Yao jianqing 615245 parta

AIR STUDIO -ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN- 2015 SEMESTER 1 JIANQING (PETER) YAO 615245

Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION ------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4GET CLOSE TO DIGITAL DESIGN ----------------------------------------------------------------- 5PART A CONCEPTUALISATION ----------------------------------------------------------------- 7A.1 DESIGN FUTURING - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------10A.1 DESIGN FUTURING - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------14PART A CONCEPTUALISATION ----------------------------------------------------------------17A.2 DESIGN COMPUTATION ------------------------------------------------------------------------18PART A CONCEPTUALISATION ----------------------------------------------------------------25A.3 Composition/Generation ------------------------------------------------------------------------26A.4 Conclusion ------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------30A.5 Learning Outcomes - ------------------------------------------------------------------------------31A.6 Appendix - Algorithmic Sketches --------------------------------------------------------32Document reference: ----- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------34Image reference: ----------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------35

4 CONCEPTUALISATION

INTRODUCTION

“WHO AM I?

I AM PETER YAO!”

My name is Jianqing (Peter) Yao, and currently enrolled in Bachelor of Environments, majoring in architecture in the University of Melbourne.

As a Chinese citizen, I decide to go abroad to deepen my knowledge and widen insight after finishing my secondary study. When it comes to the tertiary study, I dream to be an architect which is influenced by my father who is fully-experienced in architectural and construction field. Here as a full-time architecture student, I have followed on this track for 3 years from fundamental knowledge of architecture-related terminology to complex parametric architectural design by using computer-aided design software like Rhinoceros 5 with accompany of Grasshopper.

Unlike others who might be professional on using computer programs to produce digital architectural design, I am a beginner on using architectural design software which means all the works I have done before are paper-based and physically sketched rather than digital or parametrical. However, after watching how Rhinoceros and Grasshopper works on digital parametric design, I have grown a great interest in such new field of architectural design, and I am sure that I will certainly enjoy the learning in architectural design studio: Air.

CONCEPTUALISATION 5

FIG.0: ExAmPLE OF ShOwING ThE RhINO & GRASShOPPER ON COmPUTER SCREEN

To my knowledge of digital architecture, computer

programs such as Rhinoceros and Grasshopper are able to build model on a digital screen that can show all the properties of a design such as dimensions, shade areas, materiality and variability of all possible changes on a single design. Unlike traditional architectural design, computer aided design provides changeable possibilities which can vary the design by simply change the

parameter or data into the system, the design will convert into a new form. The Grasshopper here is the plug-in program working with Rhinoceros that Rhinoceros displays the image of the design while Grasshopper changes the parameters of that design.

Digital design is largely involved parametric thinking. As Oxman and Oxman (2014: 3) explain, “parametric design thinking focuses

upon a logic of associative and dependency relationships between objects and their parts-and-whole relationships”, and numerous variations of the design can be generated by changing the input parametric value.

Some of the extraordinary digital architectural design products that I know are Shanghai Tower and Pearl River Tower.

GET CLOSE TO DIGITAL DESIGN

6 CONCEPTUALISATION

PART A CONCEPTUALISATION

A.1 DESIGN FUTURING

• Precedent work: Pearl River Tower• Precedent work: Shanghai Tower

CONCEPTUALISATION 7

FIG.1.1 PEARL RIvER TOwER, GUANGzhOU, GUANGdONG, ChINA, 2013

10 CONCEPTUALISATION

FIG.1.2 PEARL RIvER TOwER, GUANGzhOU, GUANGdONG, ChINA 2013

A.1 DESIGN FUTURING PRECEDENT 1: Pearl River Tower

FIG.1.3 dESIGN OF wINd FLOw ThROUGh ThE dYNAmIC bOdY OF ThE bUILdING, PEARL RIvER TOwER, GUANGzhOU, GUANGdONG, ChINA 2013

Pearl River Tower is located in Guangzhou, Guangdong, in China. This modern architecture that has 71 floors and 309 meters high is well-known worldwide by its original intention of design which is sustainability.

This commercial building is designed to maximize energy

efficiency and also to respond the call of sustainability. As a result, Pearl River Tower is built with wind turbines, solar panel, photovoltaic cells and energy-efficient heating and cooling ceilings which make this skyscraper one of the most environmentally friendly buildings in the world.

