““The Great WarThe Great War““or or ““The War to End All WarsThe War to End All Wars””

(or just WWI)(or just WWI)

Mr. Growdon

World History

Europe in 1914 (Pre-WWI)

European Alliances at Start of WWI (1914)

Europe Before and After WWI

Europe 1914Europe 1914• Dominates the globe, 25% of world’s

population

• Countries are very Nationalistic• Nationalism = Love for one’s Country

• Most great nations are Militaristic; they glorify war, using propaganda to prey on citizen’s feelings of Nationalism• Militarism = glorifying war and the use of

war

• Dominates the globe, 25% of world’s population

• Countries are very Nationalistic• Nationalism = Love for one’s Country

• Most great nations are Militaristic; they glorify war, using propaganda to prey on citizen’s feelings of Nationalism• Militarism = glorifying war and the use of

war

“Alliance System”“Alliance System”

• The Triple Entente (“Allies”) = Britain, Russia, France

• France worried about Germany’s growing military and industrial strength

• Britain saw Germany as a threat to its sea power and its colonies in Africa

• The Triple Entente (“Allies”) = Britain, Russia, France

• France worried about Germany’s growing military and industrial strength

• Britain saw Germany as a threat to its sea power and its colonies in Africa

“Alliance System”“Alliance System”

• The Triple Alliance (“Central Powers”) = Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

• Germany worried that France would reclaim the Alsace-Lorraine territory

• Alliances ensured that all members of the alliance would help each other if any were attacked

• The Triple Alliance (“Central Powers”) = Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

• Germany worried that France would reclaim the Alsace-Lorraine territory

• Alliances ensured that all members of the alliance would help each other if any were attacked

Trouble BrewingTrouble Brewing

• Imperialism + • Nationalism + • Militarism + • Alliances =

• Imperialism + • Nationalism + • Militarism + • Alliances =

TENSION!!!TENSION!!!

The Shot Heard ‘Round the World (again!)

The Shot Heard ‘Round the World (again!)

• June 28, 1914. The assassination of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie.

• The assassin hoped the murder would return Bosnia to Serbia and release it from Austrian control.

• Austria blames Serbia for this incident (they funded the attack)

• Germany gives Austria-Hungary a ‘blank check’ to move against Serbia

• Austria gives Serbia a harsh ultimatum, Serbia refuses, so…

• June 28, 1914. The assassination of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie.

• The assassin hoped the murder would return Bosnia to Serbia and release it from Austrian control.

• Austria blames Serbia for this incident (they funded the attack)

• Germany gives Austria-Hungary a ‘blank check’ to move against Serbia

• Austria gives Serbia a harsh ultimatum, Serbia refuses, so…

The Shot Heard ‘Round the World

The Shot Heard ‘Round the World

The “Domino Effect”The “Domino Effect”• Austria (has German support) declares war on

Serbia, then…• Russia then mobilizes and refuses to back down to

Germany, so… • Germany declares war on Russia and France (will

enter France through Belgium, the “Schlieffen Plan”), then…

• Britain honors agreement to protect Belgium. So…

• By August 4th, 1914, all major European powers are at war

• Austria (has German support) declares war on Serbia, then…

• Russia then mobilizes and refuses to back down to Germany, so…

• Germany declares war on Russia and France (will enter France through Belgium, the “Schlieffen Plan”), then…

• Britain honors agreement to protect Belgium. So…

• By August 4th, 1914, all major European powers are at war

Mobilization to War - 1914Mobilization to War - 1914A. June 28 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand was

assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian terrorist

B. Germany encouraged Austria to take action against Serbia

C. July 23 - Austria delivers an ultimatum to Serbia, which Serbia did not accept

D. July 28 - Austria declares war on Serbia

E. July 30 - Russia orders full mobilization to support Serbia against Austria and Germany

A. June 28 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian terrorist

B. Germany encouraged Austria to take action against Serbia

C. July 23 - Austria delivers an ultimatum to Serbia, which Serbia did not accept

D. July 28 - Austria declares war on Serbia

E. July 30 - Russia orders full mobilization to support Serbia against Austria and Germany

Mobilization to War - 1914Mobilization to War - 1914

F. August 1 - Germany declares war on Russia because Russia would not demobilize

G. August 3 - Germany declares war on France1. General Alfred von Schlieffen devised

“Schlieffen Plan” to deploy most of the troops to France, knock them out before Russia fully mobilized, and then redeploy to Russia and take them out

