WORLD WAR I & ITS AFTERMATH

U.S. HISTORY & GEOGRAPHYCHAPTER 7

WORLD WAR I BEGINS

Nationalism

Imperialism

Militarism

Alliance System

WORLD WAR I

MILITARISM & ALLIANCES Prussia begins uniting all of the German states

together. This forced France to give up territory along the border. Germany will form an alliance with Austria-Hungary & Italy to protect themselves from France

Russia took action in fear of Germany signing the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894

All countries will develop their armed forces to use as a tool of diplomacy or to intimidate other countries

Britain will step up their navy & build relations between France & Russia known as entente cordiale (friendly understanding) but will NOT sign a formal agreement SEE MAP PG.

183

IMPERIALISM & NATIONALISM Ottoman Empire & Austria-Hungary

Empire controlled the Balkan Region until nationalism grew throughout Europe causing the Southern Slavs to press for independence. Serbs will gain independence & form the nation of Serbia.

Austria-Hungary will annex Bosnia from Ottoman Empire causing Serbs to realize that Austria-Hungary will never let them be independent

ASSAINATION BRINGS WAR Everyone wanted to maintain control of the Balkan

Peninsula as it had central access to the Mediterranean Sea

Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, & Sophia, his wife, were visiting Sarajevo when Gavrilo Princip, member of Black Hand (Serbian Nationalist organization) shot them

Serbian officials were aware of this. Austria-Hungary issues ultimatum knowing that they would get support from nations that they had created alliances with (i.e. Germany). Serbia counted on their alliances for support (i.e. Russia)

ASSASSINATION BRINGS WAR July 28, 1914: Austria-Hungary declares

war on Serbia. Russia mobilizes to assist Serbia. Germany mobilizes to assist Austria-Hungary

August 3, 1914: Schlieffen Plan is put into motion as Germany invades Belgium & makes their way to France. Britain reacts & gets involved as they had an alliance with Belgium. Germany then turn forces on Russia as well

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WORLD WAR I BEGINS

France

Britain

Russia

United States (1917)

Germany

Austria-Hungary

Ottoman Empire

Italy (later withdraws)

Triple Entente (Allies)

Triple Alliance (Central Powers)

U.S. & THE WAR

President Wilson declares the U.S. to be neutral

Many Americans are divided as to whether the U.S. should be involved or not

SEE ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES PG. 187

AMERICANS TAKE SIDES Britain will cut the transatlantic telegraph

cable & will use propaganda to influence Americans

Companies in U.S. that have strong ties to Allies & American banks will invest over $2 billion. Midwest banks (pro-German) will loan out $27 million to Germany

U.S. will mobilize for two reasons: ensure Allied repayment of debts to prevent Germany from threatening U.S.

shipping

MOVING TOWARD WAR Britain blockades German ports – armaments

first but eventually food/fertilizer. U.S. did not like it as it prevented them from doing business with Germany

Germany responds with U-boats (submarines) sinking every ship off the British coast (Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex).

U.S. warned them not to do this & as Germany did not want U.S. to side with Allies. They would agree but it would not last

UNITED STATES DECLARES WAR

U.S.

Involvement

February 1917 –

German Kaiser

declares unrestricted submarine

warfareSinking of 6

unarmed American merchant

ships – February 3 – March 21,

1917

Zimmermann Note – January

1917

Bolshevik Revolution in Russia –

March 1917

April 2, 1917 – Wilson asks Congress to declare war

THE HOME FRONT

U.S. economy will have to shift from producing consumer goods to producing war supplies

Progressives were in control & their ideas will shape the war effort

New agencies will be created to coordinate mobilization, promote efficient use of natural resources, & emphasize cooperation between big business & government

WAR TIME AGENCIES

War Industries Board (WIB): mass production techniques, set quotas, allocated raw materials,

& set prices at whole sale level for war

materials. Retail prices will double

Food Administration (Herbert Hoover): help increase food

production & conserve food. “Clean Plate”

ideal. Victory Gardens – growing of vegetables by civilians. Set prices

on certain foods

Fuel Administration: monitors coal supplies,

rationed gas/oil, introduced daylight savings times (Benjamin Franklin),

shortened work weeks for civilian goods factories, &

“Heatless Mondays”

Railroad Administration:

controlled ALL aspects of railroads

FUNDING OF THE WAR

U.S. needed to raise money & convince public to support the war.

A progressive income tax, war-profits tax (Mostly businesses), high excise tax (luxury goods) will be assessed

BONDS: “Liberty Bond” & “Victory Bond” were used to raise money

SEE CHART ON PG. 190

MOBILIZING THE WORKFORCE National War Labor Board: dealt with

strikes – “Work or Fight”; Pushed for an 8-hour day, safety inspections, improvement on wages, unions could exist, enforced child labor ban. In exchange for cooperation, unions agreed to not disrupt war production with strikes or other disturbances. Wages were undermined by rising food & housing costs

MOBILIZING THE WORKFORCE Women will take jobs of men but did not receive

equal pay for equal work. Support for the war would help the suffrage movement

Great Migration: African Americans from Southern cities to the North seeking job opportunities & to escape racial discrimination. Henry Ford’s company hired African Americans

Mexicans will migrate providing labor for farmers & ranchers. Some found factory jobs in the north Mid-west but faced hostility & discrimination. Formed barrios.

