Wutan Huatan Jisuan Jishu ISSN:1001-1749

REVIEW ARTICLE ON AARGWADHA

Dr. Shilpa B. Deshpande1, Shweta Parwe2, Manoj Patil3

1PhD. scholar, Assistant Prof. Panchakarma Dept. Vidarbha Ayurved college, Amravati.

[email protected].

2 Professor and Head, Department of Panchakarma , Mahatma Gandhi Ayurved College

Hospital & Research Centre, Salod (H.), Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha,

[email protected] 9511659185.

3Research Consultant, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical

Sciences (DU), Wardha.

Corresponding author’s name and address:

Dr. Shweta Parwe, Meghdoot Apartment, M4, 12, Paloti Road, Sawangi(M), Wardha (MS)

Corresponding author’s email id: [email protected]

Contact number of the corresponding author : 9511659185

Review Article

Conflict of Interest: None

Abstract-

Background- Argwadha is the ancient medicinal plant explained in the Ayurvedic Samhitas.It is the common plant in the India and it called Golden shower, traditionally it used for medicinal purpose. Specially in Ayurveda it has many medicinal uses. The Latin name of the ArgwadhaisCassia fistulaanditsFamily Leguminosae. In Ayurveda it called Rajvruksha due to its beautiful flower.Cassia fistulafound in the Asian countries such as the India, Hong cong, Indonesia, Thiland. Aim- to review theArgwadha(Cassia fistula). Here the Ayurvedic samhitas description and recent study is reviewed for the more specification on botanical and medicinal usefulness of this beautiful plant.Observations- According to botanical review Cassia fistula found many more active compounds like eugenol, flavonoids, glycosides, carbohydrate, tannin, alkaloids, anthroquinone, in the fruit pulp rheninfound.Inthe Ayurvedic samhitas the description of Argwadhafound in the ganaof kushthghna,kadughna,shyamadi, Adhobhaghar. It has many medicinal properties like jwarghna, prameha, kushthaghna,sansrana, in hridroga, chardi, yakshma, udard, Amvisha, Raktpitta, Vatrakta.Discussion -Mainly in the Panchkarmait used as a virechak(laxative). In the modern it has antidiabetic, antipyretic, antifertility, laxative, antitussive, hyperlipidaemic, anticancers, ovicidal, larvicidal, antibacterial, antifungal, skin disease, antioxidant property. It used in industries for commercial purpose in the dying of wool and the in the food preservation. Argwdhais beautiful gift of nature which has many properties

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useful for mankind. This article focused on the medicinally uses of Argwadhaaccording to Ayurveda and modern.Conclusion -It is useful in the expanding the knowledge of Argwadhauses for the research scholars.

Key words-Cassia fistula, Argwadha, Ayurveda, kushthagna, Diabetes, Madhumeha.

Introduction-

From the ancient period to the modern herbal medicines are used for curative and prevention purpose, most of the people are depend on the herbal medicine for common diseases. Cassia fistula is one of the herbs used as a medicine [1].InAyurveda the name of Cassia fistula is Argwadha. It commonly names as a golden shower (Rajwriksha). The plant has beautiful yellow flowers. The family of Cassia fistula is the Leguminosae, it is the widespread in India. It has the medicinal properties. It is the 10-20 m height. Flowers are in bright yellow colour; petals are 2 inches wide and 10 stemanes. The flowers are pendula’s racemes 20 to 40 cm long. The flowers contain the five yellow petals with equal size. The leaves are 15 to 60 cm long and pinnate and it has three to eight pairs of leaflets. The leaflet is about 7to 21 cm long and 4 to 9 cm broad. The Argwadha has a legume about 30 to 60 cm long, 1.5 to 2.5 cm broad, [2]. The ripe legume shady brown colour, many are aligned seeded in chamber. seeds are flat covered in a pulp[3].

