Worldwide Biomass Combustion: Energy, Air Pollution, and Health Kirk R. Smith University of...

Worldwide Biomass Combustion: Energy, Air Pollution, and Health

Kirk R. SmithUniversity of California, Berkeley

International Biomass Smoke Health Effects Conference

University of Montana, MissoulaCenter for Environmental Health Sciences

August 21-22, 2007

Itinerary Biomass CombustionBiomass combustion in the worldFuel and non-fuelRich and poorAir pollution from biomassEmissionsExposuresHealth effectsBurden of disease calculationsRandomized trial in Guatemala

Oldest Pollution Source in Human History

Typical Household Energy LadderDevelopmentCleanliness, Energy Efficiency, and Capital CostsWood60 million people

Sheet1

Global Energy Ladder

(Approximate % of Population)

Grass/ twigs2

Dung4

Crop Residues18

Wood22

Charcoal4

Coal6

Kerosene10

Gas20

Electricity14

1% = 55 million people

Post - Biomass Energy Transition in the Republic of Korea, 1965-1980ElectricityElectricityFirewoodFirewood1979CoalCoalPetroleumPetroleumHow will this look as otherpoor countries developin a world with uncertainsupplies of oil costing$50/bbl or more?

% Biomass Energy Use & GNP

Source: RWEDP

BIOMASS ENERGY USE Energy Use in Thailand by SourceSource: RWEDP

Biomass Energy Use & GNP

Source: RWEDP

OECD

173.332152.6524.821135.36596.8105.7135.59173.331.030.271108.55

105.7127.164.4121.357.94.090.054.91-0.14099.16

35.59258.13-71.64480.9259.4120.430.1111.41-0.710176.58

596.8285.29-67.23502.2767.3124.520.1616.32-0.850275.74

1135.36136.84-28.3156.632.796.70.44250.370.25088.85

2152.6530184-422418793012160133100712

24.8218782-73514418000143000

1107.25178820883028052125210080

OECD

Crude Oil

Petroleum Products

Gas

Nuclear

Hydro

Geothermal, Solar, etc.

Combustible Renewables & Waste

Electricity

Heat

Total

OECDshares of 5.33 Gtoe

CIS -EE

16.322152.6524.821135.36596.8105.7135.59173.331.030.271108.55

24.5227.164.4121.357.94.090.054.91-0.14099.16

0.16258.13-71.64480.9259.4120.430.1111.41-0.710176.58

67.31285.29-67.23502.2767.3124.520.1616.32-0.850275.74

502.27136.84-28.3156.632.796.70.44250.370.25088.85

285.2930184-422418793012160133100712

-67.2318782-73514418000143000

206.7178820883028052125210080

CIS = Former USSR + Europe non-OECD

Crude Oil

Petroleum Products

Gas

Nuclear

Hydro



Electricity

Heat

Total

CIS and Eastern Europeshares of 1.03 Gtoe

SSA

247.1252152.6524.821135.36596.8105.7135.59173.331.030.271108.55

5.39827.164.4121.357.94.090.054.91-0.14099.16

0.42258.13-71.64480.9259.4120.430.1111.41-0.710176.58

2.79285.29-67.23502.2767.3124.520.1616.32-0.850275.74

10.16136.84-28.3156.632.796.70.44250.370.25088.85

47.25730184-422418793012160133100712

4.35318782-73514418000143000

84.011178820883028052125210080


Crude Oil

Petroleum Products

Gas

Nuclear

Hydro



Electricity

Heat

Total

Sub-Saharan Africashares of 0.40 Gtoe

NA

4.3052152.6524.821135.36596.8105.7135.59173.331.030.271108.55

2.68227.164.4121.357.94.090.054.91-0.14099.16

0.72258.13-71.64480.9259.4120.430.1111.41-0.710176.58

0285.29-67.23502.2767.3124.520.1616.32-0.850275.74

221.97136.84-28.3156.632.796.70.44250.370.25088.85

424.39330184-422418793012160133100712

-164.90318782-73514418000143000

13.019178820883028052125210080


Crude Oil

Petroleum Products

Gas

Nuclear

Hydro



Electricity

Heat

Total

Middle East and North Africashares of 0.50 Gtoe

AP

573.442152.6524.821135.36596.8105.7135.59173.331.030.271108.55

38.7727.164.4121.357.94.090.054.91-0.14099.16

11.77258.13-71.64480.9259.4120.430.1111.41-0.710176.58

19.43285.29-67.23502.2767.3124.520.1616.32-0.850275.74

167.62136.84-28.3156.632.796.70.44250.370.25088.85

56530184-422418793012160133100712

21.1918782-73514418000143000

910.39178820883028052125210080


Crude Oil

Petroleum Products

Gas

Nuclear

Hydro



Electricity

Heat

Total

Asia Pacificshares of 2.31 Gtoe

LAC

78.982152.6524.821135.36596.8105.7135.59173.331.030.271108.55

44.4127.164.4121.357.94.090.054.91-0.14099.16

1.93258.13-71.64480.9259.4120.430.1111.41-0.710176.58

5.56285.29-67.23502.2767.3124.520.1616.32-0.850275.74

84.65136.84-28.3156.632.796.70.44250.370.25088.85

257.7930184-422418793012160133100712

-43.618782-73514418000143000

20.26178820883028052125210080


Crude Oil

Petroleum Products

Gas

Nuclear

Hydro



Electricity

Heat

Total

Latin America and the Caribbeanshares of 0.45 Gtoe

World

1093.52152.6524.821135.36596.8105.7135.59173.331.030.271108.55

221.527.164.4121.357.94.090.054.91-0.14099.16

50.6258.13-71.64480.9259.4120.430.1111.41-0.710176.58

691.9285.29-67.23502.2767.3124.520.1616.32-0.850275.74

2122.02136.84-28.3156.632.796.70.44250.370.25088.85

3732.3830184-422418793012160133100712

-89.4318782-73514418000143000

2341.64178820883028052125210080


Crude Oil

Petroleum Products

Gas

Nuclear

Hydro



Electricity

Heat

Total

World shares of 10.2 Gtoe

Data

Combustible Renewables & WasteHydroGeothermal, Solar, etc.NuclearGasCrude OilPetroleum ProductsCoalElectricityHeatTotal

OECD173.33105.7135.59596.81135.362152.6524.821107.251.030.271108.55

Europe non-OECD4.914.090.057.921.3527.164.4129.41-0.14099.16

Former USSR11.4120.430.1159.41480.92258.13-71.64177.29-0.710176.58

CIS = Former USSR + Europe non-OECD16.3224.520.1667.31502.27285.29-67.23206.7-0.850275.74

Africa250.376.70.442.7956.63136.84-28.3188.60.25088.85

Egypt13311216001879330184-422471200712

Libya143000441818782-73510000

Tunisia12525203028178820887010080

Algeria766002019332312-2366151110512

Morocco44375180386517485329613503431

3.2451.3020.0200.00046.47089.583-32.664.5890.1460.0004.735

SSA = Africa - (Egito, Libia, Tunisia, Argelia, Marrocos)247.135.400.422.7910.1647.264.3584.010.100.0084.12

Middle East1.061.380.70175.5334.81-132.248.430.0108.44

Egypt13311216001879330184-422471200712

Libya143000441818782-73510000

Tunisia12525203028178820887010080

Algeria766002019332312-2366151110512

Morocco44375180386517485329613503431

3.2451.3020.0200.00046.47089.583-32.6634.5890.1460.0004.735

Middle East and North Africa = Middle East + (Egito, Libia, Tunisia, Argelia, Marrocos)4.312.680.720.00221.97424.39-164.9013.020.160.0013.18

Asia357.4614.9111.7714.88134.23349.461.2268.090.240268.33

China215.9823.8604.5533.39215.5419.99642.30.030642.33

Asia Pacific= Asia + China573.4438.7711.7719.43167.6256521.19910.390.270910.66

LAC78.9844.411.935.5684.65257.79-43.620.26-0.06020.2

World1093.50221.5050.60691.902122.023732.38-89.432341.640.660.2710165.03

Fossil and other Modern FuelsCumulative Percent of World Population500100More than half the worlds population relies onbiomass for most of its energy, a situation that has not changed sincethe mastery of fire, one millionyears ago. Energy percapitaIncome

Or, since wood is mainly just carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen,doesnt it just change to CO2 and H2O when it is combined with oxygen (burned)?Reason: the combustion efficiency is far less than 100%Woodsmoke is natural how can it hurt you?

HeatPICProducts ofIncompleteCombustionPIC

CO levelsSep 2005

Indian CookstovesNominal Combustion EfficiencyGas: `99% (98-99.5) Kerosene: 97 (95-98)Solid FuelsWood: 89 (81-92)Crop resid:85 (78-91)Dung: 84 (81-89)Coal (variable)Source: Smith, et al, 2000 Census, 2001NCE = Carbon as CO2/carbon in fuel burned

First person in human history to have her exposuremeasured doing one of the oldest tasks in human historyKheda District,Gujarat, India1981Pump FilterWhat kind of exposures?

Carbon Balance:Euculyptus in Indian Vented Ceramic Stovek-factor = 0.123 (sum of molar ratios to CO2)Nominal Combustion Efficiency = 1/(1+k) = 89%

Toxic Pollutants in Biomass Fuel Smokefrom Simple (poor) CombustionSmall particles, CO, NO2Hydrocarbons25+ saturated hydrocarbons such as n-hexane40+ unsaturated hydrocarbons such as 1,3 butadiene28+ mono-aromatics such as benzene & styrene20+ polycyclic aromatics such as benzo()pyrene Oxygenated organics20+ aldehydes including formaldehyde & acrolein25+ alcohols and acids such as methanol33+ phenols such as catechol & cresolMany quinones such as hydroquinone Semi-quinone-type and other radicalsChlorinated organics such as methylene chloride and dioxin Naeher et al.2007, JIT

Size Distribution of Biomass Smoke ParticlesSource: Smith, Apte et al. 1984Nearly all smallerThan 2.5 m

Indoor pollution concentrations from typical woodfired cookstove during cooking

All data contribute to an evaluationCancer inhumans

Sufficient evidence Limited evidence Inadequate evidence Evidence suggesting lack of carcinogenicityCancer inexperimental animals

Sufficient evidence Limited evidence Inadequate evidence Evidence suggesting lack of carcinogenicityMechanistic andother relevant data

For each mechanism: Mechanistic data weak, moderate, or strong? Mechanism likely to be operative in humans?Overall evaluation

Group 1Carcinogenic to humans Group 2AProbably carcinogenic to humans Group 2BPossibly carcinogenic to humans Group 3Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans Group 4Probably not carcinogenic to humansIARC Evaluation Protocol

A tour of IARCs classifications Preamble, Part B, Section 6(d)SufficientLimitedInadequateESLCEVIDENCE IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALSEVIDENCE IN HUMANS

ESLCLimitedSufficientInadequate

Group 1 (carcinogenic to humans) whenever there is sufficient evidence in humansSufficientLimitedInadequateESLCEVIDENCE IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALSEVIDENCE IN HUMANS

Group 1ESLCLimitedSufficientInadequate

Group 2A (probably carcinogenic) with limited evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in animals WoodsmokeSufficientLimitedInadequateESLCEVIDENCE IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALSEVIDENCE IN HUMANS

ESLCLimitedSufficientInadequateGroup 1Group 2A

Courtesy of Ross AndersonWHO ComparativeRisk AssessmentProject

Comparative Risk Assessment26 major risk factorsCommon methods and databasesConsensual discipline on acceptance of evidenceMortality and morbidity by age, sex, and 14 world regionsLost healthy life years (DALYs) final metric

CognitiveEffects?ALRI/Pneumonia(meningitis)AsthmaLow birthweightEarlyinfantdeathChronic obstructivelung disease

Interstitial lungdiseaseCancer (lung, NP, cervical,aero-digestive)Blindness (cataracts, trachoma)TuberculosisHeart disease?Blood pressureDiseases for which we havesome epidemiological studies

Acute Lower Respiratory Infection (ALRI)in a Guatemalan InfantAcute lower respiratory infections (ALRI)

Chief cause of death among the worlds children (~2 million per year). Thus, it is the chief global cause of lost healthy life years.

