WP 1 Task 1.2 : Potential of bast fibr e s crops Task leader: Krzysztof HELLER
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Transcript of WP 1 Task 1.2 : Potential of bast fibr e s crops Task leader: Krzysztof HELLER
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C R O P S T O I N D U S T R YC R O P S T O I N D U S T R Y
WP 1Task 1.2 : Potential of bast fibres crops
Task leader: Krzysztof HELLER
Crops2IndustryCrops2Industry“Non-food Crops-to-Industry
schemes in EU27”
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C R O P S T O I N D U S T R YC R O P S T O I N D U S T R Y
WP1 Non-food crops (CRES, UNIBO, INF&MP, NCPRI, ACCIONA)
The main target of this WP is to explore the potential of non-food crops, which can be domestically grown in EU27 countries, for
selected industrial application.
Fiber crops
INF&MP – bast fibers
UNIBO – fruit and leaf fibers
CRES – seed and wood fibers
2
Task 1.2
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C R O P S T O I N D U S T R YC R O P S T O I N D U S T R Y
1. Objectives
WP 1 - Potential of non-food crops
Task 1.2 Fibre crops:
1.Fibre flax
2.Hemp
3.Kenaf
4.Nettle
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Flax (Linum Usitatissimum)
Diameter of elementary fibre: 15 – 22 [µm]:
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Hemp (Cannabis sativa)
Diameter of elementary fibre:
17 – 24 [µm]:
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Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus)
• Asia• Africa• America• Europe
Diameter of elementary fibre: 13 – 20 [µm]:
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Nettle (Urica dioica)
• Asia• Africa• America• Europe
Diameter of elementary fibre: 13 – 20 [µm]:
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C R O P S T O I N D U S T R YC R O P S T O I N D U S T R Y
1. Objectives
WP 1 - Potential of non-food crops
Task 1.2 Fibre crops (topics):
1.Plants morphology and anatomy
2.Area of origin and current cultivation
3.Growing conditions – input requirements
4.Logistics (harvesting – handling) until the industrial plant gate
5.Yield
6.Quality
7.Applications; current- potential
8.Factors restricting growth and yielding potential
9.Research gaps
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C R O P S T O I N D U S T R YC R O P S T O I N D U S T R Y
2. Progress of work
1.Fibre flax – ok.!
2.Hemp – ok. !
3.Kenaf – first version for consultation
4.Nettle – first version for consultation
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C R O P S T O I N D U S T R YC R O P S T O I N D U S T R Y
3. Results
WP 1 - Potential of non-food crops
Task 1.2 Fibre crops (topics):
1.Bast fibers plants anatomy
2.Area of origin and current cultivation
3.Growing conditions – input requirements
4.Logistics (harvesting – handling) until the industrial plant gate
5.Yield
6.Quality
7.Applications; current- potential
8.Factors restricting growth and yielding potential
9.Research gaps
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Topic 1. Fibre flax morphology & anatomy
11
SeedStem (morphology and anatomy)LeafRoot systemInflorescence, FlowerFruits
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Fibre flax anatomy
parenchyma
cortex
epidermis
xylem
fibre bundles
meristem tissue
pith channel
Fibre flax anatomy
Fiber is present it the stem in the form of rings of fiber bundles.
Transverse section through a fibre flax stem
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Topic 2 Area of origin and current cultivation of bast fibrous plants
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Ad Topic 3. Growing conditions of bast plants – input requirements
•Varieties•Place in rotations•Soil requirements•Weather conditions•Soil cultivation•Fertilization•Seed sowing (time, technique)•Post emergent cultivation – plant protection•Harvesting (time, methods)
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C R O P S T O I N D U S T R YC R O P S T O I N D U S T R Y
No. Variety Country of origin No. Variety Country of origin
1 Ada RO 17 Cosmin RO
2 Adria RO 18 Dangiai LT
3 Agatha BE, CZ, FR, NL 19 Delphine NL
4 Alin RO 20 Diane FR
5 Alizee FR, LT 21 Drakkar FR, LT
6 Amina BE, FR, NL 22 Electra BE, CZ, FR, NL, SK
7 Aretha FR, NL 23 Elise NL,
8 Ariane NL 24 Escalina NL, SK
9 Artemida PL, LT 25 Evelin NL
10 Atena PL 26 Ferdinand RO
11 Bazil RO 27 Helmi FI
12 Betalisa RO 28 Hermes BE, FR, NL
13 Bonet CZ 29 Ilona NL, CZ, SK
14 Bonita BE, FR, NL 30 Jitka CZ
15 Caesar Augustus NL, 31 Jordan CZ, SK
16 Codruta RO 32 Josephine NL
List of fibrous flax cultivars enrolled on the Register of European Union.