Phytochemistry-

In leaf contains the 7 compounds.4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (8.7%).eugenol (25.0%), limonene (11.0%), (E)-phytol (21.5%), linalool (9.9%),camphor (13.5%), salicyl alcohol (10.4%), in seed 5 compounds-hydroxymethylfurfural, (2‘S)-7-hydroxy-2-(2’hydroxypropyl)-5-methylchromone 5-(2-hydroxyphenoxymethyl) furfural, (2‘S)-7-hydroxy-5- hydroxymethyl-2-(2‘-hydroxypropyl) chromone, benzyl 2-hydroxy-3,6-dimethoxybenzoate, and benzyl 2βO-d-glucopyranosyl-3,6-dimethoxybenzoate, and two oxyanthraquinones, chrysophanol and chrysophanein. In Bark 27 compounds1-hexacosanol, 1-octacosanol, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, eight long-chain hydrocarbons, heptacosyleicosanate, glyceryl-1tetraeicosanoate; three sterols, linoleic acid, β-sitosterol , citreorosein,, βsitosteryl-3-O- one triterpene, lupeol , eight anthraquinones, chrysophanol , stigmasterol, emodin, D-glucopyranoside, physcion, , ziganein, rhein methyl ester 1,4,5trihydroxyanthraquinone, coumarins, isoscopoletin , scopoletin ; and 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde two chromones, 2,5-dimethyl-7-hydroxychromone ,2,5-dimethyl-7-methoxychromone ; three aromatic compounds, vanillic acid, isovanillic acid , [4]. In fruit pulp- High amount of rhein [5]

Parts of Cassia fistula –

Constitute of Cassia fistulaanthroquinone, tannin, flavonoids, glycosides, polyphenol, alkaloids present in the bark and pulp, carbohydrates present in the pulp. total ash is 7.04, 0.012 is acid insoluble ash, 1.03 is water soluble ash, water soluble extracts 29.39, alcohol soluble extracts 25.52.[6]

Review of Argwadha-

Literary review-

Argwadha in English cassia- kasia(Greek word) means name of plant and fistula means tube or pipe. It means the plant having the tube-like fruit.[7]



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Taxonomic classification-

Table no.1- Taxonomic classification

Kingdom – Plantae

Subkingdom – Tracheobinota

Super Division - Spermatophyta

Division - Mangoliophyta

Class – Magnoliopsida

Sub Class - Rosidae

Order - Fabales

Family – Leguminosae.

Genus - Cassia

Species- Fistula[8]

Table no.2 -Vernacular Names

Hindi - Dhanbehada,Amultus

English - Golden Shower, pudding pipe tree

Guajarati - Garmala

Bangali Valnadi, sotalu

Kannad - Heggake

Marathi - Bahava

Tamil - Shrakkonnai, Konai, Irjviruttam

Telegu - Kondrakayi, Raelachettu, Aragvadhamu

Farsi Khyare

Punjabi - Amaltaas, Kaniyaar, Girdnalee

Urdu- Amaltas[8]

Ayrvedic review-

According toSamhita Argwadhais under karma.InCharakasamhita it includes in Kandughna,kushthaghna,phalini -virechanavarga, InSushrutasamhitaaragvadhadi,samshamana, adhobhagahara, shyamadi. InAshtangasangrahasamhitatiktaskandhaaragvadhadi, virechanaupayogi and shyamadi, Ashtanga hridayasamhitashyamadi,aaragvadhadi, virechanakara.



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InBhavaprakashasamhitait includes inharitakyadivarg.Dhanvantarinighantuguduchyadivarga. Rajanighantuprabhadradivargaand inKaiyadevanighantuaushadhivarga[10]virechak yoga ofArgwadhais twelve.[11]

Action of Argwadha-

Raspanchak-

Guna- guru, snigdha, mrudu.

Rasa- Madhur

Vipak- Madhur.

Virya- shita.

Doshagnata- pitta kaphhar[12]

Vishesh- anapayitvat,[13]

Table no.5- Rogadhikar mentioned in Different Samhita

Pharmacological action-

Laxative-pods and leaves of Cassia fistulahavinganthraquinoneglycones and anthraquinone glycoside content act as a laxative in guinea-pig.[39]

Anti-Fungal Activity-

The extract of flower of Cassia fistula4-hydroxy benzoic acid hydrate act as an antifungal against the richophyton mentagrophytes and Epidermophyton floccosum. The extract of Cassia fistula showed the anticandidal activity in HIV patient which is the fluconazole resistance. most inhibited species C. parapsilosisand,C.krusei and the least inhibited species is C. kefyr. [40]

