WWIWWI““The war to end all The war to end all

wars.”wars.”

Time PeriodTime Period

1914 to 19181914 to 1918

War was fought in…War was fought in…

France France

It was the “WAR to END ALL WARS”It was the “WAR to END ALL WARS”

Causes:Causes:

1. M1. Militarismilitarism- using money to build - using money to build up your armyup your army– Excess money from industrialization and Excess money from industrialization and

imperialism were pumped into the imperialism were pumped into the militarymilitary

– Germany built up a navyGermany built up a navy

2. A2. Allianceslliances- countries began allying - countries began allying with each other.with each other.

Triple Alliance: Triple Alliance: – GermanyGermany– Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary– ItalyItaly

Triple EntenteTriple Entente– FranceFrance– EnglandEngland– RussiaRussia

3. 3. IImperialism-mperialism- expanding their expanding their country around the worldcountry around the world

4. 4. NNationalism-ationalism-pride for their pride for their country, the feeling that their nation country, the feeling that their nation is superioris superior

5. 5. BBalkans-alkans- the “powder keg of the “powder keg of Europe”Europe”

6. 6. SSerbia- erbia- – They were annexed by Austria-HungaryThey were annexed by Austria-Hungary– They wanted independence and their They wanted independence and their

own countryown country– On June 28, 1914, A Serbian nationalist On June 28, 1914, A Serbian nationalist

from the “Black Hand” assassinated from the “Black Hand” assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand- heir to the Archduke Franz Ferdinand- heir to the thronethrone

Eve of WarEve of War

Austrian Archduke Austrian Archduke comes to visit comes to visit SarajevoSarajevo

June 28, 1914- June 28, 1914- he is he is assassinated by Gavrilo assassinated by Gavrilo Princip (member of the Princip (member of the Black Hand)Black Hand)

All countries condemn All countries condemn the assassinationthe assassination

Germany wants Austria Germany wants Austria to “get even”to “get even”

War breaks outWar breaks outDates are given only for a timeline, you Dates are given only for a timeline, you

will not be asked them.will not be asked them. July 28- Austria declares war on SerbiaJuly 28- Austria declares war on Serbia July 29- Russia mobilizes (but they July 29- Russia mobilizes (but they

need 90 days)need 90 days) Russia lines up on their Western Russia lines up on their Western

border (Germany)border (Germany) Nicky tells Willy they aren’t going to Nicky tells Willy they aren’t going to

attackattack Willy doesn’t believe NickyWilly doesn’t believe Nicky

July 31- Germany is completely July 31- Germany is completely mobilizedmobilized

August 1- French mobilizeAugust 1- French mobilize Germany declares war on Russia and Germany declares war on Russia and

FranceFrance August 4- GB declares war on August 4- GB declares war on

GermanyGermany

WHY??WHY?? Germany- wants to start a war for Germany- wants to start a war for

nationalism and to show their power (and nationalism and to show their power (and awesome new navy)awesome new navy)

Serbia- want independenceSerbia- want independence France- see a way to get social and political France- see a way to get social and political

status back into their countrystatus back into their country GB- mad about Germany's navy, having GB- mad about Germany's navy, having

internal conflict and feel war will unite the internal conflict and feel war will unite the peoplepeople

When war breaks out, everyone cheers! They When war breaks out, everyone cheers! They are all elated because they all think they will are all elated because they all think they will win.win.

Central Powers:Central Powers: GermanyGermany Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary BulgariaBulgaria Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

Allied PowersAllied Powers IrelandIreland RussiaRussia PortugalPortugal SerbiaSerbia RomaniaRomania GreeceGreece Great BritainGreat Britain ItalyItaly FranceFrance JapanJapan U.S. (1917)U.S. (1917)

Neutral NationsSpainNetherlandsSwitzerlandAlbaniaDenmarkSweden

Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan

Germany had Germany had to fight a two to fight a two front warfront war

Plan was to Plan was to invade France, invade France, defeat them in defeat them in 6 weeks6 weeks

Then move Then move troops to troops to RussiaRussia

Western FrontWestern Front

Battle of the Marne- Battle of the Marne- Germans were Germans were defeated, ended the defeated, ended the Schlieffen planSchlieffen plan

Russia was now fully Russia was now fully mobilizedmobilized

Germany had to Germany had to split its army and split its army and fight a two front warfight a two front war

Stalemate- Stalemate- deadlock: no one deadlock: no one winning or losing winning or losing (on Western Front)(on Western Front)

Trench warfare- soldiers fought from Trench warfare- soldiers fought from trenchestrenches

Armies traded huge losses for small gainsArmies traded huge losses for small gains ““No man’s land”- space between No man’s land”- space between

trenchestrenches One soldier wrote, “The men slept in One soldier wrote, “The men slept in

mud, washed in mud, ate mud, and mud, washed in mud, ate mud, and dreamed mud.”dreamed mud.”

