Yakobson SIIS

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lxd Ykb

Jwh plhd d thJwh tt, w U? mptv v

ABSRAC

Te Jewish-Israeli casethat o the Jewish people, the Jewish nationalmovementZionismand the Jewish nation-stateIsraelis otend t b . t t d t b th xt-ttlht th Jwh ppl d l t wth th Jwh Dp(expressed, most controversially, in the Law o Return) and the strongt btw th Jwh lg d th pvlt t Jwhpplhd. m g tht th t th Jwh-l tl

identity are inconsistent with modern civic democracy; many others deend v lbt thm, ptg t th Jwh ht dlt. T dlg pm tl l td. t, hwv, t pp tht th l th mddmt wld th wdl md. T m th wh tl dtt d lg ll td m w,d wh th l bd btw t-tt d th-ltl Dp.

O course you are unique, bt t bgh w, w g, th w w gv t pbllt Jlm b vtg g (wh m hvttl gtt) t th t: D thk tht th Jwhppl ?

T Jwh-l tht th Jwh ppl, th Jwh tlmovementZionismand the Jewish nation-stateIsraelis indeedt d t b . T tw m gd th. Ft, th


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tg t btw th Jwh lg d th pvlt t th Jw pplwhh mpl tht Jwh tt t, b d-

t, b lgl tl, d tht tl mm d g bk ( ppt t g bk) t bll tm. T d thtg t btw th tt l d th Jwh Dp,td mg th thg th w t. T t ltm d t t pplhd tl dtt t dto a given territory and not congruous with citizenship (and thus, inevitably,th th-ltl th th v).

M ppl d ll th d t w tk th dm vw

o this uniquenesssome to the extent o denying that a normal moderntl dtt ml md lbl dm xt hdt. Oth vw th Jwh mpthtll t lttll, htl d ltl t l; t tl dddand sometimes positively celebrated. Te assumption o uniqueness itsel isl td. t t th g wth whh w ttd, the Jewish case is unique. Yet, is it as exceptionally and uniquely unique as ist lmd? l xmt th v tl plt th ld m ld t th l tht th m hv d th th dmt m ppl phlph.

W tt wth m tmp tttl txt dlg wthlg d tt. ttt t th whl pt, bt th mptt pt t. lt mght b m tl th th -tttl txt mplpll wh th txt tl t mh mth l th pt whh lg t th t tt f.T tblhmt th hh gld php td b vwdlgl th lght. O th th hd, t m xptl th

ttt dm t b th m tl th th pltl,l, d ltl lt tll pvlg gv t.

HE PREVAILI RELII I REECE

T t xmpl G (th ll pbl). t t tt-t w dptd 197, wh dm w -tblhd t th ll

th blk ll. t t dlbtl hpd b tht m dmt , th vtv (Nw Dm)d th lt (th -ll lt t). t dpt th b mdd vl tm, wtht ftg th l tt thOthdx hh (lthgh th m l lt gvmt hv


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Jewish Peoplehood and the Jewish State, How Unique? 3

d t mb m, ldg , th 199, tht dthe rubric religion rom the Greek citizens identity cards). As in all demo-

t ttt, th Gk gt l ght d dm t ll tz. t , hwv, thg bt tl. T w t vd (l) lgth vbtm tt wh tgt th v th dmt.

[Q-mbl] th m th l d bttl d dvbl t, th Fthtttl mbl G vt:

Article 3 [Relations of Church and State](1) T pvlg lg G tht th t Othdx hh ht. T Othdx hh G kwldgg t hd Od J ht dlbl td dt wth th Gt hh ttpl d v th hh ht th m dt.t bv tdtl, th d, th hl ptl d dl d th hl tdt. t tphl, xg t vg ghtdpdtl th hh, d dmtd b th l d hp . . .(3) Te text of the Holy Scriptures shall be maintained unaltered. Te ocial

tlt th t th lgt m, wtht th t th tphl hh G d th Gt hh ht ttpl, phbtd.Article 13 [Religion]

(1) T dm lg vlbl. T jmt vld dvdl ght d t dpd th lg vt hdvdl.

(2) v kw lg d th m whp th hll bpracticed without any hindrance by the State and under protection o the law.

T x whp hll t tv pbl d fd ml.ltzg phbtd.

tl 1 [dt](2) Education constitutes a undamental state objective and aims at the moral,

intellectual, proessional, and physical instruction o the Greeks, the develop-

mt tl d lg , d th mt d

pbl tz.t . T dt th pblArticle 33 [Installation]

(2) T dt th pbl hll tk th llwg th b -lmt, d p t h tkg : w th m th l,


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bttl, d dvbl t t bv th ttt d thlw, t pvd th thl bv th, t dd th tl

dpd d ttl tgt th t. . . .hpt gm Mt th

tl 1 [dtl l-Gvmt](1) T th l xtdg bd Mgl gl d tttg thdistrict o Mount Athos shall, in accordance with its ancient privileged status,

b l-gvg pt th Gk tt wh vgt th hllremain unafected. . . . All persons residing therein shall acquire Greek nation-

lt p dm v mk wtht th mlt.

