WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref WORKPACKAGE 4 Collection & Transport O....

Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref

WP4AWAST

WORKPACKAGE 4

Collection & Transport

O. Tabasaran, D. Steinbach, A. Schultheis


WP4AWAST

Collection & Transport

Objectives of WP 4

1 Development of a general methodology for data collection to evaluate the efficiency of collection/ transportation schemes and sorting plants

2 Data collection in several cities and counties (case studies) following the procedure developed

3 Simulation with the aim to improving the efficiency of collection/ transport and sorting schemes

4 If feasible, to implement and assess selected improvement measures


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Problems encountered

3 Evaluation of the efficiency of sorting plants is very time consuming as there are five sorting plants in Stuttgart operating with different technologies and dealing with different input material

2 At the moment, the focus of work is on collection and transport as it is the topic that lacks of information and data

1 Data collection does not have the priority that is required in the project

4 No delays


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General results

1 Collection transport:

Model structure is completed

Programming has started

Equations are determined

Most of the required default values are available

Detailed data from Stuttgart will be received the next weeks


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2 Sorting plant:

Data of one sorting plant for mixed recyclables are available in parts to be integrated into the simulator

Data collection from Stuttgart sorting plants is ongoing

3 Environmental aspects:

The structure to assess the aspects is finished for collection/transport

Data from Rennes sorting plant are available in parts


WP4AWAST

Collection and transport

For evaluation of efficiency and environmental aspects the simulator will

reflect the present situation of collection/transport and sorting plants in the case study cities and in cities which want to use the system

improve/ optimise the existing system by changing factors

introduce additional collection systems and sorting streams for selected waste fractions

30- 70% of total waste disposal costs


WP4AWAST

Fractions of solid waste collected from households, shops and small businesses

Select one of the previously defined areas

Fractions collected separately for recycling Fractions not collected for recycling

Paper GlassLight weight

fractionMetal Plastic

Hygienicpaper

Inert BiowasteGardenwaste

W oodHazardous

wasteMaterial

mixW EEE

Notspecified

Rest waste

kerb bring

Paper

kerb

mono

bring

mixed mono mixed

Glass

kerb

mono

bring

mixed mono mixed

M etals

kerb

mono

bring

mixed mono mixed

Plastic

kerb

mono

bring

mixed mono mixed

Possibilities for mixed collection in bring schemesP,G P,G,M

Possibilities for mixed collection in kerbside schemesP,G

M ixed containerkerbside collection

M ixed containerbring system

System

alternating additive integrating

System


System


System


P,M P,Pl G,M G,Pl M,Pl P,G,Pl M,P,Pl G,M,Pl P,G,M,Pl

P,M P,Pl G,M G,Pl M,Pl P,G,Pl M,P,Pl G,M,Pl P,G,M,Pl

P,G,M

Collectionfrequency/ year(52, 25,17,13..)







System




System






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Per area and fraction

c

For the previously defined mono andmixed waste (paper, glass, metals,

plastic, residual waste others...)

For each defined area

Kerbside collection scheme (per area)

volume weight per binsize (for each fraction)

bin bag

multi (2-4) -compartment

bin sizes60-5,000 litres

compartment ratio(s)

bin specifications

number of binsrequired per size

bag sizes20-140 litres

volume weight per bagsize (for each fraction)

number of bagsrequired per size

For the previously defined mono andmixed waste (paper, glass, metals,

plastic, residual waste others...)


Bring collection scheme (per area)

volume weight percontainer size (for

each fraction)

container bag

inhabitantsconnected/container

container sizes660-7,000 litres

colour separationfor glass

containerspecifications

number of binsrequired per size

bag sizes20-140 litres

volume weight perbag size (for each

fraction)

number of bagsrequired per size

inhabitants/ pick-uplocation

colour separationfor glass


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Per area and fraction

For the previously defined mono and mixed waste (paper,glass, metals, plastic, residual waste others...)


Kerbside collection scheme (per area)

kind of service

driver collector ratio (1:_)

gross and net working time(driver, collector)

vehicle use per week (h)

km to disposal site (one way)

km/ route*d

number of routes/d

number of trips to disposalsite/route

number of pick-up locationsper route

container/ pick-up location

at-site time

off route time

route(s) specifications

bins/ collector*h

Selection of appropriate vehicles

area specification (axles)

fraction(s) to be collected

side, rear, front loader

demountable containersystem (yes, no)

range of container size tobe collected

lifter characterisation

automaticdivided

universal

universally divided

- 240 360 660 770

1100 >1100 bags hand


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Waste amounts and composition per capita

If waste data are unknown, default values are available and will be provided by the programme

Basic data required to feed the simulator

Description of collection area(s)

normally 1 collection area for smaller towns

bigger cities are often divided into several (independent) areas


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Area description should include

For optimisation or introduction of a new system, existing area divisions can be changed or areas can be added

Basic data required to feed the simulator

Number of inhabitants

Number of households

Number of properties

Building structures

Inhabitants/households per building structure

Km² of area


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Fractions collected separately per bin/bag, or together in one container (quantities)

User decides which fractions are to be collected separately with bin/bags

New system / improvementPresent situation

Data required per collection area

additive, alternating, integrated

Data required per collection area and fraction

Collection system

central collection points; inhabitants connected per central container

User can chose or change the collection systemkerbsid

e

collection frequency

Back-calculations will avoid logical errors


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Number of bins according to sizes (30 - 5.500 litres) per area and fraction

The programme suggests bin sizes according to area specifications

Number of bins required is back-calculated by the programme using:

Bins/ containers per area and fraction

New system / improvementPresent situation

User can fix bin sizes

bin sizes chosen by the user

area specifications

volume weight of waste fraction

or by volume which must be provided by municipal regulation


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Collection and transport per area, vehicle and day is determined by the following factors:

