World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 20 Eurasia, 1500-1800.
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Transcript of World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 20 Eurasia, 1500-1800.
![Page 1: World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 20 Eurasia, 1500-1800.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062312/551bcfa4550346c3588b5397/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
World History:The Earth and its Peoples
Chapter 20
Eurasia,
1500-1800
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Objectives
• Understand the roles of the Jesuits and the East India Companies in the development of cultural exchange and trade between Europe and Eastern Eurasia.
• Be able to use the concept of “land-based empires” to analyze the territorial expansion, the economic and political structures, and the foreign relations of the Russian and Qing empires.
• Be able to describe the causes and symptoms of the decline of the Qing state in the eighteenth century.
• Be able to describe the Tokugawa political system and explain why and how the decentralized political structure contributed simultaneously to economic growth and the weakening of the Tokugawa state.
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Eastern Eurasia, 1500-1800
Eurasian Patterns– no central rule– weakening of overland trade– advent of seaborne trade
• Land–Based Empires– Ottoman, Mughal, Russian, Ming
• emphasis on agriculture– forced labor, serfdom
• political centralization– disadvantage to sea-based
• European Influence– Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
• missionaries– Matteo Ricci (1552-1610)
• European technology
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The Russian Empire
Muscovite Princes– Moscow– Ivan IV – 1547
• tsar– removal of Golden Horde– “Time of Troubles”
• Sweden, Poland, Ottomans• replacement of Princes• Mikhail Romanov
– boyar– consolidation and competition
Russian Culture– Slavic (Russian) and Turkic– Cossacks
• Turkic word – ‘warrior’• Turks, E. Europeans, Mongols• defended western frontier
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The Russian Empire
Peter the Great – 1689-1725– Black Sea port, Christianity– ‘Great Northern War’ – 1700-21
• Baltic Sea access• European recognition
– St. Petersburg – 1712• “window on the West”• strengthen state / autocracy
– Political autocracy• boyars, church, peasants
– serfdom
• Eastern Push– less threat in west– Mongolia / Siberia / Pacific
• fur trade• natural resources
– timber, precious metals
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Ming and Qing Empires, 1500-1800
Late Ming - 1500-1644• Strengths
– silk, furniture, porcelain• Portuguese and Dutch
– tributary status– vast population (100M)
• Weaknesses– climate change
• famine and disease• external pressure
– Mongolia– Manchus
» Japan in Korea - 1582
– ‘silver’ inflation• uprisings• 1644 rebellion
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Ming and Qing Empires, 1500-1800
Qing Empire - 1644-1783– Manchus
• minority rule• Taiwan, C. Asia (Tibet)
• Kangxi - 1662-1722– Russian struggles– Treaty of Nerchinsk - 1689
• Amur River border– Mongolia - 1691– Jesuit influence - 1600s
• Confucian ancestor worship• two-way influence
– variolation
• Qianlong - 1736-1796
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Amur River
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Ming and Qing Empires, 1500-1800
European Thirst– Luxury items
• tea, silk, porcelain, wallpaper– political philosophy
• benevolent despots– limitless profit potential
• EIC
Chinese Trade– imperial control
• taxation; limit piracy• kowtow (VOC)
– “the Canton system”• Portugal, Holland, England
– Macartney mission - 1793• open trade with G. Britain
– negative European reaction
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Ming and Qing Empires, 1500-1800
Qing Stresses– rising population
• 400M by 1700• stagnant agriculture
– deforestation• erosion• Grand Canal
– localized misery• migration
• failure to adapt to changes– local elites– corruption
• shrinking revenues– land-based empires
• maintenance costs
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Tokugawa Japan to 1800
Shogunates - 1200-1500– little centralized rule
• Tokugawa Shogunate - 1600– relative peace– land grants for support
• daimyo– rice– samurai
– emperor as figurehead• Edo to Kyoto traffic• urban centers for trade
– Shogun responses• samurai
– economic well being• merchants
– control prices
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Outer Lords (Daimyos)
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Tokugawa Japan to 1800
Merchant Class– rise in wealth
• alliances with daimyo– key to industrial transformation
Isolation– Jesuits
• mixed response– few converts (farmers)
• peasant revolts– Christian blame
• closing of country - 1649– prevent outside influences– “Dutch studies”– Effect
• ignored by some daimyos– ‘outer’ lords
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Tokugawa Japan to 1800
Instability– ‘outer’ lord sea trade– population growth– increasing rice prices– samurai economic decline
• debt to merchants
• Shogunate Power– rested on daimyo / samurai
health– traditional land-based response
• Confucian ideals– decentralized government
• little economic control
• Military to Civil Society– “Forty-seven Ronin” - 1702