World History: The Earth and its Peoples
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Transcript of World History: The Earth and its Peoples
World History:The Earth and its Peoples
Chapter 28The Crisis Of The Imperial Order,
1900-1929
Objectives
• Understand how the First World War led to revolution in Russia and the disintegration of several once powerful empires.
• Be able to describe the role the war played in eroding European dominance in the world.
• Understand why China and Japan followed such divergent paths during this period.
• Describe how European and North American society and technology changed in the aftermath of the war.
Origins of European Crisis
WW I Cause !?– Archduke Franz Ferdinand– Gavrilo Princip– June 28, 1914
Underlying Instabilities– German power
• challenge to Britain and France– Ottoman decline
• “sick man of Europe”• ‘unstable borderlands’
– nationalism• Austria-Hungary• Balkan wars
– Russian ‘Slavic’ influence– alliances
• balance of power
World War I Alliances
Origins of European Crisis
Nationalism– uniting force
• inspiration; cohesion• Ex: France, Germany
– dividing force• multi-ethnic empires• Ex: Austro-Hungary, Ottoman• revenge for past injustices
– 18th century wars short• few casualties
Alliances– Triple Alliance - 1882
• Germany, Austro-Hungary, Italy– Entente - 1904-07
• Britain, France, Russia
German Schlieffen Plan
The ‘Great’ War: 1914-1918
Expectations– short war w/ few casualties– Victory: fastest and boldest
• early German victories
Reality– Russian 2nd front– Western Front
• 300 mile long ‘stalemate’• military technology
– machine guns– poison gas
• trench warfare– Goal: war of attrition
Result– mass slaughter
War On The ‘Homefront’
Rationing– control of resources
Women– ‘duration’ opportunities– greater independence
Civilian Hardships– German rationing
• 1000 calories– African colonies
• higher taxes and output• soldiers for war effort
United States– neutrality– spectacular war profits
The Middle East
Ottoman Empire– secret German alliance– Russian land aim– Dardanelles closing
• Gallipoli - 1915• Arab uprising - Faisal (1916)
• Jewish question– Theodore Herzl
• Zionism– Palestine
• strengthen allied cause– Balfour Declaration
• Jewish homeland in Palestine• Iran and Iraq
– Indian ‘irony’