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List of fibrous flax cultivars enrolled on the Register of European Union.
No. Variety Country of origin33 Kastyciai LT34 Laura NL, AT53 Selena PL54 Selin PT55 Snaigiai LT56 Sofie BE, FR, NL57 Sumuleu RO58 Super SK59 Suzanne BE, FR, NL60 Tabor CZ61 Temida PL62 Texa SK63 Vasilelin RO64 Venica CZ65 Vesta FR, NL66 Viking NL67 Viola NL
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Environmental conditions needed for fibre flax growing• temperature,
•water (precipitation, soil, air humidity)•soil•forecrop - (position in the Rotation Cycle)
Fibre flax Linseed (oil flax)
Topic 3. Growing conditions of bast plants – input requirements
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Fibre flax weather condition needs Water
The effect of soil moisture on fibre flax plants growing
10% Field Water Capacity 15 % FWC 20 % FWC 30 % FWC 35 % FWC 45 % FWC (FWC)
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Position in the Rotation Cycle
• forecrop – the best for flax are cereals (oats, wheat)
•Fusarium wilt – flax after 6-7 years at the same field
• soil – the best for flax are fertile soils in a high culture, medium compacted and compacted, high humus clays and clay sandy soils, of soil valuation class at least IVa,
•the risk of lodging is very high in the rainy weather and at high level of N fertilisation
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Optimisation of cultivation technologies treatments:
sowing density – 24-26 million of seeds per 1 ha (120-130 kg/ha),
right-on-time and quality of plant protection treatments of flax plants (e.g.. earlier application of herbicides allows for decreasing of a preparation doses),
time of flax pulling – beginning of green-yellow maturity of flax,
correct dew-retting of flax
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C R O P S T O I N D U S T R YC R O P S T O I N D U S T R Y21BBCH 00 10 11 12 14 16 36 55 65 75 83 85
TRIPS
FLAX FLEA BEETLE
HARVESTING
WEEDS
DISEASES
DISEASES
Post emergent cultivation – plant protection
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Fibre bundles very well formed
Flax fibres well formedgain x 1000
(Stems are yellow to 1/3 of height, leafs fallen off from the bottom to 1/4 of height. Bolls of flax begin to turn yellow)
BBCH 83 - green-yellow maturity of flax
Time of flax pulling - beginning of green-yellow maturity of flax
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Topic 4. Logistic (harvesting – handling) until industrial plant gate
Technologies of harvesting and handling fibrous flax
(Machines for harvesting - handling)
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Topic 5. Yields
1.Yielding potential of fibre flax in Europe
2.Practical (commercial) yielding of fibre flax in
Europe
3.The reason, why the practical (commercial)
yielding of flax is lower than potential
4.The recomendation, how to increase the
practical yielding
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C R O P S T O I N D U S T R YC R O P S T O I N D U S T R Y
Specification Belarus Czech
Rep.