In order to achieve the goal of neo-energy concept, architects are trying to use as much renewable energy as possible. The dynamic body of the building with two openings at functioning

CONCEPTUALISATION 11

FIG.1.4 wINd TURbINE GENERATORS ARE PLACEd AT mEChANICAL FLOOR OF ThE bUILdING TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY FOR ThE bUILdING. PEARL RIvER TOwER, GUANGzhOU, GUANGdONG, ChINA 2013

FIG.1.5 ThE CONCEPT OF wINd TURbINE. ThE TwO OPENINGS ON ThE FACAdE OF ThE bUILdING FORm ThE PATTERN OF wINd FLOw TO mAxImIzE ThE POwER OF wINd. PEARL RIvER TOwER, GUANGzhOU, GUANGdONG, ChINA 2013

floors allows wind to go through the building generating electricity. The whole façade of the building contains solar panel which uses solar energy as the provider of AC.

As one of the most energy saving commercial building, it is undeniable that Pearl River Tower is a revolutionary figure in architectural field by largely using renewable energy comparing with traditional architecture which

requires artificial energy supply.

Due to the growing concern of climate change, the concept of sustainability has been strongly emphasized. According to Dunne and Raby (2013: 2), “[f]aced with huge challenges such as overpopulation, water shortages and climate change, designers feel an overpowering urge to work together to fix them…”. Clearly, the theory of climate change is embedded in this project and this project is one of the human

actions against challenges in current world.

This architecture design provides a great idea about how renewable energy can be used through the mechanical function of a building. Pearl River Tower reveals the future possibilities on green energy use not only for the on-going energy consumption but also the building materials.


FIG.1.6: ShANGhAI TOwER, ShANGhAI, ChINA, 2008-PRESENT


FIG.1.7 PERSPECTIvE EFFECT PICTURE OF ShANGhAI TOwER, ShANGhAI, ChINA

A.1 DESIGN FUTURING PRECEDENT 2: Shanghai Tower

One of the most extraordinary on-going high-rise projects,

Shanghai Tower, is going to be the second tallest skyscraper in the world after the Burj Khalifa in Dubai. The Shanghai Tower is a 124-floor and as tall as 632 meters skyscraper. According to Zeljic, AIA and Leed AP (2010: 1), the tower is designed based on triangle base and extruded from that base to form an organic curved surface. The tower is vertically rotated about “120 degrees and scaling at 55%

rate exponentially”. As a multi-functioning commercial building, Shanghai Tower portrays the same concept as Pearl River Tower which is Shanghai Tower’s “self-sustaining” (Zeljic, AIA and Leed AP 2010: 1) and Pearl River Tower’s “zero-energy” (SOM 2014: 36).

Being sustainable and environmentally friendly has become the current main gist for the civil development. Shanghai Tower gathers all different types

of users/people into a vertical city as it includes “office, boutique office, luxury boutique hotel, themed retail, entertainment and cultural venues at the podium, and the observation experience at the tower’s pinnacle” (Zeljic, AIA and Leed AP 2010: 2).

In designing this tower, the irregular shape of the body is a revolutionary challenge for the group as they have to calculate the exact value for the stability. To figure out the value, they did numerous investigations on the building structure. The figures on the next page show a brief presentation about loadbearing structure by using Rhinoceros and Grasshopper. Shanghai Tower shows its importance not only by holding the world’s second tallest high-rise laurel but also the new technology of double glazing curtain wall of the building façade which results in high energy efficiency through the whole building (Zeljic, AIA and Leed AP 2010: 10). Due to the challenges of climate change, the amount of natural resources is declining at an increasing rate. Energy conservation has to take into account because the building is preferable only when it saves natural environment.

The investigation the architects did is a great case for the future high-rises if they need to find out how to stabilize a more than 600-meter high tower. Indeed, the Shanghai Tower is a great design as it not only pleases our eyes but also innovates new design technologies for others to use for reference.


