World War I and the AftermathCh 28

I. Introduction1st modernized war

Old tactics met new technology1st war in which airplane was used

Global warfareResult of imperialismExtensive alliances

Triple Entente- Britain, France and RussiaCentral Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire

II. The War and BeforeImperialism led to conflict over territoryArms build ups with extensive mobilization plans

Jingoism- extreme militaristic nationalism

Balkans were consistently a problemDiverse, Slavic regionSerbia was resistant to Austria-Hungary’s control

Archduke Ferdinand and his Wife went on a trip to SerbiaGavriel Princip assassinated both of them

II. The War and BeforeBalkans (continued)

Austria-Hungary sought to punish SerbiaRussia vowed to back up their fellow Slavs

Brings in all of the alliances

The War PlanGermany had a 2 front war

Schlieffen Plan- Quickly overwhelm France and Britain and move on to Russia while they are still trying to mobilizeDidn’t work- led to a stalemate

II. The War and BeforeWarfare

Millions died with little or no progressEntente- Dead 5,712,379 Wounded 12,809,280Central – Dead 4,010,241 Wounded 8,419,533New Weapons caused high casualties- Old War TacticsDiseases caused high casualties

GallipoliTried to open supply route to RussiaGain control of Constantinople

II. The War and BeforeRussia

High number of casualtiesAristocratic officersPoorly trained peasantsLack of coding in communications

Nicholas II tried to take control of armyHe gets blamed

Had to bail on Entente due to uprisings at home

II. The War and BeforeHome-fronts

Government takes over key industriesShortages of food and fuel

RationingWomen in the workforce

Women had to do the job of menSuffrage in US

Extreme NationalismPropagandaCitizens were very zealous

II. The War and BeforeColonies

Fought on the side of their colonial rulersSupplied large amounts of raw materialsJapan

Allied with Britain to expel Germany from Shangdong Peninsula Became an imperial power themselves

East Africa and Ottoman Empire sided with Germans

Ottoman Empire fell apart as a result

II. The War and BeforeUnited States

Joins in 1917 Helped break the stalemateBrought into the war after German sub sinks the Lusitania

The EndGerman made a huge advance

Turning point- 2nd Battle of the MarneTanksSpanish FluGerman Surrender (shocked German people)

Armistice Day- Nov 11, 1919Versailles Conference 1919- blamed Germany

But we know what really ended WWI…

III. The AftermathFrance (Clemenceau) wanted to punish Germany

Take away territory and pay reparations

Wilson- Wanted peace and self-determination for people who wanted freedom

Wanted League of NationsDid not want to punish GermanyLeague of Nations

III. The AftermathPeace of Paris

Germany had no say- Representatives forced German territory broken upForced to pay reparations- collapsed economyAustria-Hungary split upIgnored Arab nations and promises to them

Actually divided their lands rather than help themLeague of NationsIgnored Japan and its encroachment of Chinese territoryUS vetoed League of Nations and made separate treaty with Germany- Even though Wilson signed the Treaty of Versailles

IV. Colonial ProblemsColonies provided huge amounts of resources and personnel during war

“lesser humans” being asked to kill Europeans

Colonies give more self-governance during war

IV. Colonial ProblemsIndia

Economy was hit hard during/after the warFaminesShortages

Broken promise of self-governanceMorley-Minto reforms- education and voting rightsMontagu-Chelmsford Reforms

Gave more power to India’s governmentRowlatt Act

Limited Indian Civil RightsMohandas Ghandi

Mass nonviolent protest (satyagraha) again colonial rule

IV. Colonial ProblemsEgypt

European and Turkish rule angered themLord Cromer

High Commissioner of EgyptPushed for economic reform

Only benefitted wealthy classPoor starving

Independence sought by effendi (business/professional class)

Brought problems of colonial rule to attention of people

Dinshawai incidentBritish accidental shooting of prayer leader’s wifeResulted in riots

IV. Colonial ProblemsEgyptian Revolt of 1919

Result of huge burden on peasantsWent without food so soldiers could eat

Riots soon appeared across countryBritain regain control

Wafd Party- formed by Sa’d Zaghul- unified nationalist movement

Britain pulls out between 1922-1936Vowed to protect Suez Canal

Egypt enters 30 years of chaos

IV. Colonial ProblemsMiddle East problems

Ottoman Empire divided up after WWITurkish Republic

Latin alphabet, woman suffrageSyria, Lebanon and Iraq were promised independence

Occupied by British and FrenchHussein- sheriff of Mecca

Used European help to overthrow TurksAngered fellow Muslims

IV. Colonial ProblemsPalestine

Promised to both Zionist and Arabs by BritsBalfour Declaration- Lord Balfour promised Zionist a Jewish homelandLeon Pinsker- Jewish intellectual who said Jewish assimilation impossible

Ex. PogromsAlfred Dreyfus

French Jew- accused of being German spyExtreme French discrimination of Jews

World Zionist Organization- promoted Jewish migration to PalestineArabs feel betrayed so Britain pulls back support and then betrays Jews

IV. Colonial ProblemsAfrica starts to gain independence

Initially educated were loyal to ColonizersRebellions started after forced labor and food and supply shortages because of warBritain and France back outs on promisesPan-African Organization- United Africa

African American ledMarcus Garvey and W.E.B DuBois were influential in trying to break up African colonialism

V. ConclusionWWI was the war to end all wars but actually brings about WWII

Germany felt like they were unfairly punished for the war

After all, they were not the ones who started the warGives Hitler a chance to come to power

Communism gained a firm hold in RussiaWomen gained more rightsWhite Supremacy looses hold in colonized holdings