(2) Mt th hll, d wth t gm, b gvd b ttwt l Mt, mg whh th t pl dvdd dt tt hll b xmpt m xppt. . . . T dwllg th htdx hmt p hll b phbtd.(3) Te determination in detail of the Mount Athos regimes and the manner

o operation thereo is efected by the Constitutional Charter o Mount

th, whh, wth th -pt th tt pttv, dw pd vtd b th twt l Mt d td b th Omltht d th lmt th ll.(4) T t bv th Mt th gm hll, th ptlph, b d th pm pv th Oml tht. . .

tdx hmt p, th, d t ppl dwll-g Mt th. T t tl d ml; wht th h pv, d dd h tm, t pp th ttt md dm. Mv, ll p d-

g Mt th hll Gk tlt p dm v mk wtht th mlt; wh, w hll ,ethnic Greeks rom oreign countries immigrating to Greece are naturalizedd lttd pd bt hv tmt ght t tzhp.T tttl b pltzg d l tlt thl pt wtht th pm th Oml th ttpl, th (mbl) tht gv t th th, wh tz g t (k)th v t tht th ptl

ghbg tt (tbl) pp th ttt d t htd ldd Gk mll th thg l . lthgh, w hll , th thg xptl bt th t tht mddmt ttt t lgl tl.


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Jewish Peoplehood and the Jewish State, How Unique?

T Gk Othdx hh t ml tblhd b lw, th hh gld; t tl mh tg th ld

php v th pt b ppld t gld. tll d ltll,Orthodox Christianity is closely connected to Greek national identity. Tis td, mg th thg, th tttl pv pbleducation which is said to aim at the development o national and religious, wll th tl tt wht tght Gkpbl hl.

HE AERICA PREABLE HE IRISH CSII

th p t whh l lk btw lg dtl dtt h tdtll xtd ld. T tgl thlht th h tt tblhd t ptt th 192 tdbth wth th m lbl d l td t d wth thocially proclaimed national goal of a united Ireland. In 1973, the 1937ttt w mdd t mv th l gzg th plpt th thl hh th gd th Fth pdb th gt mjt th tz. wv, th pmbl t th -stitution remains non-neutral and reects a connection between religious(thgh lg xpltl thl) d tl :

th Nm th Mt l t, m Whm ll tht d tWhm, l d, ll t bth m d tt mt b d,w, th ppl , hmbl kwldgg ll blgt t

Dv d, J ht, Wh td th thgh t tl, gtll mmbg th h d mttg tggl t gth ghtl dpd Nt . . .

T Encyclopedia Americanad lt wth th lgg: T t th l [vkg th l t] t bt b pgt tUt, th d [mtg Dv d J ht]mt b t th Jwh mmt. T pmbl t th h tt-

t dttl -m. wv, th U, wth t tt pto church and state, practices another orm o ocial non-neutrality mtt lg: m tht m dt wth thtt l t Gd (ldg th mt Gd th


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txt th ldg llg tblhd b t g3) th Ut wh mght b d ldwth th tttl

t th l t.

SCAIAVIA ICIAL CHRCHES

dv h tdt tl tblhd hh. T ltt th th hh wd w blhd 2, bt t tllm Dmk, ld, Fld, d Nw (dpt ll t pl

hg t). Fld, th mll Othdx hh l j ltt; th gmt pl, bt t whll xptl: th tw l hh v w t. T t btwhh d tt xpd dv ttt mphtlgg (m mpht th m b thght t t th t tt f). Dmk,

T vgll th hh hll b th tblhd hh D-mk, d, h, t hll b pptd b th tt. T Kg hll ba member o the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Te constitution o the

tblhd hh hll b ld dw b ttt . . .

Nw,

T vgll-th lg hll m th l lg thtt. T hbtt pg t bd t bg p th hld th m. . . . T Kg hll t ll tm p th vgll-th

lg, d phld d ptt th m . . . M th hl th mb th Mmb th l tt hll p th l lg th tt . . . T Kg d ll pbl hh v d pbl whp,ll mtg d mbl dlg wth lg mtt, d thtpbl th lg llw th m pbd thm.

T tttl dt t hld gd th (p-hp gt) bvl bl md

dm. Tt t tll td th ttt (gll dptd 1884) t m Nw lgt bt mbl kwl-dgmt th t tht th th hh gdd, th lgll t, pt Nwg lt d dtt.


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EXCIS RLCHRCHES A AIAL IEIIES

pt-mmt ld, th l pw d th thlhh gt th tmp dmt gt comort, as ar as Polish liberals and secularists are concerned. Whenth t dmt ttt w mltd 1997, th l w tg gh t pvt l tt bg d th hh (whh h t pvtd t m btg, d v-tv gvmt, v t t dmd). Nvthl, th

pmbl t th ttt t th t t btwhtt d lh tl dtt whh tvl dpterce controversy surrounding many issues bearing on the relations betweenhh d tt:

hld t t th lb, th tggl dpdhvd t gt , lt td th ht htg th Nt d vl hm vl . . .

T ttt th t-p w dm,5 l-g, l mg t mb lt wth xplt kwldg-ment o the connection between religion (in this case, specically theOrthodox Christianity) and Bulgarian identity. According to article 13, (1)T ptg lg ; (2) T lg ttt hll bseparate from the state; (3) Eastern Orthodox Christianity is considered thetdtl lg th pbl lg.

Bulgaria contains a large Muslim urkish-speaking minority. Te con-

ttt ld th l pv th l ght ll tzgdl , tlt, th l-dtt, x, g, lg,dt, p, pltl lt, pl l tt, pp-t tt. wv, t l t lg dtt mbdd bth tt wth bth t Othdx htt d th lgg th lg-pkg mjt w tht g bd th ltttl pv th l tt lgg: T td d th lg lgg ght d blgt v lg

citizen (Article 36;6 under Article 3, Bulgarian is the ocial language ofth pbl). Mv, lg th t wh tt-t kwldg lk wth th-ltl Dp ( p lg g hll lg tzhp thgh lttdpdtl 2.2).


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Ug m mpht lgg, th ttt m dptd 2 pvd pt btw hh d tt d gz

th m ptl hh tl hh (tl 8.1):

T hh hll b pt m th tt th pbl m.T pbl m gz th xlv m th m

ptl l hh tl hh, th ptl l, dvlp-mt th tl lt d pvt th tl dtt thppl m.

