World War IIWorld War II

The Road to WarThe Road to WarChap. 15: Sections 1-2Chap. 15: Sections 1-2

Video ClipsVideo ClipsAmerica in the 20America in the 20thth

Century Century

US Foreign Policy 1930sUS Foreign Policy 1930s During the 1930s US was preoccupied During the 1930s US was preoccupied

with Depression.with Depression. However FDR announced However FDR announced Good NeighborGood Neighbor

policypolicy & promised nonintervention in & promised nonintervention in Latin American countries.Latin American countries.

Most Americans favored isolationism & Most Americans favored isolationism & neutrality in foreign affairs.neutrality in foreign affairs.

FDR promises not to send soldiers into FDR promises not to send soldiers into EuropeEurope

This was the lesson from WWIThis was the lesson from WWI

Video ClipVideo ClipAmerica in the 20America in the 20thth Century: Century: World War II: Road to WarWorld War II: Road to War

American IsolationismAmerican Isolationism

Rise of Mussolini in ItalyRise of Mussolini in Italy Italian economy was in chaos.Italian economy was in chaos. High rate of unemploymentHigh rate of unemployment Benito Mussolini aka Benito Mussolini aka il Duceil Duce promised promised

change & to restore Italy’s power in the change & to restore Italy’s power in the Mediterranean.Mediterranean.

Was a fascist like Hitler.Was a fascist like Hitler. Preached that the state & race were more Preached that the state & race were more

important than the individual.important than the individual. Fascists won elections by intimidating Fascists won elections by intimidating

people.people. Mussolini invaded Ethiopia in 1935 – the Mussolini invaded Ethiopia in 1935 – the

League of Nations did nothing.League of Nations did nothing.

Mussolini Video Clip Mussolini Video Clip America in the 20America in the 20thth century: century:

WWII: Road to WarWWII: Road to War

Elements of FascismElements of Fascism Authoritarian dictatorship that is not Authoritarian dictatorship that is not

communistcommunist Rejected enlightenment emphasis on Rejected enlightenment emphasis on

reason & equalityreason & equality Extreme nationalism linked to Extreme nationalism linked to Social Social

DarwinismDarwinism Glorified violenceGlorified violence Anti-democratic Anti-democratic Viewed the state as absolute that took Viewed the state as absolute that took

precedence over individual rightsprecedence over individual rights

Features of TotalitarianismFeatures of Totalitarianism Single-party dictatorshipSingle-party dictatorship State control of the economy & mediaState control of the economy & media Use of spies & state terrorismUse of spies & state terrorism Strict censorshipStrict censorship Use of schools & media to indoctrinate & Use of schools & media to indoctrinate &

mobilize citizensmobilize citizens Demands unquestioning obedience to rulerDemands unquestioning obedience to ruler Seeks to control all aspects of life such as Seeks to control all aspects of life such as

music, art, educationmusic, art, education USSR, Germ & Italy were all totalitarianUSSR, Germ & Italy were all totalitarian

Hitler & Nazi PartyHitler & Nazi Party Fascist who took advantage of Fascist who took advantage of

Germany’s econ problems during the Germany’s econ problems during the Depression.Depression.

Denounced the Denounced the Versailles treatyVersailles treaty which dismantled Germ army & req’d which dismantled Germ army & req’d Germ to pay reparationsGerm to pay reparations

Nazis became most powerful party in Nazis became most powerful party in 19321932

By 1933 Hitler became By 1933 Hitler became chancellorchancellor He immediately began eliminating He immediately began eliminating

his political enemies his political enemies (Communists/Social Democrats)(Communists/Social Democrats)

Hitler & Rise of the NazisHitler & Rise of the NazisVideo ClipVideo Clip

2:202:20

Third ReichThird Reich He suspended German civil rights in 1933He suspended German civil rights in 1933 Convinced the Convinced the ReichstagReichstag to give him to give him

power to make laws without its consent.power to make laws without its consent. Demanded that the military swear Demanded that the military swear

allegiance to him personallyallegiance to him personally After the German president, After the German president, HindenburgHindenburg, ,

died he abolished that office and became died he abolished that office and became Der Fuhrer & totalitarian dictator.Der Fuhrer & totalitarian dictator.