Child mortality occurs almost entirely in developing countries, and as pneumonia.

Well-accepted risk factors (malnutrition, micro-nutrient deficiencies, other diseases, crowding, chilling) do not account for its scale.

Pneumonia Deaths in the United StatesSOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, 2004. No age adjustment 1920194019601980050100150200250Per 100,000Not so long agoPneumonia waschief cause of death in developedcountries

Smith, et al., 2005

Chart2

0.08625022920.27818303942.498221799

111

3.13797911344.20920857081.3373133696

18.739627093716.591374095826.476244358

22.179475949217.758796266729.8249036136

60.269949020732.2698698459123.6864144596

63.9114888582115.392216567963.2670802556

CO

Hydrocarbons

PM

The Energy Ladder: Relative Pollutant Emissions Per Meal

Sheet1

stove/fuelsampleCO2(f)cco2(I)cCO2(N)CO(f)cCO(I)cCO(N)ch4(f)cch4(i)cCH4(N)TNMOC(ppm)aac(mg/m3)AAC(ppm)CO/CO2CO/CO2CH4/CO2CH4/CO2TNMOC/CO2AAC/CO2KkfacFCfuel dry(kg)co2asgcco2 g/taskg/kgCO2g/mJCO2(g/MJ)CO2(g/kg)coco g/kgco(g/kg)co(g/mJ)CO(g/mj)ch4 g/taskch4ch4 g/kgCH4(g/MJ)CH4(g/mJ)CH4(g/kg)TNMOC (g/task)tnmoc(g/task)tnmoc(g/kg)Tnmoc(g/MJ)tnmoc(g/mJ)tnmoc(g/kg)N2ON2O/CO2N2O(g/taskN2O(g/kg)N2O(g/MJ)N2O(g/mJ)efficiencyCO2(g/mjdelivered)CO(g/mjd)CH4(g/mjd)TNMOC(g/mjd)N2O(g/mjd)TSPcc fractionTSPmTSPef (g/kg)aveTSPef(g/kg)TSPef(g/mj)TSP(g/mj)TSPef(g/mjd)TSP(g/mjd)

biogas/biogas03241 G1283.13249.371033.768.786.662.121.971.610.360.440.190.390.0020.0020.00030.0020.00040.00040.0030.00636.800.09236.68134.63134.4371463.3382.6482.4411459.7850.17530.1821.911.9700.1080.1110.020.0950.180.010.11.0160.020.0530.250.010.0320.570.000.00000.0000.000.000.0000.574144.05143.7160.190.1940.020.1010.020.0570.00000.0000.010.510.030.290.530.020.030.030.05

biogas/biogas03251 G570.31358.18212.137.306.660.641.640.531.110.440.150.310.0030.00520.00210.00150.01237.600.09437.16136.391450.9281.940.25962.760.1560.262.760.160.121.230.070.000.569143.990.270.270.120.00000.050.450.121.280.070.13

biogas/biogas04251 G1406.93297.591109.338.146.661.480.700.480.220.440.020.040.0010.00020.00040.000040.00236.120.09036.05132.301465.1082.740.11241.240.0700.010.110.010.020.240.010.000.578143.100.120.010.020.00000.001.000.000.020.000.00

cd-hara05121 G2823.85284.632539.22342.188.15334.02311.780.44311.34140.002.254.600.1320.1010.12260.0530.05510.00180.3110.214378.1501.200288.421058.511153.215882.0974.9981.698961.01288.401372.65073.6760.5426.2635.14747.0320.77539.203.331.517.31223.8527.48219.881.691.94722.900.000.0000.077973.921009.94181.3464.95843.2818.97121.9524.6050.00000.0000.521.000.520.430.540.040.050.480.58

cd-hara05122 G2743.30251.912491.40185.966.66179.3032.230.3431.89116.002.334.740.0720.01280.04660.00190.133381.1501.200336.341234.361028.6487.4556.398547.003.9955.734.770.4123.4919.581.660.000.097903.0441.264.1917.180.00000.641.000.640.530.050.47

cd-hara05151 G2310.27218.072092.20217.8911.29206.6047.870.5547.32154.002.555.210.0990.02260.07360.00250.197380.7001.200317.921166.78972.3182.6673.149960.965.1829.567.970.6835.1029.252.490.000.0721152.8672.289.4534.680.00000.791.000.790.660.060.79

cd-ivc09051G1741.23333.321407.9172.9121.1751.7413.192.7710.4292.004.298.750.0370.0480.00740.0100.06530.00620.1160.139263.4000.820236.08866.43787.7861056.6289.8387.7021031.63720.214423.78524.6531.1952.0962.6522.322.7012.830.240.33.53423.1423.86428.222.402.65831.260.000.0000.127705.98686.25416.4721.0971.892.40318.8620.9990.00000.0001.471.001.471.792.020.150.171.201.37

cd-ivc9061G1685.28260.141425.1468.5514.8253.7310.591.399.2092.004.138.420.0380.00650.06460.00590.115225.0000.710201.86740.841043.4388.7017.733024.982.1231.732.440.2119.5527.532.340.000.139639.5915.311.5016.880.00001.191.001.191.680.141.03

cd-ivc9071G1263.42279.87983.5688.5720.1268.4517.112.5714.5392.004.639.440.0700.01480.09350.00960.188244.6500.760206.02756.10994.8684.5833.407143.963.7374.055.330.4528.9138.033.230.000.119713.1931.513.8227.270.00001.981.001.982.600.221.87

cd-ivm09121G1811.40249.401562.0076.6220.0256.6014.013.1810.8392.003.897.940.0360.0450.00690.0090.05890.00510.1070.127299.6400.928270.64993.25983.4461070.3190.9989.3551051.07822.851428.11224.6229.9162.0932.5432.503.0302.690.230.33.21023.9127.29125.772.192.47429.100.000.0000.101900.60893.28220.7225.5182.262.74721.6824.7820.00000.0001.381.001.381.481.620.130.141.251.39

cd-ivm09131G1756.73331.051425.6870.2615.6754.599.893.376.5292.003.477.080.0380.00460.06450.00500.112296.4000.920266.46977.911062.9590.3623.772825.842.1971.621.760.1525.7928.042.380.000.101893.4721.721.4823.570.00001.321.001.321.440.121.21

cd-ivm09141G1402.44257.921144.5289.3419.9169.4319.353.3116.0492.003.948.040.0610.01400.08040.00700.162310.0500.960266.81979.181019.9786.7137.711639.283.3404.975.180.4432.1733.512.850.000.098885.7834.114.5029.100.00001.871.001.871.950.171.70

cdcake/tm02081 G1401.82429.61972.2282.0513.0868.9713.440.9812.4647.003.356.840.0710.0760.01280.0150.04830.00700.1390.142272.8500.860239.52879.06874.2361022.1686.9086.0921012.70539.591042.23246.0448.8783.9144.1554.084.8614.750.400.55.62017.3716.01820.201.721.57718.550.000.0000.090962.24915.10843.3444.1944.475.08319.0116.8110.00000.0001.681.001.681.962.180.170.191.851.98

cdcake/tm02221 G1431.57387.371044.2095.097.8587.2319.880.3819.5047.002.094.270.0840.01870.04500.00410.151276.9000.880240.51882.661003.0285.2746.814653.204.5235.976.790.5816.2418.451.570.000.092929.7749.316.2917.100.00000.980.442.242.540.222.37

cdcake/tm02231 G1575.07430.121144.9595.3510.9684.3917.991.3916.6147.003.527.180.0740.01450.04100.00630.136266.4000.850234.60860.991012.9386.1140.290447.404.0304.535.320.4514.4516.991.440.000.101853.3139.934.4914.320.00001.470.851.732.040.171.73

charbriq02021 G1485.72291.221194.50177.0016.25160.759.380.438.9536.003.026.160.1350.1190.00750.0090.03010.00520.1770.157185.5000.371157.56578.23535.2491558.5897.8599.6221586.77949.402940.812133.16120.0188.3607.5351.571.7964.230.270.35.3117.125.44919.201.211.00816.060.000.0000.109896.58874.11976.6066.3702.432.93411.048.8630.00000.0000.810.342.396.442.840.410.183.711.61

charbriq02031 G2470.42401.912068.51283.4833.85249.6332.452.2230.2236.001.072.170.1210.01460.01740.00110.154166.5000.333144.31529.631590.4799.8540.5787121.867.6512.808.420.533.7711.310.710.000.114875.6867.094.646.230.00000.151.000.150.460.030.25

charbriq02032 G1673.23330.621342.61157.0219.17137.858.551.017.5436.002.465.010.1030.00560.02680.00370.139154.5000.309135.66497.891611.29101.1632.4555105.036.5941.013.280.215.4617.661.110.000.119850.1055.411.739.320.00000.511.000.511.640.100.87

charcoal01311 G1162.03202.33959.71201.6912.54189.1513.341.0712.279.001.503.050.1970.1800.01280.0090.00940.00320.2220.203222.0000.280181.61666.49597.9532380.3392.5793.7712411.32283.396268.366297.84275.20611.58210.7023.092.01511.030.430.37.9092.552.5699.120.350.40810.490.000.0000.165561.00546.32770.2061.5382.601.8142.152.3320.00000.0000.580.790.732.612.380.100.090.620.52

charcoal02011 G941.08255.08686.00160.6822.88137.805.671.014.669.001.603.250.2010.00680.01310.00470.226175.0000.222142.79524.062360.6191.8066.8330301.0511.7071.295.820.232.8112.660.490.000.205447.8057.111.102.400.00000.680.970.703.150.120.60

charcoal02012 G1278.33330.41947.92147.3211.54135.797.720.507.229.000.701.430.1430.00760.00950.00150.162191.0000.242164.39603.312493.0296.9554.8674226.728.8171.676.880.272.349.670.380.000.154630.1857.311.742.450.00000.250.750.331.370.050.35

kero pressure12142 G1746.08308.331437.7557.016.6650.351.840.111.7318.000.430.880.0350.0330.00120.0010.01250.00060.0490.05142.0000.05040.02146.89146.6732937.8268.1468.0262933.0053.26593.08165.3261.8871.5151.4350.060.0531.280.030.01.0670.750.95615.030.350.44419.130.010.00000.0010.000.010.000.0000.457149.02145.0173.313.0490.060.0530.760.9430.00070.0010.021.000.020.490.700.010.020.020.03

kero pressure12151 G1505.39469.501035.8934.336.6627.670.820.050.7718.000.531.080.0270.00070.01740.00100.04643.6800.05241.76153.272947.5968.362.598949.981.1590.040.790.021.0920.930.490.010.00000.0010.020.000.458149.372.530.041.060.00100.041.000.040.840.020.04