Te previous version o the post-Communist Constitution, adopted in199, td gt th tl ht th mptl hh (t whh 9% th pplt blg). T Commission o the Council o Europe (European Commission or Democ- thgh w)bmttd gll ptv pt th tt-tl m, xmg t v pt lght p m dm d hm ght. N tm dtd, th pt, tth hg whh pgdd th tt th m hh t tht tl hh (thgh t l ). T t pg, ocial churches established by law exist in long-established West Europeandm. T p mm m ght tbghas repeatedly ruled that the existence o an ocial church or statehh d t bh p hm ght m, pvdd tht lldvdl t t blg t t wtht bg dvl ftd.

dg t tl 9 th ttt Gg ( t wthlg tl d lg, ldg Mlm, mt):

(1) T tt hll dl mplt dm bl d lg, wll gz th pl l th ptl tphl Othdx hh Gg th ht Gg d t dpd m th tt.(2) Te relations between the state o Georgia and the Apostle Autocephalous

Orthodox Church o Georgia shall be determined by the Constitutional

gmt. . . .

IBE EI IER A IER

bt pplhd, lt, d t t b vd wthtth dtt bt m ddhm (mtm lld mm). Ttt f m k t th w m Othdx Jw wld hv


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IAL HE CRCIIX AS A AIAL SBLI A SECLAR SAE

Italy is, ocially and in practice, a secular state. It is, historically, a Catholict, wth tg t-ll tdt pl th , db th hh -hg pltl pt th pt. tttt t l lw-k t th thl hh.Ud tl 7,

(1) T tt d th thl hh hll b, h wth t w ph,

dpdt d vg. (2) T lt hll b gltd b th t- t. h mdmt t th t ptd b bth pthll t th pd tttl mdmt.

Nvthl, th tl pbl h mtd th lw, gllpd d Ml, g tht th x b dpld tthl lm, t lw, d hptl. 22, Mlm pt ppl tdg pbl hl pttd ll t gg thtan obligatory crucix in his sons school violated the constitutional require-mt vl lt d l pt ll lg. T t ld h v. T d t th whh m tgthg w d b hgh-kg pbl g th t tldtt. T dt th pbl ttd tht, T x h lwbeen considered not only as a distinctive sign o a particular religious credo,bt bv ll mbl th vl tht t th b tldtt.

In 2004, Italys Constitutional Court overturned the lower courts

d, d 2 th tl l tt ld, ml ,tht th x w t jt lg mbl, bt l mbl . . .th vl whh dl d p ttt, w lvgtgth pll. T l jdg hld tht th t tld dvdl ght gtd wth htt d . . . th th x hv hghl dtl mbl t, gdl th lg th ppl. T l td, ghtl, tht th pt l tt vl tptd dft tt, dpdg th

ht d lt.Te ocial insistence that the crucix appears in Italian public schools mbl t ptl lg bt th tl tl dttd lt m b thght t lv th pblm m th vwpt th ppl lm vd b th mjt whh th


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thl pt-thl. wv, t whll mptbl wth thbroader notion, advocated by some, that a democratic state is, or should be,

tl wh t m t lt d dtt. O , m glt tmp dm mptbl wth th t.Ft d mt, th ppl t th xt l tllgg. t hld b mmbd tht mt th tlm -sider language to be an essential characteristic o a modern national identity.However, saying that the Italian language is central to Italian identity is nott th m g tht th x t mbl. T m g, tll, -tl m th vwpt th Gm-pkg

mt th l; th, th tt dft m tht any national and linguistic minority. Communities o immigrants, however, ll t gdd tl mt. Mlm mmgt (dth hld) th t ppd t hv tl dtt d-tinct rom that o the majority, but to adopt the Italian one (Italian languageldd); t wdl ptd td tht th hv ght t d whlpvg m t th lt. t th m tvl tht t wth lg Mlm d mll Jwh mt, th x ll plmd mbl t l thlm httbt l tl dtt.0

F th x t b ll dd tl mbl -tmp l Wt tt th . Nt wh t m tth . T g th pp th tl g d mblm m Wt dm. dv t th bt-kw xmpl; G d wtzld j th lb. T th UJk pt th , h tdg th mpt thUtd Kgdm; t pdd th g tl d Nw Z-

ld. T t m p d th l d mlt-ltl Nth-ld t mll tht pld tp th l w. T t tl mblth lgl thll, twth gt -ht pplt. Fm th lg pt vw, t t m -tl th th t Dvd tht pp th l g. T t Dvd tdtl Jwh mbl, bt th ptl lg g; Mlm ht ld th l m d t l lg pl wh ltg g whh

t t.Some may argue that an immigrant community should be more willingt pt -tlt th kd th tv dg m-t ( th l). T th ttg t whth thJw p hld b gdd mmgt tv. Fm th


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ttl thdx Zt pt vw, th mmgt p dwh l td th ld l. Wtht dmg th pt

vw w, t hld b td tht ppl wh t p gbk hdd d thd t ll vt d mm-gt. Mv, th lg d gwg Mlm mmt l,wth th pg tm, bmg l mmgt; th w ldm ppl wh w b tz, d wh pt w ld btz. G, pt m m Mlm mmgt d thdescendants, there is a small native Muslim urkish-speaking community (aremnant o a much larger one that lived there in the past). Tis community

h t gv d mplt, bt th g th th Gk g t thm ( m th th l tt th Othdxhh th t l t wth th Gk Dp).