FIG.1.8 wINd TUNNEL STUdY ROTATION mOdELS OF ShANGhAI TOwER, ShANGhAI, ChINA

FIG.1.9 wINd TUNNEL STUdY SCALING mOdEL OF ShANGhAI TOwER, ShANGhAI, ChINA

FIG.1.10 GRASShOPPER mOdEL OF ThE CwSS OF ThE CROwN OF ShANGhAI TOwER, ShANGhAI, ChINA

FIG.1.11 PARAmETRIC STUdIES OF ThE SCALING OF ShANGhAI TOwER, ShANGhAI, ChINA

FIG.1.13 mAIN STRUCTURE ANd bUILdING SYSTEmS dIAGRAm OF ShANGhAI TOwER, ShANGhAI, ChINA

FIG.1.12 PART OF ThE FULL CwSS mOdEL OF ShANGhAI TOwER, ShANGhAI, ChINA


A.2 DESIGN COMPUTATION

• Precedent work: Shanghai Tower• Precedent work: Riyadh 5 Star Hotel


A.2 DESIGN COMPUTATION

FIG 2.1 S. Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Francesco Borromini.

FIG 2.2 San Lorenzo, Guarino Guarini.

Computational design has become an essential assistant

to design process in architectural field after computer was introduced and used in industries. According to Oxman and Oxman (2014: 2), with the help of computing technologies, “the expanding relationship between the computer and architecture … defines a digital continuum form design to production, from form generation to fabrication design”. This suggests that any types of design process can be transformed from a paper-based process to a more virtualized platform such as computer file. This transformation not only reduces the workload of design process but also the flexibility of that process. Unlike the traditional design which requires a huge amount of handwork and labor because one single mistake may result in redoing the whole process, computation design allows designers to make any kind of changes by only changing the parameter of that certain program in this process.

Additionally, computing further enhances the quality of representation of the designing process. In prehistory of Italy, the theory of algorithmic procedure was used by some great architects in their works, such as Francesco Borromini’s S. Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (FIG 2.1) and Guarino Guarini’s San Lorenzo in Turin (FIG 2.2), with extremely complicated geometry and trigonometric functions. However, in the present, accompanying with computer-aid design programs, designing elements such as

curves or any kind of abstract shapes can be constructed easily and progressively showing the change of patterns and all the possibilities of a single design. Clearly, computing booms the creativity of designing process (FIG 2.3).

Since today’s designs tend to be more conceptualized rather than practical if we only focus on the idea of design, computing,

“Relation between creation and destruction is not a problem when a resource is renewable, but it’s a disaster when it is not.”------Fry, Tony (2008). Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg), pp. 4


FIG 2.3 Possibilities that computing generates for a single project of design. Source: OBJECT-E.NET

actually, does re-define our designing practice. As Oxman and Oxman (2014: 4) state, “[i]t is the period during which many of the leading architectural and structural engineering practices … began to form their own internal multidisciplinary research units that developed expertise in exploiting computational geometry in the mediated generation and analysis of digital designs.” It is true that computing has the ability to model designer’s idea and make it in a three-dimensional shape which facilitates both the designer and the audience to observe the idea at 360 degrees instead of reading black-white papers.

Besides that, computing, nowadays, is also used on testing the design whether it is practical,

constructible and rational or not. The majority of the current architectural design projects have mountains of research works as the foundation of the design such as Burj Khalifa in Dubai and 2 precedent I mentioned earlier the Pearl River Tower and Shanghai Tower. All of the design processes of these giant

“For the first time perhaps, architectural design might be aligned with neither formalism nor rationalism but with intelligent form and traceable creativity.”----Terzidis, Kostas (2006). Algorithmic Architecture (Boston, MA: Elsevier), p. xi

projects are computerized and calculated though elaborate plan on computers. Certainly, for modern architecture, computing re-defines our practice on the one hand and create potentials of designer’s theoretical ideas on the other hand.


“Computational thinking is the thought processes involved in formulating problems and their solutions so that the solutions are represented in a form that can be effectively carried out by an information-processing agent.”----Jan Cuny, Larry Snyder, and Jeannette M. Wing, “Demystifying Computational Thinking for Non Computer Scientists,” work in progress, 2010

In such a digital-centric era, computing and the theoretical ideas of human act in synergy to combat the threat of climate change while sustainability is the solution for this issue. It has been argued by Terzidis (2009: 20) saying that “it is possible to claim that a designer’s creativity is limited by very programs that are supposed to free their imagination”. This suggests that computing is not able to create new idea or solution because computer programs are set by program-writers based on human intelligence. As sustainability is an abstract concept, it requires the scientific help which works better by computing because designers need to find the critical point or threshold from a series of possibilities. Kalay (2004: 3) argues that:

“If we could find a way to take advantage of the

abilities of computers where ours fall short, and use our own abilities where computers’ fall short, we would create a very powerful symbiotic design system: computers will contribute their superb rational and search abilities, and we humans will contribute all the creativity and intuition needed to solve design problems.”