kero pressure12152 G1371.91371.521000.3944.716.6638.051.070.001.0718.000.470.970.0380.00110.01800.00100.05840.3200.04838.11139.852913.6067.583.377570.361.6320.051.130.031.0321.430.500.010.00000.0010.020.000.494136.673.300.051.010.00100.041.000.040.770.020.04

kero wick12121 G1935.65454.591481.0616.576.669.910.180.000.1818.000.661.340.0070.0090.00010.0000.01220.00090.0200.02233.6000.04032.95120.91130.6983022.7370.1169.9613016.4230.51370.77112.8417.5900.2980.4080.010.0130.130.000.00.2870.600.64215.010.350.34314.810.010.00000.0010.000.010.000.0000.568123.40131.6360.520.7750.010.0130.610.6480.00060.0010.030.800.040.930.510.020.010.040.02

kero wick12122 G1816.37443.941372.4321.556.6614.890.560.000.5618.000.180.370.0110.00040.01310.00030.02538.6400.04637.71138.403008.6669.780.953520.730.4810.020.450.010.7416.130.370.010.00000.0010.020.000.497140.400.970.020.750.00070.010.950.010.230.010.01

kero wick12131 G2234.56563.221671.3423.416.6616.750.430.000.4318.000.380.770.0100.00030.01080.00050.02236.9600.04436.18132.793017.8869.990.844819.200.4450.010.280.010.5813.280.310.010.00000.0010.010.000.534131.100.830.010.580.00050.021.000.020.380.010.02

lpg12072 G1339.25549.02790.2311.646.664.980.010.000.0114.700.220.460.0060.0080.00000.0000.01860.00060.0250.02310.3200.01210.0636.9335.9913077.7367.1567.2973084.7080.14780.17312.3214.9340.2690.3260.000.0010.00.000.00.0500.280.2190.000.09713.310.0140.00000.0010.000.050.000.0010.556120.76125.7460.480.6090.000.0020.000.1890.00210.0020.011.000.010.480.510.010.010.020.02

lpg12081 G1517.46575.29942.1715.466.668.800.110.000.1114.700.250.510.0090.00010.01560.00050.0269.4600.0119.2233.853077.4067.140.200718.240.3980.000.140.000.220.000.0140.00000.0010.050.000.539124.540.740.010.000.00190.011.000.010.460.010.02

lpg12082 G1978.96580.261398.7016.786.6610.120.000.000.0014.700.490.990.0070.00000.01050.00070.01810.3200.01210.1337.193099.0067.610.170914.240.3110.000.000.000.1613.310.290.0140.00000.0000.030.000.512131.940.610.000.570.00130.011.000.010.600.010.03

Must-ivc08072G2141.91430.621711.2898.1311.7986.3411.910.8511.0657.006.9714.230.0500.0770.00650.0120.03330.00830.0990.162219.6000.620199.90733.64728.6691183.2971.5868.6551134.94023.500335.71837.9055.3392.2933.3481.723.0982.770.170.34.7929.9917.60616.110.971.62926.920.1210.00010.0520.090.080.010.0080.195368.01370.25611.7918.2080.861.5815.018.8720.02600.0461.661.001.662.684.250.160.260.841.40

Must-ivc08081G1155.54510.37645.1671.8914.6057.2910.111.079.0457.006.4713.190.0890.01400.08830.02040.212251.4000.690207.49761.501103.6266.7642.933162.223.7643.865.600.3427.5039.852.410.1210.00020.1430.210.010.181368.0820.751.8713.290.06904.241.004.246.150.372.05

Must-ivc08082G1555.88506.171049.71112.1114.6597.4616.951.4015.5557.006.6313.520.0930.01480.05430.01290.175221.1600.618188.25690.871117.9167.6240.721765.893.9863.716.000.3615.3324.811.500.1210.00010.0800.130.010.180374.6822.082.018.320.04322.421.002.423.920.241.32

Must-ivm06291G1376.78448.35928.43173.0026.21146.7842.653.5439.1157.006.1712.590.1580.1380.04210.0650.06140.01360.2750.280267.3000.705209.62769.30774.9121091.2066.0164.6541068.78977.216768.250109.5394.0396.6265.68911.7418.01616.661.011.524.90719.3020.15027.381.661.68527.860.1210.00010.1000.100.140.010.0090.14478.33480.17348.0141.9877.3011.35812.0012.5760.06230.0652.841.002.844.033.700.240.221.771.66

Must-ivm07031G1120.22398.78721.4386.9016.7870.1182.102.0980.0257.004.208.560.0970.11090.07900.01190.299262.8000.720202.31742.491031.2362.3845.812963.633.84929.8441.452.5123.9833.302.010.1210.00020.1250.170.010.13483.5829.8419.4415.620.08112.401.002.403.330.201.57

Must-ivm07041G1509.29406.231103.06191.9117.26174.6548.872.2246.6557.006.8413.950.1580.04230.05170.01260.265280.2000.750221.51812.951083.9365.5781.7196108.966.59112.4616.611.0017.1722.891.380.1210.00010.0890.120.010.14478.6148.117.3310.110.05252.801.002.803.730.231.65

Must-ivu05092 G1363.13262.671100.4668.116.6661.458.040.008.0430.004.278.700.0560.0660.00730.0080.02730.00790.0980.103178.8000.440162.79597.45599.8611357.8582.1481.6351349.50721.182025.15648.1455.8652.9123.3791.581.7343.600.220.23.8356.665.72015.130.920.76412.630.1210.00010.0660.060.150.010.0080.21389.29377.61313.8015.8691.031.0984.343.6400.04280.0351.291.001.292.932.220.180.130.840.62

Must-ivu05101 G1193.57253.13940.4450.746.6644.083.990.003.997.003.096.300.0470.00420.00740.00670.065171.3000.425160.81590.151388.6084.0017.561641.322.5000.912.140.131.804.220.260.1210.00010.0760.180.010.24357.4510.640.551.090.04601.081.001.082.540.150.65

Must-ivu05111 G4106.501234.452872.06279.738.27271.4635.200.0735.13100.004.759.700.0950.01220.03480.00340.145190.9200.470166.75611.981302.0878.7736.723078.134.7272.715.770.358.7118.531.120.1210.00000.0260.050.000.20386.1123.171.715.490.01630.561.000.561.200.070.36

Must-tmu04282 G4783.30341.124442.18353.8515.42338.4389.731.2888.45149.003.557.240.0760.0800.01990.0160.03350.00160.1310.114237.6000.600210.03770.81827.3141284.6877.7178.6501300.15537.283042.07062.1465.4723.7593.9615.564.8309.270.560.57.56610.575.22617.611.070.5138.470.1210.00000.0210.020.030.000.0020.12626.72631.67130.3132.3584.523.7518.594.1260.01710.0190.341.000.340.570.630.030.040.280.31

Must-tmu05011 G3887.12323.183563.94400.0215.23384.7974.441.5672.8726.003.437.000.1080.02040.00730.00200.138266.4000.680234.16859.371263.7976.4558.906986.635.2406.379.360.572.563.770.230.1210.00000.0290.040.000.12662.4745.414.911.980.02250.461.000.460.680.040.36

Must-tmu05113 G4507.09271.124235.97241.816.66235.1535.140.0035.1431.003.637.410.0560.00830.00730.00170.073249.0000.630232.09851.761352.0081.7930.019247.652.8822.564.060.252.554.040.240.1210.00000.0240.040.000.14605.8221.351.821.810.01730.411.000.410.640.040.29

paddyivm07111G617.08422.85194.2376.7420.7655.9810.859.071.780.005.6211.470.2880.1660.00920.0120.00000.05900.3560.236336.8001.000248.30911.25972.649911.2569.9576.241993.196166.7547100.188166.75101.50212.8017.7923.034.1973.030.230.34.2900.000.0000.000.000.0000.000.000.0000.10713.78702.481130.6274.5442.373.0070.000.0000.00000.00014.661.0014.6614.6615.631.131.2011.5110.98

paddyivm07241G495.49352.88142.6124.4511.3113.142.430.851.580.007.3414.960.0920.01110.00000.10490.208320.4000.960265.19973.261013.8277.8256.927359.304.5523.924.080.310.000.000.000.000.12670.9039.242.700.000.000027.831.0027.8328.992.2319.22

paddyivm07281G1325.33398.59926.74124.2715.67108.6014.910.9413.970.005.1110.430.1170.01510.00000.01130.144322.0000.980281.591033.441054.5380.9576.883478.456.0225.645.760.440.000.000.000.000.11722.7653.773.950.000.00003.171.003.173.230.252.22

paddytm02282 G4765.62450.764314.85388.5215.10373.4255.170.7654.4183.004.679.530.0870.0700.01260.0140.01920.00220.1210.107293.6000.880262.00961.551051.0091092.6783.8883.9821094.03352.831245.71360.0448.4004.6093.7154.395.0704.990.380.45.3547.568.9658.590.660.7179.340.000.0000.108776.64864.70742.6737.3723.554.1296.117.3630.00000.0000.581.000.580.660.800.050.060.470.64

paddytm03011 G4823.31438.384384.92214.7918.25196.5426.691.0725.6283.006.1612.560.0450.00580.01890.00290.072340.4801.040317.481165.141120.3386.0033.155631.882.4472.472.370.189.018.670.670.000.087988.5128.132.097.650.00000.911.000.910.870.070.77

paddytm03012 G3770.71397.363373.35279.2814.47264.8176.390.6675.7383.004.9310.050.0790.02240.02460.00300.129315.6000.960279.651026.331069.1082.0751.151553.284.0908.358.700.6710.3210.750.830.000.099828.9741.316.748.340.00000.831.000.830.870.070.67

root-imu05051 G2080.84332.461748.3885.4312.7172.726.060.275.7913.002.645.380.0420.0510.00330.0050.00740.00310.0550.076165.3300.393156.65574.90595.9931462.8694.5096.0171486.34115.181419.45038.6348.2202.4953.1150.691.0961.760.110.22.7181.754.3164.450.290.68610.610.000.0000.239395.40422.01210.4413.8020.470.7791.203.0780.00000.0000.480.940.511.300.940.080.060.350.26

root-imu05081 G3224.11286.272937.84146.076.66139.4116.380.2116.1748.002.444.980.0470.00550.01630.00170.071171.9000.390160.51589.061510.4097.5717.746645.502.9401.173.010.193.9310.090.650.000.230424.2212.780.852.830.00000.271.000.270.700.040.20

root-imu05082 G3876.33261.593614.74239.227.28231.9422.730.0022.73103.003.577.280.0640.00630.02850.00200.101187.2000.420170.03624.021485.7795.9825.420660.533.9101.423.390.227.2717.301.120.000.215446.4218.191.025.200.00000.341.000.340.820.050.24

root-ivm07061G779.42425.62353.7926.5513.4413.112.030.921.110.002.485.070.0370.0430.0030.0060.00000.01430.0550.057235.5000.610223.33819.61784.7141343.6286.8089.9801392.89219.277321.64831.6038.5402.0412.4900.931.5601.530.100.22.8000.000.0000.000.000.0000.000.000.0000.19456.83457.70510.7412.6030.520.9090.000.0000.00000.0003.201.003.205.243.680.340.241.781.21

root-ivm07062G778.47356.79421.6828.6310.1118.533.210.682.520.001.012.050.0440.0060.00000.00490.055203.1000.502192.55706.661407.6890.9419.713339.272.5371.533.050.200.000.000.000.000.19481.1413.421.040.000.00000.941.000.941.870.120.64