t bv tht tmp dmt tt t ll-tl mtt lg d, mv, tht l d m-bolic links to a religion regularly reect a certain notion o national identityth th lgt h. T , th, thg xtd bt t-tt ppl wh ht d lt tgl t t t t lg. T t, pt m bg t ltl dl l, l b hd t ttt d mbdd t tl mbl. Tgh t m m t-ttv, ll th mptbl wth th t t bg l t jt ptbut also as a matter o constitutional denitions, and with an ocial separa-t btw tt d lg ttt. O th th hd, mcontemporary democracies there is no institutional separation betweenhh d tt (whl th lg dm d lt ll tz d th d pt). Wh th pt xt t

tptd v dftl dft pl.T F, th pt d t pld th dt g

lg hl b th tt; m, th ptbl. O thth hd, F lg mg t lgll tk pl pt vl ; m, mt lg thzd b tttht t pm mg. m, t pt m vculture and identity that belie in God is publicly and ocially expressed in w tht wld b t ptbl F. bjt t t b

dmt ppl, gt vt lt xt t th t th lt btw tt, lg, d tl dtt.


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HE ISRAELI CASEAIAL IEI RELII SAE

T t btw Jwh pplhd d th Jwh lg hllmk Jwh ht d lt. Whl th d hldb mpd t th, hld t vlk th df btw tl hh d tl lg lg whh , vwdl, th(tdtl) lt ptl ppl. T d t l mtht th md t-tt th Jwh ppl mt lstatus on the institutions o the Jewish religion. Tis is, and has always been,

th mt htl dbtd l pbl l.T Zt mvmt, lk m th tl mvmt, hdm th tt tg mdzg d lzg tk d t l-tions with the traditional Jewish religion were ar rom easy. However,l hd ttk wh ld mp m bv l d tdtl pplt. b Zm hd t pt, th t d dd l dpd tht hpd th tt th, mlt-pt plmt dm wth tt pptlptt, lw ld b lt gvmt.

Wh th tt w tblhd, th l w tg ght tht Gd t mtd xpltl l Dlt Independence (contrary to what is usual or such documents). Within w , th mk-p l pplt w dll hgd bmv mmgt m t th Mddl t d m p(ml b lt vv); bth gp w m tdtl thth mjt th p-tt Jwh pplt th t. T tt t mpm btw th dft l t. t

t t t, bt lbl t b dd v th d; tt wht t lmd, t dd t h b dd v th l d m th th Othdx .

tttl pt lg d tt, hld th ltb dptd l, wld w pld th tt m land symbolic acknowledgement o the link between Judaism as a reli-g d tdt d Jwh-l lt d tl dtt. Tm g th lk l d ltl th th

matter o ocial denitions; the Jewish character o the State, ocially andll, t th Jwh ht t bw-pkgt. tttl pt wld t mk l l Jwh t-tt. Mv, l wld tll b Jwh t-tt t dd t ll kwldg ltl dbt t Jdm, d v


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t ddd t tlw d pt th Jwh lg. th ltt , , t wld t b dm, bt thl t wld b Jwh

tt, tg th (th v, d tht ) ht tJwh mjt pplt.

O th th hd, tttl t btw lg dttwhth thk tht t gd d gll d th p-cic Israeli casedoes not, in and o itsel, violate any internationallyptd dmt m (t t wht mtm lmd dt md). Mv, t wll pt mgl hdl; gt vt ptl lt mptbl wth

bth thm. Jwh tt b dmt dmt, mdmt l dmt th t-tt; th thgessentially undemocratic about it because o the connection between Jewishtl dtt d Jwh lg.

T l-l l mplx d t pdxl mx lt-thdx, p-mdt, d vthg btw. Ovll, -ety, it is more religious than Europe but less religious than America. It is very m bg ( mvg th dt bmg) m-th, mtm lmd. m-th d t hld g pd pdtl Mddl t m-th d t. O th th hd, Wt-tp dm h tm lg t ( Jwh d -Jwh) wth xlv jdt v mtt pl tt. Tptl t t ll t b lbtdt l vlt lbl-dmt m. tv w mvtg thlg mpl hv b dvd, ldg th p mgwh l pl m th d ll lw, d t mtt d t b gtd b th l Mt t, whh blgd

(d pm t lg) t gt thm lgll md. T obviously not enough: ull-edged legislative reorm in this eld, providing vl mg d dv, d.

t dd whl lt plt t vd th lgpt, th d mh tg md l m md, mWt, d m lbl m ld. T bbth bv thpbl ph h b gtl dd ( mh th m l d -m tht gd d hppg m Wt -

t). N-kh tt d hp hv mhmd thghtth t. Wht lbtd th g pd pd d pttd blbl jdl lg th ght m-x pl w th ghttll ml f (t tht th lw w v d).


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T hg, , pt th gl td whh h p-vld thght th Wt wld; bt t m tvl tht l

pt tht wld d tht td. Wh l tt tlvthl hl t th tmw gtd 198, Gld M bgovernment ruled that broadcasts should be interrupted or the duration othe Jewish Sabbath. Tat decision was overturned on appeal by the SupremeCourt. With todays multi-channel V, even successully imposing Sabbathbv th tt hl wld hv b t ptl.

Te Orthodox establishment has lost the symbolically important(though marginal in practice) argument over who is a Jew or the purpose

th w td h, v t lm t d th bdo the Jewish people: non-Orthodox converts who come to Israel are recog-zd Jw (th gmt w v th tt -Othdx -v d t l). M mpttl, th w tppl l t -Jwh ltv Jw mg t l, gt mb h ppl hv m m th m vt U (wh th p-centage o mixed marriages among Jews was very high). Tey received Israelitzhp d th blk thm ll tgtg, ll dltll, th bw-pkg Jwh l t, ll dtgwth th tt. t th lg t pt tht th l w tj th Jwh ppl thgh lg v (Othdx -Othdx).

