World Wide Rice ProductionRice cultivation is the principal activity and source of income for millions of

households around the globe, and several countries of Asia and Africa are highly dependent on rice as a source of foreign exchange earnings and government revenue. Rice is the second largest produced cereal in the world. At the beginning of the 1990s, annual production was around 350 million tons and by the end of the century it had reached 410 million tons. Production is geographically concentrated in Western and Eastern Asia. Asia is the biggest rice producer, accounting for 90% of the world's production and consumption of rice. China and India, which account for more than one-third of global population supply over half of the world's rice. Brazil is the most important non-Asian producer, followed by the United States. Italy ranks first in Europe.

The world's major rice-producing countries - including the two most populous nations, China and India - have emphasized the importance of continuing to develop new rice varieties to guarantee Asia's food security and support the region's economic development.

Today, rice is grown and harvested on every continent except Antarctica, where conditions make its growth impossible. The majority of all rice produced comes from India, China, Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, Burma, and Bangladesh. Asian farmers still account for 92-percent of the world's total rice production. More than 550 million tons of rice is produced annually around the globe. In the United States, farmers have been successfully harvesting rice for more than 300 years. There are thousands of strains of rice today, including those grown in the wild and those which are cultivated as a crop.

Forms of Processed Rice

Major Rice Producing Countries

Types and Forms of Rice

World Rice Production

World Rice Production (in '000 metric tonnes)

Country 1999/2000 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03

China 138,936 131,536 124,320 123,200

India 89,700 84,871 91,600 80,000

Indonesia 33,445 32,548 32,422 32,500

Bangladesh 23,066 25,086 25,500 26,000

Vietnam 20,926 20,473 20,670 20,500

Thailand 16,500 16,901 16,500 16,500

Burma 9,860 10,771 10,440 10,440

Philippines 7,772 8,135 8,450 8,300

Japan 8,350 8,636 8,242 8,200

Brazil 7,768 7,062 7,480 7,600

United States 6,502 5,941 6,764 6,457

Korea, South 5,263 5,291 5,515 5,300

Egypt 3,787 3,965 3,575 3,800

Pakistan 5,156 4,700 3,740 3,500

EU 1,751 1,567 1,620 1,792

Taiwan 1,349 1,342 1,245 1,197

Australia 787 1,259 930 965

Others 28,282 27,270 27,575 28,156

WORLD TOTAL 409,200 397,354 396,588 384,407 Source: USDA, Foreign Agricultural Services (FAS).

World Rice Production 2009-2010Rice is a grain belonging to the grass family. It is related to other grass plants such as wheat, oats and barley which produce grain for food and are known as cereals. Rice refers to two species (Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima) of grass, native to tropical and subtropical southeastern Asia and to Africa, which together provide more than one-fifth of the calories consumed by humans. The plant, which needs both warmth and moisture to grow, measures 2-6 feet tall and has long, flat, pointy leaves and stalk-bearing flowers which produce the grain known as rice. Rice is rich in genetic diversity, with thousands of varieties grown throughout the world.

Throughout history rice has been one of man's most important foods. Today, this unique grain helps sustain two-thirds of the world's population. It is life for thousands of millions of people. It is deeply embedded in the cultural heritage of their societies. About four-fifths of the world's rice is produced by small-scale farmers and is consumed locally. Rice cultivation is the principal activity and source of income for about 100 million households in Asia and Africa

August 3, 2010- According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the U.N., 80% of the world rice production comes from 7 countries. However, if we talk about world rice production 2009-2010, the figures below show the worldwide rice production by countries- in fact, the top ten countries of world counted for their rice production.

Country Rice Production

China Mt: 166,417,000 (32.7%)

India Mt: 132,013,000 (26.0%)

Indonesia Mt: 52,078,832 (10.2%)

Bangladesh Mt: 38,060,000 (7.5%)

Vietnam Mt: 34,518,600 (6.8%)

Thailand Mt: 27,000,000 (5.3%)

Myanmar Mt: 24,640,000 (4.8%)

Philippines Mt: 14,031,000 (2.8%)

Brazil Mt: 10,198,900 (2.0%)

Japan Mt: 9,740,000 (1.9%)

There has been a major decline in world rice production since late 2007 due to many reasons including climatic conditions in many top rice producing countries as well as policy decisions regarding rice export by the governments of countries with considerable rice production.

Reasons for Low World Rice Production in 2009

Global rice prices started increasing in November 2009 after months of steadily declining since reaching an all time high in May 2008. Problems related to rice supply in two major rice producing countries- India and the Philippines- have been the primary reason for low world production of rice and the reversal of price trend.

Rice Martket

In September-October 2009, the Philippines got hit by two major typhoons causing damage to rice crops on ground. Approximately one million tons of rice in storage also got damaged. India too saw the worst drought since 1972 that reduced its 2009 Kharif (wet-season) crop by at least 15 million tons from a total of 85 million tons in the previous kharif season. There were also major floods in southern states of India Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Andhra Pradesh, one of the major rice production state of India was affected first by drought and then by flood. Thus, rice cultivation in India saw a real setback in 2009. As a result of low rice production in the two major rice producing countries of world, the Philippines and India were in the market to purchase rice than to sell rice.