Collection specifications per area and fraction

Length of a working day

Time spent driving between stops

Distance to the disposal site

Average haul speed to and from disposal site

One way delay time

Unloading time at disposal site

Off route time per day

Number of shifts

Vehicle specifications, lifter system

Area specifications


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Calculations of the collection parameters are related to

a vehicle collecting a specific waste fraction per day during a defined route

per route several trips to the disposal site may be required, so the calculations are normally related to one trip

important aspect for efficiency is the time spent for the different collection steps


Equations and parameters for calculations are related to bring and kerbside systems using specific modifications if required


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Collection per trip can be divided into:

Pick-up [Pscs]

Haul [x]

At site [tu]

From 1st container to be emptied until vehicle is full

Transport to the waste disposal plants, recycling facilities or transfer station (and back)

Time required for unloading the vehicle at the waste disposal plant, recycling facility or transfer station

Time per trip Tscs = Pscs + tu + a + bx


a, b are empirical constants for distances and related velocities


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Pick-up- time depends on Pscs = Ct (uc) + (Np) (dbc)

Number of containers emptied per trip [Ct]

Unloading time per container (collector specific) [uct]

Number of container pick-up locations (stops) [Np]

Average time spent driving between the pick-up locations [dbc]



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Default values available and provided

Programme calculated

Selection of vehicle types (axles, payload, volume, rear, front, side loaders) provided

Previously selected

Number of containers emptied per trip [Ct] Ct = vr/cf

New system / improvementDepends on

Container sizes

Volume weight per waste fraction and container size

Vehicle volume, payload [v] (maximum volume weight)

Possible compaction ratio [r]

[cf]


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To be selected by the user

Lifter system

Number of collectors/ vehicle [Nc]

Average default values are available and provided

Container sizes

Average default values are available and provided or

Unloading time per container [uct] uct = (Lt0 + LT1 )/Nc*z

Set out time for full service [Lt0]

Emptying time per container [Lt1] is a function of

New system / improvementDepends on

Programme provides possibility to chose the lifter system , providing unloading times according to container sizes

Factor used if lifters are not divided [z]


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Number of container pick-up locations per trip Np = H/Nd - 2x/s - 2 td - tu - B/Nd

tpNew system / improvement

Length of working day/vehicle [H]

Number of trips [Nd]

Mean time per stop + time to reach the next stop [tp]

At site unloading time [tu]

Off-route time [B]

Distance to the disposal plant [x]

One way delay time [td]

tp= (uc*cloc)+dbc

Average haul speed to disposal plant [s]

1 or 2 shifts, working hours can be changed

Back-calculated

Can be changed for simulating transfer station, etc.

Average values road and distance specific available

For the present situation the following parameters are known or calculated

Related to selected vehicle

All factors can be changed (collectors, containers, vehicles ...)


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Changing collection system, container neighbourhoods, etc.

dbc = D/Vmax [1-exp(0,03D)]

Average time spent driving between the pick-up locations [dbc]

New system / improvement

Distance between stops [D]

Velocity [V]

Average values (number of bins/100 m) available according to area structures

Average values available according to area structures


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Environmental aspects collection/ transport

Parameters per waste vehicles

Age

Maximum payload

Average load

Number of axles

Average speed

Diesel/ 100 km

Diesel/ t collected

Percentage of increased efforts

km/ year

Filters installed

Particles

Emissions considered

CO

NOx

HC

Emissions will be evaluated according to existing norms for the following parameters:


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For central collection points/ civic amenity sites, private trips will be calculated by using average default values (according to inhabitants connected per location)

Waste transport from transfer station to recycling facilities, composting plant, incineration, MBPT or landfill (specific transportation trucks)

Waste transport from sorting plant to recycling facilities, incineration, MBPT or landfill

Transport considered

Waste collection and transport to the waste disposal plant or transfer station


WP4AWAST

Sorting plant (MRF) for mixed recyclables

Packaging waste

Paper/ cardboard sorted into different qualities

Sorted:

Small WEEE

Inhabitants connected: 182,000

Input: 22,700 tons/year (maximum capacity 26,000 tons/year)

Batteries


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Separate ly co llected recyclab les

Pre-sorting

Drum 1

Drum 2

Sorting station 1

Sotima FE- Separator

W EEE

FE/NE-Separator

Residual waste

G lass

Batteries (red bag)

Coarse meta ls

Non FE- meta ls

FE- meta ls

60 mm

60-180 mmheavy

light

Sorting station 2 Sorting station 3 Non FE- meta ls

Tetra-pak

G lass

M ixed p lastic

A lumin ium

Residual waste

Plastic fo ils

FE- meta ls

Cardboard

Plastic bottles

> 180 mm

> 80 mm

< 80 mm


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Data available in parts

Input streams, quantities per fraction

Input/ output of each sorting station

Technical data and input/output drum 1 and 2

Technical data input/ output Sotima (density separator)

Technical data and efficiency of the magnetic separators and Eddy-Current separator

Technical data conveyor belts, pressing devices etc.

For some aggregates equations for the simulator are available


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Available data concerning sorting efficiency (on a monthly basis)

Staff per shift

Quantities collected per fraction and shift

Time for pressing

Running hours

Tons per hour (from green household bin)

Tons per hour (commercial recyclables)

Additional cleaning

Interruption hours divided into cleaning, overfilled sorting belt, defect...

Capacity utilisation (%)

Working time (hours per person and month)

Working days per month

Total hours per shift


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Collection transport

Bio-Bin

Biowaste

Lunch-time !!! Origin ???

WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref WORKPACKAGE 4 Collection & Transport O....

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