hand-tight EXP® fitting

*EXP® is a registered trademark of Optimize Technologies, Inc.


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Quick, easy and

secure connection.

No tools required.Fixing screw

Fixing ferrule

Sealing ferrule(replacable)

Adjuster screw

The tube makes tight contactwith the screw hole bytightening a �xing screw.

Tubing parts

Universal connector

Enables perfect column connectivity A movable ferrule and a fixing screw enable secure connection to

the column endfitting. There is no cavity at the top of the ferrule.

Super high-pressure resistance Universal connectors are high performance connectors resistant

to high pressure up to 70 MPa when tightened only by hand.

For connection to a guard column The double type is the most suitable for connecting of a main

column and a guard column.

Double type

Single type

Tightening the fixing screw forces a tube to squeeze into the column as far as it will go, and the tube makes tight contact with the screw hole.

Universal connector (single)


XRSFS520 1/16” outer diameter, 0.005” inner diameter, 20 cm length

XRSFS220 1/16” outer diameter, 0.020” inner diameter, 20 cm length

Universal connector (double)


XRSFD506 1/16” outer diameter, 0.005” inner diameter, 6 cm length





Universal connector (Single flexible)


XRSFS528F 1/32” outer diameter, 0.005” inner diameter, 28 cm length

XRSFS540F 1/32” outer diameter, 0.005” inner diameter, 40 cm length

outer diamater of metted part is 1/16"

Spare ferrule for universal connectors


XRSFV Vespel sealing ferrule, 5-pack

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Handy connector 1

A ferrule integrated into a connector Handy connector 1 resists pressure to ca. 21 MPa. Handy connector 1 is suitable

for tubing systems of relatively low pressure. Connection to a tubing system is

easy because a ferrule is integrated into the connector.

Metal free The whole connector is made from PEEK. Handy connector 1 is suitable for

metal-free tubing systems using PEEK tubes.

Handy connector 1


XRP0203 For tubing systems of 1/16” outer diameter, 10-pack

Handy connector 2

High pressure resistance and made from stainless steel Handy connector 2 resists pressure to ca. 42 MPa. Handy connector 2 is suitable

for connection to the injection side of a column, to which high pressure is applied.

It is also useful for connection of a guard column or a precolumn filter.

Metal free The ferrule at the wetted part of the connector is made from PEEK. Handy

connector 2 is suitable for metal-free tubing systems using PEEK tubes.

Ferrule is replaceable Only the ferrule needs to be replaced when it deteriorates, as opposed to the

entire connector.

Handy connector 2


XRP0204 For tubing system of 1/16” outer diameter, 2-pack

XRP0205 Spare PEEK ferrule, 10-pack

�Be aware that Handy connector 2 cannot be connected to“ Old Shimadzu type”,“ Old JASCO type”, or“ Old Hitachi type” tubes.

PEEK

Stainless steel Ferrule for replacement

(3) Turn the connector while pushing

the tube to connect the tube and

connector.

(4) Be sure that there is no leak from

the screw hole.

(1) Extend the top of PEEK tube

beyond the ferrule.

(2) Force the tube to make tight contact

with the bottom of the screw hole.

Quick, easy and

secure connection.

No tools required.


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Female nut for 1/8” tubing system (cap nut) (stainless steel)

Ferrule for 1/8” tubing system (stainless steel, double ring)

Outer diameter 1/16” Outer diameter 1/8”

Inner diameter0.25 mm 0.5 mm 0.8 mm 2.0 mm

Female nut for 1/8”tubing system

Ferrule for 1/8” tubing system

Male nut for 1/16”tubing system

Ferrule for 1/16” tubing system

W type P type Old Shimadzu type Old Hitachi typeOld JASCO type

PEEK tubing

Easy to use PEEK tubing is made from a material that is flexible and easy to use.

It is easily cut using a commercially available cutting knife. A PEEK

tube with an inner diameter of 0.127 mm is useable at up to 40 MPa.

PEEK tubes are practical general tubing as alternatives to stainless

steel tubing. They are suitable for metal-free tubing systems. A Handy

connector is suitable for connection of PEEK tubing to a column.

Outer diameter 1/16”

Inner diameter0.127 mm 0.25 mm 0.5 mm 0.8 mm

Stainless steel tubing

Stainless steel male nut and ferrule are used for connection

Tube cutter

For cutting 1/16” stainless tubing (simple type)

Male nut for 1/16” tubing system (stainless steel)

Ferrule for 1/16” tubing system (stainless steel)

Union for 1/16” tubing system

Unions for 1/16” tubing system come in two

types, made from either stainless steel or PEEK.

They are convenient to use it with a Handy

connector. Connector type is “W type”.

Stainless steel PEEK

Cross section

Column coupler

Column couplers are used for column-

to-column connections. Various tube

inner diameters and column connection

types are available.

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PEEK tubing


XRPT01 1/16” outer diameter, 0.127 mm inner diameter, 3 m length




Stainless steel tubing


XRST02 1/16” outer diameter, 0.25 mm inner diameter, 2 m length




Tube cutter


XRP1909 For cutting 1/16” stainless tubing

Male nut for 1/16” tubing system (stainless steel)


XRONW 1/16” W type, P type, 5-pack

XRONS 1/16” Old Shimadzu type, 5-pack

XRONJ 1/16” Old JASCO type, 5-pack

XRONH 1/16” Old Hitachi type, 5-pack



XRONFA 1/16” one ring ferrule, 5-pack

Female nut for 1/8” tubing system (cap nut)(stainless steel)


XRON8 1/8” female nut, 5-pack



XRTWFA Front ferrule, back ferrule, 5-pack each

Union for 1/16” tubing system


XRUNW 1/16” tubing system (stainless steel)

XRUN16P 1/16” tubing system (PEEK)

Column coupler


XRCP1602 1/16” outer diameter, 0.25 mm inner diameter



(Stainless tube 50 mm×1, male nut×2, ferrule×2)

Union for 1/16” tu

bing system

Column coupler

(page 146)

YMC-Pack

guard cartridges

Notes for successful tubing

The shapes of separation peaks are affected not only by column performance, but by the tubing system as well.Some effort is needed to minimize the dead volume in a tubing system among the injector column and detector, in order to prevent poor peak shape. Using a tube with a small inner diameter (0.127 mm) is one solution. When a tube is connected to a union or a column, it is important to give due consideration to make the top of the tube contact flush with the bottom of the screw hole and to avoid leakage or creation of a cavity.


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Empty columns and other parts

1. YMC original empty columns 2. Ferrule type empty column 3. Flange type empty column

Analytical column

Semi-preparative column

Inner diameter 2.0~10 mm

Inner diameter 20～30 mm

Inner diameter 50～200 mm

Inner diameter 4.0～6.0 mm

YMC original empty columns (for analysis or semi-preparative isolation)

A stainless steel tube with a screw and an endfitting are directly connected (screw type). Since YMC original empty columns use no ferrule, there is

no danger of endfitting dislocation when the column is packed and used under high pressure.

YMC original empty columns

Product No.Column size

length X inner diameter (mm)

XC0502WT 50

2.0XC1502WT 150

XC2502WT 250

XC0346WT 30

4.6

XC0546WT 50

XC1046WT 100

XC1546WT 150

XC2546WT 250

XC3046WT 300

XC0506WT 50

6.0

XC1006WT 100

XC1506WT 150

XC2506WT 250

XC3006WT 300

XC5006WT 500

XC0308WT 30

8.0XC3008WT 300

XC5008WT 500

XC0310WT 30

10.0

XC1510WT 150

XC2510WT 250

XC3010WT 300

XC5010WT 500



XC0520WT 50

20.0

XC1520WT 150

XC2520WT 250

XC3020WT 300

XC5020WT 500

XCA020WT 1000

XCL530WT 75

30.0

XC2530WT 250

XC3030WT 300

XC5030WT 500

XCA030WT 1000

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YMC original empty column parts


XPEF02 For 2.0 mm inner diameter, Column end assembly, 1-pack




XPEF10 For 10 mm inner diameter, Column end assembly, 1-pack



XPSF02S For 2.0 mm inner diameter, Frit, 5-pack




XPSF10S For 10 mm inner diameter, Frit, 5-pack



XPSS20S For 20 mm inner diameter, Spacer, 1-pack

XPSS30S For 30 mm inner diameter, Spacer, 1-pack

�Frits with 20 mm or more inner diameter include distributors.�Connector type is “W type”.