Current World Rice Stocks

Despite a low world rice production in 2009, the current global rice stocks are much higher than in 2007. In the last two years, rice stocks have increased by more than 16 million tons- from 75 million tons in 2006 91.5 million tons in 2009. Most of these increase in world rice stocks is accounted to China, India, Indonesia and Thailand. Therefore, the rice market should be more stable now than in 2007.

World Rice Production in 2010

As of January 2010, planting of paddy crops was already well advanced in southern hemisphere countries. In South America, however, the season opened negatively due to drought or excessive rainfall that have delayed sowing of the main crops. It is also feared that drought related to El Nino may decrease rice production in Indonesia. Australia is expected to show an increase in rice production though its output would remain below the highs of the early-2000s. The rice production outlook is uncertain in southern African countries in view of the January and March cyclone period there.

World trade in rice in 2010 is predicted to recover slightly to 30.5 million tonnes. This increase is supported by a strong import demand from Asian countries, especially the Philippines. Purchases by Brazil and the United States might also rise, while deliveries to African countries could diminish. The 2010 trade recovery would be sustained by increased rice exports by Thailand which and also by China, Myanmar and Viet Nam, compensating for reduced shipments from Cambodia, the United States and Uruguay. Indian stocks, however, would not be available to the international market but will provide relief to the Indian domestic rice market as the country doesn't need to turn to import in the near future.

As a result of the improved 2009 production estimates, the FAO forecast of world rice stocks at the close of the marketing years ending in 2010 has been raised by 6 million tonnes to 123 million tonnes, representing a 1% drop from opening levels. Much of the contraction is expected to be in the five major exporting countries, which, as a group, are predicted to close the year with a 24% draw down to 24.5 million tonnes. Conversely, rice importing countries like Indonesia and the Republic of Korea, are expected to build their inventories. Relative to world consumption, global rice reserves appear ample and sufficient to cover roughly 27 percent of utilization in 2010. Rice remains a staple food for the majority of the world's population. Rice is very nutritious. This important carbohydrate is the staple food for more than two-thirds of the world's population who rely on the nutritional benefits of rice which are many.

Rice Nutrition Chart

The following rice nutrition chart gives an idea about the basic nutritional value of three types of rice- white rice, brown rice and parboiled rice. The nutrients components of white and parboiled rice are those of unenriched rice which are different from enriched rice. Enriched rice are given back vitamins B1, B3 and iron that are lost during processing of rice but it lacks in some minerals like magnesium etc. that are present in brown rice.

Rice (1/4 Cup Raw)Calories (kcal)

Carbohydrates(g)

Fat (g)

Fiber(g)

Protein (g)

White Rice (Unenriched) 169 36.98 0.31 0.60 3.30

Parboiled (Unenriched) 172 37.80 0.26 0.79 3.14

Brown Rice 171 35.72 1.35 1.62 3.64

Source: USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference

Rice Nutritional Benefits:

Excellent source of carbohydrates: Rice is a great source of complex carbohydrates, which is an important source of the fuel our bodies need.

Good energy source: Carbohydrates are broken down to glucose, most of which is used as energy for exercise and as essential fuel for the brain.

Low fat, Low salt, No cholesterol: Rice is healthful for what it does not contain. Rice has no fat, no cholesterol and is sodium free. Rice is an excellent food to include in a balanced diet.

A good source of vitamins and minerals such as thiamine, niacin, iron, riboflavin, vitamin D, calcium, and fiber.

Low sugar

No gluten: Rice is gluten free. All rice is gluten free, making rice the essential choice for people with gluten free dietary requirements.

No additives and preservatives: Rice contains no additives or preservatives, making it an excellent inclusion in a healthy and balanced diet.

Contains resistant starch: Rice also contains resistant starch, which is the starch that reaches the bowel undigested. This encourages the growth of beneficial bacteria, keeping the bowel healthy.

Non-allergenic

Cancer prevention and diet: Whole grains (such as brown rice) contain high amounts of insoluble fiber-the type of fiber some scientists believe may help protect against a variety of cancers.

Rice is a low-sodium food for those with hypertension.

It is a fair source of protein containing all eight amino acids.

Production of Rice in IndiaFrom a nation dependent on food imports to feed its population, India today is self-sufficient in grain production and also has a substantial reserve. The progress made by agriculture in the last four decades has been one of the biggest success stories of free India. Agriculture and allied activities constitute the single largest contributor to the Gross Domestic Product, almost 33% of it. Agriculture is the means of livelihood of about two-thirds of the work force in the country.

India is the world's second largest rice producer, followed by China. The production of rice in India has shown an increasing trend which is evident from the Table given below:

YEAR PRODUCTION (in million tonnes)

1950-51 20.58

1960-61 34.58

1970-71 42.22

1980-81 53.63

1990-91 74.29

1997-98 82.54

1998-99 86.08

1999-00 89.68

2000-01 84.98

2001-02 93.08

The demand for rice in India is projected at 128 million tonnes for the year 2012 and will require a production level of 3,000 kg/hectare significantly greater than the present average yield of 1,930 kg/hectare. Government of India is targeting to achieve production of 129 million tonnes of rice by 2011-12 with the growth rate of 3.7% along with other foodgrains.