Samhita Vyadhihar karma

Charak Jwara[14]Raktpitta[15] kushth[16], udavart, Hridrog[17]

Sushrut Bhagandar[18],vidradhi, [19]granthi[20],updansha[21],akhuvisha[22],Apasmar[23]

Vagbhat Rajyakshma, [24]chardi, [25]Annadravshula, [26]Shwitra,[27]Visarpa.[28]Karnaroga, [29]nasarog, [30]mukhpaka, [31]vrana, [32] Valmik, [33]

Bhavprakash Amvata,[34]Vatrakta, [35]

Sharangdhar Mutrakriccha, [36]

Rajnighantu Kandu,Vishtambh[37]

Kaidev Nighantu Gulma, udar, kachu, Prameha[38]



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Wound Healing- the leaves of Cassia fistula alcohol extract showed the antibacterial effect againstStaphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. On rat it showed better wound closure and generation of new tissue, wound healing is fast.[41].

Action on pemphigus vulgaris-

Rhein which found in Cassia fistulahaving the strong antioxidant property. It suppresses the leukotriene B4 and C4, reduce the inflammation. high content of phenolic and flavonoids may relate with the mechanism. The fruit oil of Cassia fistula found effective in wound of pemphigus erosions. [42]

Antiulcer activity-

The ethanol leaves extract of cassia fistula shows the antiulcer activity in gastric ulcer due to pylorus ligation.[43]

Antipyretic activity-

The ethanolic leaf extract ofCassia fistula act as an antipyretic in rats. The extract showed antipyretic activity against yeast infection.[44]

Anti-leishmaniatic activity- The Cassia fistula concentrated boiled extract and hydro alcoholic extract found effective in the infection of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Combination therapy of Cassia fistula and meglumine antimonate gel showed treatment of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis.[45]

Anti-fertility –

Cassia fistula suppress fertility in male rats. 100 and 200 mg/kg water extract of Cassia fistula seeds prevents rat’s pregnancy.[46]

Ovicidal and larvicidal effect-

Leaf extract of Cassia fistula topical application on hatching egg of D. koenigii and increasing concentration showed non viability of egg. The methanolic extract of leaf of Cassia fistula was tested on Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi showed larvicidal and ovicidal effect. [47]

Antifeedant and larvicidal-

Rhein isolated from the ethyl extract of flower of Cassia fistulafound to be effective against lepidopteron pests, Helicoverpaarmigeraand Spodoptera as an ovicidal and larvicidal.The larvae who survivedconvert in to malformed adults.[48]

Preservative-

fish and meat preserved by Cassia fistula against E. coli.[49]. the Cassia fistula plant extract ZnoNPsmaintain the quality of food and foodborne diseases.ZnO NPs a nanocomposite can prevent the food infection.[50]The plant leaves extract of Cassia fistula showed the prevention of food borne pathogens and it ultimately prevents the food poison. [51]A.Sangeetha, P.Senthilkumar, S. Balkrishna, k. Manimaran, M. Dhanlakshmi And T. Sivakumar. In vitro antimicrobial activity of madhuca indica and Cassia fistula leaves against food borne pathogens. Journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry 2020, 9 (4) page no.587-591.



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Dyeing of wool-

Cassia fistulathe fruit aqueous extraction used as a natural dye on wool. The anthraquinone colourants act as a dye.[52]

Anti-diabetic-

The hydroalcoholic extract pod of Cassia fistula showed antidiabetic activity in rats. The extract of pod100,200 and 500 mg/kg b. wt/day were administeredin oral route and showed antidiabetic activity.[53] the gold ions found from Cassia fistula stem bark used in the diabetes streptozotocin induced rats studied as antidiabetic and better hypoglycaemic agent and complication of diabetes.[54]

Genotoxicity and mutagens-

Fruit of Cassia fistulaeffective in the removing free radicals and it showed the protect S9 dependent mutagen mutagenicity. [55]

Anticancer-

The study showed the Cassia fistula seeds extracts anticancer effect in the umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell and HeLa cell linein vitro.[56]