Main column part names

FritA disk type part used to keep the packing material in a column.

A frit with a pore size of 2 μm is generally used for 5 μm packing

material.

DistributorA part used to uniformly introduce a sample in mobile phase to a

column. Its structure enables uniform diffusion of the sample over

the frit surface.

Column end assembly

Frit

Frit

Spacer

Distributor

Column end assembly

YMC original empty column parts

Inner diameter 2.0 mm, 4.6 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm

Inner diameter 20 mm, 30 mm


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Ferrule type empty column

Ferrule type empty columns are standard-type empty columns. A stainless steel tube and an endfitting are tightly connected using a ferrule.

Ferrule type empty column



XC0104WF 10 4.0

XC0105WF 10 5.0

XC0546WF 50

4.6XC1046WF 100

XC1546WF 150

XC2546WF 250

Flange type empty column ( for preparative isolation )

A stainless steel tube with a flange and a cap are tightly connected using a bolt. The inner diameter is 50 mm or more.

Flange type empty column

50 mm inner diameter


length X inner diameter (mm)Max. pressure

(MPa)

XC0551■R 50

50.0 7

XC1051■R 100

XC2551■R 250

XC3051■R 300

XC5051■R 500

XCA051■R 1000

XC0552■R 50

50.0 14

XC1052■R 100

XC2552■R 250

XC3052■R 300

XC5052■R 500

XCA052■R 1000

� Designate a frit pore size depending on particle size. We recommend 2 μm for particle size below 10 μm,

5 μm for particle size above 15 μm.

※ ■Connection type: Please select your desired connection type.

A : 1/16" male nut D : 1/8" female nut E : 1/4" female nut




(MPa)

XC1071■R 100

70.0 7

XC2571■R 250

XC3071■R 300

XC5071■R 500

XCA071■R 1000

XC1072■R 100

70.0 14

XC2572■R 250

XC3072■R 300

XC5072■R 500

XCA072■R 1000

� Designate a frit pore size depending on particle size. We recommend 2 μm for particle size below 10 μm,

5 μm for particle size above 15 μm.




(MPa)

XC10A1■R 100

100.0 7XC30A1■R 300

XC50A1■R 500

XCA0A1■R 1000

XC10A2■R 100

100.0 14XC30A2■R 300

XC50A2■R 500

XCA0A2■R 1000




(MPa)

XC20B1■R 200

150.0 7XC30B1■R 300

XC50B1■R 500

XCA0B1■R 1000

XC20B2■R 200

150.0 14XC30B2■R 300

XC50B2■R 500

XCA0B2■R 1000




(MPa)

XC20C1■R 200

200.0 7XC50C1■R 500

XCA0C1■R 1000

XC20C2■R 200

200.0 14XC50C2■R 500

XCA0C2■R 1000

Ferrule type empty column parts


XPEF46F For 4.6 mm inner diameter, Column end assembly, 1-pack



XPSF46F For 4.6 mm inner diameter, Frit, 5-pack



Column end assembly

Frit

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Airtight stopper

Airtight stoppers are used to prevent column contents from drying.

Please use a stopper appropriate for each column connection type.

Ferrule type empty column parts

Product No. Product nameMax. pressure

(MPa)

XPCP052 For inner diameter 50 mm, Cap 7

XPCP053 For inner diameter 50 mm, Cap 14

XPSF0522 For inner diameter 50 mm, 2 μm frit (with distributor) 7




XPRI052 For inner diameter 50 mm, Stainless SS ring 7

XPRI053 For inner diameter 50 mm, Stainless SS ring 14

XPBL052 For inner diameter 50 mm, bolt set (8 pairs) 7

XPBL053 For inner diameter 50 mm, bolt set (12 pairs) 14

XPSU162 For inner diameter 50 mm, 1/16” male nut for connection adaptor 7

XPSU163 For inner diameter 50 mm, 1/16” male nut for connection adaptor 14

XPSU82 For inner diameter 50 mm, 1/8” female nut for connection adaptor 7

XPSU83 For inner diameter 50 mm, 1/8” female nut for connection adaptor 14

＊For column parts with an inner diameter of 70 mm or more, please contact us.

Specification of flange type empty column

Connection adaptor

Cap

Frit

Distributor

Stainless SS ring

Bolt set

YMC original type W type 1/8" airtight stopper

1/16" airtight stopper


XPMSY YMC original type (PEEK), 5-pack

XPMSW Waters type (stainless), 5-pack

1/8" airtight stopper


XPMS8 Female nut, 2-pack


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Pressure resistant empty glass columns

Suitable for preparative chromatographyPressure resistant empty glass columns are useful for early

purification of natural products, after-treatment of open column

chromatography and pre-treatment of preparative HPLC.

They are also suitable for removal of impure compounds

produced during organic synthesis.

The most suitable for self-packingLow-cost preparative isolation can be achieved by self-packing.

Pressure resistant empty glass columns are highly flexible tools

for preparative isolation because many types of packing materials

may be packed into the column.

Pressure resistanceYMC empty glass columns, made from Pyrex glass, have

excellent pressure resistance. They are suitable for spherical and

irregular packing materials with a particle size of 50 μm or more.

Applicable to medium-pressure and high-performance liquid chromatography systemsPressure resistant empty glass columns can be connected to

existing chromatographs, making the preparative isolation easy.

Metal free columnNo metal is used for wetted parts. There is no danger of corrosion

caused by acids or of metal contamination in isolation fractions.

Pressure resistant empty glass columns are suitable for a metal-

free HPLC system.

VisibilityIn contrast to stainless steel columns, the separation behavior of

samples analyzed by chromatography can be observed visually.

It is useful for preparative isolation or removal of colored material.

Pressure resistant empty glass columns (glass tube, column endfitting, tubing fitting kit, airtight stopper)

Inner diameter

Product No.

Length

100 mm 300 mm 500 mm

8 mm XC1008FG XC3008FG XC5008FG



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Parts

① Glass tube

Inner diameter

Product No.

Length

100 mm 300 mm 500 mm

8 mm XT1008FG XT3008FG XT5008FG



② Column endfitting (includes frit and packing)


XPEA8 For inner diameter 8 mm, 1-pack



One column requires 2 column endfittings.

③ Glass frit (with packing)


XPFP83 For inner diameter 8 mm, 3 μm pore size



④ Tubing fitting kit (ferrule, o-ring, male nut)


XRFK001 For inner diameter 8, 20, 30 mm (common use)

Fitting kit, a set of 2 kits, IN-side and OUT-side, for 1/16” O.D. Teflon tube or stainless tube.

⑤ Special-purpose Teflon tube


XRTT102 1/16” outer diameter, 0.25 mm inner diameter, 10 m

XRTT105 1/16” outer diameter, 0.5 mm inner diameter, 10 m

For tubing fitting kits

Column connection joint (column union and flat seal (2-pack))

① Glass tube


XRCJ8 For inner diameter 8 mm



Used for connection of columns with same diameter in packing.For large columns not described above, please contact us.

