WORLD WAR I CHAPTER 11. WORLD WAR I BEGINS CAUSES Nationalism = a devotion to the interests and...
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Transcript of WORLD WAR I CHAPTER 11. WORLD WAR I BEGINS CAUSES Nationalism = a devotion to the interests and...
WORLD WAR I
CHAPTER 11
WORLD WAR I BEGINS
CAUSES
Nationalism = a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation
Germany Serbia
Imperialism
Colonies supplied European nations with raw materials and markets
Germany
Militarism
Militarism = the development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy
Germany starts the naval arms race
Alliance System
Triple Entente (Allies) = France, Britain, Russia
Triple Alliance = Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy -> become Central Powers when Ottoman Empire replaces Italy
An Assassination Leads to War
June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria is assassinated by a Serbian nationalist in Bosnia
Austria declares war on Serbia
Russia supports Serbia -> Germany declares war on Russia and then on Russia’s ally (France)
Germany invades Belgium -> Britain declares war on Germany and Austria
Type of Warfare
Trench Warfare
“No man’s land”
Americans Question Neutrality
Pacifists = war is evil Naturalized citizens had ties to Germany and
Ireland Common ancestry and language = ties with
Britian Socialists criticized capitalists/imperialist
struggle to control markets in China, Africa, M. East
Parents did not want children to die Germany portrayed as a bully Americans traded more with Britain and France
The War Hits Home
British blockades coast of Germany 750,000 Germans died of starvation Germany responds by sending U-boats to British
waters
British ship, the Lusitania,
is sunk and 128 Americans
die
The U.S. Declares War
Pres. Wilson wins reelection in 1916 by keeping the U.S. out of war
He tries to organize a peace agreement Germany announces plan to sink all ships (hostile or
neutral) in British waters on sight Zimmermann note = German telegram – Germany
will help Mexico recover territory in the U.S. 4 unarmed American merchant ships are sunk Russia replaces repressive monarchy with a
democracy -> war of democracies vs. brutal monarchies
April 1917 – Congress approves declaration of war
Assignment
1. List the four major causes of the war and explain which one you think was the most significant.
2. Why were America’s ties with the Allies stronger than its ties with the Central Powers?
3. Do you think Germany was right for increasing its U-boat attacks in 1917?
4. Why did the following groups of Americans tend to oppose U.S. participation in the war? ◦ Naturalized citizens, socialists, pacifists, parents
5. Why does the U.S. eventually join the war?
Section 2: American Power Tips the Balance
America Mobilizes
Selective Service Act (1917) Men had to register with the govt. and could be
randomly selected for military
Shipyard workers receive “deferred” classificationParts of ships were assembled at the shipyard -> in
one day 95 ships were builtGovt. took over commercial and private ships
1. In what way does this photograph show men being turned into soldiers?
2. How do you think military training made these men feel about joining the armed forces?
3. How do you think they would have reacted to the “I Want you” poster?
400,000 African Americans served in the armed forces
Segregated units
Mostly non-combat units
America Turns the Tide
Convoy System > U-boats
U.S. Navy sets up 230-mile barrier of mines
Fighting in Europe
2.5 years of fighting in trenches for the AlliesThe Allies are exhausted and demoralizedWHAT DO THEY NEED?
American Expeditionary Force
John J. PershingInfantry men called doughboysSmall town boys impressed by Paris
New Weapons
Mechanized warfare = machines powered by gasoline or diesel
The War Introduces New Hazards
DysenteryPoisonous gasLack of sleep“Shell shock” ---- (PTSD)Trench foot
American Troops Go on the Offensive
Americans stop the Germans 5o miles from Paris
Then go on the attack Alvin York – conscientious objector (a
person who opposes warfare on moral grounds) turns into war hero -> kills 25 Germans and captures 132
The Collapse of Germany
1918 – Austria – Hungary surrender to the Allies
German sailors mutiniedExhausted Armistice – truce – 11/11/1918
The Final Toll
22 million died -> ½ civilians20 million wounded10 million became refugees$338 billion = cost of the warU.S. lost 48,000 men in battle -> 62,000 died
of disease200,000 Americans wounded
The United States used the __________ _________ to protect its ships from the German U-boats.
The ___________ _____________ ______________ required men to register for ____________ service.
Mechanized warfare included _______________ and _____________ .
Assignment
Read pp. 388-395 and complete Guided Reading for Ch. 11 Section 3
Assignment
1. Describe how the United States mobilized for the war.
2. Summarize U.S. battlefield successes. 3. Identify the new weapons and the medical
problems faced in World War I. 4. Describe U.S. offensives and the end of war.
1. You do not need to copy the questions, but make sure to reference the question in your response. Complete sentences are necessary.