PUBLIC OPINION

Committee on Public Information: propaganda used to convince Americans to support the war

Anti-immigrant hysteria/attacks increased especially against German immigrants or persons of German descent

PUBLIC OPINION Espionage Act 1917: made it illegal to aid the

enemy, give false reports, or to interfere with the war effort

Sedition Act 1918: allowed for the fining or jailing of anyone who interfered with or said anything considered to be disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effort

Schenck v. United States 1919: U.S. Supreme Court upheld the acts against Charles Schenck due to the words in his pamphlet were dangerous to others (i.e. yelling fire in a crowded place)

BUILDILNG THE MILITARY Over 2 million will

volunteer for war Selective Service Act May

1917: required men to register in order to be drafted for military service

African Americans: 400k men drafted, 42k served overseas. Segregation still existed. 92nd & 93rd Infantry Divisions received praise from Marshal Philippe Petain (France) & General John Pershing (U.S.)

Native Americans: 12k served

Puerto Ricans: 20k served

Mexican Americans – more than any other minority group would serve

Asian Immigrants – fought on side of U.S. prior to being citizens

BUILDING THE MILITARY

Women were part of the Army Corps of Nurses but had no rank, pay or benefits (eventually will change). Served in Navy & Marines in non-combatant positions

Women filled positions in clerical, radio operators, electricians, pharmacists, chemists, & photographers

BUILDING THE MILITARY

exempt shipyard workers from the

draft

U.S. Chamber of Commerce did public

relations to gain support for shipyard

workers

– Fabrication techniques –

standardized parts built in other places then brought to the

shipyard

U.S. took control of commercial & private

ships

Crucial steps

needed to move men &

supplies

COMBAT IN WWI

Trench Warfare: near the Marne River extending through France to the Belgian coast & as far north as the Swiss Alps.

“No Man’s Land” – area in between the trenches filled with craters, barbed wire, & mines

SEE MAP PG. 195

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COMBAT IN WWI

New Weapons: Tanks Airplanes Portable machine

gun Poison gas Long-range canons Anti-aircraft guns Zeppellin (giant

rigid balloons)

New Hazards: Horrific injuries Lice Rats Polluted water

(dysentery) Inhalation of poison

gas Decaying bodies “trench foot” “trench mouth”

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WINNING THE WAR AT SEA Convoy system: proposed by William

S. Sims. Reduction in loss of ships Reduction in loss of supplies Ensured arrival of American troops

AMERICANS ENTER COMBAT General John J. Pershing leads the

American Expeditionary Force (AEF) – “doughboys”.

2 million enter the stalemate in Paris July 4, 1917

March 21, 1918: Germany’s last offensive as they push deep into Allied lines & would get to within 40 miles of Paris

AMERICANS ENTER COMBAT AEF went on offensive stopping Germany

advance in Cantigny (near Paris). Push the Germans back into Chateau-Thierry & Bedleau Wood, winning the Second Battle of the Marne

Battle of Argonne Forest: French Marshal Ferdinand Foch orders counter attacks. AEF drives German forces back at Saint-Mihiel. On September 26, 1918, AEF fights Germans between the Meuse River & Argonne Forest suffering massive casualties but push the Germans back forcing them to retreat

THE WAR ENDS

Revolution throughout Austria-Hungary Empire leads to Poland, Hungary, & Czechoslovakia declaring their independence

November 3, 1918: Austria-Hungary & Ottoman Empires surrender to the Allies

November 9, 1918: Germany agrees to an armistice.

November 11, 1918 – Fighting finally stops

LOSS OF LIFE

Over 500k Americans died in combat Over 200k were wounded Over 60k will die from influenza (flu)

1918-1919 Flu epidemic (Spanish influenza) is

believed to have killed 25 to 50 million worldwide & over 500k Americans

PEACE – “THE BIG FOUR” Four big players involved in the creation of the

Treaty of Versailles 1919: Woodrow Wilson United States Georges Clemenceau France David Lloyd George Britain Vittorio Orlando Italy

Missing: Central Powers (especially Germany – will become a cause for WWII) & Russia as Allied leaders refused to recognize Lenin’s government

WILSON’S PLAN – 14 POINTS

5 main points: No secret treaties

among nations Freedom of seas for all Tariffs & economic

barriers should be lowered or abolished to foster free trade

Arms should be reduced to the point that only ensures domestic safety

Colonial policies should consider interest of colonial people & imperialist powers

8 points: dealt with the right of national self-determination that affected boundary changes of territory to be based on national identity

LAST POINT: establishment of League of Nations – Goal: was to help preserve the peace by respecting & protecting each other’s territory & political independence

TREATY OF VERSAILLES 1919 Established 9 new

nations 5 mandates from

Ottoman Empire to be colonies for Britain & France

Alsace-Lorraine went back to France

Barred Germany from maintaining an army

War-guilt clause – war was totally Germany’s fault

Reparations: $33 billion

Creation of League of NationsTreaty ignored: freedom of the seas, free trade, & fair settlement of colonial claimsSEE CHART ON