Computational technology allows designers to model and test their design on computer before trying to make the physical model or even start the construction mission which not only saves material but also the most importantly, time. The Shanghai Tower (FIG 2.4)as mentioned in Part A is the practice of this advantage. Computing allows the architect group of Shanghai Tower

FIG 2.4 Selection of possible and critical values from a group of potentials for Shanghai Tower, Source: Gensler.


“Algorithmic thinking is the ability to understand, execute, evaluate, and create algorithms.” ----Wayne Brown, Introduction to Algorithmic Thinking

to model the building structure through BIM (Building Information Modelling) which efficiently prevents the structure collisions (FIG 2.5). Building Information Modelling is computer-based technique helping designers to investigate and test the load, structure, critical threshold of the product by physically and virtually modelling the design. While designing the Shanghai Tower, Xia and Peng (2014: 20) claim that BIM modelling as a team member provides a great help to their design team in construction process because it is BIM which resolve the problem of structural collisions. Clearly, computation provides possibility on the range of conceivable and achievable geometrics.

In addition to the benefits of computing design of body

FIG 2.5 BIM Modelling of Shanghai Tower. Source: Gensler.

structure, computation also plays an essential role in design the performance of buildings. Taking Riyadh 5 Star Hotel project in Saudi Arabia (SOM 2014: 30-31) as an example, which is designed to be a highly advanced high-rise reducing a great amount of water and energy use while maintaining

its performance. According to SOM (2014: 30), the design of the Riyadh 5 Star Hotel emphasizes the sustainable use of water and energy. As a consequence, “waste treatment system” is planned in this project so that waste and gray water can be reused for flushing etc. Meanwhile, the idea


of this sustainable engineering is modelled in computer showing the performance of this building (FIG 2.7, 2.8, and 2.9). Indeed, with the assist of computing, these invisible factors such as energy and water use, anti-seismic degree that can be formulized and tested.

Apart from the contribution of computation to design process, one of the outstanding benefits of computation is to “extend [designer]’s abilities to deal with highly complex situations” (Peters 2013: 10). Furthermore, Sean Ahlquist and Achim Menges (2011, cited in Peters 2013: 10) emphasize that computation allows groups of data to negotiate and interact in order to produce several new complex form and structure. Such innovation by computing offers designers a great number of choices to a single project which further improves the quality of architectural theory.

FIG 2.6 The Riyadh 5 Star Hotel, Riyadh, Source: SOM


FIG 2.7 Light study of Riyadh 5 Star Hotel Project. Source: SOM

FIG 2.8 Light study of Riyadh 5 Star Hotel Project. Source: SOM

FIG 2.9 Illuminance Study of Riyadh 5 Star Hotel Project. Source: SOM



A.3 Composition/Generation

• Precedent work: Galaxy SOHO, Beijing, China.• Precedent work: Metropol Parasol, Spain.


A.3 Composition/Generation

Although it has been said by Frazer (2006: 208-212)

that “design computation is still only seen by many as ‘just a tool’ and remote from the real business of creative design…”, the contemporary projects show that designers in architectural field are not limited in creativity but a new move towards the symbiotic relationship between human power and computer program. As an increasing number of big projects design by using computation procedure, algorithmic thinking are emphasized as the predominant knowledge base for new understanding of design. As Peters (2013: 10) defines that algorithmic thinking is to think forwardly to generate a new order and option of a program based on knowing and understanding the

existing algorithmic instructions.

Galaxy SOHO in Beijing designed by Zaha Hadid has become an outstanding landmark in Beijing’s CBD. Zaha Hadid discards all the traditional rules of Chinese architecture but have a strong interpretation of nature and reflection of Chinese culture. Galaxy SOHO revels a fluid and soft movement connecting each part of the building by stretched bridges. The building is inspired by the ancient Chinese terraced rice field forming multiple layers (Galaxy SOHO official website). Such a way of design is to script the Chinese culture into an architectural way of representation.

“When architects have a sufficient understanding of algorithmic concepts, when we no longer need to discuss the digital as something different, then computation can become a true method of design for architecture.“----Peters, Brady. (2013) ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, 2, pp. 12

FIG 3.1 Galaxy SOHO, Beijing, China. Source: Zaha Hadid Architects.