1

3

2

4

5

Preparative Systems

12

Lineup of preparative device ---------- 160, 161

Guide for selection devices and columns -- 162

BioStream----------------------------------------- 163

YMC Pilot columns ----------------------------- 164

ECO PLUS---------------------------------------- 165

LC-Forte/R ---------------------------------- 166, 167

K-Prep LAB--------------------------------------- 168

K-Prep FC ---------------------------------------- 168

K-Prep EX----------------------------------------- 169

K series-------------------------------------------- 169

DAD/DAU series ------------------------- 170~172

SB columns --------------------------------------- 173

Software -------------------------------------------- 174

Preparative Systems

Preparative S

ystems

160

12

Lineup of preparative device

NameBiochromatography Devices

Multiple PreparativeHPLC Device

BioStream LC-Forte/R

Model BSTP-800BSTP-03KBSTS-03K

BSTS-10K BSTS-30K LC-Forte/R

Appearance

Flow rate range (mL/min)

1 - 800 1 - 3000 1 - 10000 1 - 30000 0.1 - 50.0

Device pressure limit (MPa)

0.5 (Max. 0.6) 30

Dimension (W X D X H mm)

800 X 900 X 1360 900 X 1100 X 1800 1200 X 1200 X 1800 2000 X 1500 X 1800 500 X 500 X 400

Control software BioStream SoftwareLC-Forte/R Software

Forte SeparaⅡ (Optional)

GMP/CSV compliance

Yes No

Explosion proof type

No No

FeatureSanitary design

3 wavelengths measurable at a time

Recycle function3 wavelengths

measurable at a time

See page 163 166, 167

NameBiochromatography Columns

Dynamic Axial Compression Columns

YMC Pilot Columns

ModelPI100/500PI100/850

PI140/500PI140/850

PI200/500PI200/850

PI300/500PI300/850

DAD-50-850SDAU-50-700S

DAD-100-850DAU-100-700S

Appearance

Inner diameter (φ , mm)

100 140 200 300 50, 100

Column length (mm)

500, 850 500, 850 850, 700

Pressure limit (MPa)

1.0 0.7 0.5 0.3 10

See page 164, 165 170 - 172

Preparative S

ystems

161

Preparative HPLC Devices Explosion Proof Preparative HPLC Devices HPLC Pumps

K-Prep LAB K-Prep FC K-Prep EX K Series

K-Prep LAB100SK-Prep LAB100G

K-Prep LAB300SK-Prep LAB300G

K-Prep FC750SK-Prep FC750G

K-Prep FC1500SK-Prep FC1500G

K-Prep EX03KSK-Prep EX03KG




K-100 K-300 K-500 K-1000

1 - 100 1 - 300 1 - 750 1 - 1500 30 - 3000 60 - 6000 125 - 12500 250 - 25000 1 - 100 1 - 300 1 - 500 1 - 1000

15 10 10 10 10 15 10 10 10

800 X 600 X 650 700 X 750 X 1250 1100 X 1100 X 1300 Please contact us. 225 X 485 X 205 380 X 550 X 220

K-Prep Software LCD panel, Microcomputer control

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No

No No No Yes Yes No

Equipped with injectorsfor preparative separation

Equipped with HPLC pumpsto load samples

Custom made devices are available upon request. Standalone operation

168 168 169 169


Self-PackedAxially CompressiblePreparative Columns

SB Columns

DAD-150-850DAU-150-700

DAD-200-850DAU-200-700

DAD-300-850DAU-300-700

DAD-450-850DAU-450-700

DAD-600-850DAU-600-700

Please seepage 173.

150 - 600 (800 and 1000 are available upon request.) 50, 70, 100, 150, 200

850, 700 250, 500, 1000

10 7 10 - 2

170 -172 173

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Guide for selection devices and columns

Target component

Low molecular weightorganic compounds

Pharmaceutical products

Agricultural chemicals

Food additives

Natural products

Optical isomers

Biomolecules

Proteins

Peptides

Nucleic acids

Synthetic high-polymer

Macromolecule polymer

Separationmode

Reversed-phase

Normal-phase

Reversed-phase

Normal-phase

Reversed-phase

Normal-phase

Size exclusion

Ion exchange

Size exclusion

Size exclusion

Hydrophobic interaction

Affinity

Recommended columnRecommendedchromatography device

LC-Forte/R YMC-DispoPackAT P.126

YMC-GPC P.124, 125

Recommended column size :φ10 - φ30 mm

P.166,167

P.166,167

P.168

P.168

P.169

P.163

P.168

P.168

P.169

P.166,167

P.166,167

ECO PLUS P.165

YMC-Actus Series P.116~120

Preparative Columns P.121~

Recommended column size :φ10 - φ30 mmECO PLUS P.165



Recommended column size :φ50 - φ150 mmDAD/DAU Series P.170~172


Recommended column size : more thanφ100 mmDAD/DAU Series P.170~172

Recommended column size :φ50 - φ150 mm DAD/DAU Series P.170~172


Recommended column size : more thanφ100 mm DAD/DAU Series P.170~172

YMC Pilot Columns P.164


ECO PLUS P.165




ECO PLUS P.165 YMC-Actus Series P.116~120


LC-Forte/R

K-Prep LAB

K-Prep FC

K-Prep EX

LC-Forte/R

LC-Forte/R

K-Prep LAB

K-Prep FC

K-Prep EX

BioStream

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Specifications

Model BSTP-800 BSTP-03K BSTS-03K BSTS-10K BSTS-30K

Max. flow rate (mL/min) 800 3000 3000 10000 30000

Device pressure limit (MPa) 0.5 (Max. 0.6)

Ambient temperature (°C) 5 - 30

Wetted material PFA, PTFE, Quartz, Glass, EPDM SUS316L, PTFE, Quartz, Glass, EPDM

Sensor pH sensor, Conductivity sensor, Pressure sensor, Flowmeter sensor, UV sensor (3 variable-wavelengths measurable)

Other function Air trap, Air sensor, Column bypass and Column switching

Control software BioStream Software

Dimension (W X D X H mm) 800 X 900 X 1360 900 X 1100 X 1800 900 X 1100 X 1800 1200 X 1200 X 1800 2000 X 1500 X 1800

Weight (kg) 200 250 300 400 600

UtilitySingle –phase 100 V (15 A) Three-phase 200 V (20 A) Three-phase 200 V (30 A) Three-phase 200 V (40 A)

Instrument air, Dry air

BioStream is a biochromatography device and has been developed with YMC’s experience and technology. This system is superior

in operability, performance and quality and it achieves hygiene, speed and high purification which are required by the separation and

purification of biopharmaceuticals.

Biochromatography Devices

BioStream

FeaturesSuitable for downstream processing for biopharmaceutical manufacturing

Compliance with cGMP

Sanitary design superior in cleaning

Excellent operability provided by the largest 21.5-inch touch panel screen in this industry

Low flow pumping provided by the quintuplex diaphragm pump *

Compliance with IQ/OQ validation and CSV

* The pump for BSTP-800 is a triple diaphragm pump.

Advanced flow control

Flow diagram

BioStream is equipped with quintuplex diaphragm pumps and can pump at a low flow rate. The pumps are composed of oil-free materials. It is safe

to use BioStream at production lines. A high-accuracy servo motor and a flowmeter feedback system are combined to achieve extremely high flow-

rate precision.

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YMC Pilot columns are biochromatography columns designed for use in pilot and production scale. All wetted parts are made of

nonmetals. Column design and care in construction avoids causing extra dead volumes and serves to allow the column to be cleaned

easily. YMC Pilot columns are available in AB type, which is suitable for applications with aqueous buffer and in SR type, which are

designed for applications requiring solvent resistant. YMC Pilot columns are widely used from standard normal-phase/reversed-phase

chromatography to use with resins designed for biochromatography.

Biochromatography Columns

YMC Pilot columns

Features�Biocompatible and ideal for use in purification of

biopharmaceuticals such as proteins and peptides, etc.

�Unique frit design enables reduced losses in diffusion and uniform

performance

�Easy scale-up, having the same structure and operability across

different column sizes

Packing bed height easily adjustable by hand wheeled adjusters

Compliance with IQ/OQ validation and FDA regulations

Various options available

Specifications

Model PI100/500 PI100/850 PI140/500 PI140/850 PI200/500 PI200/850

Inner diameter (mm) 100 100 140 140 200 200

Packing bed height (mm) 50 - 430 400 - 780 55 - 420 405 - 770 70 - 435 420 - 785

Volume (L)min 0.39 3.14 0.85 6.23 2.20 13.2

max 3.38 6.13 6.47 11.9 13.7 24.7

Cross-section (cm2) 78.5 78.5 154 154 314 314

Pressure limit (MPa) 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5

Other sizes (more than 300 mmI.D.) are available upon request.

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ECO PLUS glass columns are multi-purpose columns for almost all types of liquid chromatography applications (pressure limit 2.5 to 8.0

MPa). They are available in two forms; AB (Aqueous Buffer) versions for aqueous buffer and cold room applications and SR (Solvent

Resistant) versions for separations involving organic solvents. With a choice of adjustable length plungers at each ends and a totally

inert triple chevron sealing system the SR versions support the complete spectrum of applications from classical normal phase and

reversed phase chromatography through to biochromatography. The “Quick-Lock” connection system makes it possible to open and

seal the column simply and quickly.