Statewise Production of Rice in India

Production (in million tonnes)

State 2000-01 1999-00

Uttar Pradesh 42.32 45.65

Punjab 25.32 25.20

Andhra Pradesh 14.53 13.70

West Bengal 13.83 14.92

Haryana 13.25 13.06

Bihar 12.06 14.39

Karnataka 10.95 9.86

Maharashtra 10.08 12.70

Rajasthan 10.04 10.68

Madhya Pradesh 8.93 21.27

Tamil Nadu 8.90 8.97

Orissa 4.98 5.62

Assam 4.17 4.04

Gujarat 3.68 4.05

Chhatisgarh 3.65 -

Jharkhand 2.01 -

Uttaranchal 1.73 -

Others 5.49 2.71

Rice forms an integral part of the life of all Indians. The harvesting area of rice in India is the largest in the world. Rice cultivation is found in all the states of India.

Let us browse though the wide varieties of rice available in all parts of the country with their characteristics.

ASD-16 Rice ASD-17 Rice Gauri Rice

Gayatri Rice Hari Rice Heera Rice

HKR-120 Rice IET-10222 Rice IET-8548 Rice

Jaya Rice Kalyani-II Rice Kanak Rice

Karna Rice Kshira Rice Lalat Rice

Mahaveera Rice MDU-3 Rice Moti Rice

Narendra Dhan-118 Rice Padmini Rice Panvel-2 Rice

Pathara Rice Prasanna Rice Ratnagiri-1 Rice

Ratnagiri-2 Rice Seshu Rice Sonasali Rice

Sravani Rice Srinivas Rice Tara Rice

Vanaprabha Rice Vikas Rice Vikramarya Rice

Vivek Dhan-62 Rice VL Dhan-163 Rice  

Basmati Rice in IndiaBasmati Rice, a variety of long grain rice with a fine texture, is the world's best rice that one can use for cooking and the leading aromatic fine quality rice in the world trade. Basmati rice means the "queen of fragrance" or the perfumed one. This type of rice has been grown in the foothills of the Himalayas for thousands of years. In India, Basmati rice is characterized by extra long, superfine slender grains having a length to breadth ratio of more than 3.5, sweet taste, soft texture, delicate curvature and an extra elongation with least breadth-wise swelling on cooking. This highly aromatic rice is India's gift to the whole world.

Find out everything you could possibly know about Basmati rice in India under the following heads:

History of Basmati Rice

Characteristics of Basmati Rice

Agronomic Features of Basmati Rice

Areas Producing Basmati Rice in India

The Basmati Patent

Production of Basmati Rice in India

Export of Basmati Rice from India

Basmati Rice Brands of India

Varieties of Basmati Rice

India in World Basmati Rice Industry

Rice Varieties in East IndiaIt is said that the roots of rice lie in East India. Research studies show that the indica variety of rice was first domesticated in south of the Himalayas within a region spanning eastern India, Myanmar and Thailand.

Today, the Eastern part of India is of special importance with regard to food security in India. About 30 million tonnes of the total 82 million tonnes, that is more than one-third of rice produced in India in 1998/99, were contributed by East Indian States.

Almost all the states in East India cultivate rice but there are four major states. They are :

West Bengal Bihar

Orissa

Assam

Let us browse through various varieties of rice cultivated in East India with their important characteristics.

Ajaya Rice Amulya Rice Anjali Rice

Annada Rice Birsa Dhan-101 Rice Birsa Dhan-201 Rice

Birsa Dhan-202 Rice Birsa Gora-102 Rice Boro Rice

BR-34 Rice Chelarai Rice CNM Rice

Dharitri Rice Golak Rice IET-1136 Rice

IET-2233 Rice IR-20 Rice IR-36 Rice

Jaladhi-1 Rice Jaladhi-2 Rice Janki Rice

Jayamati Rice Ketaki joha Rice Konark Rice

Kunti Rice Lachit rice Lakhimi Rice

Laxmi Rice Luit Rice Monoharsali Rice

Patna Rice Phou-oibi Rice Punsi Rice

Rajendra Dhan Rice Ratna Rice Salivahana Rice

Saraswati Rice Sita Rice Sneha Rice

Sugandha Rice Tulsi Rice Uydyagiri Rice

Rice Varieties in North IndiaRice forms an integral part of the life of all Indians. The main states covering rice cultivation in North India are

Punjab Haryana

Uttar Pradesh

Jammu and Kashmir

Himachal Pradesh

Let us now browse through some rice varieties with their characteristics available in this part of the country:

Aditya Rice Barkat Rice Cauveri Rice

Chakia-59 Rice China Rice Cross-116 Rice

Dhan Narendra-1 Rice Giza-14 Rice Govind Rice

Himalaya Rice Indian Basmati Rice IR-579 Rice

Jalmagan Rice Jhona-349 Rice Karishma Rice

Malviya Dhan-36 Rice N-8 Rice Narendra-80 Rice

PR 106 Rice PR-103 Rice PR-4141 Rice

Prasad Rice Pusa-169 Rice Saket-4 Rice

Taichung Native-1 Rice Tawi Rice Type-21 Rice

Type-3 Rice USAR-1 Rice VL Dhan Rice

VLK-Dhan-39 Rice    

Rice Varieties in South IndiaRice is the staple food of all Indians. Infact in India rice is worshipped. Harvest festival or Sankranthi is all about celebrating rice in India. Particularly in South India, rice plays an important role. It is the main grain cultivated in this region and it is a nourishing food that people subsist on every day of their life. It is no wonder that there is a festival dedicated to the almighty rice. Equally worshipped are the cow, the man's best partner and the elements earth, sun and water, who make, growing and cultivating of rice possible.