FIG 3.2 Shy view of Galaxy SOHO, Beijing, China. Source: Zaha Hadid Architects.


FIG 3.3 Courtyard view of Galaxy SOHO, Beijing, China. Source: Zaha Hadid Architects.

FIG 3.4 Interior view of Galaxy SOHO, Beijing, China. Source: Zaha Hadid Architects.

FIG 3.5 Site plan of Galaxy SOHO, Beijing, China. Source: Zaha Hadid Architects.

FIG 3.6 parametric design of Galaxy SOHO, Beijing, China. Source: Zaha Hadid Architects.


FIG 3.7 Metropol Parasol, Seville, Spain. Source: Wikipedia.

FIG 3.8 Night view of Metropol Parasol, Seville, Spain. Source: Wikipedia.


Another precedent project is the Metropol Parasol designed

by J. Mayer H. Architects in Spain 2011. As the largest wood structure in the world consisting 6 giant timber parasols spanning at a great distance, Metropol Parasol is a stunning case illustrating how parametric design works

and how fantastic the outcome it can be. The algorithmic thinking and parametric design of this project produce a great fluid transition from roots to the edge. Everything in this design is in their full function (tension and compression) which results in an stable position. Moreover, such

parametric design allows the facilitation of construction and deconstruction.


A.4 Conclusion

Based on the research of several precedent

projects, architecture is clearly becoming the product of computing program. With the booming development of technologies, computer-aided design contributes a great potential to

the contemporary architectural design. Algorithmic thinking and parametric design emphasize the pattern of design which allows it to change the shape at a certain rate by inputting different parametric values. Due to such

convenient method, an increasing number of architects begin to adopt computing design. And the outcome of such way of design will results in a same look which is “organic”. So many projects which use parametric design come


A.5 Learning Outcomes

with a curvilinear surface or fluid movement. It seems like having an organic surface or shape has become the main rule of parametric design which it is a must to my future design because such shape has the interpretation to

natural pattern that can be recognized as the pleasure of eyes.

Through parametric design, every single element work cooperatively performing its full function. Hence, to my personal point

of view, parametric design requires exact accuracy and high level of efficiency regarding to various circumstances so that the design could have its maximum performance to interact with surrounding environment.


A.6 Appendix - Algorithmic Sketches

The research especially the Shanghai Tower inspires me that algorithmic thinking and parametric design allows every element in the design to perform with their best capacity. To achieve such situation, the input of parametric value has to be accurate so that the shape could be able to reach its critical point.

The sketch I represented here is in its simplest form: a cylindroid shape generated by two circles with a loft surface. And then I rotate the upper circle at a certain degree to form a twisted form. Although this is a simple sketch, it reveals relatively the same ideology of Shanghai Tower. I adjust the parametric value of twist action to see when this cylindroid loft surface could reach its threshold. Then I found that when the loft surface has been twisted at its maximum value, there is hole leave in the middle which looks like a wormhole. This sketch can demonstrate a basic idea of the future design as it portrays the theory of tensional pressure which is essential for a web structure.

Algorithmic Sketch of basic shape, a cylindroid shape formed by 2 circle and a loft surface, Peter YAO 2015.


Front View of the Algorithmic Sketch of basic shape, a cylindroid shape formed by 2 circle and a loft surface, Peter YAO 2015.

Top View of the Algorithmic Sketch of basic shape, a cylindroid shape formed by 2 circle and a loft surface, Peter YAO 2015.


Document reference:Anthony Blunt, (1979) Borromini (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press), 13.

ARUP, (2014), Metropol Parasol, http://www.arup.com/Projects/Metropol_Parasol.aspx

Dunne, Anthony & Raby, Fiona (2013) Speculative Everything: Design Fiction, and Social Dreaming (MIT Press) pp. 1-9, 33-45

Frazer, John H. (2006). ‘The Generation of Virtual Prototypes for Performance Optimization’, in GameSetAndMatch II: The Architecture Co-Laboratory on Computer Games, Advanced Geometries and Digital Technologies, ed. by Kas Oosterhuis and Lukas Feireiss (Rotterdam: Episode Publishers), pp. 208-212

Galaxy Soho Official Website, (2014), Design & Architecture of Galaxy Soho, http://galaxysoho.sohochina.com/en/design

Kalay, Yehuda E. (2004). Architecture’s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 5-25

Ntovros Vasileios, (2009) “Unfolding San Lorenzo,” Nexus Network Journal 11: 482.