Glass Columns

ECO PLUS

Features�Biocompatible

�Universal application

�Solvent resistant version

�Low temperature version available with polyethylene plunger and EPDM sealing ring

�Height adjustable plunger at both ends

�Easy to use

�Compatible with any LC system

Specifications

Model TAC05 TAC10 TAC15 TAC25 TAC35 TAC50

Inner diameter (mm) 5 10 15 25 35 50

Pressure limit (MPa)AB 8.0 8.0 7.0 5.0 4.0 3.0

SR 8.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 2.5

Column length (mm) 125, 250, 500

Usable temperature range(°C)

AB 4 - 40

SR 16 - 40

Connection1/4" - 28G fittings

(1/16" tubing)1/4" - 28G fittings

(1/8" tubing)

OptionalAB type / SR type

short plunger, short/long plunger, long plunger

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LC-Forte/R, a next-generation device, is designed for both high-/low-pressure chromatography. Key features include recycling mode

and automatic programming. LC-Forte/R is equipped with 3-wavelength UV detector, and ideal for purification of chiral compounds,

functional molecules, and natural products.

Multiple Preparative HPLC Device

LC-Forte/R

Features�Preparative device designed for both High-/Low- pressure chromatography

Ideal for purification in the crude stage through to the final stage

�3 variable-wavelengths UV detector available as a standard feature

�User friendly operation provided by touch input on graphic screen

�Compact design but equipped with multiple functions such as recycling

function, automatic programming function, etc.

�Easy maintenance

Specification

Model LC-Forte/R

Flow rate range (mL/min) 0.1 - 50.0

Device pressure limit (MPa) 30

Dimension (W X D X H mm) 500 X 500 X 400

Control software LC-Forte/R Software

Optional

Available detectors (UV+RI, RI, etc.)

Fraction collector

Software for PC

Inside the device Tubing connections

Max. flow rate

50mL/min

Max. flow rate

50mL/min

Devicepressure limit

30MPa


30MPa

3 variable-wavelengths200-400 nm

3 variable-wavelengths200-400 nm

Low-pressuregradient

Low-pressuregradient

RecyclingRecycling

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Application for recycling chromatographic separation

LC-Forte/R is equipped with recycling function. By using recycling chromatography separation method, higher resolution can be achieved on a sample

that is hardly separated, even without changing mobile phase conditions or columns. Furthermore, no solvent is consumed during recycling. It greatly

contributes to reduction of solvent consumption on purification.

0

100

200

300

400

500

mAU

0 20 40 60 min

1st

2nd

3rd4th

5th

G130904B

Column : YMC-GPC T4000 (10 μm, 10 nm) 600 X 20 mmI.D.

Eluent : chloroformFlow rate : 10 mL/minDetection : UV at 254 nmSample : polystyrene oligomers (50 mg/mL)Injection : 1.4 mLSystem : LC-Forte/R

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K-Prep LAB is an easy to use preparative HPLC member of the K-Prep series prep HPLC’s developed to achieve seamless scale-up.

K-Prep LAB is an easy to learn tabletop preparative system designed for usage at laboratory scale.

Preparative HPLC Devices

K-Prep LAB

Features�Automatic preparative purification device usable at laboratory scale provides

strong support for exploratory research.

�All-in-one device equipped with preparative injectors and fraction collectors

�Fully-automatic operation by PC

�Easy maintenance provided by superior internal structure

�Seamless scaling-up to industrial scale

Max. flow rate

100mL/min

Max. flow rate

mL/min100Devicepressure limit

15MPa


15MPa

UV/VIS195-600

nm

UV/VIS195-600

nm

Gradientmodeselectable


K-Prep LAB100

Max. flow rate

300mL/min

Max. flow rate


10MPa


10MPa

UV/VIS195-600

nm

UV/VIS195-600

nm



K-Prep LAB300

Specification

Mode LAB100S LAB100G LAB300S LAB300G

Gradient No Yes No Yes

Flow rate range (mL/min) 1 - 100 1 - 300

Device pressure limit (MPa) 15 10

Fraction collector 20-channel drip method or 5-channel switching valve method

Sample injection Preparative autoinjector

Detector UV/VIS (195 - 600 nm)

Control / Display Notebook computer / Programmable logic controller

Dimension (W X D X H mm) 800 X 600 X 650

Control software K-Prep Software

K-Prep FC is a preparative HPLC device that allows seamless scale-up from small scale production up to industrial scaling-up

processes.

Preparative HPLC Devices

K-Prep FC

Features�Smooth transition from laboratory scale to industrial scale

�Usable for production purpose

�All-in-one device equipped with HPLC pumps to load samples and fraction collectors

�Strong support for preparative purifications provided by fully-automatic operation by PC

�Compliance with IQ/OQ validation and CSV

Max. flow rate

750mL/min

Max. flow rate


10MPa


10MPa

UV/VIS195-600

nm

UV/VIS195-600

nm



CSVcomplianceCSV

compliance

K-Prep FC750

Max. flow rate

1500mL/min

Max. flow rate


10MPa


10MPa

UV/VIS195-600

nm

UV/VIS195-600

nm



CSVcomplianceCSV

compliance

K-Prep FC1500

Specification

Model FC750S FC750G FC1500S FC1500G

Gradient No Yes No Yes

Flow rate range (mL/min) 1 - 750 1 - 1500

Device pressure limit (MPa) 10

Fraction collector 5-channel switching valve method

Sample injection HPLC pump to load samples (1 - 300 mL/min)

Detector UV/VIS (195 - 600 nm)

Control / Display Notebook computer / Programmable logic controller

Control software K-Prep Software

Utility AC100V, 0.5 MPa dry air

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K-Prep EX is an explosion proof HPLC preparative device designed for GMP manufacturing plants.

Explosion Proof Preparative HPLC Devices

K-Prep EX

K series pumps are designed for preparative chromatography employed worldwide for simple and demanding applications. K-Prep

dual reciprocating plungers and the high precision servo motor enable highly-accurate pumping with less pulsation.

HPLC Pumps

K series

Features�A wide range of flow rates and range allow a minimum flow rate 1/1000 of the maximum.

�Usable as a high pressure mixing gradient system by adding on a sub-pump

�Gradient and flow rate programmable provided by microcomputer control

�Max. pressure limit can be set enabling column overpressure protection.

�Plunger wash ports (optional) to prevent salt deposition and premature seal failure

�Explosion proof pumps (optional) available

Features�Explosion proof device

�This explosion proof HPLC unit may be installed in a hazardous area

and controlled from a safe area

�Operable at hazardous area by operation station (optional)

�Custom-made device available upon request

�Compliance with IQ/OQ validation and CSV

�Documentation maintenance feature allows for adjusting recordkeeping

to meet your needs

Explosionproof

Explosionproof

UV/VIS195-600

nm

UV/VIS195-600

nm



CSVcomplianceCSV

compliance

Specification

Model K-100 K-300 K-500 K-1000

Flow rate range (mL/min) 1 - 100 1 - 300 1 - 500 1 - 1000

Device pressure limit (MPa) 15 10 10 5

Pumping mechanism Dual plunger linear cam driven

Pumping method Constant flow

Wetted material SUS316, Zirconia, Reinforced Teflon, PEEK

Dimension (W X D X H mm) 225 X 485 X 205 380 X 550 X 220

Flow diagram

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The DAD series are an automatic self-packing type of dynamic axial compression column that allows for an easy, cost-effective

refill of packing material that results in a column bed yielding superior durability and reproducibility. The DAD series are available in

columns for laboratory, pilot, and industrial scale.


DAD series: Driving direction of cylinder is downward

Features�Suitable for high purification in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals and functional foods

�Cost-effective self-packing dynamic axial compression columns

�Optional slurry container permits automated packing procedures.

�Superior column performance, durability and reproducibility provided by usage at constant pressure

�Easy unpacking operation with downward cylinder driving direction

�No need to prepare lifting equipment after installation

�Compliance with IQ/OQ validation

Specification

Model DAD-50 DAD-100 DAD-150 DAD-200 DAD-300 DAD-450 DAD-600 DAD-800 DAD-1000

Inner diameter (φ, mm) 50 100 150 200 300 450 600 800 1000

Pressure limit (MPa) 10 7

Column length (mm) 850

Column bed length (mm) 100 - 500

Slurry container volume (L)* 2 10 22 30 80 160 300 600 1200

* Slurry containers are optional.