Discussion – Sedition in WWI (Reading Like a Historian)
What does patriotism mean to you?
Do you think it’s important for people to be patriotic?
Is it patriotic or anti-American to criticize the U.S. government?
Central Question
Were critics of WWI anti-American?
Public Opinion Was Divided
Socialists, Christian pacifists, anarchists, women’s groups, unionists, intellectuals opposed the war
War is immoral, war helps the capitalists
What about the Zimmerman telegram and sinking of Lusitania?
Wilson – “He kept us out of war” (1916)
Unrestricted submarine warfare = American ships are sunk
U.S. declares war in 1917
Wilson established the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 = suppressed anti-British, pro-German, anti-war opinions
1,500 people were prosecuted and over 1,000 convicted
Discussion
What did President Wilson do to promote nationalism and restrict dissent during WWI?
Do you think these were necessary decisions? Why or why not?
Document C
Do you think Debs and Schenck broke the law?
Document D
What does this ruling say?
Do you agree with the ruling?
Section 3: The War at Home
Journal
During times of war should the government and/or president be given more power? Why or why not?
Congress Gives Power to Wilson
Entire economy has to be focused on the warPower of government is expanded War Industries Board (WIB) is created (1917)
Mass production techniques Price controls “gasless Sundays” “lightless nights”
War Economy
Hourly wages rise for metal workersOwners of industries make money ->
dangerous conditions and child labor -> increase in union membership and strikes
National War Labor Board settles disputes between management and labor -> safety inspections, 8-hour work day
Food Administration
One day a week was “meatless,” wheatless,” “sweetless”
Selling the War
U.S. raises $35 billionTaxes – progressive income tax, higher tax on
tobacco, liquor, luxury goods
“The Rape of Belgium” by German soldiers
How did this poster encourage Americans to buy liberty bonds?
Committee on Public Information
U.S.’s first propaganda agency – biased communication designed to influence people’s thoughts and actions
Distributed copies of Wilson’s war message75,000 men serve as “Four-Minute Men”
“Over There” by George Cohan
Why do you think this song was used as a marching song?
Why did it motivate people to give money for the war effort?
Attacks on Civil Liberties Increase
2 million Americans had been born in Germany
Some lost jobsOrchestras did not play Mozart, Bach,
BeethovenGerman-born miner is lynched in Illinois
Dachshunds or “liberty pups”
Espionage (1917) and Sedition Acts (1918)
$10,000 fine and 20 year prison sentence for interfering with the war effort
Newspapers lost mailing privilegesProfessors fired Unions demanded better working conditionsGovt. silenced ideas
African Americans and the War
W.E.B. Dubois believed if blacks supported the war their conditions would improve in America
Job opportunities and political power in North + racial discrimination and floods in the South lead to the Great Migration -> hundreds of thousands of Southern blacks move to the North
African American migrants leads to overcrowding and racial tension in cities
The Migration of the Negro by Jacob Lawrence
Journal
Think about the race riots of 1917 and 1919. How do these events relate to race relations today?
http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B004ALFWQC/ref=dv_dp_ep8
19 left to 12 left 24.30 – 31.30
Women in the War
Jobs for women during the war = railroad workers, cooks, dockworkers, bricklayers
Increased support for their right to vote
The Flu Epidemic
Fall of 1918 – affects ¼ of the U.S. pop. Fines and factories are shut downSpreads even faster among soldiers500,000 Americans die30 million world wide
Assignment
1. Did the Espionage and Sedition Acts affect freedom of speech? How?
2. Why were union leaders targeted by the government?
3. How did the lives of American women improve during WWI?
Section 4: Wilson Fights for Peace
Fourteen Points
1. There should be no secret treaties2. Freedom of the seas should be maintained3. Tariffs and other economic barriers should be
lowered4. Arms should be reduced5. Colonial policies should consider the interests of
the colonial peoples 6-13 = boundary changes for a nation according to
ethnicity14th = League of Nations = international
organization that discusses issues rather than going to war
The Allies Reject Wilson’s Plan
“Big Four” – Wilson (U.S.), Clemenceau (France), Lloyd George (Britain), Orlando (Italy) worked out plan
14th Point is keptAbsent: Russia, Central Powers
Debating the Treaty of Versailles
New nations: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia
No army for GermanyReparations (war damages) = $33 billion
must be given to the AlliesWar guilt cause = Forced Germany to admit
sole responsibility for starting the war Germany stripped of colonial possessions and
land Germany feels humiliated -> leads to WWII
Debating the Treaty of Versailles
Too harshSome Americans did not want the League of
Nations to influence American foreign policyU.S. does not join the League