Te argument over the uture o the territories occupied in 1967 gener-td th mt pblmt d dg mxt lg d plt:th vw tht wthdwg m pt th htl ld l t jt ll-dvd bt tg gt th lw lg. th l t, l gvmt, ldg ght-wg whh

included religious parties, have repeatedly broken this alleged religiousphbt d, d h, dmtld ttlmt. Whth t ptmt gdg th h p, l mll mt th l ght w hld t th t tht ttl lg tb.

Religious parties in Israel can still translate their political inuence intocontroversial (and sometimes clearly excessive) gains and advantages or thesector which they represent, notably by channeling public expenditure and,

gd th lt-Othdx, th hp xmpt m mltv. T blt t d h tll gw th lt dd. w-v, th vl ght th l pbl mh btt pttd gtlg th b, d l dm h tlt thtd b t.


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IASPRAS REECE A AREIA

T Jw m hv tbtd th tm Dp t th ttlvbl, bt th tl t th l Dp th mdwld. pl mgtd d bd htd thght ht. U-pgl, t w tmp tt gd thmlv td, m w, wth pplt bd th bd. T tw mt ltexamples o Diaspora peoples and Diaspora nationalism, besides the Jews, th Gk d th m.

Wht dtghd th Jwh w tht lmt th t ppl

w th Dp, wth l mll Jwh mmt th hthmld, t th mmt wh th Jwh tl mvmt mgd;th t-tt w th td b th Dp. T l th ht d ltl th ptll l t btw thState, ater its establishment, and the Diaspora. Te Diaspora also played animportant role in Greek and Armenian history, and both these states attachgreat importance to homeland-Diaspora ties. A large number o Greeks andmt m lv th Dp td.

vtv tmt pt th mb Gk td G tbt th mll. M th ddt mgt m thmd Gk tt, bt m th hl m t Gk mm-t bth d d td wht w G. T t wthG dft, ppl th th Jw t wth Jd.Both categories alike (as well as the Greeks o Cyprus) are ocially regarded pt th Gk (ll) t. dg t tl 18 thttt G, T tt hll b d wth th Gkwh lv bd d th mt th lk wth th Mthld.

T lk mtd b th tt thgh th Gl tt th ll Dp l ttt th lk whh xt mt t wth kwldgd k-mt bdbth tassist overseas Greeks in such areas as language, culture, and education, andt mblz th pltl ppt wh dd ( xmpl, th p d dg th t wth Md).

Ud tl th Gk w tzhp, g tz t Gk th xtt, h mt hv dd G ght

. . . b pplg Gk tzhp. T, th Gk whmmgt t G pvlgd b xmptg thm m th -mt ght d dmdd ll th g tzwho seek naturalization. In addition, sections 12 and 13 of the law confertmt Gk tzhp th v Gk wh vlt


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mlt v th Gk md . pt, th l pl t btw Gk tzhp th Gk wht mt t

tmt h. th llp th vt U d th pg t

pbl t mgt, m 2, th Gk m th thv vd G d vd tzhp. T Gk gvmtd th mmgt t t th hmldptt. TPontic Greeks, as the returnees rom the ormer USSR are called (reectingth t tdt Gk ttlmt th h th lk ),hv t wth th md Gk tt th th bg pt

th ll t pvd b t. v th Gk tht th pk, dialect combining modern and ancient Greek, is diferent rom the modernGk pk G. T mv pjt ttlg d bbgth ppl G h lgl b d b th p U.

Ud tl 14 th m ttt p m- dt wll bt tzhp thgh htd pd. t th pl th m pbl t wd tzhp t ppl m dt wh t t. T m Dp gtl xdth pplt m, gtg ml td th tht wttt th pbl. T t btw th ppl d m- th m kd th-ltl lk (t wth tg lglmt, l th wth Gk) tht t Dp Jw wthIsrael. oday, there is no signicant demand or Armenian citizenship, otherthan among Armenian reugees rom Nagorno-Karabakh. In the past, therewas a wave o repatriation to Soviet Armenia, encouraged by the Soviet gov-mt whh ppld t v m t mmgt t th vtm pbl vwd tl hm th t m

ppl. d 2, th m m dft t, mo them reugees rom Anatolia in the wake o the genocidal anti-Armenianm th Ft Wld W, ttld th.

T ft gd ppt td th bd th vt U,m ppl wh w mvd b th m tgd. T wdhmt tvt Fdtj N ddd th l th g Nt th bjt 1927, gg t t ppt th ptt dsettlement o Armenians in the Soviet Armenia, describing the plight o the

m ppl d t th t wth m:

bg [] t thk mmt wht th ht th m pplh b . . . [N] ppl dd ht hv dd m d ml-ttmt w mpbl t tht thgh whh th m hv


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pd. . . . wld t t db th v-httg t d thml m th ppllg plgmg dth whh th ht

wll ll dptt, wh t vtmm, wm, gbd,d t hldphd. . . . b hdd thd, d wth vmt vg tt. . . . w ppl wth t tllg, wth mkbl ht hvmt bg d, wth tgt tllt d ptl pt, ppl wh hd md . . . gttbt t th mdvl lt m whh md vlzt gt pt dvd w lmt wpd t ttd t thwd. d t th vvg mt th ppl, wth tt d

national patriotism which no one can suciently admire, is now making withdpt g th vlt ttmpt t bld p w tl hm.T pbl v thg l th tht t m v ld v pt whtv ld th m w b. . . . th ld t th t th tl w t, th pl wh th dt th tmt t l.3

IASPRAS A IIRIIESHER EXAPLES ISRAEL

T h Dp m ll td wth wht td th hpbl. Nvthl, t d t t ll, ml, ddt t tz wh lt th t. T mv mgt m ldttd th 19th t. t ldd, tll, ppl m wht tdis Northern Ireland, which is not a part o the Republic (but whose inhabit-t plmd pt th h Nt b th pbl ttt

d gv th ght tzhp b lwtg th l t h thd d th dl t). T w t mll ppl wth h t th Utd tt. Mt thmt b dbd h tg ; bt th hvb, v tm, m xmpl tv d pt vlvmt h f th pt h m tht bt dbd dpl h Dp tlm.