root-ivm07071G880.95362.31518.6337.1611.5525.614.760.933.830.001.422.890.0490.0070.00000.00560.062239.6400.580225.58827.881427.3792.2125.953644.752.8912.213.820.250.000.000.000.000.21435.1513.641.160.000.00001.260.552.293.940.251.20

root-tm03021 G2589.87411.172178.7065.1511.4753.6752.420.4551.9755.003.426.980.0250.0310.0240.0190.02520.00320.0770.076266.7000.560247.65908.86878.0991622.97104.8499.8821546.16714.215017.64025.3830.0721.6401.9437.866.54314.030.910.710.9479.388.60516.751.080.98815.300.000.0000.132794.27711.14712.4214.1376.875.3248.206.9870.00000.0000.791.000.791.420.860.090.060.690.41

root-tm03022 G3074.19384.752689.44137.5910.20127.3986.960.7786.1955.002.925.950.0470.0320.02050.00220.102286.0500.635259.56952.571500.1196.9128.645845.112.91411.0617.421.137.9612.540.810.000.132736.3722.148.556.150.00000.571.000.570.910.060.44

root-tm03041 G2476.92427.062049.8652.7410.7242.025.410.225.1955.000.621.260.0200.0030.02680.00060.050221.2200.510210.59772.871515.4297.9010.057919.721.2740.711.390.098.4816.621.070.000.162602.817.840.556.610.00000.131.000.130.250.020.10

wood1 iu03181 G1066.73388.97677.7631.787.6524.131.960.001.9629.762.625.350.0360.0470.0030.0070.04390.00790.0900.090147.3500.395135.15495.99511.8931255.6781.8982.0301257.76411.209015.50428.3837.9431.8512.4750.521.2741.320.090.23.0978.906.27322.531.471.00915.470.100.00010.070.050.190.010.0080.224366.25385.1008.2811.6970.380.9686.574.7270.05400.0391.071.001.072.702.220.180.140.790.68

wood1 iu03201 G1313.79266.081047.7166.289.3556.9310.440.3110.1329.762.815.730.0540.0100.02840.00550.098166.3500.423151.52556.071314.5985.7419.184045.352.9581.954.610.306.4615.261.000.100.00010.050.130.010.195440.8015.211.555.120.04210.830.930.892.110.140.71

wood1 iu03221 G1966.68267.031699.6598.469.2389.2413.120.0013.1229.763.046.200.0530.0080.01750.00360.081142.5000.402131.78483.621203.0378.4616.120340.102.6151.353.360.223.468.610.560.100.00010.030.070.000.225348.2511.610.972.490.02050.480.650.741.840.120.53

wood13R05022 G4323.86295.864028.01137.159.76127.3912.610.5012.1047.004.098.340.0320.0330.0030.0040.01170.00210.0480.053175.2500.505167.16613.49585.8451214.8479.2380.1061228.26112.317712.33424.3925.9291.5911.6910.670.8691.320.090.11.8412.933.1485.790.380.4326.630.100.00000.020.020.030.000.0020.174454.56451.4979.139.5270.490.6752.172.4350.01130.0120.351.000.350.690.640.040.040.260.24

wood13R05031 G3997.57308.913688.66160.2811.11149.1723.480.3423.1462.002.966.040.0400.0060.01680.00160.065158.1000.458148.43544.731189.3777.5713.985630.541.9921.242.700.183.748.170.530.100.00000.010.030.000.179433.3511.130.992.980.01170.241.000.240.530.030.19

wood13R05032 G4128.53332.553795.98120.2013.47106.7313.040.8112.2343.003.807.750.0280.0030.01130.00200.045170.6000.468163.30599.311280.5783.5210.697622.861.4910.701.500.102.775.930.390.100.00000.020.030.000.179466.588.330.542.160.01230.331.000.330.710.050.26

wood1ivc08011G1448.88393.231055.6580.1912.8667.3319.491.6017.8941.003.687.510.0640.0630.0170.0100.03880.00710.1270.097156.5000.490138.90509.78523.5641040.3667.8570.1901076.22320.642720.90842.1342.8442.7482.7943.131.8176.390.420.23.7348.093.75516.511.080.5007.670.100.00010.050.050.100.010.0070.291232.84245.2629.439.6751.430.8513.701.7170.02210.0230.991.000.992.021.700.130.110.450.39

wood1ivc08012G1114.05364.11749.9375.987.9968.002.050.061.9910.002.545.180.0910.0030.01330.00690.114156.5000.490140.54515.781052.6268.6529.690160.593.9520.501.010.072.815.740.370.100.00010.070.140.010.293234.3813.490.231.280.03130.971.000.971.980.130.44

wood1ivc08031G2365.84518.011847.8377.9511.7966.1517.690.6317.073.003.246.610.0360.0090.00160.00360.050156.0000.480148.54545.131135.6974.0712.390525.811.6841.823.800.250.360.750.050.100.00010.030.060.000.276268.566.100.900.180.01450.531.000.531.110.070.26

wood1ivm05241G1324.00390.14933.86171.4916.25155.2529.701.8427.8659.004.479.130.1660.1560.0300.0320.06320.00980.2690.261186.0000.680146.57537.91585.271791.0451.5956.064859.63356.772557.52783.4984.6315.4455.5205.826.6138.550.560.69.83013.8915.38720.431.331.49422.910.100.00010.060.060.080.010.0050.238216.77256.97522.8825.2602.342.9705.606.9220.02320.0251.431.001.432.112.050.140.130.580.62

wood1ivm05251G1560.96364.321196.64191.8819.17172.7230.022.1127.9154.002.855.820.1440.0230.04510.00490.218220.0000.720180.68663.08920.9560.0660.761484.395.5045.607.780.5112.2316.991.110.100.00010.060.080.010.219274.2625.132.325.060.02290.880.721.221.700.110.51

wood1ivm06071G1327.00376.55950.45169.2920.75148.5342.052.2539.8084.004.649.470.1560.0420.08840.01000.296196.0000.640151.18554.82866.9156.5455.047586.015.6108.4213.150.8620.0431.312.040.100.00010.060.090.010.202279.9027.774.2510.110.02941.511.001.512.350.150.76

wood2 iu03091 G1061.63370.55691.0838.796.6632.136.920.236.6911.714.148.450.0460.0420.0100.0080.01690.01220.0850.082126.7400.365116.77428.56360.4261174.1477.7671.1711074.60412.64939.76234.6628.9472.2951.9171.501.0644.120.270.23.1292.972.8188.130.540.5638.510.040.00010.030.020.070.000.0050.233333.46280.3839.847.5931.170.8272.312.1940.01980.0191.431.001.433.913.540.260.231.110.91

wood2 iu03101 G821.41342.66478.7525.456.6618.793.180.183.0011.714.128.400.0390.0060.02450.01750.08886.1600.30079.23290.76969.2064.197.246524.161.6000.662.200.152.919.690.640.040.00010.020.080.010.281228.275.690.522.280.01951.391.001.394.630.311.09

wood2 iu03112 G994.97324.00670.9736.419.0027.425.750.495.2611.712.304.690.0410.0080.01740.00700.073105.8400.33598.63361.961080.4771.569.389928.031.8561.033.070.202.587.700.510.040.00010.020.070.000.256279.427.250.791.990.01710.691.000.692.060.140.53

wood2 tm03061 G3475.48432.083043.39131.8610.98120.8832.270.9231.3638.851.663.380.0400.0350.0100.0070.01280.00110.0640.059143.7000.520135.07495.70501.158953.2863.1466.7121007.27912.499710.96524.0421.9461.5921.4531.851.3403.560.240.22.6712.593.0244.970.330.4046.100.040.00000.010.010.010.000.0010.181348.81365.6588.807.9861.300.9711.822.2110.00470.0060.150.520.290.560.660.040.040.200.24

wood2 tm03071 G2979.12453.082526.05101.1712.5688.6116.051.1514.9038.853.206.520.0350.0060.01540.00260.059141.5000.495133.62490.40990.7165.6110.921622.061.4611.052.120.143.086.230.410.040.00000.010.020.000.178369.668.230.792.320.00600.341.000.340.700.050.26

wood2 tm03081 G2761.65347.392414.2677.607.9669.6315.551.1214.4338.852.785.670.0290.0060.01610.00230.053148.4800.480140.97517.371077.8571.399.473519.741.3071.122.330.153.407.090.470.040.00000.010.020.000.189378.506.930.822.490.00640.330.960.340.720.050.25

wood23R03131 G1267.90340.76927.1445.3812.0833.3116.770.6316.1419.382.194.480.0360.0360.0170.0220.02090.00480.0790.084143.3500.450132.85487.55497.2171083.4471.7667.5001019.18011.119211.45924.7123.5141.6361.5573.084.0536.840.450.58.2664.173.9439.260.610.5398.130.040.00000.020.020.050.000.0030.188381.88373.0688.718.6132.413.0433.262.9740.01690.0150.640.860.751.661.710.110.110.580.63

wood23R03141 G1282.45355.26927.1950.5014.6335.8728.061.5126.5519.383.747.630.0390.0290.02090.00820.096154.3400.490140.76516.601054.2969.8312.686725.891.7155.3610.940.724.419.010.600.040.00000.020.050.000.176397.189.754.123.390.01761.161.001.162.360.160.89

wood23R03161 G1536.29348.101188.1954.8014.2240.5827.372.3425.0319.382.565.230.0340.0210.01630.00440.076142.9200.530132.83487.50919.8160.9210.569619.941.3213.727.020.473.256.130.410.040.00000.020.030.000.179340.147.372.602.270.01170.581.000.581.100.070.41

wood2ivc08041G997.65352.15645.5023.758.7714.984.960.174.7923.304.609.390.0230.0290.0070.0060.03610.01450.0810.079131.2000.593121.34445.31446.824750.9549.7452.162787.5956.56238.05711.0714.3060.7330.9471.200.8962.020.130.11.5716.575.82511.080.730.67810.240.040.00010.030.030.050.000.0030.318156.40175.7572.303.1910.420.3452.312.2760.00990.0101.771.001.772.982.780.200.180.620.62

wood2ivc08042G1237.83435.19802.6441.6510.1831.475.030.414.6123.304.529.220.0390.0060.02900.01150.085125.1500.545115.30423.14776.4051.4210.531619.321.2800.881.620.115.029.210.610.040.00010.020.040.000.298172.554.290.362.050.00881.321.001.322.430.160.54

wood2ivc08012G1139.61375.81763.8027.559.5118.044.391.672.7223.304.849.880.0240.0040.03050.01290.071137.7000.565128.62472.02835.4455.337.078412.530.8300.611.080.075.8910.420.690.040.00010.030.040.000.279198.322.970.262.470.01061.661.001.662.940.190.70

wood2ivm06081G1050.49407.47643.02117.9120.2497.6721.552.8818.6723.304.9710.140.1520.1420.0290.0340.03620.01580.2330.219183.9000.675149.16547.40520.343810.9753.7150.110756.60852.786946.92478.2068.2905.1794.5235.766.3328.530.570.69.1968.116.73712.010.800.6509.810.040.00010.030.030.050.000.0030.259207.37213.82220.0019.2212.182.6163.072.7520.01320.0122.351.002.353.492.520.230.170.890.70

wood2ivm06082G1205.63396.23809.40132.2517.15115.1035.325.0330.2823.304.298.760.1420.0370.02880.01080.219173.6000.690142.39522.56757.3350.1647.177568.374.5287.0910.270.686.158.910.590.040.00010.030.040.000.226221.9420.043.012.610.01121.541.001.542.230.150.65

wood2ivm06271G1202.77417.60785.17120.9318.16102.7729.992.8627.1423.303.697.530.1310.0350.02970.00960.205161.2000.700133.81491.07701.5346.4640.806258.293.8616.158.790.585.968.510.560.040.00010.030.040.000.22212.1617.632.662.570.01111.281.001.281.830.120.55

