WW

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TOTAL WAR

A war that involves an entire society, in which civilians are considered fair targets.

NATIONALISM

A sense of national consciousness that fosters loyalty to one’s country.

CASUALTIES

Those people who are wounded or killed during a military attack.

WESTERN FRONT

The zone of fighting in the First World War in which the Germans fought its enemy armies to the west

CONVOYS

Warships accompanied by a protective escort.

VICTORY BONDS

Bond issued by the federal government during the First and Second World Wars to raise money to support the war effort.

U BOATS

German Submarines

WAR MEASURES ACT

A statute passed in 1914 that gave the federal cabinet the power to govern by decree and to suspend civil liberties during times of war or national emergency.

SUBVERSIVES

Those intending to overthrow or destroy an institution or government.

INTERNMENT CAMPS

Armed camps in which people suspected of being the enemy are forcibly held.

CONSCRIPTION

The compulsory enlistment of people in the military.

CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS

A person whose beliefs prohibit her or him from participating in war combat.

WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE

The political right of women to vote.

Past•Small professional armies•Rifles, guns & bayonets•Limited impact on civilians

20th Century•Mass armies with untrained civilians•Machine guns, submarines, tanks, airplanes & bombs•Transportation technologies enabled the arena of war to stretch.•Marine fleets supplemented navies and transported troops, supplies & munitions•Civilians considered fair targets

1. COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE NATURE OF TRADITIONAL WARFARE AND TOTAL WARFARE.

2. HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE BELIEVED TO HAVE DIED IN WWI?

30 million (15 million due to battle-related causes and 15 million due to pan-epidemics)

3. WHAT TYPE OF ROLES DID WOMEN HAVE IN / DURING WWI?• Some volunteered for service overseas as nurses and

ambulance drivers.

• Women in the Red Cross knitted socks, wrapped food parcels and packed medical kits. They wrote letters to soldiers and had fundraising events in order to buy candy, writing paper and other supplies for the troops.

• Many worked on the farm front.

• Worked in munitions factories, fish canneries and transportations services.

4. IN WHAT WAYS WAS CANADA UNPREPARED FOR BATTLE?• Active military = 3110 men and 2 aging navy ships.

• 74,000 reserves, but the first wave of 31,000 men enlisted were drawn from here.

5. WHO WERE THE PRINCESS PATS?

• Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry

• 1st battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF)

• 1st to join the fighting in France

6. WHAT DID CANADA ACHIEVE BY FORMING THEIR OWN COMBAT CORPS?• A sign that Canada was coming of age as a nation.

• Canadian troops were often sent into battle as the first line of attack, resulting in high casualties.

• Their roles in many key battles earned them the distinction of being the top Allied soldiers on the Western Front.

• Canadian pride and nationalism arose.

7. WHAT DID CANADIAN SOLDIERS FACE IN THE BATTLE OF YPRES?

Chlorine Gas

8. WHAT BATTLE CAUSED A GREAT NUMBER OF CANADIAN CASUALTIES, INCLUDING MANY FROM THE ROYAL NEWFOUNDLAND REGIMENT?

Battle of Somme

9. EXPLAIN THE IMPORTANCE OF VIMY RIDGE TO CANADA.• 1st time that all 4 divisions of Canadian troops fought

together as a unit.

• Captured a significant enemy holding, which marked a step toward Allie victory.

• Symbolized Canada’s crucial contribution to the war and it raised the profile of the Canadian forces as an elite corps.

10. WHAT WAS ‘NO MAN’S LAND’?

Territory between Allied and enemy trenches

11. WHAT WAS CANADA’S FIRST AND ONLY SEGREGATED BATTALION?

No. 2 Construction Battalion

12. WHY DID CANADIANS JOIN THE RAF? BE SPECIFIC. WHAT % OF THE RAF WAS CANADIAN?• No Canadian Air Force, so they were encouraged to

join the British Royal Air Force

• 40% were Canadian pilots.

13. WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WAR MEASURES ACT?• It gave the federal government power to arrest and

detain people suspected of being subversives.

• Recent immigrants (German & Austro-Hungarian descent)had to register with the police.

• Publications written in enemy languages were banned.

• Establishment of internment camps.

14. EXPLAIN THE MILITARY VOTERS ACT. WHY WAS THIS A KEY MOMENT FOR THE SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT?• Men and women in the armed forces were allowed to

cast their votes

• Conscientious Objectors were denied the vote

• It extended the vote to widows, wives, mothers, and adult sisters and daughters of servicemen.

15. HOW DID THE WAR EFFECT CANADA’S INDUSTRY AND ECONOMY?• Boom in our economy

• Markets expanded and the monetary value of Canadian exports doubled.

• Transformed Canada into an industrialized nation.

16. WHAT ACTION BY PM BORDEN LED TO THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE TO THE COMMONWEALTH?

• PM of Britain agreed that Canada should be given an active role in decisions affecting Canadian military overseas.

• Canada and other British Dominions were invited to attend Cabinet meetings.

• He drafted Resolution IX, which recognized Canada and the other Dominions as autonomous nations and the right to have say over their own foreign affairs.

• This was passed and the British Empire was transformed into the British Commonwealth of Nations.

17. WHAT LED TO THE CREATION OF PERMANENT INCOME TAXES?

National Debt of $2.46 billion

18. OVERALL, WAS WW I A POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE EXPERIENCE FOR CANADA? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER WITH SPECIFIC EXAMPLES.