One of his first actions was to suspend One of his first actions was to suspend civil rightscivil rights

Hitler Defies Versailles TreatyHitler Defies Versailles Treaty

Rebuilt the German armyRebuilt the German army Reoccupied the Reoccupied the RhinelandRhineland which had which had

been a been a buffer zonebuffer zone. . Now Germany was on the French Now Germany was on the French

borderborder Britain, France, Britain, France, League of NationsLeague of Nations did did

nothing to stop himnothing to stop him This will emboldened himThis will emboldened him Formed an alliance with Mussolini in Formed an alliance with Mussolini in

19361936

Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War Fascist army general Fascist army general FrancoFranco wanted to wanted to

over-throw the democratic government.over-throw the democratic government. Developed into international conflict when Developed into international conflict when

Mussolini & Hitler began aiding the fascist Mussolini & Hitler began aiding the fascist Franco with weapons because he was anti-Franco with weapons because he was anti-Communist.Communist.

Also gave Musso & Hitler opportunity to Also gave Musso & Hitler opportunity to test their weaponstest their weapons

The USSR did the same for the pro-The USSR did the same for the pro-democracy forcesdemocracy forces

Many volunteers from Brit, Fr & US helped Many volunteers from Brit, Fr & US helped pro-democratic forces – felt this was pro-democratic forces – felt this was necessary otherwise France might be nextnecessary otherwise France might be next

Appeasement @ Munich Appeasement @ Munich

1938 Anschluss – annexation of Austria1938 Anschluss – annexation of Austria 1938 Munich Pact – Brit PM Chamberlain, 1938 Munich Pact – Brit PM Chamberlain,

gave in to German demands for the gave in to German demands for the Sudetenland which was the German part Sudetenland which was the German part of Czechoslavakia.of Czechoslavakia.

This was a policy of “This was a policy of “appeasementappeasement” or ” or giving in to what Hitler wanted in the giving in to what Hitler wanted in the belief that it would satisfy his demands & belief that it would satisfy his demands & avert waravert war

Sudetenland plus…Sudetenland plus… Brit & Fr appeased Germany because Brit & Fr appeased Germany because

Hitler claimed he was just trying to Hitler claimed he was just trying to protect the German speaking protect the German speaking population at their request.population at their request.

Hitler promised he would respect the Hitler promised he would respect the territorial integrity of all countries & territorial integrity of all countries & make no further demandsmake no further demands

5 ½ months later Hitler seized the 5 ½ months later Hitler seized the rest of Czechoslovakiarest of Czechoslovakia

Winston Churchill’s View about Winston Churchill’s View about the Munich Pactthe Munich Pact

Churchill who would soon replace Churchill who would soon replace Chamberlain as PM had this to say Chamberlain as PM had this to say about the Munich Pact.about the Munich Pact.

““Brit & Fr had to choose Brit & Fr had to choose between war and dishonor. They between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will have chose dishonor. They will have war.”war.”

Soviet-Nazi Pact 1939Soviet-Nazi Pact 1939 Although Hitler had openly expressed his Although Hitler had openly expressed his

disgust of Communist Russia & slavic peoples disgust of Communist Russia & slavic peoples since the early ’20s he signs non-aggression since the early ’20s he signs non-aggression pact with USSR. Also part of the pact was pact with USSR. Also part of the pact was agreement to divide Poland between them.agreement to divide Poland between them.

Why? By securing eastern border Hitler was Why? By securing eastern border Hitler was now free to move against other countries.now free to move against other countries.

Why did USSR join? Because Stalin was Why did USSR join? Because Stalin was

nervous because Brit & Fr refused to ally with nervous because Brit & Fr refused to ally with USSR.USSR.

Clouds of War Video Clip 3:36Clouds of War Video Clip 3:36from America in the 20from America in the 20thth century century

How would you interpret this cartoonHow would you interpret this cartoon

Invasion of PolandInvasion of Poland

Sept 1939 Hitler Sept 1939 Hitler invades Poland.invades Poland.

