Bast fiber
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Transcript of Bast fiber
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NATURAL BAST FIBERS
Growing and processing natural renewable BAST fibers for natural fiber composites
Second Annual Automotive Composites Conference sponsored by the Automotive and Composites Divisions of
the Society of Plastics Engineers
Troy, Michigan September 12th and 13th, 2002
By Hugh S. MckeeFlaxcraft, Inc.
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Natural Bast Fibers
Bast fibers are produced from renewable agricultural crops grown with no pesticides and little or no herbicides.
Bast fibers have been used for thousands of years, before petrochemical fibers were developed and pushed them aside.
Bast fibers can reduce cost, reduce weight, reduce manufacturing time, and improve safetyin automobiles. European automakers have adopted them and are expected to use up to 70,000 metric tons of fiber by the year 2005.
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Natural Renewable Fibers
Cellulose Fibers
Bast Fibers Leaf Fibers Seed Fibers Fruit Fibers Wood Fibers
~Flax ~Sisal ~Cotton ~Coconut ~ Pine~Hemp ~Curaua ~Kapok~Kenaf ~Banana~Jute ~Pineapple~Ramie
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How are Bast Fibers Different than other Natural Fibers?
• Bast Fibers grow in a very special way.
• Fibers surround a central core
• Hemp-CoarseKenaf – CoarseFlax – FineRamie – Very Fine
• Can be processed to required fineness.
• Can be processed to desired length.
Photo Credit: www.hempline.com
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Why Use Natural Bast Fibers?
Lower Cost
Long Strong Fiber
Different finenesses possible giving varying aspect ratios
Renewable
Recyclable
Bio-degradable (if used with natural resins)
Environmentally Friendly – The ‘Green’ Factor
Ag. Residues are like Recycled Plastics, while Bast fibers are like Virgin Plastics.
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Growing Bast Fibers
Bast Fibers must be grown for specific end uses.
Seed - Paper/Pulp - Composites - Textiles
This involves the correct:Seed Selection
Sowing Density
Fertilization
Growing Period
LocationPhoto Credit: www.hempline.com
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Bast Fiber Harvesting
Photo Credit: www.hempline.com
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What is Retting?
Retting is the process of anti-microbial action on the pectinsin the plant which bind the long fibers to the woody core
material. This can be accomplished in many ways.
•Water-retting
•Dew-retting
•Enzyme-retting
•Other
Retting Bast Fibers
Photo Credit: www.hempline.com
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The component breakdown of the plant:Primary Fiber +/- 30%Core +/- 50%Secondary Fiber +/- 10%Dust & Waste +/- 10%
Bast Fiber Separation Process
Graphic Courtesy: www.hempline.com
Core Fiber
Primary Fiber
Secondary Fiber
Bast Fiber Stalk
Dust
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Bale Opener
Photo Credit: Greene Natural Fibers©Temafa
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Preparation Line
Photo Credit: Greene Natural Fibers©Temafa
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Fiber Cleaning & Opening Line
Photo Credit: Greene Natural Fibers©Temafa
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Core Separation
Photo Credit: Greene Natural Fibers©Temafa
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Bast Fiber Bale
Photo Credit: www.hempline.com
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Bast Fiber Properties
Purity
Fineness
Strength
Length
All of the above depend on seed selection, growing methods, and separation/refining techniques used.
Can consistency of fiber quality be achieved?
Photo Credit: www.hempline.com
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Fiber Purity, Fiber Fineness, Fiber Length all affect mat properties:
Weight of mat
Strength of mat
Smoothness of the molded part
Production efficiency and yield of non-woven line
Bast Fibers in Non-Wovens
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Bast Core
The Core Material is 50% of theweight of the plant.
Absorbent short fibers (like balsa)
1mm, 2mm, 3mm fiber lengths
Automobile uses for core:~ Injection molding~ Extrusion molding
Photo Credit: www.hempline.com
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Bast Fibers in Injection/Extrusion Molding
Filler vs. StructuralFiber, Core, Fiber/CoreMoisture ContentLong Fiber/Elementary Fiber SystemNew Tooling?Renewable source which adds strength and reduces weight
Photo Credit: www.hempline.com
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~ Thermal Insulation~ Acoustical Boards~ Tackable Boards~ Absorbency products~ Geo-Textiles~ Furniture & Furniture Batting~ Animal Bedding (especially horse bedding)
Other Uses for the Core
Photo Credit: www.hempline.com
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Fiber/Core Treatments
Fire Retardant
Anti-Mildew
Hygroscopic
Fiber modification to increase bonding
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Lower weight parts due to lower density – up to 30% lower.
Favorable mechanical and acoustical properties
Reduced molding time
Lower wear on tools
One-step manufacturing possible
Occupational health benefits compared to glass fibers
Positive effects on agriculture
Recyclable – EU End-of-Life Vehicle Directive 2000/53
Lower cost materialNova Institute, Germany March 2000
Advantages of Using Bast Fibers in Automobiles
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Imported vs. Domestic Bast Fibers
Current Fiber SupplyFlax, Hemp Kenaf and Ramie can all be grown and processed in North AmericaHigh freight cost and exchange rate risk of imported fiberDomestic growing/processing needs influx of investment capitalNew Kenaf processing plant in North Carolina
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Pricing of Bast Fibers
40 to 50% less than petrochemical fibers60 to 70% less than fiberglassThe fiber price, which is 30% of the plant, depends on how core and core/fiber markets are developed.New innovative processing technologies could reduce prices eventually.Volume usage will help reduce prices.
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Bast Fibers - Conclusions• America must take a leadership position in expanding the
use of sustainable resources.
• Bast fibers can reduce cost, reduce weight, reduce manufacturing time, and improve safety in automobiles.
• Bast fibers can be grown and processed in North America to quality and consistency standards demanded by the auto industry.
• To insure an adequate supply of domestic bast fibers, the auto industry must understand that investment capital is needed in order to expand the growing and processing of bast fibers. With auto industry support, the investment dollars will be available.
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Acknowledgements
Nova Institute, GermanyMichigan State UniversityHempline, Inc. – Ontario, CanadaGreene Natural Fibers – Snow Hill, NCBiobased Manufacturers Association (BMA)AgroTech Communications, Inc. – Memphis, TN
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Thank you
Hugh S. McKeeFlaxcraft, Inc.210 Knickerbocker RoadCresskill, NJ 07626Tel: (201) 569-3438Fax: (201) 569-6780E-mail: [email protected]