F. August 1 - Germany declares war on Russia because Russia would not demobilize

G. August 3 - Germany declares war on France1. General Alfred von Schlieffen devised

“Schlieffen Plan” to deploy most of the troops to France, knock them out before Russia fully mobilized, and then redeploy to Russia and take them out

Map: Schlieffen PlanMap: Schlieffen Plan

Mobilization to War - 1914

Mobilization to War - 1914

Belgium refused Germany entrance to march through to France. Germany invaded, violating Belgian neutrality. So….

August 4, 1914- Britain enters the war

Belgium refused Germany entrance to march through to France. Germany invaded, violating Belgian neutrality. So….

August 4, 1914- Britain enters the war

The U.S. in WWIThe U.S. in WWI• The United States enters the War in April 1917 after

several events that finally bring an end to President Wilson’s policy of neutrality:• A German submarine sinks a British passenger ship, the

Lusitania, killing 128 Americans aboard.• Economic interference with trade and shipping• British Intelligence discovered the ‘Zimmermann Telegra

m’ (an offer from Germany to Mexico to restore the territories of Texas, Arizona and New Mexico to Mexico if they would go to war against the United States)

• Several other US merchant ships were sunk by German subs (“U-boats”)

• The United States enters the War in April 1917 after several events that finally bring an end to President Wilson’s policy of neutrality:• A German submarine sinks a British passenger ship, the

Lusitania, killing 128 Americans aboard.• Economic interference with trade and shipping• British Intelligence discovered the ‘Zimmermann Telegra

m’ (an offer from Germany to Mexico to restore the territories of Texas, Arizona and New Mexico to Mexico if they would go to war against the United States)

• Several other US merchant ships were sunk by German subs (“U-boats”)

Sinking of the Lusitania (1915)Sinking of the Lusitania (1915)

The Zimmermann Telegram (1917)The Zimmermann Telegram (1917)

Original telegram (encrypted) Decrypted and translated

The Course of WarThe Course of WarThe Allies The Central Powers

Australia JapanBelgium LiberiaBrazil MontenegroBritain New Zealand Canada NicaraguaChina Panama Costa Rica PortugalCuba RomaniaFrance RussiaGreece San MarinoGuatemala SerbiaHaiti SiamHonduras South AfricaIndia United StatesItaly

Austria-HungaryBulgariaGermanyOttoman-Empire (Turkey)

The Great, Quick, and Righteous War

The Great, Quick, and Righteous War

A. The war began with everyone optimistic that the war would last only weeks

B. Each side was convinced of the rightness of their cause and charged with national passion (nationalism)

C. Many of the young felt that the war was a break from a modern age preoccupied with money, work, and material goods

A. The war began with everyone optimistic that the war would last only weeks

B. Each side was convinced of the rightness of their cause and charged with national passion (nationalism)

C. Many of the young felt that the war was a break from a modern age preoccupied with money, work, and material goods

BritainBritain USAUSA

WWI Recruitment Posters

WWI Recruitment Posters

WWI Propaganda - USAWWI Propaganda - USA

WWI Propaganda - Britain

WWI Propaganda - Britain

WWI Propaganda - Germany

WWI Propaganda - Germany

WWI Propaganda - Russia

WWI Propaganda - Russia

The beginning…The beginning… The reality of war…The reality of war…

• “The entire campaign a resounding march of victory- “We’ll be home at Christmas,” the recruits shouted laughingly to their mothers in August of 1914 . . .”- Stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterday

• “The entire campaign a resounding march of victory- “We’ll be home at Christmas,” the recruits shouted laughingly to their mothers in August of 1914 . . .”- Stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterday

• “The wall of the trench is plastered with smoking splinters, lumps of flesh, and bits of uniform. . . The first recruit seems actually to have gone insane. ”- Erich Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front

• “The wall of the trench is plastered with smoking splinters, lumps of flesh, and bits of uniform. . . The first recruit seems actually to have gone insane. ”- Erich Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front

Views of the War Views of the War