World History to 1500 A.D.-Ch10-China

7/29/2019 World History to 1500 A.D.-Ch10-China

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Chapter 10

From the Tang to the Mongols:

The Flowering of Traditional China

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China after the Han (220-581)

Division and civil war

Nomads from the Gobi Desert

Decline of Confucian principles Buddhism

China Reunified: The Sui, the Tang, and the Song

The Su (581-618) Yang Jian (Yang Chien)

Daoism and Buddhism

Sui Yangdi (Sui Yang Ti)

Collapse of the Sui 1400 mile long Grand Canal

Connects Yellow and Yangtze Rivers


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Changan under the Sui and the Tang

Changan under the Sui and the Tang

1. Chang'an was not only the capital of the Tang Empire, it was also the eastern terminus of the trade routes from central Asia and the western point

of deposit for the Grand Canal. With a population drawn from all over Asia, the city and it suburbs had a population of 1,960,186. Surrounding the

city were walls that formed a rectangle of slightly over five by six miles. The city was laid out in broad thoroughfares running east-west and north-

south. These formed 110 blocks, each of which was an administrative unit. From the southern gate ran a 500 foot wide thoroughfare to the

governmental headquarters at the Imperial City where the Imperial Palace was located. The road divided the city administratively into eastern and

western sections, each with its own marketplace operated by the government. (John K. Fairbank, Edwin O. Reischauer, and Albert M. Craig, East

Asia Tradition and Transformation, pp. 105-106)

Question:

1. How does Chang'an compare as a capital city to that of Rome and Athens?

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Grand canal at Wuxi

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China under the Tang

China under the Tang

1. After several centuries of internal division, China was united under the Sui dynasty (581-618). The capital was re-established at Chang'an and

expansion began anew. Most significant during this period was the connecting older canals and constructing new ones. First, Chang'an was tied by

canal to the union of the Wei and Yellow Rivers one hundred miles away. This was followed by extending the canal to link the Yellow and Yangtze

Rivers. The Grand Canal, when completed in 610, extended over 1400 miles. The new canal facilitated the movement of grain and commoditiesfrom the rice-rich southern provinces to the densely populated north. The canal also served as a means for communication, movement of troops, and

inspection of the empire.

2. The Sui collapsed in part due to three failed campaigns to subdue the Korean kingdom of Koguryo. When the Sui emperor was murdered in 618,

General Li Yaun founded the new dynasty of the Tang (618-907). Soon they began expansion, securing the heartland by subduing the nomadic

tribes beyond the Great Wall. The northwest was pacified and renamed Xinjiang ("new region") while the Tibetan kingdom was brought underTang

control. Tribute also came from rulers beyond the frontier. The southern provinces below the Yangtze were fully assimilated into the TangEmpire.

3. The Sui had divided their country into a uniform system of districts grouped in prefectures. The Tang altered the system by grouping the

prefectures into provinces.

4. In the middle of the eighth century, Tang foreign policy collapsed as Chinese armies were defeated in central Asia and the southwest. As the

emperor's power disintegrated, generals began to rebel. By 907 the Tang had dissolved and China entered the Era of the Five Dynasties featuringbarracks emperors until 960 with the initiation of the Sung dynasty.

Question:

1. How did the Tang reshape China?

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The Tang (618-907)

Li Yuan established a new dynasty after the murder of the last

Sui Tang Taizong (Tang Tai-tsung)

Expansion

Cultural growthpoetry and sculpture

Buddhism

Xuanzong (Husan Tsung), 712-756 Yang Guifei (Yang Kuei-fei)

Uighers

The Song (960-1279)

Song Taizu (Sung Tai-tsu)

Collapse

Mongols, 1279


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Statues of traitors to Song dynasty in Hangzhou

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Political Structures: Triumph of Confucianism

Equal Opportunity in China: The Civil ServiceExamination

Grand Council Department of State Affairs

Army

Bureaucracy

Civil Service Exam

Confucianism

Song examination systembased only on Confucianism Three levels

Qualifying examsaccept teaching level positions

Second examgiven every three years; apply for official positions

Final examgiven every three years at the imperial palace; eligible forhigh positions

Only males given exams and poor generally excluded

Censorate


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Local Government

District governed by a magistrate

Village governed by council of elders Economy and Society

Tang reduced power of the nobility

Equal field system

Land manipulation and opening new lands

Urban economy saw significant increase in trade andmanufacturing

Ocean Trade and the Silk Road

Guilds

Flying money

Long distance trade overland and by sea

Silk Roadhazardous

Development of sea trade

Changan

Canton


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Daily Life in Traditional China