We describe in the following pages some of the famous varieties of rice available in Southern part of our country with their characteristics :

ADT (R) 46 ADT-37 Rice ADT-38 Rice

ADT-39 Rice Amrut Rice Annapurna-28 Rice

Chengalpattu Sirumani Rice Improved White Ponni Rice Jagannath Rice

Kadaikazhuthan Rice Kaliyan Samba Rice Kallimadaiyan Rice

Kallundai Rice Kappa Samba Rice Karnataka Hill Paddy-5 Rice

Kattu Kuthalam Rice Kaum Rice Kothmala-Golukulu Rice

Krishna Anjana Rice Kudaivazhai Rice Kullakkar Rice

Kuzhiyadichan Rice Lakshmi Kajal Rice Nagarjuna Rice

Neelan Samba Rice Phalguna Rice Pitchavari Rice

Prakash Rice Pusa-44 Rice Ravi Rice

Rohini Rice Sabari Rice Sadakar Rice

Samba Mahsuri Rice Samba Mosanam Rice Samba Rice

Seeraga Samba Rice Sivappu kuruvikar Rice Sona Masuri Rice

Thangam Samba Rice Thooyamallee Rice  

Rice Productivity Analysis in India

Introduction   

Rice is the most important cereal food crop of India. It occupies about 23.3% of gross cropped area of the country. It plays vital role in the national food grain supply. Rice contributes 43% of total food grain production and 46% of the total cereal production of the country. Rice is the staple food of more than 60% of the world's population especially for most of the people of South-East Asia. Among the rice growing countries in the world, India has the largest area under rice crop and ranks second in production next to China.

The productivity of rice in India is higher than Thailand, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal but much below the productivity in Japan, China, Korea, U.S.A. and Indonesia. Average rice productivity in India during 1999-2000 was 1986 kg/ha, which is about 23% below the world average productivity of 2563 kg/ha during the same year.

There is considerable increase in productivity of rice in India during the recent past. The productivity of rice which was 668 kg/ha in 1950-51 has reached to 2,066 kg/ha during 2001-02. The increase in productivity of Rice is about 209% and this increase is due to introduction of high yielding rice varieties responsive to high dose of fertilizers coupled with improved package of practices evolved by Agricultural Scientists for various regions. In fact, there is considerable increase in productivity of rice in the country but there are still certain areas, where rice productivity is low and very low. Rice productivity in such areas fluctuates significantly from region to region due to various factors such as soil type, soil fertility, rainfall pattern, flood, water logging, climatic conditions etc.

These are various factors, which affect the rice crop resulting in low productivity. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this analysis to determine a particular factor /factors responsible for low productivity of rice in certain area. In this process area, production and yield/productivity data for the year 1998-99, 1999-2000 and 2000-01 has been pooled

together to arrive at triennium average of area, production and productivity per hectare. In the analysis triennium average data as mentioned above has been used.

In the process of analysis, first the productivity has been classified into various groups and then various rice growing zones have been identified along with States/Union-Territories falling in a particular zone and their percentage share in area and production of rice in the country. The productivity/yield of each zone has also been worked out for the purpose of analysis. Thus, analysis has been further carried out State-wise and District-wise for all rice growing areas. Reasons for low productivity have also been determined with the possible suggestions to improve the productivity of rice in different rice growing eco-systems of the country.

Rice production in India has increased during the last 51 years by nearly 441% or 4.4 times from 20.58 million tonnes in 1950 to nearly 91.05 million tonnes during 2001-02. The status paper is expected to serve as a reference document for agricultural scientists and workers, planners, traders, govt. organizations and other related departments.

Classification of Productivity Group   

Rice is grown under varying eco-system on a variety of soils under varying climatic and hydrological conditions ranging from waterlogged and poorly drained situations. Besides, rice is also grown under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Therefore, based on the productivity levels of rice, where it is grown under different eco-systems and climatic conditions, productivity status has been classified into the following groups for the purpose of analysis :

High Productivity Group ( Yield > 2500 kg/ha ) Medium Productivity Group ( Yield 2000-2500 kg/ha )

Medium-Low Productivity Group ( Yield 1500-2000 kg/ha )

Low Productivity Group ( Yield 1000-1500 kg/ha )

Very Low Productivity Group ( Yield < 1000 kg/ha )

Detailed explanation of these productivity groups has been provided below.

High Productivity Group

Rice is grown in 534 districts in the country spread over 30 States and Union Territories. The area, Production and Productivity of all rice growing districts in the country from 1998-99 to 2000-01 have been pooled together to arrive at triennium average. In this analysis the triennium average in respect of area, production and productivity have been used. Under high productivity group 110 districts are falling and the productivity of these districts is more than 2,500 kg/ha. The total area of rice in 110 districts, under high productivity group during the triennium ending 2001 was 12.06 million ha, which was 26.9% of total area under rice in the country.

Thus, rice area under high productivity group in the country constitute major share as compared to other productivity groups. Triennium average production of rice was 37.42 million tonnes in 110 districts falling under high productivity group, which was 42.8%

of all India total production of rice. The Districts falling under the high productivity group accounts for the major production as compared to other productivity groups. In fact , the average yield per unit area of high productivity districts during the triennium ending 2001 has been worked out to 3,103 kg/ha, which was 59% higher than the national average productivity of 1,947 kg/ha during the same period.