Mt t wth Dp k mt bd ll

dene their members as part o their nation or peopleas Greeks orm l tl5 g Gm lv lvk lb F K h d lvgtd th hmld. T h ttt m mptlgg: th h t hh t pl t wth ppl h


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t lvg bd wh h t ltl dtt d htg (tl2). t 1 th h Ntlt d tzhp t mpw th

Mt Jt t gt xmpt m th d pt tlzt . . . wh th pplt h dt h -ciations. In practice, Irish policy has been to coner citizenship upon appli-t h dt wtht dl. t dd, wth th gwth th h m, m hv d tzhp thgh th pv th t th lw. Gll, th w ddt h tzwho emigrated in the course o the twentieth century. However, a person oh dt m l b th ddt m wh hd lt ld

b th md h tt m t bg 1921, m whmgtd m Nth ld.Fld d ptt th mmgt th F m

th m U. Nvmb 1997 t bmttd t th UN pt the implementation o the International Convention on the Elimination oAll Forms o Racial Discrimination. Te report deals mainly with the rights mmgt Fld. hpt th pt dvtd t Fhptt m d t; th, dg t th dmt, . . . descendants o Finns who emigrated to Ingria and St. Petersburg in the17th, 18th, d 19th t d tml lld g F.6 199 th Fg w w mdd t d tt th F wh m t Fld m th m U. T t lg gp: 1997, bt 1, g F w pttd dgtd tt lttg th tlzt.

t hld b td tht Fld, thgh t h bttl wdh-pkg mt, h dptd wht ll dd v mdl tl dtt, .., whh pmd t b hd b ll th

t tz. T, wdh-pk t gdd tlmt; th, th Fh ppl dd tg twmptFh-pkg d wdh-pkg.

Nvthl, th t gd tl pbl th t th F wh lv d t, ddt vtth-d ghtth-t mgt m th ld whh l gtlt bm th Fh pbl. Fld bth t th g F pvg th th-ltl dtt th t d

d d th mmgt t t th hmld. T xmpl Fld hw tht lv v pt tl dtt wthth t mptbl wth mtg l t wth th-cultural Diaspora. Tere are those who insist that the only acceptablet tl dtt md v dm th tht


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ll g wth tt tzhp. Whtv th thtl mt ddmt th vw, t ll tdt th pvlg p m

gd bth k-mt bd d tl mt t hm(lgl tw d th m ). d t hld b b md thtEuropean norms on democracy and human rights have teeth in the shape p ttt tht thm, ldg th m ghtCourt in Strasburg; this applies also to the new democracies in East Europewh ttt d lw m d l t.

ld tl th ttt tt tht th pbl . . .hll pvd t t l lvg bd t mt th lk wth

th tl ltl htg; th pmbl pk th lh tbound in community with our compatriots dispersed throughout thewld. dg t tl 2, wh lh g h bmd d wth ttt m ttl pmtl ld.T lh Dp mb th mll, th lt bth mg-t d xl, wll th dt hg th bd th lhtt th ht. T tt tvl ltvt t t wth thDp; l ht d t tgl pt th t. J 2, th lh plmt td ptt w dtdml t ppl lh g lvg th m U, m thmth hld gdhld lh tz wh wt w t tdtt g th th tblt twtth t. Oth ddt lh mgt lh mt m l pd(b th xt th md lh tt). th tg t-tld t tzhp pvdd tht th hv pvd th lh ltldtt. T lw gt h t lh tzhp d thgvmt t t thm th tgt t lh t.

Te issue o ocial ties between European nation-states and theirk-mt bd h b mphvl xmd pt th p mm Dm thgh w dvbd th l p btt kw th mm-. T mmtt lgl xpt w tblhd t t t dptg tttl lw tht m t th tdd ptttl htg. T xmt w pmptd b glw tht d t m pvlg th g wh

tz ghbg tt, tbl m. m mpldt th mm, tg tht th lw gd t vgtb ltvl g pvlg m tz wtht pgmt th gvmt d tg lt btw thm.


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Whl bjtg t th tm th lw, m dd t dpt, ppl, th lgtm h -bd t: t w tt-

t tt tht T tt hll ppt th tgthg lk wthth m lvg bd d hll t dgl th pv-t dvlpmt d xp th th, ltl, lgt, dlg dtt d bv th lglt th tt whhthey are citizens (Article 7). Tis provision is parallel to Article 6.3 of thettt g, dg t whh, T pbl gb pblt th t g lvg td tbd d hll pmt d t th lt wth g.

T mm dtld pt p t th mplt, b-mttd Otb 21, t tht T th k-tt the ate o the persons belonging to their national communities (hereinaterd t k-mt) wh tz th t (thhome-States) and reside abroad is not a new phenomenon in internationallw (). T pt t vbl th gwg td k-tt t thmlv wth th ptt th ght k-mtml b m bltl gmt wth hm-tt. T mm- t th gmt gd t btw v tp t d btw th t d Gm, d llth 199 gmt btw tl d t whh d th ght th Gm-pkg mt l.

p mtv dmt, ldg th Fmwk v-tion or the Protection o National Minorities, encourage countries to nego-tiate arrangements regarding protection o the status o national minorities.O mght dd, ddtl xmpl, th 19 d phggmt (xhg l dlt) btw Gm d D-

mark that protects the cultural and language rights o Danes living in north- Gm d Gm lvg th Dmk, d gt,mg th thg, th ght mmb bth gp t b dd blgg t th Dh d th Gm ppl, ptvl, wthtdmg t th v tt.