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The DAU series are an automatic self-packing type of dynamic axial compression column that allows for an easy, cost-effective

refill of packing material that results in a column bed yielding superior durability and reproducibility. DAU columns have been selling

more than 10 years and have a good reputation of maintaining stable performance over years after installation. The DAU series are

available in columns for laboratory, pilot, and industrial scale.


DAU series: Driving direction of cylinder is upward

Features�Suitable for high purification in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals and functional foods

�Cost-effective self-packing dynamic axial compression columns

�Optional slurry container permits automated packing procedures

�Superior column performance, durability and reproducibility provided by usage at constant pressure

�Compact and sophisticated design based on our abundant experience

�Compliance with IQ/OQ validation

Specification

Model DAU-50 DAU-100 DAU-150 DAU-200 DAU-300 DAU-450 DAU-600

Inner diameter (φ, mm) 50 100 150 200 300 450 600

Pressure limit (MPa) 10 7

Column length (mm) 700

Column bed length (mm) 100 - 400

Slurry container volume (L)* 2 10 22 30 60 140 250

* Slurry containers are optional.

Slurry container

The slurry container provides excellent

distribution of packing material and allows for a

“homogeneous” slurry that can be automatically

loaded into the DAU/DAD column by simply

switching a valve. Throughout the operation

from slurry preparation to filling slurry, safety and

hygiene can be achieved.

P

Circulation

Column

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12

Packing procedure

Column performance

The data on the right hand side shows repacking data obtained by

using a 50 mmI.D. DAU column(DAU-50). After 7 times repacking,

plates/m and Tf are still as good as the initial state.

plat

es/m

Tf

Change in chromatogram Change in column performance

Seamless scale-up

The chromatograms on the right hand side are a scale-up example

from an analytical 4.6 mmI.D. column to a 50 mmI.D. DAU column.

This indicates that the very similar separation pattern of analytical

scale is also reproducible at the preparative scale.

analytical

Scale up

preparative

Column : YMC*GEL C8 (S-10 μm, 20 nm) 150 X 50 mmI.D.

Eluent : A) water/TFA (100/0.1) B) acetonitrile/TFA (100/0.1) 25-60%B (0-20min)

Flow rate : 100 mL/minTemperature : 37°CDetection : UV at 220 nm

Column : YMC-Pack C8 (S-5 μm, 20 nm) 150 X 4.6 mmI.D.

Flow rate : 0.8 mL/min

1.Cytchrome c MW 124002.Insulin MW 57003.Lysozyme MW 144004.α-Lactalbumin MW 142005.Myoglobin MW 17000


Ease of use and outstanding column performance in a single system

Fill slurrySlurry solventevacuation

Compression Completion of a column

Slurrysupport

Fill packing materialthrough slurry pump.

Perform chromatography.Compress the columnand push out extra slurrysolvent.

Slurry

Support

Packing/compression Operation

DAU Series : Refer to the drawings.

DAD Series : Compressive direction is reversed.

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173

SB products are statically compressed cost effective preparative columns which enable convenient self-packing. Tightening screw

bolts of the upper flange yields a compressed packing bed. Not only dry packing but also wet (slurry) packing is possible by attaching

a column packing extender (optional).

Self-Packed Axially Compressible Preparative Columns

SB columns

Features�Superior column performance and reproducibility provided by high density packing

Maintains great durability utilizing manual pressurization using screw bolts

Eliminate voids (occurred by long-term usage) by re-tightening screw bolts

Cost effective provided by self-repacking

Packing service (optional) available with YMC’s preparative packing materials

Column packing extender (optional) and column stand (optional) available

Specification

Model SB-50 SB-70 SB-100 SB-150 SB-200

Inner diameter (φ, mm) 50 70 100 150 200

Pressure limit (MPa) 10 7 7 5 5

Column length (mm) 250 / 500 / 1000

Column bed length (mm) 200 - 300 / 450 - 550 / 900 - 1100

OptionalColumn packing extender

Column stand

Please contact us for SB Columns with 300 mmI.D. or larger.

Flow Reactor

13

What’s Flow Reactor --------------------------- 176

KeyChem® Series------------------------------- 177

Micro Flow Reactor System ------------------- 177

Hydrogenation Flow Reactor System------- 177

Flow Photoreactor System--------------------- 177

Heterogeneous Flow Reactor System------ 178

Reactor --------------------------------------------- 179

Pump------------------------------------------------ 179

Accessories・Consumable parts ----------- 180

Flow Reactor

Flow

Reactor

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13

In a conventional batch system (flask), synthesizing of a target compound (No.1 above) alone has been extremely difficult when a

product is highly reactive. This is because undesired production of a non-target compound (No. 2 above) due to further reaction of the

product takes place even at low temperature.

In a flow micro reaction system, residence time of a highly reactive compound can be kept short just by adjusting the flow rate, and

a rapid reaction with DMF by micromixing minimizes the undesired production of byproducts. Since there is no need to keep the

temperature low, less energy cost is required.

Reaction example

Exothermic reaction

Using precise temperature control

Reaction including unstable intermediate

Keep residence time short

Using precise temperature control

Consecutive reaction

Keep residence time short

Generated fine particles and emulsions

Precise particle size and size distribution control

Because of generated in the micro space

Reactions depend on surface area

Because of a large surface area , contact efficiency increase

High efficiency reaction using Microreactor

What’s Flow Reactor

Micro-flow reaction (Flow Reactor) is a new solution performing chemical reaction by delivering raw

materials into micro channels. Flow Reactor enables various types of reactions which could not have

been performed in a conventional batch mode (flask, vessel).

What is ‘‘Flow Reactor’’

React of products each other

Improving Selectivity

React with DMF before reacting each other

Flow

Reactor

177

KeyChem® Series

KeyChem® is an abbreviation for keyboard chemistry. “Keyboard chemistry®” has been coined by YMC by combining the words

“Keyboard” (as in computer control) and “Chemistry”, to represent the new concept of a chemical reaction methodology that YMC is

creating. Central to this concept is the microreactor system, which allows computer-controlled flow reaction and enables the setting of

all the conditions of a chemical reaction from start to finish, via the keyboard of a computer.

Reaction type Other

Liquid-Liquid Gas-Liquid Solid-Liquid Gas-Solid Photoreaction PC Control Customization

KeyChem®-Basic Yes No No No No No Yes

KeyChem®-L/LP Yes No No No No Yes Yes

KeyChem®-H No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes

KeyChem®-Lumino No No No No Yes Yes Yes

KeyChem®-Integral Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes

＊The above products can be customized to add reaction type.

Wide variety including Liquid-Liquid reaction system for rapid mixing of reaction liquid, and system specializing in hydrogenation or

photoreaction

Product Comparison Table

What is “KeyChem®”

• Micro-flow starter kit to get started quickly

Type-1 : Simple system

Type-2 : Standard system

Type-3 : Two-stage reaction system

Type-4 : System equipped with thermal control unit

• Other types are available upon request.

• Superior mixing, precise thermal control, continuous-flow reactor

• Set conditions of reaction by numerical entry into PC controlled system

KeyChem®-L : Syringe pump type for stable pumping

KeyChem®-LP : Plunger pump type for continuous pumping

• Optional extra : Fraction collector

Micro Flow Reactor System

KeyChem®-BasicPerform flow reaction easily

KeyChem®-L / KeyChem®-LPFlow reactor system by PC control

• Hydrogen supply type using harmless hydrogen storing alloy

• High level contact of catalyst and raw materials by catalyst

column

• Flow rate and backpressure are controllable.

• Uniform light irradiation to sample, introducing micro channels

• Materials of light source and reactor are selectable.

• Achieve precise photoreaction

Hydrogenation Flow Reactor System Flow Photoreactor System

KeyChem®-HNow available safe and highly-efficient hydrogenation

reactor

KeyChem®-LuminoExpand possibility of photoreaction by superior efficiency

of light irradiation

Flow Reactor

Flow

Reactor

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13

Heterogeneous Flow Reactor System

• Single system plays 4 roles : Reaction of Gas-Liquid,

Liquid-Liquid, Solid-Liquid and Solid-Liquid-Gas

• Porous Teflon® (AF2400) is used for the reactor of Gas-

Liquid reaction

• Flow rate, temperature and pressure are controllable.