Medium Productivity Group

A total of 81 districts of various states are falling under medium productivity group. The districts having productivity in the range of 2000-2500 kg/ha are falling under medium productivity group. The average area under rice in medium productivity group covering 81 districts of various states during triennium ending 2001 was 7.77 million ha., which was 17.3% of total area under rice in the country. The average production of 17.45 million tonnes of rice has been recorded from 81 districts of medium productivity group. The production of medium productivity group accounts for 20% of national total average production of rice. The medium productivity group ranks second from production point of view, after high productivity group. Triennium average productivity of medium productivity group covering 81 districts of various states has been worked out to 2,246 kg/ha as against the national average productivity of 1,947 kg/ha. Thus, the average productivity of medium productivity groups was 15% higher than the national average productivity during triennium ending 2001.

Medium-Low Productivity Group

Medium-low productivity group is comprising of 94 districts of various states of the country. The productivity of this group ranges from 1500-2000 kg/ha. Triennium average rice area of 94 districts of medium-low productivity group was 7.54 million hectares, which was 16.8% of national total average area under rice. The average production of 13.38 million tonnes was recorded under medium-low productivity group during triennium ending 2001, which was 15.3% of average national production of rice during the same period. Triennium average productivity of this group has been worked out to 1,775 kg/ha, which was below the average national productivity of rice during the same period.

Low Productivity Group

Maximum number of districts are falling under low productivity group, out of 534 rice growing districts of the country, 155 districts are having low productivity ranging from 1,000-1,500 kg/ha. Triennium average area under rice in 155 districts of low productivity was 11.58 million hectares, which was 25.8% of total area under rice in the country. In fact, area-wise low productivity group ranks second after high productivity group but being the yield per unit area low, total production of this group is less compared to area. Triennium average production of 14.22 million tonnes has been recorded in this group, which was 16.3% of average national production of rice during the same period. Triennium average productivity of this group has been worked out to 1,228 kg/ha, which was much below the average national productivity of rice during the same period.

Very-Low Productivity Group

Very low productivity group comprises of 94 districts of various states and triennium average of area under rice in this group was 5.93 million hectares, which was 13.2% of national average area under rice. Among all productivity group, very low productivity group constitute the lowest area under rice. Similarly, total production of rice in this group is also the lowest. Triennium average production of rice in this group was recorded 4.90 million tonnes, which was 5.6% of national average production of rice in the country. Triennium average productivity of this group has been worked out to 826 kg/ha, which was more than 50% less as compared to the national average productivity of rice during the same period.

Triennium average (1998-2001) of area, production and productivity along with number of districts under different productivity groups are given in Table-1 and state-wise number of districts based on various productivity groups during triennium ending 2001 are given in Table-2. No. of districts under different productivity group and percentage share of area and production are depicted in Pie Diagram No. 1, 2 & 3 respectively.

 

Table-1 :

Triennium Average (1998-1999 to 2000-2001) of Area, Production and Productivity along with number of districts under different productivity groups  

SLProductivityGroups

Numberof

Districts

Area (Million Ha.)

Percent of All India Rice Area

Production in Million

Tonnes

Percent of All India

Production

Productivity(Kg/Ha.)

1.High Productivity(> 2,500 Kg/Ha)

110 12.06 26.9% 37.42 42.8% 3,103

2.Medium Productivity(> 2,000-2,500 Kg/Ha)

81 7.77 17.3% 17.45 20.0% 2,246

3.

Medium-Low Productivity (> 1,500-2,000 Kg/Ha)

94 7.54 16.8% 13.38 15.3% 1,775

4.Low Productivity(1,000-1,500 Kg/Ha)

155 11.58 25.8% 14.22 16.3% 1,228

5.Very-Low Productivity(< 1,000 Kg/Ha)

94 5.93 13.2% 4.90 5.6% 826

  TOTAL 534 44.78 100.0% 86.88 100.0% 1,940

Table-2 : State-wise no. of Districts based on Productivity Level during Triennium ending 2000-01  

SLState/Union Territories

Total Rice

Growing

Districts

High Productivity Districts (> 2,500 Kg/Ha.)

Medium Productivity Districts

(2,000-2,500

Kg/Ha.)

Medium-Low

productivity Districts

(1,500-2,000

Kg/Ha.)

Low Productivity Districts

(1,000-1,500

Kg/ha.)

Very Low Productivity Districts (< 1,000 Kg/Ha.)