While bilateral arrangements dealing with the status o kin-minorities wll-tblhd p m, th mm hld thtwh tt bt th k g t ltll,

hld b tk t t g tht t vgt d t tcreate economic inequalities among its citizens. Hence, while benets in theld dt d lt lgtmt, bt th ld hldb ttd t xptl wh th m gl t t th


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bond between the state and its kin-minority (rather than simply improvingth mtl dt).

Preerence in immigration and naturalization is mentioned in thept b xmpl lgtmt p: dd, th thtgtg mml d, xmpl, lw tzhp. w lltt, th mm t tl 11 th Gm t-tt wll-kw xmpl ptt lglt bd th-cultural aliation rather than on a prior civic connection with the country. th 19 Gm xpdd th ght t tmt tzhp, whht ttt pvd g d dpld p Gm

th g ( g xpll Gm th g th p ddt h p) t ll th Gm m th U dEastern Europe. Tis applied to a large population o ethnic Germans living th hdd . Fllwg th llp th vtU, th lw w vd tht lgblt tzhp w lmtd tmgt m th m vt U. Gm t pl twdth Gm th t p tt t g thm tremain where they are and to assist them in preserving their German cultured dtt. T, th th gmt mmgt, l thpl mt th k-tt.

Tose who criticize Israels Law o Return are oten aware o theGm ; mtm th pt t th th mlt btwthe Jewish State and Germany on this matter. O course, the Federal Repub-lic o Germany is a ull-edged liberal democracy. Te attempt to nd aultwth th w t b t mlt t th ptt lw the Federal Republic, hinting at Germanys dark past, is sheer demagoguery;, w hv , Gm th l xtg plll. t

tmt hl t g, th Gm ptt lglt dwhh tzhp w gtd (lg wth dbl l bt)t mll ppl h v b hllgd th p t m ght. T t pg gv tht ttl lw, vg tt h wd lttd gd t pl mmgt dtlzt.

T ppl pll gzd b th ttl v-tion on the Elimination o All Forms o Racial Discrimination (1965) which

bdl bd dmt bd , tht, lg.Article 1 (3) of the Convention states that [n]othing in this Conventionm b tptd ftg w th lgl pv ttt g tlt, tzhp tlzt, pvdd thtsuch provisions do not discriminate against any particular nationality.


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T pv, whh hld b dtd ltg t thtzhp bg d mmgt, th th t ppl ttld

t tzhp ght, llw th tt t gv g tz p-tl ttmt gd tlzt t t dt, bt bd t tgl t t gp (bd tht lg) b plg t pt th pt.

Nt v kd p th ld mptbl wth ttdd hm ght. tl wht l mmgt pl wtll dd lgtmt th 197; td t wld l b gdd dmt, .., dtd pt gt -wht th th

v p gp wth g t t tl. F tt tblhd tl hm th Jwh ppl t t llgtmt bt tl t p t gt t Jw m th twhth t t wth thm hld b dd tl, t-tl, th-ltl m th w ( htl dbtd lttl, , ptl ). T xtl wht w vgd bthe international community in 1947 when it decided to partition Palestinet Jwh tt d b tt.

Te issue o Jewish immigration eatures prominently in the report pro-dd b th Utd Nt pl mmtt lt (UNO)whh xmd th t lt d dptd th tt ltht w vtll ppvd b th Gl mbl Nvmb 29,1947. T mjt pptd gtg dpd, th hp twt-tt, t bth ppl lvg th t. T mt ptggtd gl dtv b-Jwh tt, whh hd th dvtg vdg th v ht ttl dv. Tb d jtd bth pt, dmdg t b tt, whl th

Jwh d ptd ptt. T mjt pt hld tht th mmgt tt tw-tt lt:0

Jwh mmgt th tl lt td d th t, bv ll th, tht l t th -pt btwth b d Jwh mmt gl tt. T t Jwhtt d ptt hm th l hp mvg th mth t.

t gzd tht ptt h b tgl ppd b b, bt t lt tht tht ppt wld b ld b lt whh dtvlx th xtt tt t b llttd t th Jw wth t mplt lmt-t mmgt . . . ptt hm lt mt tk tt bth th lm th Jw t v mmgt d th d


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th b pplt, whh g pdl b tl m. T, pbl, bth pttd tt mt lv m m th ld

ttlmt. T ppd Jwh tt lv dbl m thdvlpmt d ld ttlmt d, mtg th d t th xtttht t h b mt th ppl, v bttl mt b ldd th Jwh tt.

T mmtt ppd tg th t Jwh mmg-t t tl f th Jwh tt mpg pt tht (th mvg th m th t) lgd

whh wld b b tt wh tz wld b m th tht tlld Jwh mmgt wld vtll t thm t mt th w t. O th th hd, th lm th Jwto receive immigrants were, in the eyes o the Committee, weighty enought jt llttg t th Jwh tt lg pt lt th wldhv td th xtg t btw th t b d Jwhmmt 1947. d t lv m Jwh mmgt, thUNO mmb w wllg t th z th b mt th t Jwh ttlthgh th gl pl w t pl bthtl mmt, pbl, th ptv tl tt.Tey saw no contradiction between their support or a Jewish state (opento Jewish immigration) and their demand, in the report, that the large Arabmt th tt hld j ll vl lt m th thw tdt btw th ppl t tblh b tt dth dmd tht t, t, hld l ght t th mll Jwhmt t mdt (d t th -b tz). d, lt th t tht llwd th jt tt, th lt b

t ppl wth Dp. Nbd dbt tht th t lt- tt wll mt lk wth th Dp, d wll hv tlptt lw.