• The number of units and combinations are selectable.

• Flow micro mixer for Liquid-Liquid

reaction

• Improvement on reaction yield

with rapid mixing in micro space

feature

KeyChem®-IntegralHeterogenerous Reactions In Single System

Specifications

Mixing Block Unit

• Reactor for Gas-Liquid reaction

made of Teflon® AF2400

• Dispersing gas gradually into

liquid flowing in a SUS tube

through porous of Teflon®

• Mixing gas and reaction liquid

homogeneously

Coil Reactor Unit

• Sending solution by plunger pump

• Highly accurate and stable in flow

rate

• Available in 3 types according to

flow rate range

• Available wetted material : PEEK or

SUS

Pump Unit

• Catalyst column packed with

reaction liquid

• High reaction efficiency with

high level contact of catalyst

and reaction liquid

• No need to remove catalyst

Column Reactor Unit

Pump unit Material SUS resin SUS resin SUS resin

Type Plunger

Range 0.001 to 1.00 mL/min 0.01 to 10.0 mL/min 0.1 to 50.0 mL/min

Pressure resistance 25 MPa 20 MPa 25 MPa 20 MPa 5 MPa 5 MPa

Dimensions (W X D X H) 140 X 186 X 123 mm

Coil Reactor Unit Low Temperature Type High Temperature Type

Method Peltier Heating

Range 5 to 80℃ r.t.+10℃ to 200℃


Mixing Block Unit Low Temperature Type High Temperature Type

Method Peltier Heating

Range 5 to 80℃ r.t.+10℃ to 200℃


Column Reactor Unit

Method Thermal Vibration

Range r.t.+10℃ to 200℃


Flow

Reactor

179

Pump

Reactor (KeyChem® series mixer)

• Deliver constant volumes and microliter volumes

• Change flow rate during operation

• A variety of types available to suit your needs

• Compatible with various syringe sizes and types from

major manufacturers

YSP series Syringe pump

• Mixing on collision in simple

Y-shaped channel

• Ideal for synthesis from drop

Material Model number

SUS316 KC-M-Y-SUS

Glass KC-M-Y-GL

PTFE KC-M-Y-P

Hadar (Y type)

• Powerful agitation, structure suitable

for organic synthesis

• Mixing after 3D motion


SUS316 KC-M-H-SUS

Glass KC-M-H-G

PTFE KC-M-H-P

Deneb (Helix type)

• mixing after repeated bifurcation and

merging


SUS316 KC-M-S-SUS

Glass KC-M-S-G

PTFE KC-M-S-P

Spica (Static type)

High-performance and cost-effective syringe pumps

Usable for micro-flow reaction, dripping reagents, pharmacological experiment, animal testing, etc.

YSP-101 (Standard type)Infuse only and no capability to withdraw

YSP-201(High-performance type)Similar to YSP-101 but with withdrawal

function.

YSP-301(High performance & high pressure type)Includes features of YSP-201 and high

pressure pumping function.

YSP-202(Double syringe type)Similar to YSP-201 but holds 2 syringes.

Model number YSP-101 YSP-201 YSP-301 YSP-202

Syringe type Standard type High-performance type High performance & high pressure type Double syringe type

Infusion Yes Yes Yes Yes

Withdrawal No Yes Yes Yes

Programmable pump No Yes Yes Yes

PC Contorol No Yes Yes Yes

Minimum flow rate＊1 0.012 μL/min 0.023 μL/min

Maximum flow rate＊2 31.5 mL/min 42.57 mL/min 153.3 mL/min 76.32 mL/min＊3

The pumps may not be used at max. or min. flow rate under certain conditions.＊1 Obtained using a 1mL disposable syringe. ＊2 Obtained using a 50mL disposable syringe. ＊3 Obtained using a 25mL gastight syringe.

Three kinds of micro-mixers with different mixing configurations are abiale.

Flow Reactor

Flow

Reactor

180

13

Accessories・Consumable parts

Connector 1/16 in. SUS Connector 1/16 in. PEEK, M6HN Connector 1/8 in. PEEK, M6HN

Model number : YMC-P-0001

Material : SUS316

Quantity : 10

Connecting 1/16 in. ext. diam. tube


Material : PEEK

Quantity : 1

Used in conjunction with ferrule (YMC-P-0012). Connecting mixer housing with 1/16 in. ext. diam. tube


Material : PEEK

Quantity : 1

Used in conjunction with ferrule (YMC-P-0068). Connecting 1/8 in. ext. diam. tube.

Connector for KeyChem®series Connector for KeyChem®series (SUS) Connector 1/16 in. (10 pcs., plastics)


Material : PEEK

Quantity : 1

Connecting thermostat Thermo Stage of KeyChem® series. Used in conjunction with ferrule (YMC-P-0012). Connecting with 1/16 in. ext. diam. tube.

Model number : YMC-P-LU06

Material : SUS304

Quantity : 1

Connecting reactor housing of Lumino.Used in conjunction with ferrule (YMC-P-0012). Connecting with 1/16 in. ext. diam. tube.


Material : ETFE

Quantity : 10

Used in conjunction with ferrule (YMC-P-0012). Connecting 1/16 in. ext. diam. tube to syringe adaptor (female type) (YMC-P-0007), lure adaptor (male type) (YMC-P-0008)

Housing connector (for SUS) Syringe adaptor (female type) Lure adaptor (male type)


Material : SUS

Quantity : 1

Connecting 1/16 in. ext. diam. SUS tube to housing.


Material : ETFE

Quantity : 1

Adaptor connecting syringe (lure lock type) to tube. Used in connection with 1/16 in. plastic connector (YMC-P-0006).


Material : ETFE

Quantity : 1

Adaptor connecting syringe needle. Used in reaction including water-reactive substance and in connection with 1/16 in. plastic connector (YMC-P-0006).

EASYFITT10φ Connector 1/8 in. (ETFE and FSF) Ferrule 1/16 in. (plastic)


Material : PEEK

Quantity : 10

Combined fitting and ferrule connector. Connected by 1/16 in. ext. diam. tube.


Material : ETFE

Quantity : 10

Connecting 1/8 in. tube and plunger pump.


Material : PTFE

Quantity : 10

Used in conjunction with 1/16 in. connector (SUS, YMC-P-0001). Mainly used in PTFE tube.

Ferrule 1/16 in. (SUS) Ferrule 1/16 in. (PTFE and GF) Ferrule 1/8 in. (PTFE and GF)


Material : SUS316

Quantity : 10

Used in conjunction with 1/16 in. connector (SUS, YMC-P-0001). Mainly used in SUS tube.


Material : PTFE, SUS316

Quantity : 10

Ferrule connecting connector 1/16 in. PTFE,M6HN (YMC-P-0002) and 1/16 in. ext. diam. tube.


Material : PTFE, SUS316

Quantity : 10

Ferrule connecting connector 1/8 in. PTFE,M6HN (YMC-P-0067) and 1/8 in. ext. diam. tube.

Ferrule 1/16 in. (SFL) Ferrule 1/8 in. (ETFE and FSF) Mixer housing for KeyChem®


Material : PEEK, SUS316

Quantity : 10

Ferrule connecting connector 1/16 in. and 1/16 in. ext. diam. tube. Applicable to SUS tube as well.


Material : ETFE

Quantity : 10

Used in conjunction with connector 1/8 in. (ETFE and FSF, YMC-P-0070).

YMC highly pressure-resistive syringe Disposable syringe


Material : 25 mL

Quantity : 1

YMC original highly pressure-resistive syringe. Easy to install on MR2 pump.