Hyperlipidaemic activity-

Cassia fistula extracts showed hypolipidemic and antioxidant property in Mice. The extract showed the significant protection in liver and heart tissue. [57] the aqueous extract of high dose effective in hyperlipidaemia.[58]

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory-

Leaf extract of Cassia fistula showed the anti-inflammatoryand analgesic changes in rats. [59]

Antibacterial-

The extract of C. Fistulashowed against the bacteriaS. aureus, E coli B. cereus, S. epidermidisand K. pneumoniae.Ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Cassia fistulathe susceptible inE. coli and K. pneumoniae. Also,least sensitivityinS. aureusandB. cereusshowedand, ethanolic extracts effective against E. coli, S. aureus,K. pneumoniae and S. epidermidis. [60]Cassia fistula of organic solvents of ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol effective against S. aureus, E. coli, S. epidermidis, and K. pneumonia. [61]

Antioxidant-

Cassia fistula is the rich source of antioxidants. All extracts showed the antioxidant property. (62) applying the response surface methodology Cassia fistula pods retained the antioxidant property. [63]

Antifatigue-

The ethanolic extract of Cassia fistula showed in the reduction in locomotors activity and it reduces anxiety. It is also effective in thefatigue syndrome.[64]



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Antitussive action-

The antitussive action of Cassia fistula on cough of mice. Its methanolic extract better antitussive effect than drug dependant dose manner.[65]

Anti-itching-

Cassia fistula reduced the itching and irritation in the patient of Vicharchika.[66]

CNS-

Cassia fistula internally can be used in headache and migraines, ophthalmic diseases.[67]Cassia fistulamethanolic extract showed the antidepressants activity on mice.[68]

Effect on chikunguniya-

Cassia fistulathe crude extract act as repellent, ovicidal and larvicidal activity against the Chikungunia vector mosquito.[69]

Sub chronic toxicity-

The repeated dose Cassia fistula 1000mg/kg in mice induced the liver and kidney damage.Thebark is safe to use medicinal purpose but dose less than the 1000mg/kg.[70]

The Argwadha is an ayurvedic herb used in the clinical practices. most commonly used in the Panchakrma and in medicine form.

Table no.-6 Argwadha preparation in clinical practice

Argwadhafalmajja(pulp) kwatha- 60 ml

Virechana(laxative) Pitta diseases, skin diseases, Madhumeha, krumi, vatrakta.

Argwadhapatra(leaves) Patra pindaswed Vicharchika

Argwadhapulp MustadiyapanBasti, Baladi yapanbasti, erandmuladiyapanbasti

Grudhrasi, katigatavata, Prameha, vatrakta

ArgwadhaKapilavati Mild laxative Krumi

Argwadhasav Orally Skin disease, fever.

Table no.7-The study of Argwadha in Ayurvedic medicinal purpose.

Sr. no.

Argwadha preparations

Author Title Results

1. Argwadhafalmajjakwatha

Kuntal A. Ghosh and Paresh C. Tripathi

Clinical effect of Virechana and ShamanaChikitsa in TamakaShwasa (Bronchial Asthma) Ayu. 2012 Apr-Jun; 33(2): 238–242.

In TamakshwasaArgwadhafalmajjakwathavirechan karma found effective than shaman treatment. Combination of



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doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.105244

virechana and shamana found effective in Tamakshwasa.

2. ArgwadhafalmajjaVirechana Kashaya was prepared by mixing 50 g of Aaragwadha Yavakuta, (Cassia fistula) Phalamajja, 100 g of Trivrit (Operculinaturpethum) , and 70 ml of Eranda (Ricinus communis) Taila.

Gyanendra Shukla, Santosh K. Bhatted,1 Alankruta R. Dave,2 and Vageesha Datta Shukla3

3Efficacy of Virechana and Basti Karma with Shamana therapy in the management of essential hypertension: A comparative studyAyu. 2013 Jan-Mar; 34(1): 70–76. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.115455

Virechana karma is found effective in Hypertension related with staulya, prameha, hyperlipidaemia significant result seen than the basti.