PG. 198

WEAKNESSES OF TREATY

Humiliated Germany (war-guilt clause)

Germany unable to pay reparations (lost colonies)

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was left out

Treaty ignored claims of colonized people for self-determination (i.e. Vietnamese)

U.S. SENATE REJECTS THE TREATY Opposition included:

Economic burden could pull all of Europe down Exchanging one form of imperialism for another League of Nations (main opposition)

Wilson refused to compromise on the League of Nations

Senate does not ratify after voting twice U.S. signs separate treaty with Germany in

1921 after Wilson leaves office, never joining the League of Nations

LEGACY OF WWI

Americans wanted to return to “normalcy” (Harding’s platform)

Europe destruction & massive loss

of life severely damaged social & political systems

communist state is formed (USSR)

Fascism comes into existence (Italy,

Spain, Germany). An aggressive

nationalistic movement where the

nation was more important than the individuals, usually ruled by a dictator

AFTER-AFFECTS AT HOME Stresses over the economy:

Rising prices on goods Inflation Unemployment – soldiers returning

home need jobs & lack of orders for goods

Cost of living increases causes many Americans to revert back to nativism ideals

Belief in isolationism resurfaces Fear of communism

INFLATION LEADS TO STRIKES Seattle General Strike 1919: 35k

shipyard workers walked off job wanted higher wages & shorter hours. Other unions joined in a general strike involving more than 60k people paralyzing the city for 5 days. Americans would begin to see the general strike as a common tactic of Communists & other radical groups in Europe

INFLATION LEADS TO STRIKES Boston Police Strike 1919: Police had not

received a raise since prior to WWI, had not been allowed to unionize, & other grievances. Representatives attempted to ask for a raise but would be fired. Rest of police force went on strike. Calvin Coolidge, governor, called out National Guard as he felt striking the law should be against the law when it jeopardized public safety & agreed with police commissioner to fire all the strikers. Strike would end & strikers were replaced with all NEW officers

Boston Policemen taking a meal during the Boston Police strike of 1919

INFLATION LEADS TO STRIKES Steel Mill Strike September 1919-January 1920:

Workers wanted shorter working hours, a living wage, union recognition, & collective bargaining rights. U.S. Steel refused to meet with union representatives & 350k walked off the jobs. Company hired strikebreakers, used force against the workers striking, & launched a propaganda campaign stating the workers striking were communists. Strike ended. In January 1923 a report about working conditions in caused the steel companies to agree to an 8-hour workday

INFLATION LEADS TO STRIKES Coal Miners’ Strike 1919: United Mine Workers

protested low wages & long workdays under the guidance of John L. Lewis & go on strike. Attorney General Mitchell Palmer will obtain a court order sending the miners back to work. Lewis declared it over but quietly gave the word for the strike to continue defying the court order. President Wilson appointed an arbitrator & the miners received a 27% wage increate. Shorter workday & a 5-day work week comes in the 1930s.

Steel Miner’s Strike

Coal Miners’ Strike 1919

FALL OF UNIONS

Unions were seen as communistic activities

Decline would be for: immigrants willing to work in poor

conditions Language difference among immigrants Farmers who migrated to cities for jobs

were used to relying on themselves Exclusion of African Americans

RACIAL UNREST Summer 1919: 25 race riots across nation.

Longview, TX: angry whites burned shops & homes of Afr. Am. Washington D.C. Afr. Am. & whites fought with each other for

4 days before troops gained control Chicago, July 1919: Afr. Am. drift towards a white-only beach

while in water. Whites tossed stones at them. Afr. Am. threw the stones back. Eventually a stone from a white person struck Afr. Am. in the back of the head, killing him. Riots occurred, lasting for almost two weeks. National Guard imposed order. Results: 38 killed – 15 white, 23 Afr. Am. More than 500 injured

NAACP will surge in membership, begin campaigning for a federal law against lynching, & publish a newspaper called “The Crisis” after the Chicago incident.

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THE RED SCARE: PALMER RAIDS Events leading up to raids:

April 1919: U.S. postal service discovered 30+ parcels contained bombs that were sent to prominent Americans

May 1919: Riots occurred over the jailing of Eugene Debs – leader of American Socialist Party. 2 killed, 40 injured

June 1919: 8 bombs in 8 cities within minutes of each other. One bomb damaged U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer’s home. General Intelligence Division (Federal Bureau of Investigation) formed to find evidence. Palmer targets the foreign born

November 1919 – Palmer raids begin in 12 cities. Union of Russian Workers is a targeted group with 249 deported back to Russia

January 1920 – Palmer raids headquarters of radical organizations. 6k arrested.

Raids continued until spring of 1920 with thousands detained. Officers searched homes & offices without search warrants. Raids found no hard evidence of a revolutionary conspiracy

A. Mitchell Palmer

What recent time period does something like this repeat itself?

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1920 Candidates:

Democrats: James M. Cox, Ohio governor with FDR as his running mate

Republicans: Warren G. Harding – platform called for a “return to normalcy”

Harding wins the election