World War LoomsWorld War Looms

Section 1 – Dictators Threaten World Peace

Section 2 – War in Europe

Section 3 – The Holocaust

Section 4 – America Moves Toward War

Section 1Section 1

Dictators Threaten

World Peace

Dictators

Soviet Union – Joseph Stalin Italy – Benito Mussolini Germany – Adolf Hitler Japan – Nationalistic Military Leaders Spain – Francisco Franco

Stalin

Did away with private businesses– “collectives” = huge state-owned farms

Made Soviet Union a leading industrial power

Everything controlled by the state Totalitarian government – individuals have

no rights… opposition is silenced!

Mussolini

Fascism – strong, central government with a dictator– Grows from extreme nationalism

Il Duce = “the leader” Very charismatic leader

– “Italy wants peace, work, and calm. I will give these things with love if possible, with force if necessary.”

Hitler

Nazism – German “brand” of fascism Germans were the “master race” Germany needed to expand…

– Combined extreme nationalism, racism, and expansionism

Chancellor in 1933 Creates the Third Reich

Japan

Military leaders take over Want more land and resources Attack Manchuria in 1931

– Protested by the League of Nations– Japan leaves league… keeps Manchuria

League of Nations

Established after WWI to prevent aggressive acts ~ such as Japan’s

Had to have unanimous consent on actions… any nation could veto over League judgments

Basically gave aggressive nations a “slap on the wrist” and opened the door to BIG PROBLEMS!

Hitler & Mussolini

Watched closely at how the League dealt with Japan

Hitler broke the Treaty of Versailles– Puts troops in the Rhineland– Rebuilds army

Mussolini takes over Ethiopia

Franco

Fascist general Led rebellion – overthrew elected

government in 1939 Supported by Hitler and Mussolini

Isolationism in the US

Anti-war rallies held Neutrality Acts passed FDR seemed to want to help… but stepped

down in his effort due to criticism

Section 2Section 2

War in

Europe

Hitler Expands

Wants to Annex Austria and Czechoslovakia– Favored by Germans

1938 – march into Austria unopposed Makes accusations toward the Czechs Focuses on the Sudetenland

Munich Pact

France and Britain – defend Czechoslovakia

September 1938 – French, British, and German leaders sign– Gives Germany the Sudetenland– Hitler’s “promise”

“Peace with Honor”

Neville Chamberlain – British prime minister– Signed Munich Pact

Winston Churchill… Pact was dishonorable appeasement– Pacifying the aggressor– Predicted appeasement would…

LEAD to WAR

March 1939 – Hitler conquers Czechoslovakia

Accuses Poland– Hitler is very brave

Nonaggression pact with Soviet Union– Hitler and Stalin’s secret

Blitzkrieg

Lightning War September 1, 1939 – Hitler attacks Poland

– Fell in a month

Britain and France declare war on Germany– “phony war”

The Soviet Union

Attack Poland from the east as Germany is attacking from the west

While phony war is going on…– Stalin takes back regions lost in WWI

Spring 1940

April – Hitler invades Denmark and Norway

May – takes the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg

Also in May – attacks France unsuspectingly in the North– Britain rescues 90% of Allied troops

Italy joins Germany

Attack France from the south June 1940 – France surrenders

– Germany controls north– Vichy government controls south

Charles de Gaulle – French general exiled in England– Makes promise

Invasion on Britain

Air raids over England Entire month of August 1940 RAF – defend using radar Called Battle of Britain Winston Churchill – new Prime Minister

– Rallies British

Hitler gives up

Section 3Section 3

The

Holocaust

Persecution

Hitler wants to make Germany “racially” pure– Orders all non-Aryans out of government jobs

Begins the Holocaust– Systematic murder of over 11 million people

across Europe– Anti-Semitism – hatred of Jews

• Long history in Europe• Scapegoats

Hitler vs. the Jews

Persecution increased No civil rights Yellow stars of David

Kristallnacht

November 9 – 10, 1938 “crystal night” Organized, violent persecution Nazi storm troopers attack and arrest Jews

– Homes– Businesses– Synagogues

Jews seek refuge

Flee Germany Nazis favor this Other countries did not accept refugees US allows some, but we have strict

immigration quotas – American anti-Semitism– Fear for jobs

Final Solution

1939 – only ¼ million Jews left in Germany… other countries have millions

Ultimate goal – Genocide “Enemies of the state” – arrested

– Condemned to slavery and death– Not just Jews… political opponents as well as

• Gypsies, Freemasons, Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals, the disabled, & terminally ill

Jewish Ghettos

Segregated Jewish areas Sealed off Forced to work in German factories Many starved Despite brutal conditions… Jews hung on

– Made attempts of keeping life “normal”

Final Stage

Jews sent to concentration camps– Suffered terribly

1941 – six death camps built in Poland– Gas chambers… kill 12,000 a day– Doctors separated on arrival– Crematoriums built– Not all were gassed to death

6 million Jews died

Section 4Section 4

America Moves

Toward War

US Neutrality

Neutrality Acts – US not allowed to enter war in Europe– FDR suggests “cash and carry”

New Neutrality Act passed in November 1939

The Axis Powers

1940 – Germany, Italy, and Japan sign mutual defense treaty

US goes to war with one… all 3 fight– US would have war on two fronts

US prepares

FDR prepares– Supports Britain yet…– Assures people US will stay out of war

Congress increases national defense spending

Passes first peacetime draft Sept. 1940 FDR elected to a 3rd term

Lend-Lease Act

FDR tells US people – cannot watch Hitler conquer the world

US – “the great arsenal of democracy” FDR suggests lending or leasing arms to

any nation “whose defense was vital to the United States”

Passed in March 1941

Germany keeps going

Invades Soviet Union– US give lend-lease support to Soviets

U-boats attack ships in the Atlantic June 1941 – FDR US Navy protects ships US warships allowed to defend selves

US plans for war

Secret meeting – August 1941 Atlantic Charter signed 26 nations later sign similar agreement Become ALLIES

– United to fight Germany, Italy, and Japan

War Inevitable

Sept. 4, 1941 – U-boat fires on US merchant ship

FDR orders US Navy to fire on sight of U-boats

U-boats sink several US ships Senate allows arming of merchant ships

PEARL HARBOR

December 7, 1941 Main US naval base attacked by Japan US Pacific fleet crippled

– Planes and ships destroyed– 2400 people killed

FDR realizes US will fight on two fronts– Dec. 8th – Congress declares war on Japan– Germany and Italy declare war on US

Japan Strikes

Japan seizes Asian territory Invades Indochina – US cuts off trade

– Japan needs US oil

Hideki Tojo – Japan’s prime minister– Starts peace talks… prepares for war

Secret codes deciphered– US knows Japan will strike – but where?