Capacity 2 mL 5 mL10 mL20 mL30 mL50 mL

Quantity1001001001005030

Model numberYMC-P-1001YMC-P-1002YMC-P-1003YMC-P-1004YMC-P-1021YMC-P-1022

PTFE Tube SUS Tube

In. diam. Model number

Ext. diam. : 1/16 in.Length : 10 m

0.25 mm0.5 mm0.75 mm1.0 mm

YMC-P-0024YMC-P-0025YMC-P-0026YMC-P-0027

Ext. diam. : 1/8 in.Length : 10 m

1.6 mm2.4 mm

YMC-P-0075YMC-P-0076

In. diam. Model numberExt. diam. : 1/16 in.Length : 10 m

0.5 mm1.0 mm

YMC-P-0028YMC-P-0029

Model number :YMC-P-0030-01Material : aluminum

Model number :YMC-P-0030-02Material : aluminum

Model number :YMC-P-0031Material : acrylic resin

Preparative Systems

Preparative S

ystems

174

12

Software allowing seamless scale-up from laboratory scale to process scale

User friendly, flexible and intuitive programming and operation

Compliance with FDA 21 CFR Part 11, cGMP and CSV

Software (for Chromatography Devices)

K-Prep, BioStream

Liquid crystal touch panel allows comfortable visual touch.

Standard features include software for displaying chromatograms on the touchscreen.

Various functions are available such as recycling, sample injection (stacking), and automated cleaning.

�When operated in conjunction with optional external PC control software quantitative (area%) and GPC measurement may be

employed.

Software (for Chromatography Devices)

LC-Forte/R

CSVCSVcGMPcGMPFDA21 CFR Part 11

FDA21 CFR Part 11

Software for K-Prep and BioStream are the

latest chromatography device control software.

The software has been developed to be intuitive

based on the operator’s reaction to visual

operation. The software enables complicated

preparative purifications to be performed easily

and automatically.

The dedicated software for LC-Forte/R has been developed to put the full power of the instrument within your grasp.

Information

16

Column handling-------------------------------- 194

Mobile phases for ODS columns ----------- 195

HPLC column performance ------------------ 196

Inspection reports ------------------------------ 197

Basic data ---------------------------------------- 198

Full listing of all

chemistries and dimensions ----------------- 199

Information

Information

194

16

Column handling1 Introduction 2 Shipping solventYMC CO., LTD. produces HPLC columns under strict quality control and delivers to customers only those products that pass the column tests prior to shipment. In order to ensure peak functionality and long life of the column, please follow these instructions.

The solvent enclosed at shipment is described in the COLUMN INSPECTION REPORT or instruction manual included with each column. Please pay attention to the miscibility of the solvent with the mobile phase used in your analysis. If you intend to store the column for a long time, replace the mobile phase in the column with the shipping solvent or solvent specified in the Column Inspection Report.

3 Mobile phase

4 Mobile phase replacement and column cleaning (general methods)

5 Guard columns

6 Other environments

Use n-hexane, chloroform or other weak solvents and add isopropanol and ethyl acetate or similar as appropriate to speed up elution of high-polarity components.・ Amino columns (PolyamineⅡand NH2) can be used with

both aqueous and non-aqueous solvents. However, repeated alternate use of solvents with extremely different polarity may diminish column performance.・ Solvent should flow in the direction of the arrow as indicated

on the column label.・ The usable pH ranges of columns vary by product. Please

refer to the instruction manual available on our website.

・ Reversed-phase columns can be used with both aqueous and non-aqueous solvents. However, repeated alternate use of solvents with extremely different polarity may diminish column performance. Usable general organic solvents include acetonitrile, methanol and THF.・ CN columns can be used in both normal-phase and reversed-

phase modes. However, a column should be dedicated for each separation mode. When using the column in a normal-phase mode, replace the solvent in the column with 2-propanol. (Be sure to set the flow rate so that the pressure is at 15 MPa or less.)・ SIL columns are usually used with non-aqueous solvents.

the same composition as that of the mobile phase, but with a higher organic solvent concentration is usually used as the cleaning solution, but consideration should be given with respect to the sample characteristics to select a solvent which easily dissolves the sample.・ When macromolecules, including proteins and sugars,

adsorb to the column, it is usually difficult to wash out the macromolecules with organic solvents. When a sample containing macromolecules is analyzed, it is preferable to conduct pretreatment and/or use a guard column.

(B) Normal-phase columns・ Wash the column with a solution having the same solvents

as that of the mobile phase, but with a high polar component concentration that is higher than that of the mobile phase. If polar compounds absorb to the column, flush with isopropanol or similar solvent.・ When a mobile phase containing acid or alkaline is used,

replace it with a non-acid, non-alkaline solvent before storage. (eg., n-hexane/2-propanol/acetic acid (90/10/0.1) → n-hexane/2-propanol (90/10))

(A) Reversed-phase columns・ When a mobile phase containing neither buffer nor salts

is used, wash the column with a solution having the same solvents as that of the mobile phase, but with a higher organic solvent concentration.・ When a mobile phase containing buffer or salts is used,

replace it with a mixture of water and organic solvent (at the same ratio as the mobile phase) containing neither buffer nor salts.

When a mobile phase containing buffer or salts is used at about 50 mM, it can be replaced directly with about 60% acetonitrile aqueous solution.・ After using a column near the usable pH limit, washing the

column with water alone may cause column deterioration. Use the mixture of water and organic solvent described above or about 60% acetonitrile aqueous solution to replace the mobile phase.・ When column pressure increases, flow the solution through

the column in the reverse direction (the opposite direction of the arrow shown on the column label). A solution having

・ For an analytical column for which both a guard cartridge and a packed column-type guard column are available, select the guard cartridge or the packed column-type guard column according to the expected replacement frequency of the guard column. We recommend a guard cartridge if samples containing a lot of impurities require the guard column to be replaced frequently.

・ Use a guard column with the same packing material and the same or smaller inner diameter as that of the main column.・ A YMC guard cartridge is composed of a cartridge holder

and a guard cartridge column. The cartridge holder can be used repeatedly. A guard cartridge with an inner diameter of 4.0 mm can be used with analytical columns with inner diameters of 4.0 to 6.0 mm.

pressure to increase. Filter samples through a YMC Duo- Filter (0.2 μm) before injection. Use a precolumn filter for a sample that may clog the frit of the column.

・ Column pressure limit and temperature range of columns vary by product. Please refer to the instruction manual available on our website. ・ Repeated injection of samples may cause the column

Information

195

The composition of mobile phase greatly affects the separation in HPLC. To optimize a separation, it is necessary to consider the

interaction of the solutes, stationary (or solid) phase, as well as the mobile phase.

For ODS columns, commonly used in HPLC, various mobile phases are available. Attention needs to be paid to many points when

deciding on the mobile phase composition. The variables include the following factors: miscibility of solvents, effects on detection

methods (eg., UV or MS), effects on the column (eg., column deterioration due to pressure or pH), separation reproducibility and

the stability of solutes. Useful solvents for ODS columns and some helpful tips for establishing optimum separation conditions are

described below.

Mobile phases for ODS columns

General solvents

Water, acetonitrile (ACN), methanol (MeOH) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) are important solvents for use with ODS columns.It is important to use high purity water purified by ion-exchange, distillation, reverse osmosis, or the like. The presence of organic substances or ionic impurities may cause problems, including ghost peaks during short wavelength UV detection.ACN is frequently used as an HPLC solvent, due to its low UV absorption and low viscosity. MeOH has a higher viscosity and often shows different separation selectivity from that of ACN. THF is sometimes used to influence selectivity along with ACN and MeOH. The cyclic ether structure of THF may result in different separation characteristics from those of ACN and MeOH. Be aware that THF has significant UV absorption and take notice of its viscosity and peroxides. Usually, THF containing no antioxidants is used for HPLC.Find the appropriate separating conditions by using these three types of organic solvents individually or in combination.

Buffers and reagents

Acetic acid, phosphoric acid and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) are generally used as acidic modifiers.The buffers normally used include phosphate buffer (sodium, potassium, ammonium) and acetate buffer. Monobasic phosphates yield about pH 4.6 and are used as convenient pH adjusters by themselves.In order to separate an ionic compound, such as amine and carboxylic acid, with good repeatability, the pH of mobile phase must be controlled. It is desirable to adjust the pH of the mobile phase so that it is one or more units away from the pKa of the solute. Near the pKa, peak broadening or splitting may be observed.These buffers are usually used at a concentration of about 10 mM. However, depending on dissociation of solutes and interaction with the stationary phase, these buffers may be used at 50 to 100 mM. When acids or alkalines that are likely to deteriorate ODS are used, caution must be taken regarding their concentrations and pH. TFA and phosphoric acid are usually used at concentrations of 0.1% or less.Approximately 60% acetonitrile aqueous solution is a convenient solvent for storage after the use of acids or buffers (salts).Tetrabutylammonium salts and sodium perchloric acid may be used as ion pair reagents for retention of highly polar compounds on ODS or for improvement of separation and peak shape. When these additives are used, it is necessary to use a reagent with the shortest alkyl chains available. If sodium dodecylsulfate, (SDS; which contains long alkylchains) is used, the SDS is likely to be retained on ODS and sometimes cause problems with repeatability.