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Sheet3

Table 3 : Comparision of average emission factors with other studies

stove/fuelCO2(g/kg)co(g/kg)CH4(g/kg)manila co2manila comanila ch4teri co(1)other

biogas/biogas1460.41.971.02

cd-hara962.260.6217.33

cd-ivc1108.733.653.81

cd-ivm1122.632.013.4426-67

cdcake/tm1016.549.065.64

charbriq1590.1120.275.32

charcoal2415.8275.757.9227402308

kero pressure2934.861.921.07

kero wick3053.517.810.29303038141-67

lpg3081.614.920.043110240.04

Must-ivc1205.259.005.11

Must-ivm1133.599.5726.52

Must-ivu1355.056.073.8576-114

Must-tmu1301.765.557.58

paddyivm1028.5104.844.43

paddytm1096.048.485.36

root-imu1488.648.292.72

root-ivm1400.838.752.81

root-tm1584.130.7811.20

wood1 iu1262.638.083.11

wood13R1229.925.961.84

wood1ivc1080.443.023.75

wood1ivm863.685.039.88

wood2 iu1083.429.183.1524-390.04 (co/co2) (2)

wood2 tm1008.721.982.671560100913-6817-130(3)

wood23R1023.223.618.30

wood2ivc818.914.861.63

wood2ivm782.770.669.51

source

1= various studies conducted by teri

2 = Indian Improved cookstoves : A compendium, FAO, Bangkok, July 1993. Table 1.2, page no 80, stove priagni

3. Smith, K.R.,1987, Biofuels,Air pollution and health, Plenum,NY

Sheet4

stove/fuelCO2(g/kg)co(g/kg)CH4(g/kg)tnmocn2o

biogas/biogas1459.78514005931.97045670441.01554784310.5732494634

biogas/biogas

biogas/biogas

cd-hara961.012330848860.541594332817.312106716422.9014105216

cd-hara

cd-hara

cd-ivc1031.637359966231.19481663563.533596763731.2617369449

cd-ivc

cd-ivc

cd-ivm1051.077972454729.91576814213.210203803729.1037411924

cd-ivm

cd-ivm

cdcake/tm1012.70456010848.87829636165.620367786318.5479056575

cdcake/tm

cdcake/tm

charbriq1586.7788847163120.01778740375.310503602616.056797341

charbriq

charbriq

charcoal2411.3219975953275.2060020867.908978041710.4853358595

charcoal

charcoal

kero pressure2933.004807473861.88703379671.066802447919.13120797090.0182029901

kero pressure

kero pressure

kero wick3016.423396996817.5898055520.28713124914.80905197170.0140905387

kero wick

kero wick

lpg3084.708187207514.93424364710.049724648313.31188831720.043757647

lpg

lpg

Must-ivc1134.940199165555.33948820414.791899595626.92393692840.1398375751

Must-ivc

Must-ivc

Must-ivm1068.789292779694.038596074224.907031852427.85862528290.1446921606

Must-ivm

Must-ivm

Must-ivu1349.507497983655.86546475873.834863356512.62786709040.1276061537

Must-ivu

Must-ivu

Must-tmu1300.154914330765.4718649487.56629916688.47477613230.0388399636

Must-tmu

Must-tmu

paddyivm993.196471668101.50215041224.28976120260

paddyivm

paddyivm

paddytm1094.032527513548.39954634915.35429556039.3364228705

paddytm

paddytm

root-imu1486.340861652248.21963619752.717687231510.6118339184

root-imu

root-imu

root-ivm1240.526554093434.39199755152.5074111865.8132665687

root-ivm

root-ivm

root-tm1546.167272291930.072319583510.947236479515.3009656636

root-tm

root-tm

wood1 iu1257.763992747737.94321141573.096528162715.46846402220.127173852

wood1 iu

wood1 iu

wood13R1228.261303625.92864677871.84083975946.63112502410.0320462765

wood13R

wood13R

wood1ivc1076.223318998342.84449836043.73417242037.66841252510.1001246948

wood1ivc

wood1ivc

wood1ivm859.632958919984.63052436779.830030515522.90915997470.0842929859

wood1ivm

wood1ivm

wood2 iu1074.604106867128.94675887323.12899592078.50687028370.0728943694

wood2 iu

wood2 iu

wood2 tm1007.278848902821.9460531032.67057298386.09693324740.0157423383

wood2 tm

wood2 tm

wood23R1019.18002700323.51441990578.26611477298.13181347060.0420905358

wood23R

wood23R

wood2ivc787.595400259814.30616851881.571373144710.23565117190.0440674802

wood2ivc

wood2ivc

wood2ivm756.608304862668.2902467429.19643650579.80990541530.0422345198

wood2ivm

wood2ivm

&A

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emftask

stove/fuelco2 (g/task)CO (g/task)ch4(g/task)tnmoc(g/task)N2O (g/task)

biogas/biogas134.43728802070.1820.0952070980.053424401

biogas/biogas

biogas/biogas

cd-hara1153.214797018672.65020.774528059627.4816926259

cd-hara

cd-hara

cd-ivc787.786230667523.7852.701498113423.8644711954

cd-ivc

cd-ivc

cd-ivm983.445561254128.1123.029625831227.2909552382

cd-ivm

cd-ivm

cdcake/tm874.236312505542.2324.861027102516.0175653977

cdcake/tm

cdcake/tm

charbriq535.24898817340.8121.79574436215.4488274267

charbriq

charbriq

charcoal597.953388822668.3662.01487658092.5686299728

charcoal

charcoal

kero pressure146.67290048623.0810.05311253490.95623179850.001

kero pressure

kero pressure

kero wick130.69808871660.7710.0127555740.64233029470.001

kero wick

kero wick

lpg35.99069966840.1730.00055167590.21880445030.001

lpg

lpg

Must-ivc728.668889847835.7183.097672670217.60618461380.091

Must-ivc

Must-ivc

Must-ivm774.911606326868.25018.015881990320.15023439510.105

Must-ivm

Must-ivm

Must-ivu599.86105154225.1561.73436775255.72043637710.056

Must-ivu

Must-ivu

Must-tmu827.313888140342.0704.83014306525.22579254590.025

Must-tmu

Must-tmu

paddyivm972.6487496175100.1884.19692431460

paddyivm

paddyivm

paddytm1051.008675363545.7135.07021875368.9650104747

paddytm

paddytm

root-imu595.993446920819.4501.0955087044.3160966395

root-imu

root-imu

root-ivm698.643222693619.3141.396979945337.1793378682

root-ivm

root-ivm

root-tm878.099235828717.6406.54282899928.6050257443

root-tm

root-tm

wood1 iu511.893331394515.5041.27399031866.27257216050.052

wood1 iu

wood1 iu

wood13R585.844720569512.3340.8688126073.14758523660.015

wood13R

wood13R

wood1ivc523.563777459920.9081.81707268883.75501011010.049

wood1ivc

wood1ivc

wood1ivm585.270920468557.5276.612796562915.3871767650.057

wood1ivm

wood1ivm

wood2 iu360.42640337839.7621.06375551112.81808624990.024

wood2 iu

wood2 iu

wood2 tm501.157766587610.9651.33992214633.02398391420.008

wood2 tm

wood2 tm

wood23R497.216574564311.4594.05288015423.94292909830.020

wood23R

wood23R

wood2ivc446.82430317288.0570.89587683885.82513330950.025

wood2ivc

wood2ivc

wood2ivm520.343343861846.9246.3321627876.7371449350.029

wood2ivm

wood2ivm

&A

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emfenergy

stove/fuelCO2(g/MJ)CO(g/mJ)CH4(g/mJ)tnmoc(g/mJ)N2O(g/mJ)CO2(g/mJdelivered)co(g/mjd)ch4(g/mjd)TNMOC(g/mjd)N2O(g/mjd)TSP(g/mjd)

biogas/biogas82.441.970.060.030.00143.70.190.100.060.05255313420.0525531342

cd-hara81.7060.541.471.950.001009.964.9618.9724.610.57999378791.3308999861

cd-ivc87.7031.190.302.660.00686.321.102.4021.001.3704800016

cd-ivm89.3529.920.272.470.00893.325.522.7524.781.3911105501

cdcake/tm86.0948.880.481.580.00915.144.195.0816.811.9820156047

charbriq99.62120.020.331.010.00874.166.372.938.861.60955948321.0646272423

charcoal93.77275.210.310.410.00546.361.541.812.330.5196950015

kero pressure68.0361.890.020.440.00145.03.050.050.940.0010.03447464540.0281320133

kero wick69.9617.590.010.340.00131.60.780.010.650.0010.0217893813

lpg67.3014.930.000.100.00125.70.610.000.190.0020.02103621630.0210362163

Must-ivc68.6655.340.291.630.01370.318.211.588.870.0461.40235994232.6018941702

Must-ivm64.6594.041.511.690.01480.241.9911.3612.580.0651.6631347353

Must-ivu81.6355.870.230.760.01377.615.871.103.640.0350.6167890168

Must-tmu78.6565.470.460.510.00631.732.363.754.130.0190.3077338022

paddyivm76.24101.500.330.000.00702.574.543.010.0010.982906341

paddytm83.9848.400.410.720.00864.737.374.137.360.6384411833

root-imu96.0248.220.180.690.00422.013.800.783.080.26413306550.6274031241

root-ivm80.1434.390.164.250.00457.712.600.910.001.2057701624

root-tm99.8830.070.710.990.00711.114.145.326.990.4123061444

wood1 iu82.0337.940.201.010.01385.111.700.974.730.0390.67724158410.5569600036

wood13R80.1125.930.120.430.00451.59.530.682.440.0120.2370048637

wood1ivc70.1942.840.240.500.01245.39.670.851.720.0230.3855646758

wood1ivm56.0684.630.641.490.01257.025.262.976.920.0250.6152646245

wood2 iu71.1728.950.210.560.00280.47.590.832.190.0190.9118537223

wood2 tm66.7121.950.180.400.00365.77.990.972.210.0060.2384316162

wood23R67.5023.510.550.540.00373.18.613.042.970.0150.627628486

wood2ivc52.1614.310.100.680.00175.83.190.352.280.0100.6196081797

wood2ivm50.1168.290.610.650.00213.819.222.622.750.0120.7000422801

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Sheet7

stove/fuelCO2(g/mjdelivered)CO(g/mjd)CH4(g/mjd)TNMOC(g/mjd)N2O(g/mjd)