France The
Netherlands
Poland Russia
Total yield [t/ ha] 12.48 8.27 11.41 6.1 c/d 11.75 7.5-8.0
Ginned (deseeded) straw yield [t/ha] 11.58 8.00
c/d
10.76 6.0 10.30 5-6
Seed yield [t/ha] 2.01 1.27 0.55 0.1 0.90 1.8
Total fibre content in ginned straw yield [%] 43.7 37.6 33.32 40.0 22.0 45
Long fibre content in ginned straw yield [%] 26.0 24.1 26.76 22.5 16.9 24
Short fibre content in ginned straw yield [%] 17.7 n/a 6.56 17.5 5.1 11
Yield of total fibre [t/ha] 5.060 2.51 3.584 2.4 2.266 2. 5
Yield of long fibre [t/ha] 3.011 1.66 2.879 1.35 1.740 1. 6
Yield of short fibre [t/ha] 2.049 0.85 0.705 1.05 0.525 0.9
Cultivated area average [ha] 75 000 4 822 70 8831 4 516.71 5 0913 111 9304
Potential yields of fibrous flax in flax producing countries in Europe
Topic 5. Yield
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. Commercial yields of fibre flax in Western and Eastern Europe
Specification
Years2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Average
Eastern Europe
WesternEurope
Eastern Europe
WesternEurope
Eastern Europe
WesternEurope
Eastern Europe
WesternEurope
Eastern Europe
WesternEurope
Eastern Europe
WesternEurope
Eastern Europe
WesternEurope
Eastern Europe
WesternEurope
1Ginned straw
yield [t/ha]4.49 5.40 3.23 5.20 3.57 4.95 3.85 4.45 3.56 4.75 3.46 48.00 36.20 56.0 36.83 49.9
2Seed yield
[t/ha]0.82 1.00 0.60 0.98 0.70 0.92 0.80 0.83 0.65 0.89 0.60 0.90 0.73 1.05 0.70 0.93
3
Total fibre content in
ginned straw yield [%]
30.00 35.30 30.20 36.10 33.60 33.90 31.10 31.80 30.80 31.20 28.80 32.30 30.70 32.10 30.74 33.50
4
Long fibre content in
ginned straw yield [%]
18.90 22.60 18.50 25.00 22.40 21.80 19.50 21.30 19.60 20.60 18.70 20.80 20.70 25 19.76 22.50
5
Short fibre content in
ginned straw yield [%]
11.10 12.70 11.70 11.10 11.20 12.10 11.60 10.40 11.20 10.50 10.10 11.50 11.00 7.10 11.13 11.00
6Yield of total fibre
[t/ha]1.350 1.905 0.980 1.875 1.200 1.680 1.200 1.415 1.100 1.480 1.000 1.550 1.150 1.800 1.134 1.675
7Yield of long fibre
[t/ha]0.850 1.220 0.600 1.300 0.800 1.080 0.750 0.950 0.700 0.980 0.650 1.000 0.750 1.400 0.723 1.130
8Yield of short
fibre [t/ha]0.500 0.685 0.380 0.575 0.400 0.600 0.450 0.465 0.400 0.500 0.350 0.550 0.400 0.400 0.411 0.545
9Cultivation area
[ha]5 200 15 315 3 000 19 306 6 345 19 823 6 000 18 670 4 243 16 354 2 056 14 630 1 991 12 030 4 119 16 590
Source: The data in the above table are based on the data achieved in the commercial scale, in the flax industries of Poland and Belgium.
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Topic 5. Yields
Factors restricting fibre flax optimal yielding capacity
Objective factors:•Climatic (weather) conditions•Soil
Anthropogenic factors:• Level of agronomy
•forecrop – the best one for flax are cereals (oats, wheat),•sowing material – certified; seed dressing is the practice which enables the effective fibrous flax cultivation•sowing date – a simple positive correlation was found; the earlier sowing, the higher yield of straw, fiber and seed of fiber flax ,•sowing density – 24-26 million of seeds per 1 ha (120-130 kg/ha),•sowing quality - depth 2 cm, row spacing 8-10 cm•level of weed infestation– it was found that higher infestation with weeds causes decrease in number of flax plants per square unit resulting from higher thinning. •right-in-time and quality of plant protection treatments of flax plants (e.g. earlier application of herbicides allows for decreasing of a preparation),•time of flax pulling – beginning of green-yellow maturity of flax,•controlled dew-retting of flax.