Mixture in the countryside of landed gentry, free farmers,sharecroppers, and landless laborers

Rise of the landed gentry

Forms of entertainment

Transportation

New Foods

Peasants Village

Family

Male superiority

Children expected to obey parents

Women

New form of dowrybrides parents pay the groomsfamily a dowry

Bound feet

Wu Zhao, (625?-706?), Empress Wu


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Asia under the Mongols

Asia under the Mongols

1. The Mongols were a nomadic people originating in the southern grasslands of China. They primarily raised horses and herded sheep. Their

organization was in clans and related clans to tribes. The unification of the tribes came under Temujin (1206-1227) in the late twelfth and early

thirteenth centuries. Through the tribe of his wife, Temuchin, Temujin allied with the Ch'in ruling north China. In 1206 a meeting of the tribes in the

Gobi Desert elected Temujin their great khan ("ruler"). Genghis Khan was the unquestioned leader. The army, never more than 130,000, was

recruited from the Uigher Turks, the Manchus, and other nomadic people divided into myriads of 10,000 with subdivisions of 1,000, 100, and 10.

They were superior horsemen possessing a powerful compound bow, needed supplies, and remounts. Tactics utilizing cavalry and siege warfare

were less effective in tropical terrain and hilly regions than in the arid Mongol heartland.

2. The empire of Genghis Khan was concentrated on the steppes. He brought under control the lands north of the Great Wall, the western Muslim

states on the steppes, and eastern Russia. Genghis (assassinated in 1227) divided the empire among his four sons and eventually the khanates

became independent: in central Asia was the Khanate of Chaghadai; in Russia the Khanate of Kipchak (Golden Horde); in Persia the Khanate ofPersia (Il-Khans); and in Mongolia to southern China the Khanate of the Great Kahn.

3. The capital of the Khanate of the Great Khan was moved from Karakorum to Khanbaligh (modern Beijing) in 1264 (Beijing was captured in

1227). The summer palace was at Shang-tu.

4. Chosen in 1260 as the great khan was Khubilai (1260-1294) grandson of Ghengis. He adopted the Chinese dynastic name of Yuan. Only about

400,000 Mongols lived in China during the Yaun period.

5. The Mongols conquered Tibet, Korea, Sung China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Persia, Mesopotamia, and Syria. In 1260, they were stopped in

Palestine by the Egyptians.The Japanese also halted their expansionin 1274 and 1281. Undeterred, Khubilai Khan in 1281 sent an army of nearly

150,000 to Japan but again failed to subdue it. Critical to the failure was a massive typhoon that destroyed the entire Mongol fleet. In 1293 the

Khan's forces failed against Java.

6. Marco Polo accompanied his father and uncle to Asia in 1271. From 1275 to 1292, he served at the court of Khubilai Khan. The Polos were

allowed to leave China in 1292, accompanying the bride for the Khan of Persia. They sailed from Hangzhow to India and then to Hormuz where

they continued over land to Tabriz and on to Constantinople and Venice, arriving in 1295.

Questions:

1. How was the military structure of the Mongols conducive to military success? What were the tactics?

2. What weaknesses existed in the khanate system?

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Explosion in Central Asia: The Mongol Empire

Mongols succeeded the Song as rulers in 1279

Genghis Khan (Temuchin), Universal Ruler Fire lance

Karakorum

Separate khnates

Khubliai Khan (1260-1294)

Khanbaliq (Beijing)

Mongol Rule in China

Yaun dynasty

Adapted to the Chinese political system and made use of localtalents in the bureaucracy

Prosperity

Weaknesses Excessive spending, inadequate tax revenues, factionalism and

corruption at court

Zhu Yuanzhang (Chu Yuan-chang)


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Temple of Heaven in Beijing

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Models of traditional Chinese single-mast sailing vessels

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In Search of the Way

Rise and Decline of Buddhism and Daoism

Common people and the ruling class New sects in Buddhism

Chan (Zen in Japan)

Mind training and strict

Pure Land

White Lotus Equating dharma (law) withDao (the Way)

Corruption

Temples and monasteries destroyed

Denial of Confucian teachings

Competition from Manechaeanism and Islam


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Neo Confucianism: The Investigation of Things Revival following decline of Buddhism and Daoism

Alteration

Unite Buddhism and Daoism with Confucianism Zhu Xi (Chu Hsi)

Social ethics

Wang Yangming

The Apogee of Chinese Culture

Literature Paper and moveable type

Ink rubbings and woodblock

Poetry, drama and prose fiction

Art Buddhism and Daoist painting and sculpture

Ceramics

Painting

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World History to 1500 A.D.-Ch10-China

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