1. Andhra Pradesh 22 14 5 2 1 -

2.Arunachal Pradesh

13 - - 1 6 6

3. Assam 23 - - 11 11 1

4. Bihar 37 1 4 4 25 3

5. Jharkhand 18 - - 1 10 7

6. Goa 2 2 - - - -

7. Gujrat 14 1 - 3 5 5

8. Haryana 18 7 7 2 2 -

9.Himachal Pradesh

10 - 1 2 7 -

10.Jammu & Kashmir

12 4 1 5 1 1

11. Karnataka 27 14 5 6 1 1

12. Kerala 14 3 5 5 1 -

13. Madhya Pradesh 41 - 2 2 6 31

14. Chhattisgarh 16 - - 1 9 6

15. Maharashtra 32 - 5 1 11 15

16. Manipur 9 4 - - 5 -

17. Meghalaya 7 - 1 4 2 -

18. Mizoram 5 - 1 3 1 -

19. Nagaland 7 - - 2 5 -

20. Orissa 30 - - 3 17 10

21. Punjab 17 17 - - - -

22. Rajasthan 18 - 1 1 11 5

23. Sikkim 4 - - 1 3 -

24. Tamil Nadu 28 27 - - 1 -

25. Tripura 4 - 2 2 - -

26. Uttar Pradesh 70 7 29 26 5 3

27. Uttranchal 13 1 3 2 7 -

28. West Bengal 18 4 9 3 2 -

29. A&N Islands 2 1 - 1 - -

30. Pondicherry 3 3 - - - -

  TOTAL 534 110 81 94 155 94

Regional Variations of Rice Productivity   

Rice is grown from Kashmir to Kanyakumari and Amritsar to Nagaland almost in every district with variations in area of cultivation. The entire country has been divided into five rice growing zones. These zones are mentioned below along with the states falling in each zone.

SLName of the Zone

Name of the States  

1.Southern

Zone

Andhra Pradesh

Karnataka

Kerala

Tamil Nadu

Pondicherry

Andman & Nicobar Islands 

2.Northern

Zone

Haryana

Himachal Pradesh

Jammu & Kashmir

Punjab

Uttranchal

3.Western

Zone

Goa

Gujrat

Maharashtra

Rajasthan

     

SLName of the Zone

Name of the States  

4.Eastern

Zone

Bihar

Jharkhand

Madhya Pradesh

Chhattisgarh

Orissa

Uttar Pradesh

West Bengal

5.North-Eastern

Zone

Assam

Arunachal Pradesh     

Manipur

Meghalaya

Mizoram

Nagaland

Sikkim

Tripura

     

 

There is is significant variation in the productivity of rice between rice growing regions in the country. Area, production and yield of rice per hectare during the year 1998-99 to 2000-2001 have been pooled together to arrive at triennium average and triennium average thus worked out for area, production and yield/ha have been used for analysis of regional variation of rice productivity in this chapter.

Southern Region   

In southern region, rice is the most important crop and it is grown in this region more than one crop in a year. Four states viz. (1) Andhra Pradesh (2) Karnataka (3) Tamil Nadu and (4) Kerala and two Union Territory viz. (1) Pondicherry and (2) Andaman & Nicobar Islands are coming in this region. The cultivation of rice is spread over in 96 districts of southern region. Average area under rice in Southern region was 8.21 million hectares during the triennium ending 2001, which was 18.3% of national triennium average area of 44.88 million hectares during the triennium ending 2001. The average total production of rice in the states of Southern region was 23.82 million tonnes, which was 27.2% of average national production of rice i.e., 87.37 million tonnes. The productivity of rice in Southern region is the highest as compared to other regions. The average productivity of rice

for three years (1998-99 to 2000-01) has been worked out to 2901 kg/ha in Southern region, which was 49% higher than the average productivity of 1947 kg/ha for whole country.

Northern Region   

Northern region is comprising of five states viz. (1) Haryana (2) Himachal Pradesh (3) Jammu & Kashmir (4) Punjab and (5) Uttranchal. In these states, rice is cultivated in 70 districts. Average area under rice in these districts during triennium ending 2001 was 4.31 million hectares, which was 9.6% of national average area of 44.88 million hectares during the same year. Average production of rice in Northern region during the triennium ending 2001 was 12.47 million tonnes. The share of the Northern region in total production of rice in the country was 14.3% during the triennium ending 2001. The productivity of rice in the Northern region during the triennium ending 2001 was 2893 kg/ha, which was 48.6% higher than the national productivity of rice. The productivity of rice in Northern region is slightly lower than the productivity of Southern region.

Western Region   

There are four states in the Western region viz. (1) Goa (2) Gujarat (3) Maharastra and (4) Rajasthan. Rice cultivation is spread over in 66 districts of four states. Area under rice in this region is lowest as compared to other regions of the country. Average area under rice in Western region was 2.39 million hectares during triennium ending 2001, which was 5.3% of total area under rice during the same year. The share of Western region in the total production of rice is the lowest as compared to other rice growing regions. Total production of 3.46 million tonnes of rice was recorded during the triennium ending 2001, which was 4.0% of the national average production of 87.37 million tonnes of rice. The productivity of rice in this region is the lowest. During the triennium ending 2001, the productivity of 1448 kg /ha was achieved as against the national productivity of 1947 kg/ha.

Eastern Region   

Eastern region comprises of seven states viz. (1) Bihar (2) Jharkhand (3) Madhya Pradesh (4) Chhattisgarh (5) Orissa (6) Uttar Pradesh and (7) West Bengal and this region was growing rice in 230 districts on large area. Rice is one of the main crops of this region and in Bihar, West Bengal and Orissa more than one crop of rice is cultivated in a year. Average area under rice during triennium ending 2001 was 26.52 million hectares, which was 59.1% of national average area of 44.88 million hectares. From production point of view, Eastern region contributes the highest production in the country. During the triennium ending 2001, average total production of 42.37 million tonnes was recorded, which was 48.5% of national average production of rice. Area and production of rice in Eastern region are the highest as compared to other rice growing regions of the country, but the productivity is much lower than the national average productivity of 1947 kg/ha. During the triennium ending 2001, the productivity of 1598 kg/ha was recorded.

The lower productivity of this region is attributed to various reasons such as every year occurrence of flood or drought, lack of irrigation facilities, incidence of insect/pests etc. Thus, the total production of rice is affected significantly due to low productivity.