biogas/biogas144.05143.720.190.190.020.100.020.0600

biogas/biogas143.990.270.270.120

biogas/biogas143.100.120.010.020

cd-hara973.921009.9481.3464.9643.2818.9721.9524.6100

cd-hara903.0441.264.1917.180

cd-hara1152.8672.289.4534.680

cd-ivc705.98686.2516.4721.101.892.4018.8621.0000

cd-ivc639.5915.311.5016.880

cd-ivc713.1931.513.8227.270

cd-ivm900.60893.2820.7225.522.262.7521.6824.7800

cd-ivm893.4721.721.4823.570

cd-ivm885.7834.114.5029.100

cdcake/tm962.24915.1143.3444.194.475.0819.0116.8100

cdcake/tm929.7749.316.2917.100

cdcake/tm853.3139.934.4914.320

charbriq896.58874.1276.6066.372.432.9311.048.8600

charbriq875.6867.094.646.230

charbriq850.1055.411.739.320

charcoal561.00546.3370.2061.542.601.812.152.3300

charcoal447.8057.111.102.400

charcoal630.1857.311.742.450

kero pressure149.02145.023.313.050.060.050.760.940.00072552760.0008970559

kero pressure149.372.530.041.060.001009346

kero pressure136.673.300.051.010.0009562941

kero wick123.40131.640.520.780.010.010.610.650.00058325290.0006161526

kero wick140.400.970.020.750.0007161157

kero wick131.100.830.010.580.000549089

lpg120.76125.750.480.610.000.000.000.190.00213942050.0017702064

lpg124.540.740.010.000.0018505882

lpg131.940.610.000.570.0013206105

Must-ivc368.01370.2611.7918.210.861.585.018.870.02602108270.0460810816

Must-ivc368.0820.751.8713.290.0690331941

Must-ivc374.6822.082.018.320.043188968

Must-ivm478.33480.1748.0141.997.3011.3612.0012.580.06233932510.0653159361

Must-ivm483.5829.8419.4415.620.0811071658

Must-ivm478.6148.117.3310.110.0525013173

Must-ivu389.29377.6113.8015.871.031.104.343.640.04280371720.0350200953

Must-ivu357.4510.640.551.090.0459898793

Must-ivu386.1123.171.715.490.0162666894

Must-tmu626.72631.6730.3132.364.523.758.594.130.01707118730.0189560246

Must-tmu662.4745.414.911.980.0224917396

Must-tmu605.8221.351.821.810.0173051469

paddyivm713.78702.48130.6274.542.373.010.000.0000

paddyivm670.9039.242.700.000

paddyivm722.7653.773.950.000

paddytm776.64864.7142.6737.373.554.136.117.3600

paddytm988.5128.132.097.650

paddytm828.9741.316.748.340

root-imu395.40422.0110.4413.800.470.781.203.0800

root-imu424.2212.780.852.830

root-imu446.4218.191.025.200

root-ivm456.83457.7010.7412.600.520.910.000.0000

root-ivm481.1413.421.040.000

root-ivm435.1513.641.160.000

root-tm794.27711.1512.4214.146.875.328.206.9900

root-tm736.3722.148.556.150

root-tm602.817.840.556.610

wood1 iu366.25385.108.2811.700.380.976.574.730.0540383760.0388668256

wood1 iu440.8015.211.555.120.0420727495

wood1 iu348.2511.610.972.490.0204893515

wood13R454.56451.509.139.530.490.682.172.440.01128505390.0117748598

wood13R433.3511.130.992.980.011748149

wood13R466.588.330.542.160.0122913765

wood1ivc232.84245.269.439.671.430.853.701.720.02205703440.0226148319

wood1ivc234.3813.490.231.280.0312537091

wood1ivc268.566.100.900.180.0145337521

wood1ivm216.77256.9722.8825.262.342.975.606.920.02321211130.0251934009

wood1ivm274.2625.132.325.060.0229192671

wood1ivm279.9027.774.2510.110.0294488242

wood2 iu333.46280.389.847.591.170.832.312.190.01978330580.0188020875

wood2 iu228.275.690.522.280.0195489287

wood2 iu279.427.250.791.990.0170740279

wood2 tm348.81365.668.807.991.300.971.822.210.0046991410.0057089717

wood2 tm369.668.230.792.320.0059998794

wood2 tm378.506.930.822.490.0064278945

wood23R381.88373.078.718.612.413.043.262.970.01688758730.0153959805

wood23R397.189.754.123.390.0175633805

wood23R340.147.372.602.270.0117369738

wood2ivc156.40175.762.303.190.420.352.312.280.00993393190.0097978678

wood2ivc172.554.290.362.050.0088141948

wood2ivc198.322.970.262.470.0106454766

wood2ivm207.37213.8220.0019.222.182.623.072.750.01322253180.0118476771

wood2ivm221.9420.043.012.610.0112421116

wood2ivm212.1617.632.662.570.0110783881

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HDP

stove/fuelCO(g/mjd)TNMOC(g/mjd)TSP(g/mjd)COHCPMR to LPGTotalRatio to LPGRHI

biogas/biogas0.190.190.060.060.05255313420.0525531342Biogas0.10.10.10.30.12.50.50.19

cd-hara64.9638.941914457924.6121.79939745010.57999378791.3308999861LPG0.611.00.191.00.021.02.821.0

cd-ivc21.1021.001.3704800016Kerosene1.9130.804.20.031.3103.6

cd-ivm25.5224.781.3911105501Wood11.42193.13170.56265018

cdcake/tm44.1916.811.9820156047Roots13.51223.35180.63305720

charbriq66.3763.95406065668.865.59771982321.60955948321.0646272423Crop Residues36.72606.10322.6012413849

charcoal61.542.330.5196950015Dung38.946421.801151.336324186

kero pressure3.051.9120023080.940.79518544070.03447464540.0281320133

kero wick0.780.650.0217893813

lpg0.610.610.190.190.02103621630.0210362163

Must-ivc18.2136.72308752438.876.09628395531.40235994232.6018941702

Must-ivm41.9912.581.6631347353

Must-ivu15.873.640.6167890168

Must-tmu32.364.130.3077338022COHydrocarbonsPM

paddyivm74.540.0010.982906341Biogas0.10.32.5

paddytm37.377.360.6384411833LPG1.01.01.0

root-imu13.8013.51417828883.083.3549148250.26413306550.6274031241Kerosene34.21.3

root-ivm12.600.001.2057701624Wood191726

root-tm14.146.990.4123061444Roots221830

wood1 iu11.7011.41824370384.733.1343704880.67724158410.5569600036Crop Residues6032124

wood13R9.532.440.2370048637Dung6411563

wood1ivc9.671.720.3855646758

wood1ivm25.266.920.6152646245

wood2 iu7.592.190.9118537223

wood2 tm7.992.210.2384316162

wood23R8.612.970.627628486

wood2ivc3.192.280.6196081797

wood2ivm19.222.750.7000422801

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HDP

CO

Hydrocarbons

PM


Sheet9

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Sheet10

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Sheet11

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Households Using Biomass FuelsIn India

Source: Smith et al., 2004Based on econometric model and calibrationagainst household surveys in ~50 countries

Meta-analysis of studies of ALRI and solid fuels, in children aged

Meta-analysis of all studies adjusted for age Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in womenOR = 3.2 (95% CI: 2.3-4.8)

Smith et al., 2004

Smith et al.20054.9 million deaths/y1.6 million deaths/y (+/- 50%)0.8 million death/y

Chart1

0.004

0.005

0.009

0.013

0.014

0.016

0.023

0.026

0.026767

0.0276

0.034

0.0369175187

0.0397566462

0.040273347

0.0438104976

0.0626237219

0.0939338787

Percent of All DALYs in 2000

Global Burden of Disease from Top 10 Risk Factorsplus selected other risk factors

Fig 3

Risk factor/Disease1000 Deaths (World, both sexes)

Lead (Pb) pollution234

Urban outdoor air pollution799

Indoor smoke from solid fuels1619

Unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene1730

Tobacco4907

Blood pressure7141

Tuberculosis1566

Diarrhoeal diseases1798

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease2748

HIV/AIDS2777

Lower respiratory infections3884

Ischaemic heart disease7208

Fig 3

233.55392626

799.32801201

1619.1314679

1730.1386211

4907.1614959

7140.7131422

1566.0032094927

1797.9721158341

2748.4903407479

2777.1746691823

3883.8719135627

7207.7248149711

Deaths by Risk Factor

Deaths by Disease

1000 Deaths (World, both sexes)

1000 deaths in 2000

Global deaths attributable to selected risk factors and diseases

Fig 4

Climate change0.4%

Urban outdoor air pollution0.5%

Lead (Pb) pollution0.9%

Physical inactivity1.3%

Road traffic accidents*1.4%

Occupational hazarads (5 kinds)1.6%

Overweight2.3%

Indoor smoke from solid fuels2.6%

Lack of Malaria control*2.7%

Cholesterol2.8%

Child cluster vaccination*3.4%

Unsafe water/sanitation3.7%

Alcohol4.0%

Tobacco4.0%

Blood pressure4.4%

Unsafe sex6.3%

Underweight9.4%

Fig 4

0.004

0.005

0.009

0.013

0.014

0.016

0.023

0.026

0.026767

0.0276

0.034

0.0369175187

0.0397566462

0.040273347

0.0438104976

0.0626237219

0.0939338787


Global Burden of Disease from Top 10 Risk Factorsplus selected other risk factors

Fig 6


Climate change0.7%



Occupational hazards (5 kinds)1.6%

Low fruit & vegetables2.1%

Zinc deficiency2.7%

Cholesterol3.1%

Child cluster vaccinations*3.3%

Blood pressure3.4%

Tobacco3.4%

Iron deficiency3.5%

Unsafe sex3.7%



Underweight12.4%

Fig 6

0.004

0.007

0.008

0.013

0.016

0.021

0.027

0.031

0.0329

0.034

0.034

0.035

0.037

0.04

0.052

0.124


Indian Burden of Disease from Top 10 Risk FactorsPlus Selected Other Risk Factors

Fig 5

Climate change0.1%

Unsafe sex0.7%

Physical Inactivity1.1%




Cholesterol1.9%

Low fruit & vegetables2.0%


Overweight2.2%


Occupational hazards (5 kinds)2.8%

Underweight3.3%

Tobacco4.0%

Blood pressure5.3%

Alcohol5.8%

Fig 5

0.001

0.007

0.011

0.011

0.014

0.017

0.019

0.0198

0.021

0.022

0.025

0.028

0.033

0.04

0.053

0.058


Chinese Burden of Disease from Top 10 Risk FactorsPlus Selected Other Risk Factors

Fig 8

COHydrocarbonsPM

Biogas0.10.32.5

LPG1.01.01.0

Kerosene34.21.3

Wood191726

Roots221830

Crop Residues6032124

Dung6411563

Fig 8

0.08625022920.27818303942.498221799

111

3.13797911344.20920857081.3373133696

18.739627093716.591374095826.476244358

22.179475949217.758796266729.8249036136

60.269949020732.2698698459123.6864144596

63.9114888582115.392216567963.2670802556

CO

Hydrocarbons

PM


Fig 11

Dung377

Non-renewable Wood236

Crop Residues162

Renewable Wood85

Kerosene49

LPG37

Biogas2

Fig 7

Urban outdoor air pollution0.0008

Lead (Pb) pollution0.0043

Occupational hazards (5 types)0.0054

Climate change0.0060

Tobacco0.0080

Blood pressure0.0103

Road traffic accidents*0.0134

Alcohol0.0210

Iron deficiency0.0255

Indoor smoke from solid fuels0.0330

Zinc deficiency0.0415

Vitamin A deficiency0.0446

Childhood cluster*0.0501

Unsafe water/sanitation0.0558

Lack of Malaria control*0.0844

Underweight0.1567

Unsafe sex0.2558

Fig 7

0.0007905337

0.0042526902

0.0054003927

0.0060337721

0.0079910573

0.0102912245

0.0134

0.0209824781

0.0255066166

0.0329738263

0.0414934934

0.0446461036

0.0501084056

0.0558135824

0.0843823264

0.1566732975

0.2558424134


Burden of Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa from Top 10 Risk Factors and Selected Other Risk Factors