T Jwh-l tl mptt w. t t,hwv, bg . Oth ppl d t-tt hvcharacteristics, in both the areas examined in this paper as well as, no doubt,in others that are distinct in each particular case and, at the same time, havegh mm t mk mp ptbl.


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N

O lg d tt tmp p, Jh . . Mdl1.d Zlt d (d), Church and State in Contemporary Europe: Te Chimera oNeutrality(London/Portland, 2003); Gerhard Robbers (ed), State and Church inthe European Union (d-d, Gm, 2).

b v ld, 2. Encyclopedia Americana, ttl dt, vl.1 (Db, , 198) 428.

In 2002, in response to a petition by an avowed atheist, a ederal court ruled3.tht th mt Gd t th tt th pldg llg h hl w tttl dmt lg. T d ( ppl

gt whh h b mkg t w t th pm t) h pmptdbth g t p tgl-wdd lt dmg tht d tptt th ttt, gg thpm t t vl t, d mg tht T pldg llg tpbl hl tl tt wth m htg g mmtmt t th Nt d kg Dv gd d ptt llour undertakings.109th Congress, 1st Session, H. Con. Res. 253, http://www.dgdp.g/pp/g.htm#7 (2127 gl t th ldg llg).

F t th tv v th tt th thl hh 4.Poland in the 1990s, see Sabrina . Ramet, Whose Democracy? Nationalism, Religion,and the Doctrine o Collective Rights in Post1989 Eastern Europe (Oxd, 1997)97110. Inter alia, the issues have included abortions, a law requiring public broad-tg t pt ht vl, th tx xmpt gv t hh ppt,d th tggl v th xtt th hh tl lg tt ttt hl (ldg th pptmt pt lg dt thwh wg wld b pd b th tt).

O hh d tt pt-mmt t p, lv F, W..

l Dhm, J., lzbth . wll (d), Law and Religion in Post-CommunistEurope(Leuven, Belgium, 2003).

According to Article 3(1) of the Constitution of Spain (another country in.whh th lgg th tt t bl mtt) tl th lph lgg th tt. ll pd hv th dt t kw t d th ghtt t.

Opinion n. 313/2004, European Commission for democracy through law7.( mm). Fl Op tttl m th pbl

m, dptd t th 4th l , 2122 Otb 2 http://

www.v..t/d/2/D-D(2)2-.pO th lw th p mm d th p t8. m ght (t whh th mm w gzd th 199) tph tv, m ght G: wlv Y pv mtbg,Journal o Modern Greek Studies, 17.1 (1999) 79; N . lvzt,


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2 , 13, 2

Nw l th Gk hh? Journal o Modern Greek Studies, 17.1 (1999)26, 35n14.

See http://blogs.britannica.com/blog/main/2007/01/italys-cruciix-9.tv-hl-th-tt-d-th-d

p lm bvl v m -tl m th vw-1.point o traditionally-minded Muslims than European (semi-)ocial (post-)htt ll tht t mtm jtd b ht tlt. TFh lw gt wg th Mlm vl pbl hl pt.T pt th t mm, whh mmdd th b, db thFh t lt tttv d t ht lltv d tt thtit is based, among other things, on the neutralit du pouvoir politique. See http://

www.l--.m/tlt-md/ppt-t-mm-lt.htm G, vl mg d dv w tdd 1982, v th11.

bjt th Othdx hh (th lw llwg th t ltd wthth Othdx hh t th pm hl w dptd 1988). T b dv tl d ld, d th th thl hh, b dd ml mpbl t th l . T m wblhd b ppl dm 1974, th ltt lt 199.

See Anthony D. Smith,12. Myths and Memories of the Nation (Oxord, 1999)212213; John Rex, Ethnic Minorities in the Modern Nation State(New York, 1996).

. . ld,13. Nansen (d, 1949) 22.O th m th dp mpt th U g pl d14.their involvement in the afairs o old countries, see Yossi Shain, Ethnic diasporasand U.S. oreign policy, Political Science Quarterly, 109 (1994) 811841; Yossi Shain,

Marketing the American Creed Abroad: Diasporas in the U.S. and Teir Homelands(Nw Yk, 1999).

th 2 w th M Fv th tl Mt 1.lv d t, mtd th pt th mm (t 19 blw).

Te Combined 13th and 14th periodic report of the Government of Fin-1.ld th ttl vt th lmt ll Fm lDmt (1997) http://m.ld./d//hmk/hm.html

pmt d m b gtd 1. th pplt hml, 17.h pt t lt tw h gdpt hv b gtd hvg Fh g, 2. th th t tht hw th pplt tt Fld d Fh, bt h h dmt t hw tht h mt thmt mtd pt 1.

d g, th mgt m d t th w dpdt18.

tt llwg pltl hg t d tl p: ptt pvlgd mmgt? M 222, 1999, http://www.dmgph.d/th/pp/tg.pd

Venice Commission (European Commission or Democracy through Law),19.pt th tl tmt Ntl Mt b th K-tt,


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dptd b th mm t t 48th l Mtg, , 192Otb 21, http://v..t/d/21/D-NF(21) 19-.html

Utd Nt, pl mmtt lt (UNO), hpt ,2.Part I, Articles 19; Chapter IV, Part II, Articles 3 and 5.

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