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Topic 6. Quality
The following quality parameters of raw materials were evaluaeted in INF&MP:
•Long flax fibre for hackled yarns•Short flax fibre for carded yarns•Flax wool-like homomorphic fibre for blended yarns•Flax cotton-like fibre for blended yarns•Green decorticated fibre•Flax fibre used in disinfection mats
The expectations regarding flax fibre quality features depend on the final destination of fibre.
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Topic 6. Quality
Raw materialFibre length[mm]
Fibre thinness
[tex]
Flax long scutched fibre
300-1400 4,0-6,0
Flax hackled scutched fibre
350-700 1,4-3,3
Parameters of flax scutched and hackled fibre
Fibre thinnes [tex] - linear mass (shows the mass of 1000 m in grams)
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Topic 6. Quality
Raw materialFibre length
[mm]Fibre thinness
[tex]
Scutching tow 80-140 3,5-5,5
Matted tow 140-250 4,5-6,5
Parameters of flax tow
Fibre thinnes [tex] - linear mass (shows the mass of 1000 m in grams)
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Topic 7. Application current - potential
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C R O P S T O I N D U S T R YC R O P S T O I N D U S T R Y
Non-deseeded raw strawBiomass for bio-fuel
Deseeded raw straw Seeds
Dew-retted straw Shives & dust
Technical fiber Short fiber scutched
tows
Short fiber matted tows
Special carded yarn
Weaving Carded yarn
Bedlinen fabrics
Decorative fabrics
Cottonized fiber
Special carded yarn
Weaving carded yarn
Ropes
Long scutched fiber Special carded yarn Cleaning material
Combing waste fiber
Carded yarn
Bedding materialInsulating matarial
Paper productionFelts
Threads
Technical and decorative fabrics
Nets and others Ropes
Long combed fiberSpecial combed yarn
Spinning waste material
Weaving carded yarn
Paper production
Bedding material
Nonwovens
Nets and other
Sowing seed
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Topic 8. Factors restricting growth and yielding potential
•High differentiation of flax cultivation conditions (weather, cultivation technology) and dew retting (weather) is the factor limiting obtaining high lots of good quality fibre•Average area of flax field in EU is too small to obtain high lots of good quality fibre•The main factor limiting yielding capacity of fibrous flax in the EU is global warming (rainfalls and high air temperatures)•Lack of fibrous flax cultivars resistant to drought and high temperatures•Lack of flax cultivation technology adapted to climate change (high temperatures, drought)
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Topic 9. Research gaps
Basic research
•Development of Linum gene map, identification of genes responsible for fibre yield and its quality
Applied research•Breeding of flax cultivars with higher resistance to drought and high temperature
•Flax cultivation technologies suitable for global warming
•Environmental friendly methods of fibrous flax cultivation
•Optimization of dew retting methods of flax
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5. Difficulties encounteredWP 1 - Potential of non-food crops
Ad. 6 Quality – it was hard to divided what should belong to WP1 and what to WP3. We decided that the main material will be presented in WP3
ad. 7 Applications; current- potential – the similar situation as in topic 6. It was hard to divided what should belong to WP 1 and what to WP3. We decided that the main material will be presented In WP 3
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5. Difficulties encounteredWP 1 - Potential of non-food crops
Kenaf - we decided to send draft raport to KEFI and to National Energy Research Centre, Amman, Jordan for consultation
Nettle - draft raport was sent to KEFI for estimation
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5. Difficulties encounteredWP 1 - Potential of non-food crops
Nettle –problems with some topics particularly with:
• Logistics (harvesting – handling) until the industrial plant gate
• Yield
• Quality
• Applications; current- potential
• Factors restricting growth and yielding potential
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C R O P S T O I N D U S T R YC R O P S T O I N D U S T R Y
Plans for the next 6 months -Gantt chart for INF&MP
Description of work10.10.2010
15.12.2010
05.01.2011
30.01.2011
Final version of WP 1 rapport for fibre flax, hemp
Final version of WP 1 rapport for Kenaf
Final version of WP 1 rapport for Nettle
Raport for WP 1 rapport task 1.2.1 Bast fibre crops
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C R O P S T O I N D U S T R YC R O P S T O I N D U S T R Y
Thank you for attention !