3. kwatha made up of 15 g each of Aragvadha (Cassia fistula), Draksha (Vitis vinifera), Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) +4 g KatukiChurana (Picrorhizakurroa) +30 ml ErandaTaila (castor oil) +2 tablets of AbhayadiModaka]

Gunjan Mangal, Gopesh Mangal,1 and RadheyShyam Sharma2

Clinical efficacy of ShodhanaKarma and Shamana Karma in MandalaKushtha (Psoriasis)Ayu. 2012 Apr-Jun; 33(2): 224–229. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.105242

Vamana and virechana showed better relief in the erythema in legs and arms. Shodhan and shamana with modern showed the better resut in the Mandala kushtha.

4. Argwadhachurna

Kushal Shah, VedshreeRaole, Namrata Parikh, Shachi Engineer, RitavBhrambhatt, Bhavik Chauhan* .

A REVIEW ON HERBAL APPROACH TOWARDS URTICARIA AN ALLERGIC SKIN DISORDERWorld Journal of Pharmaceutical

The single herb shows the complimentary effect with combination or single herb. the allopathic medicine and herbal drug showed the synergetic effect in



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ResearchVolume 7, Issue 7, 1996-2010

urticaria medicine.

5. ArgwadhaKapila vati

Vd. UjwalaRodge1 , Vd. D.N. Kahalekar2 , Vd. V.E. Gogate3 , Vd. M.W. Nalkande

Case Study On Ekakushtha ( Psoriasis ) With Ayurvedic Management. Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN:2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 11, Issue 3 Ver. III (May - Jun.2016), PP 116-119

The Virechanatreatment showed the good results with the shaman yog in Ekakushtha.

6. Argwadhaghanvati

Naresh Kumar Ghodela1*, Dudhamal TS2 , Ashok Kumar3.

VRANA SHODHANA AND VRANA ROPANA PROPERTIES OF ARAGWADHADI GANA - A BRIEF REVIEW Ayurpharm Int J Ayur Alli Sci. 2017;6(10):204-214

.Argwdhdignna shows the antimicrobial property in vivo/vitro shodhan and ropan. in vrana in humans it can be used,

7. Argwdhakwatha

Ramteke Ashok and ThombreJivan and S. Rajiv Gandhi

Critical study of aragvadh (cassia fistula linn) ment of it’s antioxidant activity with special reference to dadru Corpus ID: 212487989 year2014

Argwadhakwatha with modern treatment showed the excellent effect on symptoms of Dadru than the Argwadhakwatha with placebo.

8. Argwadhakwatha

lSunilMahajanPratibhaChauhanSenthil KumarSubramaniAshwineeAnandDineshBoroleHarimohanGoswamyGBKSPrasad

Evaluation of GSPF kwath”: A Gymnemasylvestre-containing polyherbal formulation for the treatment of human type 2 diabetes mellitus European Journal of Integrative Medicine Volume 7, Issue 3, May 2015, Pages

GSPF kwatha 6 month in daily reduced the blood glucose level and glycosylated hemoglobin levels. GSPF formulation may be effective inhyperlipidaemia, hyperglycaemia.



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303-311

9. Argwadharishta

Mohommad Hasan, Prabhu k, Rao Mudganti Ram Krishna, Sundarm R. Laxmi, ShilSampad, Vijaylakshmi N.,Dinkar Shruthi

The GC MS study of one ayurvedic Medicine, Argwadharishtam Research journal of pharmacy and technology. Volume 12, issue-3,pg no.1111-1114.

Argwadharishta is the Ayurvedic drug the molecules found in , Ethyl hydrogen succinate diethyl ester, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) 4Ethyl-2-hydroxycyclopent-2-en-1-one, Eugenol, Butanedioic acid Phnylethyl alcohol, 4-hydroxy-, Hexadecanoic acid, Ethyl gallate, 1, 2, 3-Benzenetriol, 2, 3-hydroxypropyl esterBenzeethanol, ethyl ester and Octadecanoic acid, these molecules have medicinal purpose. .

10. AragwadhaChurna

Role of Nitya Virechan and Shaman Chikitsa in the management of Ekkushta with special respect to plaque psoriasis : a case study

Bhende S, ParweS.Role of Nitya Virechana and Shaman Chikitsa in the management of Ekkushta with special respect to plaque psoriasis : a case study. J Indian Sys Medicine 2020;8:57-62.