Fig 12

Dung11001883


Crop Residues780809

Renewable Wood500423

Kerosene25245

LPG151850.980.77

Biogas2012

Fig 12

1882.7878519394

1181.3934581883

809.4741933182

422.9087975682

245.2071136364

185.2409025974

12.2952727273

Average Annual Indoor Pollution (ug/m3)

Kilograms Carbon as CO2 per year

Estimated Indoor Particle Pollution versus Greenhouse Emissions in India

Wood- nonrenewable

Kerosene

LPG

Biogas

Wood-renewable

Dung

Crop residues

MBD00C47E40.xls

Chart1

376.5575703879

236.2786916377

161.8948386636

84.5817595136

49.0414227273

37.0481805195

2.4590545455

Grams Carbon as CO2

Global Warming Commitment per MJ Energy Delivered to Cooking Pot in India

Sheet1

NonrenewableNon-RenNon-RenRenewableRenREn

CO2(g/MJd)CH4(g/mjd)N2O(g/mjd)TNMOC(g/mjd)CO(g/mjd)BasicFullCO2(g/MJd)CH4(g/mjd)N2O(g/mjd)TNMOC(g/mjd)CO(g/mjd)BasicFull

3.66666666671.33333333333.66666666671.52.3333333333

122.6290124.5

CO2CH4N2OTNMOCCOCO2CH4N2OTNMOCCO

Biogas 2/201.620.13445454550.41360.29122Biogas 2/201.620.13445454550.41360.29122

LPG 34/3734.25454545450.03390.14236363641.44481.17257142863437LPG 34/3734.25454545450.03390.14236363641.44481.17257142863437

Kerosene 39/4938.19545454550.559350.05931818186.46083.76653949Kerosene 39/4938.19545454550.559350.05931818186.46083.76653949

Wood 165/236138.051204545526.674977750.744340363623.542054847.2661141786165236Wood 26/85025.4946690.744340363621.580216936.762533252685

Root 299/399210.232363636486.13725582.350233818257.401260842.7368805714299399Root 85/171082.32587282.350233818252.617822433.23979685171

Crop Residues 66/162063.5329982.676610363643.669986852.015243566162Crop Residues 66/162063.5329982.676610363643.669986852.015243566162

Dung 158/3770155.32127462.1911424545144.238497333374.806656158377Dung 158/3770155.32127462.1911424545144.238497333374.806656158377

Dung377


Crop Residues162

Renewable Wood85

Kerosene49

LPG37

Biogas2

CH4N2ONMHCCOTotal

Biogas 2/201.620.13445454550.41360.2912.4622Biogas 2/201.620.13445454550.41360.291

LPG 34/3734.25454545450.03390.14236363641.44481.172571428637.053437LPG 34/3734.25454545450.03390.14236363641.44481.1725714286

Kerosene 39/4938.19545454550.559350.05931818186.46083.766549.043949Kerosene 39/4938.19545454550.559350.05931818186.46083.7665

Renewable Wood 26/85025.4946690.744340363621.580216936.7625332584.58

Non-renewable Wood 165/236138.051204545526.674977750.744340363623.542054847.2661141786236.28165236Wood 26/85025.4946690.744340363621.580216936.76253325

Renewable Root 85/171082.32587282.350233818252.617822433.239796170.53

Non-rewewable Root 299/399210.232363636486.13725582.350233818257.401260842.7368805714398.86299399Root 85/171082.32587282.350233818252.617822433.239796

Crop Residues 66/162063.5329982.676610363643.669986852.0152435161.8966162Crop Residues 66/162063.5329982.676610363643.669986852.0152435

Dung 158/3770155.32127462.1911424545144.238497333374.806656376.56158377Dung 158/3770155.32127462.1911424545144.238497333374.806656

Sheet1

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

CO2

CH4

N2O

TNMOC

CO

Range indicates basic and full GWCs

Grams Carbon as CO2 per MJ Delivered

Figure 6. GWC with Non-Renewable Harvesting

Sheet2

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

CO2

CH4

N2O

TNMOC

CO

Range indicates basic and full GWCs


Figure 7. GWC with Renewable Harvesting

Sheet3

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

00000

#REF!

CH4

N2O

NMHC

CO


Figure 5. GWCs for Household Fuels In India (Basic/Full GWCs)

01.620.13445454550.41360.291

34.25454545450.03390.14236363641.44481.1725714286

38.19545454550.559350.05931818186.46083.7665

025.4946690.744340363621.580216936.76253325

138.051204545526.674977750.744340363623.542054847.2661141786

082.32587282.350233818252.617822433.239796

210.232363636486.13725582.350233818257.401260842.7368805714

063.5329982.676610363643.669986852.0152435

0155.32127462.1911424545144.238497333374.806656

CO2

CH4

N2O

NMHC

CO


Figure 5. GWCs for Household Fuels In India (Basic/Full GWCs)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Grams Carbon as CO2

Global Warming Commitment per MJ Energy Delivered to Cooking Pot in India

Need for Stronger EvidenceProblem with observational dataRandomized control trials (RCTs) are coin of realm in international healthDecided to do RCT in 1984Received funding in 2001Publications coming out in 2007

First Randomized Trial in Air Pollution History*After a worldwide search, a site in the Guatemalan Highlandswas chosen~3000 meters* Combustion pollutants with a normal population* In normal populations

SettingRural highlands of San Marcos, western GuatemalaPopulation nearly all indigenous Mayan IndiansNearly all depend on wood for cooking and heatingTraditional stove is the 3-stone fire no venting to outsideVery poor, high IMR, pneumonia, diarrhoea and stunting commonPoor health service uptake - culture, language, transport, time Intervention is a stove with chimney that is well-accepted by community

RESPIRE: Randomized Exposure Study of Pollution Indoors and Respiratory EffectsTraditional 3-stone open fireHighlandGuatemala

Need for fast, cheap, and easy monitoring for particles so that widespread temporal and spatial measurements can be done in easily in many places

Guatemala house with open fireDustTrak vs UCB particle monitor

Year 15500 Households total

530 eligible households: open fire, woman pregnant or child less than 4 months Baseline survey and exposure assessment Overview of study design

Overview of child health outcomes assessment HomeCommunity centreHospital

0.36 0.950.0310.59 (0.15)95%CIp OR (SE)

Non-RSV, hypoxicInterpretation: Children in households with open woodfires seem to have ~ two-thirds (1/0.60) more serious non-RSV pneumonia than those in households with well-operating woodstoves with chimneys

RSV+, hypoxic

0.55 1.57

0.790.93 (0.25)

95%CIp OR (SE)Results for MD-diagnosed Severe Pneumonia:PreliminaryResultsPlease do not cite

2-3 millionALRI Deaths In Children Under 5Poorcase-management50%?No vaccines25-50%Measles10%Diarrhea20%

Lack ofbreastfeeding10%Underweight40%Poor Housing?40%?Attributable Fractions do not add to 100%

Rough estimates onlyZn Deficiency15%GeneticSusceptibility?Outdoor airpollution?

Chimney Stove Intervention to Reduce Long-term Woodsmoke Exposure Lowers Blood Pressure among Guatemalan WomenJohn P. McCracken, Kirk R. Smith, Murray A. Mittleman, Anait Daz, Joel Schwartz

(Published in Environmental Health Perspectives, July 2007)

BackgroundAmbient particles associated with increased blood pressure (BP) (e.g. Linn, 1999; Zanobetti, 2004)

Elevated BP predicts increased cardiovascular risk

No studies of long-term air pollution exposures and BP

Effects of biomass smoke have not been studied

ObjectivesGoal: To evaluate the effect of long-term reductions in woodsmoke exposure on systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP).

Specific hypotheses:Personal fine particle (PM2.5) exposures will be lower among women using chimney stoves to cook.Chimney stove intervention will be associated with lower SBP and DBP.

Study DesignStudy population Eligible: Women 38 years, cooking dailyExcluded: pregnant, breastfeeding

Two follow-up periodsTrial period (7/03-12/04)Echo-intervention period (3/04-3/05)Personal PM2.5

SBP and DBP

Measures by Group and Period

Between-Groups Results* Adjusted for age, body mass index, daily temperature, season, day of the week, time of day, use of wood-fired sauna, household electricity, an asset index, ever smoking, and secondhand tobacco smoke exposure

Number of subjects (measures)

Adjusted mean difference*

Control group

Intervention group

Estimate

95% CI

p-value

SBP

71 (111)

49 (115)

-3.7

-8.1, 0.6

0.10

DBP

71 (111)

49 (115)

-3.0

-5.7, -0.4

0.02

Before-and-After Results* Adjusted for age, body mass index, daily temperature, season, day of the week, time of day, use of wood-fired sauna, household electricity, an asset index, ever smoking, and secondhand tobacco smoke exposure

Number of subjects (measures)

Adjusted mean difference*

Trial period

Echo-intervention

Estimate

95% CI

p-value

SBP

55 (88)

55 (65)

-3.1

-5.3, -0.8

0.01

DBP

55 (88)

55 (65)

-1.9

-3.5, -0.4

0.01

TotalIncomeEnergyPer CapitaBiomass

Total TrendIncomeBiomassFuelPer CapitaCrop ResiduesWood

TotalIncomePM EmissionsPer CapitaBiomass

IncomeBiomassPM EmissionsPer CapitaOutdoorIndoorTotal

Californias 2005 Combustion PM2.5 EmissionsFrom CARBdatabase~450 t/day

Chart1

0.0761154769

0.0093319971

0.243835674

0.1482287767

0.2337247016

0.034906992

0.0758730011

0.1779833807

Other: refining-waste management-structural fires1%

Stationary (including power)8%

Forests and other23%

Off-road vehicles: boats, planes, trains, farm equip18%

Sheet1

CATEGORYSUBCATEGORY2005

Stationary34.40457.6%

FUEL COMBUSTIONELECTRIC UTILITIES5.98151.3%Stationary (including power)34.47.6%

FUEL COMBUSTIONCOGENERATION3.9297Other: refining-waste management-structural fires4.20.9%

FUEL COMBUSTIONOIL AND GAS PRODUCTION (COMBUSTION)1.3979Residential Fuel110.224.4%

FUEL COMBUSTIONPETROLEUM REFINING (COMBUSTION)3.1972Crops, weeds, rangeland67.014.8%

FUEL COMBUSTIONMANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL6.683Forests and other105.623.4%

FUEL COMBUSTIONFOOD AND AGRICULTURAL PROCESSING2.9986Cooking15.77810.03490699215.83%

FUEL COMBUSTIONSERVICE AND COMMERCIAL6.4594On-road vehicles34.37.6%

FUEL COMBUSTIONOTHER (FUEL COMBUSTION)3.7572Off-road vehicles: boats, planes, trains, farm equip80.417.8%

Waste management1.24510.3%

WASTE DISPOSALSEWAGE TREATMENT0.0215

WASTE DISPOSALLANDFILLS0.4577452.0100.0%

WASTE DISPOSALINCINERATORS0.65474.21810.0093319971

WASTE DISPOSALSOIL REMEDIATION0.0702ELECTRIC UTILITIES5.98150.01323329

WASTE DISPOSALOTHER (WASTE DISPOSAL)0.041

CLEANING AND SURFACE COATINGSLAUNDERING

CLEANING AND SURFACE COATINGSDEGREASING

CLEANING AND SURFACE COATINGSCOATINGS AND RELATED PROCESS SOLVENTS

CLEANING AND SURFACE COATINGSPRINTING

CLEANING AND SURFACE COATINGSADHESIVES AND SEALANTS

CLEANING AND SURFACE COATINGSOTHER (CLEANING AND SURFACE COATINGS)