Oxman, Rivka and Robert Oxman, eds (2014). Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Routledge), pp. 1–10

Peters, Brady. (2013) ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, 2, pp. 08-15

SOM (2014). Sustainable Engineering + Design: Helping To Shape SOM’s Projects (Chicago: SOM), pp. 1-80

<http://www.google.com.au/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CB0QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.som.com%2FFILE%2F19252%2Fsom_sesbrochure_web.pdf&ei=F2MAVdbCE9Tj8AWcnIDICw&usg=AFQjCNHpQyfC2fM8M03YgDzZFqasXCUYDQ&bvm=bv.87611401,d.dGY >

Terzidis, Kostas (2009). Algorithms for Visual Design Using the Processing Language (Indianapolis, IN: Wiley), p. xx

Xia, Jun and Peng, Michael (2014). The Parametric Design of Shanghai Tower’s Form and Façade (Chicago: Shanghai Tower: In Detail), pp. 12-21 <http://ctbuh.org/Portals/0/Repository/Xia_2012_ParametricDesignShanghaiTower.65f34951-8ead-45fe-bc09-1cc349349e3d.pdf >

Zaha Hadid Architects Official Website, (2015), Galaxy Soho, http://www.zaha-hadid.com/architecture/galaxy-soho/

Zeljic, Sasha Aleksandar, AIA and Leed AP (2010). Shanghai Tower Façade Design Process (San Francisco: Gensler), pp. 1-18 http://www.gensler.com/uploads/document/242/file/Shanghai_Tower_Facade_Design_Process_11_10_2011.pdf


Image reference:Cover Image: http://parapatricists.blogspot.com.au/2009_06_01_archive.html

Figure 0:http://blog.alexwebb.com/?p=1161

Figure 1.1:http://www.som.com/projects/pearl_river_tower

Figure 1.2:http://www.som.com/projects/pearl_river_tower

Figure 1.3: https://englishclas.wordpress.com/2012/10/23/pearl-river-tower/

Figure 1.4:http://www.gizmag.com/pearl-river-tower/14696/

Figure 1.5:http://blogdopetcivil.com/2014/04/04/pearl-river-tower-voce-ja-viu-algo-assim/

Figure 1.6:http://galleryhip.com/shanghai-tower-inside.html

Figure 1.7:http://www.ideasgn.com/architecture/shanghai-tower-gensler/

Figure 1.8:Zeljic, Sasha Aleksandar, AIA and Leed AP (2010). Shanghai Tower Façade Design Process (San Francisco: Gensler), pp. 1-18 http://www.gensler.com/uploads/document/242/file/Shanghai_Tower_Facade_Design_Process_11_10_2011.pdf


Figure 1.10:Xia, Jun and Peng, Michael (2014). The Parametric Design of Shanghai Tower’s Form and Façade (Chicago: Shanghai Tower: In Detail), pp. 12-21 <http://ctbuh.org/Portals/0/Repository/Xia_2012_ParametricDesignShanghaiTower.65f34951-8ead-45fe-bc09-1cc349349e3d.pdf >




Figure 2.1:Anthony Blunt, (1979) Borromini (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press), 13.

Figure 2.2:Ntovros Vasileios, (2009) “Unfolding San Lorenzo,” Nexus Network Journal 11: 482.

Figure 2.3:http://object-e.net/projects/glowingcloud




Figure 2.6:SOM (2014). Sustainable Engineering + Design: Helping To Shape SOM’s Projects (Chicago: SOM), pp. 1-80 <http://www.google.com.au/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CB0QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.som.com%2FFILE%2F19252%2Fsom_sesbrochure_web.pdf&ei=F2MAVdbCE9Tj8AWcnIDICw&usg=AFQjCNHpQyfC2fM8M03YgDzZFqasXCUYDQ&bvm=bv.87611401,d.dGY >




Figure 3.1:Zaha Hadid Architects Official Website, (2015), Galaxy Soho, http://www.zaha-hadid.com/architecture/galaxy-soho/






Figure 3.7:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropol_Parasol

Figure 3.8:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropol_Parasol


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