For Nitya virechanaAragwadhachurna was used for 14 days and got best result in case of old male patient of 78 years without any side effects.



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Discussion-

The Argwadha is the Ayurvedic drug used in the Ayurvedic practices widely. It is the mainly used as the virechana drug(laxative) for the removal of toxins. It also used in the krumi. In market the ArgwadhaKapilavati is widely used as antihelminthic.InSushrutsamhita the ten kashayasmentioned for Madhumeha and in which Argwadha is written. This drug also quoted in the Kushtha (skin diseases). This herb used in various form like kwatha, churna, arishta, avleha. It has various medicinal uses as well as in the form of food preservative and dying process. It is found to be effective as Antioxidant and it act as an antimutant, in pyrexia,constipation, diabetes, skin disease like urticaria, pymhigus vulgaris, fungal infection.

Conclusion-

The traditional medicinal use of Argwadhain Aurvedic Samhitas is in Fever, Skin diseases, fistula, and abscess, diabetes, wound. Ayurveda shows the multiple uses of Argwadhaon the basis of Raspanchak, this study had been done in ancient era similarly, and mainly in Panchakrma procedures Argwadha widely used as virechana (laxative) for removal of toxins which sticks on the wall of gut. It is safe laxative.

modern science proved that the Cassia fistula having the property of antifungal, antipyretic, wound healing, cancer, antidiabetic, antibacterial, anti-hyperlipidaemic. Main content of the Cassia fistula is the Eugenol, E phytol which acts on the diseases. So here is more study is required to enlighten the properties of Cassia fistula.

References

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2. Dr. Satish s Therapeutic uses of Cassia fistula: Review international journal of pharma and chemical research I volume 3 I issue 1 jan – march 2017 pg no.38-43

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8. Ali ma: Cassia fistula Linn: a review of phytochemical and pharmacological studies. Int j pharm sci res2014; 5(6): 2125-30.doi: 10.13040/ijpsr.0975-8232.5(6).2125-30



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29. Ganesh krushnagarde, sarthvagbhat, uttarsthan 18 version 49 gajanan book depo,pune.1983 p.407

30. Ganesh krushnagarde, sarthvagbhat, uttarsthan 20version 7 gajanan book depo,pune.1983 p.410.



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33. Ganesh krushnagarde, sarthvagbhat, uttarsthan 32 version 9 gajanan book depo,pune.1983 p.449.

34. Priyavatsharmabhavprakashsamhita, madhyam khanda, 26 version 52 chaukhambaprakashan. Pg.170

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49. Gamal M. Hamad, Neveen M. Abdelmotilib, Shaaban Mostafa Abdel-Fattah and Ahmed M. Zeitoun, 2020. Anti-Escherichia coli O157:H7 as natural preservative to control and prevent food contamination in meat and fish products. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 23: 674-684.

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51. A.Sangeetha, P.Senthilkumar, S. Balkrishna, k. Manimaran, M. Dhanlakshmi And T. Sivakumar. In vitro antimicrobial activity of madhuca indica and Cassia fistula leaves against food borne pathogens. Journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry 2020, 9 (4) page no.587-591.

52. Mohd Nadeem Bukhari,Luqman Jameel Rather,MohdShabbir,Shahid-Ul-Islam,UrvashiSingh,Mohd Ali Khan Dyeing of Wool with Anthraquinone based Natural Colorants from Cassia fistula fruit& journal of natural fibres volume 16,2019 issue 6 pg no.855-865

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63. Waqas Haider, Bushra Sultan, Muhammad Mushtaq, Ijaz Ahmad Bhatti. Multi-response optimization of enzyme-assisted maceration to enhance the yield and antioxidant activity of Cassia fistula pods extracts. journal of food measurement and characterization. Dec.2018 volume12, issue 4, pg no.2685-2694.

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70. Anis Yohana Chaerunisaaa, YasmiwarSusilawatib, MuhaiminMuhaiminc, Tiana Milandab, RiniHendrianid, Anas Subarnasd Antibacterial activity and subchronic toxicity of Cassia fistula L. barks in rats Toxicology Reports 7 (2020) 649–657.

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