world development report 2004
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Transcript of world development report 2004
WDR 2004 Messages
• Services are failing poor people.
• But they can work. How?
• By empowering poor people to– Monitor and discipline service providers– Raise their voice in policymaking
• By strengthening incentives for service providers to serve the poor
MDGs—Global aggregates
Eradicate poverty and hunger Universal primary education
Source: www.developmentgoals.org
Outcomes are worse for poor peoplePercent aged 15 to 19 completing each grade or higher
Source: Analysis of Demographic and Health Survey data
Similar changes in public spending can be associated with vastly different changes in
outcomes
Sources: Spending data from World Development Indicators database. School completion from Bruns, Mingat and Rakatomalala 2003
PRONASOL expenditures according to party in municipal government
Source: Estevez, Magaloni and Diaz-Cayeros 2002
Policymaker-provider:Contracting NGOs in Cambodia
• Contracting out (CO): NGO can hire and fire, transfer staff, set wages, procure drugs, etc.
• Contracting in (CI): NGO manages district, cannot hire and fire (but can transfer staff), $0.25 per capita budget supplement
• Control/Comparison (CC): Services run by government
12 districts randomly assigned to CC, CI or CO
Utilization of facilities by poor People sick in last month
Source: Bhushan, Keller and Schwartz 2002
Schools in Uganda received more of what they were due
Source: Reinikka and Svensson (2001), Reinikka and Svensson (2003a)
Client-provider:EDUCO Program in El Salvador
• Parents’ associations (ACEs)– Hire and fire teachers– Visit schools on regular basis– Contract with Ministry of Education to
deliver primary education
EDUCO promoted parental involvement…
Source: Adapted from Jimenez and Sawada 1999
…which boosts student performance
Eight sizes fit all?Difficult to monitor
Easy to monitor
Heterogeneous clients
Clientelist politics
Pro-poor politics
Homogeneous clients
Clientelist politics
Pro-poor politics
Eight sizes fit all?Difficult to monitor
Easy to monitor
Heterogeneous clients
Clientelist politics
Pro-poor politics
Homogeneous clients
Clientelist politics
Pro-poor politics Government provision or contracting
Eight sizes fit all?Difficult to monitor
Easy to monitor
Heterogeneous clients
Clientelist politics
Pro-poor politics
Homogeneous clients
Clientelist politics
Pro-poor politics Central-government provision
Government provision or contracting
Eight sizes fit all?Difficult to monitor
Easy to monitor
Heterogeneous clients
Clientelist politics
Demand-side subsidies, co-payments by households
Pro-poor politics Local-government provision
Local-government with contracting
Homogeneous clients
Clientelist politics
Pro-poor politics Central-government provision
Government provision or contracting
WDR messages to donors
• Harmonize policies and procedures around recipient’s systems
• Where possible, integrate aid in recipient’s budget
• Finance impact evaluation of service delivery innovations– $300 million a year in Bank projects
allocated for evaluation