Refining1.88210.4%

PETROLEUM PRODUCTION AND MARKETINGOIL AND GAS PRODUCTION0.0569

PETROLEUM PRODUCTION AND MARKETINGPETROLEUM REFINING1.7098

PETROLEUM PRODUCTION AND MARKETINGPETROLEUM MARKETING0.1153

PETROLEUM PRODUCTION AND MARKETINGOTHER (PETROLEUM PRODUCTION AND MARKETING)0.0001

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSESCHEMICAL

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSESFOOD AND AGRICULTURE

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSESMINERAL PROCESSES

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSESMETAL PROCESSES

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSESWOOD AND PAPER

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSESGLASS AND RELATED PRODUCTS

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSESELECTRONICS

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSESOTHER (INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES)

SOLVENT EVAPORATIONCONSUMER PRODUCTS

SOLVENT EVAPORATIONARCHITECTURAL COATINGS AND RELATED PROCESS SOLVENTS

SOLVENT EVAPORATIONPESTICIDES/FERTILIZERS

SOLVENT EVAPORATIONASPHALT PAVING / ROOFINGWood and crop

MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSESRESIDENTIAL FUEL COMBUSTION110.214724.4%39.2%

5.2Ratio to road vehicles

MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSESFARMING OPERATIONS

MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSESCONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION

MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSESPAVED ROAD DUST

MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSESUNPAVED ROAD DUST

MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSESFUGITIVE WINDBLOWN DUST

MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSESFIRES1.09090.2%

MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSESMANAGED BURNING AND DISPOSAL

Crops, weeds, rangeland6714.8%

Forests and other105.644523.4%

MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSESCOOKING15.77813.5%15.77813.5%

MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSESOTHER (MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES)0.6174

On-road vehicles34.29497.6%

ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESLIGHT DUTY PASSENGER (LDA)9.99912.2%

ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESLIGHT DUTY TRUCKS - 1 (LDT1)2.9188

ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESLIGHT DUTY TRUCKS - 2 (LDT2)4.3382

ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESMEDIUM DUTY TRUCKS (MDV)1.9254

ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESLIGHT HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS - 1 (LHDV1)0.2267

ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESLIGHT HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS - 2 (LHDV2)0.0461

ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESMEDIUM HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS (MHDV)0.0456

ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESHEAVY HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS (HHDV)0.0374

ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESLIGHT HEAVY DUTY DIESEL TRUCKS - 1 (LHDV1)0.1896

ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESLIGHT HEAVY DUTY DIESEL TRUCKS - 2 (LHDV2)0.1815

ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESMEDIUM HEAVY DUTY DIESEL TRUCKS (MHDV)3.4582

ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESHEAVY HEAVY DUTY DIESEL TRUCKS (HHDV)9.41712.1%

ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESMOTORCYCLES (MCY)0.1296

ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESHEAVY DUTY DIESEL URBAN BUSES (UB)0.7622

ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESHEAVY DUTY GAS URBAN BUSES (UB)0.0329

ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESSCHOOL BUSES (SB)0.4831

ON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESMOTOR HOMES (MH)0.1034

Off-road vehicles (including boats, planes, trains, farm equip)80.449217.8%

OTHER MOBILE SOURCESAIRCRAFT7.46381.7%

OTHER MOBILE SOURCESTRAINS4.651

OTHER MOBILE SOURCESSHIPS AND COMMERCIAL BOATS24.05215.3%

OTHER MOBILE SOURCESRECREATIONAL BOATS7.779

OTHER MOBILE SOURCESOFF-ROAD RECREATIONAL VEHICLES0.2251

OTHER MOBILE SOURCESOFF-ROAD EQUIPMENT28.7576.4%

OTHER MOBILE SOURCESFARM EQUIPMENT7.5212

OTHER MOBILE SOURCESFUEL STORAGE AND HANDLING0

168.6713452.004100.0%

Sheet1

Off-road vehicles: boats, planes, trains, farm equip18%

Forests and other23%

Stationary (including power)8%

Other: refining-waste management-structural fires1%

.csv)fcemssumcat(1)

SRC_TYPECATEGORYSUBCATEGORY2005

STATIONARYFUEL COMBUSTIONELECTRIC UTILITIES5.9815

STATIONARYFUEL COMBUSTIONCOGENERATION3.9297

STATIONARYFUEL COMBUSTIONOIL AND GAS PRODUCTION (COMBUSTION)1.3979

STATIONARYFUEL COMBUSTIONPETROLEUM REFINING (COMBUSTION)3.1972

STATIONARYFUEL COMBUSTIONMANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRIAL6.683

STATIONARYFUEL COMBUSTIONFOOD AND AGRICULTURAL PROCESSING2.9986

STATIONARYFUEL COMBUSTIONSERVICE AND COMMERCIAL6.4594

STATIONARYFUEL COMBUSTIONOTHER (FUEL COMBUSTION)3.757234.4045

STATIONARYWASTE DISPOSALSEWAGE TREATMENT0.0215

STATIONARYWASTE DISPOSALLANDFILLS0.4577

STATIONARYWASTE DISPOSALINCINERATORS0.6547

STATIONARYWASTE DISPOSALSOIL REMEDIATION0.0702

STATIONARYWASTE DISPOSALOTHER (WASTE DISPOSAL)0.0411.2451

STATIONARYCLEANING AND SURFACE COATINGSLAUNDERING0.0003

STATIONARYCLEANING AND SURFACE COATINGSDEGREASING0.0128

STATIONARYCLEANING AND SURFACE COATINGSCOATINGS AND RELATED PROCESS SOLVENTS0.6384

STATIONARYCLEANING AND SURFACE COATINGSPRINTING0.231

STATIONARYCLEANING AND SURFACE COATINGSADHESIVES AND SEALANTS0.005

STATIONARYCLEANING AND SURFACE COATINGSOTHER (CLEANING AND SURFACE COATINGS)0.10320.9907

STATIONARYPETROLEUM PRODUCTION AND MARKETINGOIL AND GAS PRODUCTION0.0569

STATIONARYPETROLEUM PRODUCTION AND MARKETINGPETROLEUM REFINING1.7098

STATIONARYPETROLEUM PRODUCTION AND MARKETINGPETROLEUM MARKETING0.1153

STATIONARYPETROLEUM PRODUCTION AND MARKETINGOTHER (PETROLEUM PRODUCTION AND MARKETING)0.00011.8821

STATIONARYINDUSTRIAL PROCESSESCHEMICAL3.7835

STATIONARYINDUSTRIAL PROCESSESFOOD AND AGRICULTURE6.9033

STATIONARYINDUSTRIAL PROCESSESMINERAL PROCESSES24.5359

STATIONARYINDUSTRIAL PROCESSESMETAL PROCESSES0.6061

STATIONARYINDUSTRIAL PROCESSESWOOD AND PAPER8.9744

STATIONARYINDUSTRIAL PROCESSESGLASS AND RELATED PRODUCTS1.2981

STATIONARYINDUSTRIAL PROCESSESELECTRONICS0.0136

STATIONARYINDUSTRIAL PROCESSESOTHER (INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES)5.990352.1052

AREAWIDESOLVENT EVAPORATIONCONSUMER PRODUCTS0

AREAWIDESOLVENT EVAPORATIONARCHITECTURAL COATINGS AND RELATED PROCESS SOLVENTS0

AREAWIDESOLVENT EVAPORATIONPESTICIDES/FERTILIZERS0

AREAWIDESOLVENT EVAPORATIONASPHALT PAVING / ROOFING0.03380.0338

AREAWIDEMISCELLANEOUS PROCESSESRESIDENTIAL FUEL COMBUSTION110.2147

AREAWIDEMISCELLANEOUS PROCESSESFARMING OPERATIONS51.4595

AREAWIDEMISCELLANEOUS PROCESSESCONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION40.6591

AREAWIDEMISCELLANEOUS PROCESSESPAVED ROAD DUST69.4307

AREAWIDEMISCELLANEOUS PROCESSESUNPAVED ROAD DUST129.9777

AREAWIDEMISCELLANEOUS PROCESSESFUGITIVE WINDBLOWN DUST66.6198

AREAWIDEMISCELLANEOUS PROCESSESFIRES1.0909

AREAWIDEMISCELLANEOUS PROCESSESMANAGED BURNING AND DISPOSAL172.6445

AREAWIDEMISCELLANEOUS PROCESSESCOOKING15.7781

AREAWIDEMISCELLANEOUS PROCESSESOTHER (MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES)0.6174658.4924

MOBILEON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESLIGHT DUTY PASSENGER (LDA)9.9991

MOBILEON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESLIGHT DUTY TRUCKS - 1 (LDT1)2.9188

MOBILEON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESLIGHT DUTY TRUCKS - 2 (LDT2)4.3382

MOBILEON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESMEDIUM DUTY TRUCKS (MDV)1.9254

MOBILEON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESLIGHT HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS - 1 (LHDV1)0.2267

MOBILEON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESLIGHT HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS - 2 (LHDV2)0.0461

MOBILEON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESMEDIUM HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS (MHDV)0.0456

MOBILEON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESHEAVY HEAVY DUTY GAS TRUCKS (HHDV)0.0374

MOBILEON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESLIGHT HEAVY DUTY DIESEL TRUCKS - 1 (LHDV1)0.1896

MOBILEON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESLIGHT HEAVY DUTY DIESEL TRUCKS - 2 (LHDV2)0.1815

MOBILEON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESMEDIUM HEAVY DUTY DIESEL TRUCKS (MHDV)3.4582

MOBILEON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESHEAVY HEAVY DUTY DIESEL TRUCKS (HHDV)9.4171

MOBILEON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESMOTORCYCLES (MCY)0.1296

MOBILEON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESHEAVY DUTY DIESEL URBAN BUSES (UB)0.7622

MOBILEON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESHEAVY DUTY GAS URBAN BUSES (UB)0.0329

MOBILEON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESSCHOOL BUSES (SB)0.4831

MOBILEON-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLESMOTOR HOMES (MH)0.103434.2949

MOBILEOTHER MOBILE SOURCESAIRCRAFT7.4638

MOBILEOTHER MOBILE SOURCESTRAINS4.651

MOBILEOTHER MOBILE SOURCESSHIPS AND COMMERCIAL BOATS24.0521

MOBILEOTHER MOBILE SOURCESRECREATIONAL BOATS7.779

MOBILEOTHER MOBILE SOURCESOFF-ROAD RECREATIONAL VEHICLES0.2251

MOBILEOTHER MOBILE SOURCESOFF-ROAD EQUIPMENT28.757

MOBILEOTHER MOBILE SOURCESFARM EQUIPMENT7.5212

MOBILEOTHER MOBILE SOURCESFUEL STORAGE AND HANDLING080.4492

863.8979863.8979

Fossil fuelIncomePM ExposuresPer CapitaBiomassTotal

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Overview of the intervention trial design

Worldwide Biomass Combustion: Energy, Air Pollution, and Health Kirk R. Smith University of...

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