North-Eastern Region   

Eight states viz. (1) Assam (2) Arunachal Pradesh (3) Manipur (4) Meghalaya (5) Mizoram (6) Nagaland (7) Sikkim and (8) Tripura are coming under North-Eastern region. In these states, rice is grown in 72 districts. Area under rice in this region during triennium ending 2001 was 3.45 million hectares, which accounted for 7.7% of total area under rice in the country during the same year. This region receives very heavy rainfall and rice is grown under rainfed condition. In this region, Assam state is growing more than one crop in a year. Average total production of rice in this region during triennium ending 2001 was 5.25 million tonnes, which was 6.0% of national average production of rice . The Productivity of rice in this region was 1522 kg/ha during triennium ending 2001, which was much below the national average productivity of 1947 kg/ha.

Regional variations of rice productivity during triennium ending 2001 are given in Table-3 and region-wise percentage share of area and production is depicted in Bar Diagram below.

Table-3 : Regional Variations of Rice Productivity during Triennium ending 2000-01  

SLStates/Union Territories

Numberof

Districts

Area (Million Ha.

)

Percent of All India Rice Area

Production in

Million Tonnes

Percent of All India Productio

n

Productivity

(Kg/Ha.)

1.

Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerela, Tamil Nadu, A&N Islands, and Pondicherry

96 8.21 18.3% 23.82 27.2% 2,901

2. Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,

70 4.31 9.6% 12.47 14.3% 2,893

Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab and Uttranchal

3.Goa, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Gujrat

66 2.39 5.3% 3.46 4.0% 1,448

4.

Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal

230 26.52 59.1% 42.37 48.5% 1,598

5.

Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Sikkim

72 3.45 7.7% 5.25 6.0% 1,522

  TOTAL 534 44.88100.0

%87.37 100.0% 1,947

State-wise Analysis of Rice Productivity   

This chapter focuses on the analysis of state-wise rice productivity. Number of districts growing rice in every State/Union Territory have been taken together and then classified/divided as per different productivity groups for the purpose of productivity analysis at State level. Three years area and production, that is, 1998-99 to 2000-2001 of individual district as per productivity group have been pooled together to arrive at triennium average of area and production of rice and then triennium average production has been divided by triennium average area to get triennium average productivity. Triennium average productivity thus worked out has been used for the productivity analysis in this chapter.

Analysis of individual states have been organized under the following links :

Zones States/Union Territories

Southern Andhra   Pradesh  | A&N   Islands  | Karnataka | Kerala | Tamil   Nadu  | Pondicherry 

Northern Haryana | Himachal   Pradesh  | Jammu   &   Kashmir  | Punjab | Uttranchal

Western Goa | Gujrat | Maharashtra | Rajasthan

EasternBihar | Jharkhand | Madhya   Pradesh  | Chhattisgarh | Orissa | Uttar   Pradesh  | West   Be ngal 

North-Eastern 

Assam | Arunachal   Pradesh  | Manipur | Meghalaya | Mizoram | Nagaland | Sikkim | Tripura 

District-wise Analysis of Rice Productivity   

 

In previous chapter, rice productivity has been discussed/analyzed at State level and in that chapter area, production and productivity of those districts falling under different five productivity groups have been pooled together to arrive at average of area, production and productivity for different productivity groups.

In this chapter district-wise productivity data under different productivity groups have been used for district-wise productivity analysis as given below:-

Andhra   Pradesh    

West Godavari district is having the highest productivity (3,322 kg/ha.) and Vishakhapatnam district is having the lowest productivity (1,430 kg/ha). Rice Productivity of 20 districts are higher than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and two districts are having productivity below average productivity of the country.

Arunachal   Pradesh    

East Siang district is having the highest productivity (1,644 kg/ha) and U/Subansiri district is having the lowest productivity (628 kg/ha). Rice productivity of all 13 districts are below the national average productivity of 1,947 kg/ha.

Assam   

Cachar district is having the highest productivity (1,953 kg/ha) and Bongaigaon district is having the lowest productivity (994 kg/ha). Rice productivity of only one district is higher than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and 22 districts are having productivity below the average productivity of the country.

Bihar   

Rohtas district is having the highest productivity (2,597 kg/ha) and Khagaria district is having the lowest productivity (611 kg/ha). Rice productivity of 6 districts are higher than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and 31 districts are having productivity below the average productivity of the country.

Goa   

North Goa is having the highest productivity (2,550 kg/ha) and South Goa is having the lowest productivity (2,531 kg/ha). Rice productivity of both the districts are higher than the average productivity of the country.

Gujrat   

Gandhinagar district is having the highest productivity (2,603 kg/ha) and Baroda is having the lowest productivity (615 kg/ha). Rice productivity of only one district is higher than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and 13 districts are having productivity below the average productivity of the country.

Haryana   

Kurukshetra district is having the highest productivity (2,896 kg/ha) and Rohtak is having the lowest productivity (1,434 kg/ha). Rice productivity of 14 districts are higher than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and 4 districts are having productivity below the average productivity of the country.

Himachal   Pradesh    

Una district is having the highest productivity (2,115 kg/ha) and Shimla district is having the lowest productivity (1,107 kg/ha). Rice productivity of only one district is higher than the national productivity and 9 districts are having productivity below the average productivity of the country.