Others

Ethanol, 2-propanol, ethyl acetate, or chloroform may be added to the mobile phase in order to improve retention or separation of solutes. In some cases, hexane is used as a mobile phase. When a hydrophobic solvent is used as a mobile phase, caution is required regarding the miscibility of the solvent with the mobile phase in the column.

Information

Information

196

16

Important factors used in the evaluation of column performance include column efficiency, capacity, separation characteristics of

solutes, peak shape, and column pressure. Elution curve management in partition chromatography, including ODS, at YMC CO., LTD.

is described below.

Column efficiency, an important characteristic for evaluation of column performance, is generally measured in terms of theoretical

plate number. Usually, the theoretical plate number is calculated using bandwidth at half-height. Narrower peak widths result in higher

theoretical plate numbers. Longer columns and smaller packing material particle size tend to result in higher theoretical plate numbers.

Due to a variety of factors, one column does not always show the same theoretical plate number. This may be caused by differences

between linear velocity and solute diffusion in the column or because of interaction between solutes and the mobile phase or the

stationary phase.

For these and other reasons, column efficiency is solute specific and the measurment of efficiency must be conducted under nearly

identical HPLC conditions for results to be directly comparable.

Retention and separation characteristics for solutes on the column are evaluated by the capacity factor and separation factor values.

These values are indexes of the packing material characteristics and, in contrast to the retention time, do not depend on column inner

diameter and length.

Elution peak shape is also an important factor for evaluation of column performance. The asymmetry factor is a relatively simple

evaluation measure, generally calculated at 10% of peak height.

HPLC column performance

t0

tR1tR2

h

h/2

h/10h/20

W0.5h1 W0.5h2

W0.05h

a b

f

Void volume, Column dead-time

Retention time

Peak height

Bandwidth at half-height

Theoretical plate number N＝5.54×（tR/W0.5h）2

Capacity factor R-tO）/tO

Separation factor 2 1

Resolution Rs＝1.18×（tR2-tR1）/（W0.5h1＋W0.5h2）

Asymmetry factor As＝b/a

Tailing factor Tf＝W0.05h/2f

tO

tR

h

W0.5h

N

α

RS

AS

Tf

Information

197

YMC CO., LTD. conducts quality control of packing materials to ensure lot-to-lot and column-to-column reproducibility. YMC CO., LTD.

tests in principle the performance of all columns and delivers only those products that meet strict specifications.

A test report of the kind that is shipped with each column is shown below.

The analysis conducted at the delivery inspection is not only a method for column performance evaluation but also a useful test

method for determination of column life. YMC CO., LTD. describes all analytical conditions in the test reports of main products,

including sample concentration, for convenience in evaluation of column deterioration by the end user.

Inspection reports

Information

Information

198

16

Unit Conversion

SI Prefixes

Column Area Ratio

Pressure

MPa bar psi kgf/cm2 atm

1 10 145.04 10.20 9.87

0.1 1 14.504 1.020 0.987

6.90 X10-3 0.069 1 0.070 0.068

0.0981 0.981 14.223 1 0.968

0.101 1.013 14.696 1.033 1

da（deca） h（hecto） k（kilo） M（mega） G（giga） T（tera） P（peta） E（exa） Z（zetta） Y（yotta）

101 102 103 106 109 1012 1015 1018 1021 1024

d（deci） c（centi） m（milli） μ（micro） n（nano） p（pico） f（femto） a（atto） z（zepto） y（yocto）

10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18 10-21 10-24

* 1 Å (ångström) = 0.1 nm = 10-10 m

Inner Diameter 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.6 10.0 20.0 30.0 50.0

Ratio 0.0473 0.189 0.425 1 4.73 18.90 42.53 118.15

Weight

kg oz lb

1 35.274 2.204

0.0283 1 0.0625

0.454 16 1

Temperature

K ℉ ℃

0 -459.67 -273.15

255.37 0 -17.8

273.15 32 0

298.15 77 25

310.93 100 37.8

373.15 212 100

formula: ℃= （℉−32） X5/9 ℉=℃ X9/5 ＋32

Length

m in ft yd mile

1 39.37 3.28 1.094 6.21 X10-4

0.025 1 0.083 0.028 0.15 X10-4

0.305 12 1 0.33 1.89 X10-4

0.91 36 3 1 5.68 X10-4

1609.3 63360 5280 1760 1

Volume

L gal (UK) gal (US)

1 0.22 0.26

4.55 1 1.201

3.79 0.83 1

Ratio Scale

ppb ppm %

1 10-3 10-7

103 1 10-4

107 104 1

Basic data

Information

199

Ordering InformationThe previous product listing represents commonly used standard column dimension. In order to identify any specific product version

and order number, please see the example and the table below.

Full listing of all chemistries and dimensions

Gel Code Hardware Code

Chemistry codePore size

(Å)Particle shape

Particle size(μm)

Length(mm)

Inner diameter(mm)

Column Type

Triart C18Triart C18 ExRSMeteoric Core C18Meteoric Core C18 BIOPro C18Hydrosphere C18Pro C18 RSODS-AODS-AMODS-AQODS-ALJ'sphere ODS-H80J'sphere ODS-M80J'sphere ODS-L80PolymerC18Triart C8Triart PhenylTriart PFPMeteoric Core C8Pro C8Pro C4C8

C4

TMSPhCNPROTEIN-RPYMCbasicYMC CarotenoidTriart Diol-HILICSILDiol-NPPolyamine ⅡNH2

PA-GPVA-SilBioPro SmartSep QBioPro SmartSep SBioPro QA-FBioPro SP-FBioPro QABioPro SPDiolCHIRAL ART Amylose-CCHIRAL ART Cellulose-CCHIRAL ART Amylose-SACHIRAL ART Cellulose-SBCHIRAL ART Cellulose-SCCHIRAL NEA (R)CHIRAL NEA (S)CHIRAL PREP CD STCHIRAL PREP CD PMCHIRAL α-CD BRCHIRAL β-CD BRCHIRAL γ-CD BR

TATARCASCAWASHSRSAAAMAQALJHJMJLPCTO

TPHTPFCOSOSBSOCBUTMPHCNPRBACT

TDHSLDNPBNHPGPVQSSSQFSFQAAPDL

KANKCNKSAKSBKSCNRNSSTPMDADBDG

5060801001201602003005001000proprietarynon-porous

050608101216203050A09900

sphericalirregular

SI

1.922.73456101520305075150

P902Q703040506111621305075A5

102030333550751001251502503005001000

010203H3H505L510R515253050A0

1.0 2.0 2.1 3.0 4.0 4.6 6.0 8.0 10 20 30 50 (1000 psi)50 (2000 psi)70 (1000 psi)70 (2000 psi)100(1000 psi)100(2000 psi)150(1000 psi)150(2000 psi)200(1000 psi)200(2000 psi)

0102Q1030446060810203051527172A1A2B1B2C1C2

Parker style (UPLC compatible)

Waters type

Cartridge

PTPTHWTWX

WTGWPGCGC

ExampleChoose your column and fill in the “Gel and Hardware Code” or detailed description

(The part number consists of the “Gel Code” and the “Hardware Code”).

Triart C18 120 Å spherical 1.9 µm 100 mm 2.0 mm Parker style

TA 12 S P9 10 02 PT

Your column part number: TA12SP9-1002PT (Example)

Please note that combinations of features cannot be selected at random, but only from the possible specifications for a chosen stationary phase. These can be determined from the individual product sections in this catalogue or from our homepage http://www.ymc.co.jp/en/

YMC GC Vol12 08 - Leacsaleacsa.com.mx/pdfs/otros-32.pdfHigh-molecular weight compounds (proteins,...

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