Used Used blitzkriegblitzkrieg tactics & tactics & LuffwaffeLuffwaffe bombarded Polish bombarded Polish cities.cities.

Brit & Fr were Brit & Fr were pledged to defend pledged to defend Poland & declared Poland & declared war on Germ 2 days war on Germ 2 days later.later.

Japanese MilitarismJapanese Militarism In 1930s Japan began its territorial In 1930s Japan began its territorial

expansion.expansion. Expansion was necessary due to growing Expansion was necessary due to growing

pop & lack of resources for pop & lack of resources for industrialization.industrialization.

Japanese military leaders felt this Japanese military leaders felt this dependence on foreign supplies made dependence on foreign supplies made Japan vulnerable.Japan vulnerable.

Military leaders were independent of the Military leaders were independent of the civilian gov.civilian gov.

Military victories in China, Russia, Military victories in China, Russia, Manchuria & Korea had elevated the Manchuria & Korea had elevated the military’s standing with the emperor.military’s standing with the emperor.

Japanese Invasion of ManchuriaJapanese Invasion of Manchuria

Next target was the rest of Manchuria Next target was the rest of Manchuria which was rich in resources and would which was rich in resources and would provide living space for Japanese.provide living space for Japanese.

Japan installed a puppet-regimeJapan installed a puppet-regime Renamed Manchuria “Manchukuo”Renamed Manchuria “Manchukuo” Japan argued that Manchuria was essential Japan argued that Manchuria was essential

for Japan’s long-term security.for Japan’s long-term security. The LON condemned Japanese agression.The LON condemned Japanese agression. Japan withdrew from the LONJapan withdrew from the LON

Japan Video Clip Japan Video Clip 00.5100.51

US Responds to Japanese AggressionUS Responds to Japanese Aggression

US protested Japanese aggression & US protested Japanese aggression & worried that it would close the “Open worried that it would close the “Open Door” policy.Door” policy.

FDR refused to recognize the new regime FDR refused to recognize the new regime in Manchuria.in Manchuria.

When Japan used base in Manchuria to When Japan used base in Manchuria to attack the rest of China FDR lent money to attack the rest of China FDR lent money to China for military supplies.China for military supplies.

Urged Americans to boycott Japanese silk.Urged Americans to boycott Japanese silk. Support for China came from missionaries, Support for China came from missionaries,

business interests and the public.business interests and the public.

The China IncidentThe China Incident In 1937 Japan attacked Nanjing and In 1937 Japan attacked Nanjing and

Shanghai killing 1000s of civilians.Shanghai killing 1000s of civilians. Japanese played down the slaughter Japanese played down the slaughter

calling it the “China Incident” when in calling it the “China Incident” when in reality it was full scale war.reality it was full scale war.

One senator referred to Japanese actions One senator referred to Japanese actions as “disgraceful” and barbarous”as “disgraceful” and barbarous”

Yet the US did little more than protest the Yet the US did little more than protest the matter.matter.

Japanese were to Asia what Germans were Japanese were to Asia what Germans were to Europe.to Europe.

American NeutralityAmerican Neutrality In response to Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia & the In response to Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia & the

Spanish Civil War the US Congress passes the Spanish Civil War the US Congress passes the Neutrality Acts.Neutrality Acts.

– These prohibited the sale of US weapons to nations These prohibited the sale of US weapons to nations at warat war

– Required also that countries at war pay cash for Required also that countries at war pay cash for non-military goodsnon-military goods

FDR was reluctant to sign acts but 1937 Gallup Poll FDR was reluctant to sign acts but 1937 Gallup Poll indicated that 2/3 of Americans felt WWI was a indicated that 2/3 of Americans felt WWI was a mistake.mistake.

However FDR asked Congress to increase military However FDR asked Congress to increase military spending which it did.spending which it did.

Analyze the following Analyze the following cartoons & propaganda.cartoons & propaganda.

What does his cartoon convey?What does his cartoon convey?

The End…The End…