Jammu   &   Kashmir    

Anantnag district is having the highest productivity (3,418 kg/ha) and Doda district is having the lowest productivity (992 kg/ha). Rice productivity of 5 districts are higher than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and 7 districts are having productivity below the average productivity of the country.

Karnataka   

Koppal district is having the highest productivity (3,462 kg/ha) and Bidar district is having the lowest productivity (637 kg/ha). Rice productivity of 20 districts are higher than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and 7 districts are having productivity below the average productivity of the country.

Kerala   

Pathanamthitta district is having the highest productivity (2,718 kg/ha) and Kozhikode district is having the lowest productivity (1,308 kg/ha). Rice productivity of 9 districts are higher than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and 5 districts are having productivity below the average productivity of the country.

Madhya   Pradesh    

Gwalior district is having the highest productivity (2,255 kg/ha) and Khargone district is having the lowest productivity (373 kg/ha). Rice productivity of 2 districts are higher than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and 39 districts are having productivity below the average productivity of the country.

Maharashtra   

Sangli district is having the highest productivity (2,393 kg/ha) and Nondurbar district is having the lowest productivity (336 kg/ha). Rice productivity of 5 districts are higher than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and 27 districts are having productivity below the average productivity of the country.

Manipur   

East Imphal district is having the highest productivity (3,197 kg/ha) and Churchandrapur district is having the lowest productivity (1,000 kg/ha). Rice productivity of 4 districts are higher than the national productivity and 5 districts are having productivity below the average productivity of the country.

Meghalaya   

Ribhoi district is having the highest productivity (2,042 kg/ha) and South Garo Hills district is having the lowest productivity (1,110 kg/ha ). Rice productivity of Ribhoi district is higher than the national productivity and 6 districts are having productivity below the average productivity of the country.

Mizoram   

East Aizawal district is having the highest productivity (2,017 kg/ha) and Chimtuipui district is having the lowest productivity (1,422 kg/ha). Rice productivity of only one district (Chimtuipui) is higher than the national productivity and 4 districts are having productivity below the average productivity of the country.

Nagaland   

Phek district is having the highest productivity (1,571 kg/ha) and Zunhebato district is having the lowest productivity (1,349 kg/ha). Rice productivity of all the district are below the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha.

Orissa   

Gajapati district is having the highest productivity (1,735 kg/ha) and Nawapara district is having the lowest productivity (727 kg/ha). Rice productivity of all the districts are below the national productivity of a1,947 kg/ha.

Punjab   

Fatehgarh district is having the highest productivity (3,707 kg/ha) and Gurudaspur district is having the lowest productivity (2,769 kg/ha). Rice productivity of all the district are higher than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha.

Rajasthan   

Hanumangarh district is having the highest productivity (2,330 kg/ha) and Dungarpur district is having the lowest productivity (285 kg/ha) and also the lowest productivity in the country. Rice productivity of only one district (Hanumangarh) is higher than the national productivity and 17 districts are having productivity below the average productivity of the country.

Sikkim   

East Sikkim district is having the highest productivity (1,538 kg/ha) and West Sikkim district is having the lowest productivity (1,278 kg/ha). Rice productivity of all 4 district are below the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha.

Tamil   Nadu    

Dindigul district is having the highest productivity (4,911 kg/ha) and Ramnathpuram district is having the lowest productivity (1,430 kg/ha). Dindigul district is also having the highest productivity in the country. Rice productivity of 27 districts are higher than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and Ramnathpuram the only one district is having the productivity below the average productivity of the country.

Tripura   

West Tripura district is having the highest productivity (2,154 kg/ha) and Dhalia district is having the lowest productivity (1,766 kg/ha). Rice productivity of 3 districts are higher than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and one district is having the productivity below the average productivity of the country.

Uttar   Pradesh    

Bijnaur district is having the highest productivity (2,792 kg/ha) and Jhansi district is having the lowest productivity (800 kg/ha). Rice productivity of 38 districts are higher than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and 32 districts are having the productivity below the average productivity of the country.

West   Bengal    

Burdwan district is having the highest productivity (2,842 kg/ha) and Darjeeling district is having the lowest productivity (1,353 kg/ha). Rice productivity of 13 districts are higher than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and 5 districts are having productivity below the average productivity of the country.

Jharkhand   

Sahebganj district is having the highest productivity (1,585 kg/ha) and West Singhbhum district is having the lowest productivity (645 kg/ha). Rice productivity of all 18 districts are below the average productivity of the country.

Chhattisgarh   

Dhamtari district is having the highest productivity (1,674 kg/ha) and Kabardha district is having the lowest productivity (884 kg/ha). Rice productivity of all district are below the average productivity of the country.

Uttranchal   

Udham Singh Nagar district is having the highest productivity (2,776 kg/ha) and Almora district is having the lowest productivity (1,040 kg/ha). Rice productivity of 4 districts are higher than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha and 9 districts are having productivity below the average productivity of the country.

Andaman   &   Nicobar   Islands    

Andaman district is having higher productivity (2,709 kg/ha) than Nicobar district (2,000 kg/ha). Productivity of both the districts are higher than the national average productivity of 1,947 kg/ha.

Pondicherry   

Pondicherry district is having the highest productivity (3,452 kg/ha) and Yaman district is having the lowest productivity (2,962 kg/ha). Rice productivity of all 3 districts are higher than the national productivity of 1,947 kg/ha.