Another wrote, “…the air was Another wrote, “…the air was unbreathable. Our blinded, wounded, unbreathable. Our blinded, wounded, crawling, and shouting soldiers kept crawling, and shouting soldiers kept falling on top of us and died splashing us falling on top of us and died splashing us with blood. It was a living hell.”with blood. It was a living hell.”

An aerial reconnaissance photograph of the opposing trenches and no-man's land between Loos and Hulluch in Artois, France, taken at 7.15 pm, 22 July 1917. German trenches are at the right and bottom, British trenches are at the top left. The vertical line to the left of centre indicates the course of a pre-war road or track.

Trench footTrench foot

Major Battles on the Western Major Battles on the Western FrontFront

Battle of Verdun: 1916Battle of Verdun: 1916• Germany launched a massive attack Germany launched a massive attack

against the French. against the French. • 300,000 casualties on each side, 300,000 casualties on each side,

Germany gained 4 miles (they later lost it)Germany gained 4 miles (they later lost it)

Battle of the Somme: 1916Battle of the Somme: 1916• British tried to relieve pressure on British tried to relieve pressure on

FrenchFrench• 500,000 casualties on each side, 500,000 casualties on each side,

British gained 5 milesBritish gained 5 miles

Eastern FrontEastern Front

Battle of Tannenberg- Russia was Battle of Tannenberg- Russia was heavily defeated by Germans; Russia heavily defeated by Germans; Russia never recoverednever recovered

Christmas TruceChristmas Truce

The truce began on Christmas Eve, 24 The truce began on Christmas Eve, 24 December 1914, when German troops December 1914, when German troops began decorating the area around their began decorating the area around their trenches in the region of Ypres, Belgium, for trenches in the region of Ypres, Belgium, for Christmas. They began by placing candles Christmas. They began by placing candles on trees, then continued the celebration by on trees, then continued the celebration by singing Christmas carols, most notably singing Christmas carols, most notably Stille Stille NachtNacht ( (Silent NightSilent Night). The Scottish troops in ). The Scottish troops in the trenches across from them responded the trenches across from them responded by singing English carols. by singing English carols.

The two sides continued by shouting The two sides continued by shouting Christmas greetings to each other. Soon Christmas greetings to each other. Soon thereafter, there were calls for visits across thereafter, there were calls for visits across the "No Man's Land" where small gifts were the "No Man's Land" where small gifts were exchanged — whisky, jam, cigars, and exchanged — whisky, jam, cigars, and chocolate. The soldiers exchanged gifts, chocolate. The soldiers exchanged gifts, sometimes addresses, and drank together. sometimes addresses, and drank together. The artillery in the region fell silent that The artillery in the region fell silent that night. The truce also allowed a breathing night. The truce also allowed a breathing spell where recently-fallen soldiers could be spell where recently-fallen soldiers could be brought back behind their lines by burial brought back behind their lines by burial parties. Proper burials took place as soldiers parties. Proper burials took place as soldiers from both sides mourned the dead together from both sides mourned the dead together and paid their respects. and paid their respects.

The truce spread to other areas of the The truce spread to other areas of the lines, and there are many stories of lines, and there are many stories of football matches between the opposing football matches between the opposing forces.forces.

In many sectors, the truce lasted In many sectors, the truce lasted through Christmas night, but in some through Christmas night, but in some areas, it continued until New Year's Day.areas, it continued until New Year's Day.

The truce occurred in spite of opposition The truce occurred in spite of opposition at higher levels of the military. Earlier in at higher levels of the military. Earlier in the autumn, a call by Pope Benedict XV the autumn, a call by Pope Benedict XV for an official truce between the warring for an official truce between the warring governments had been ignored.governments had been ignored.

New WeaponsNew Weapons

Petrol Driven Petrol Driven EnginesEngines

Trucks, Trucks, motorcyclesmotorcycles

AirAir

Zeppelin, airplanesZeppelin, airplanes

Machine gunMachine gun

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Barbed wire, Barbed wire, mortarsmortars

GrenadesGrenades

Tasks TodayTasks Today

1.1. You will have 20 You will have 20 minutes to minutes to finish the map. finish the map. It needs colored It needs colored AND labeled on AND labeled on both maps. both maps. Books are on Books are on the shelves.the shelves.

2.2. Finish WWI Finish WWI NotesNotes

3.3. Start on trench Start on trench writing writing assessment. assessment.

GasGas

Mustard gas and Mustard gas and chlorine gas- chlorine gas- introduced by introduced by GermansGermans

CountryTotal Casualties Death

Austria-Hungary 100,000 3,000

British Empire 188,706 8,109

France 190,000 8,000

Germany 200,000 9,000

Italy 60,000 4,627

Russia 419,340 56,000

USA 72,807 1,462

Others 10,000 1,000

SubmarinesSubmarines

German U-boatsGerman U-boats

TanksTanks

Tank Production 1916-18

YearUK France Germany Italy USA

1916 150 - - - -

1917 1,277 800 - - -

1918 1,391 4,000 20 6 84

FlamethroweFlamethrowersrs