E944Volume 2

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORKFOR

SANITATION COMPONENT

April 29, 2004

URBAN WATER AND SANITATIONIMPROVEMENT AND EXPANSION PROJECT

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CONTENTS

I Introduction

1.1 Background1.2 Objectives1.3 Environmental screening category

II Project Description

2.1 The Sanitation component2.2 The SANIMAS concept2.3 Implementation arrangements

III Procedures for Environmental Review

3.1 Regulatory context3.2 Potential environmental impacts3.3 Environmental review process

IV Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring

4.1 Options for mitigation and monitoring4.2 Lessons learned from SANIMAS4.3 Evaluation

Attachments

A. Screening criteria for projects requiring ANDAL or UKIJUPLB. World Bank limits for process water, domestic sewage, and contaminated

stormwater discharged to surface water, for general applicationC. Excerpts from Decree of the Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure

No. 534/2001 on guidance for minimum service standards on spatial planning,housing, settlement and public works (including waste water and sanitation).

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INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The Urban Water and Sanitation Improvement and Expansion Project (UWSIEP)contributes to the Government of Indonesia's objective of improving the qualityof water and sanitation services in Indonesia. It will help to establish andconsolidate viable local water utilities, expand wastewater collection in urbanareas and establish a regulatory entity and framework for on-lending to the watersector. Consequently there are three project components: a water component;sanitation component; and technical assistance component.

1.2 Objectives

The Government of Indonesia requires all projects to be 'screened' in order todetermine potential levels of environmental impact, and for suitable measures toaddress these impacts to be designed in, as necessary. The World Bank alsoapplies its own safeguard policies to all projects.

This document provides an environmental management framework for proposedactivities associated with the sanitation component of UWSIEP. Environmentalissues associated with the water component are covered under a separatedocument - "Consolidated Environmental Management Plan".

The separation of these two documents recognises that the sanitation componentfollows a community-based approach, and that decisions regarding location andscale of sanitation options are, as yet, undecided.

1.3 Environmental Screening Category

USWIEP has been classified as a Bank environmental "Category B" project.Consequently no projects with the potential to cause significant adverseenvironmental impacts (Category A) will be approved. Table 3 summarises theBank's environmental screening categories and related Government of Indonesiaenvironmental requirements.

Table 1: Categories of Environmental Impact

Category Impacts Bank GOI_____________________________________ Requirement Requirement

A Subprojects are characterized creating Comprehensive ANDAL andsignificant adverse environment EA and EMP RKLIRPLimpacts, with regard to sensitivity,diversity, irreversibility, and/orunprecedented impacts.

B Subprojects are characterized being Simplified EA UKLIUPLsmall in volume and size, implying and EMP

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reversible environmental im acts.

C Subprojects do not comprise None Noneconstruction works, and do not cause air,soil and water contamination.

II PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 The Sanitation Component

The sanitation component will develop strategies for citywide sanitation and pilottest community based approaches to sanitation services in 12 small communitiesacross three urban centres. Community schemes will be based on the Water andSanitation Programme "SANIMAS" approach.

2.2 The SANIMAS Concept

SANIMAS is a Community-Based Sanitation (CBS) Program, the objective beingto improve individual sanitary facilities and related habits for low-income urbancommunities. Sanitary facilities in many urban areas in Indonesia can be found asseptic tanks with or without proper seepage area; while in slum areas, there isfrequently nothing at all.

Contrary to the Clean/Drinking Water Programs, people are not interested insanitary programs, because the benefit can not be felt directly, even if waste wateris hazardous to health. This fact only points to the inadequate health knowledge ofthe community. The SANIMAS approach therefore applies the followingprinciples:

* health education,* attractive program which increases income/benefit, and* participatory approach.

Additional income can be obtained from participation in SANIMAS, e.g., toprovide opportunities for the community to conduct aquatic culture. Sludgetreatment can be done in such away that it will benefit the community, sincedomestic waste is in fact full of potential resources. It need only be treated tomake it safe to handle. The required construction skill is also very important tomake them able to maintain, operate, and replicate the systems by themselves.Replication being a measure of a success of a participative program.

The participation aspect of the project is the key to success. Communityparticipation should start from the education process, selection of technology,planning, preparation, construction, operation, maintenance, and managementstages.

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2.3 Implementation Arrangements

Existing guidance on SANIMAS implementation identifies the following steps:

* Preparation of implementation options* Selection of municipalities* Selection of communities* Finalising community action plan* Implementation of community based sanitation* Evaluation.

Once communities have been selected, a two phase planning and implementationprocess is envisaged, as follows:

* improvement of household sanitation facilities,- participative health education to motivate the community to participate

in the program- self-survey to get data on environmental support system, demography,

and health conditions- sanitation technology selection together with the community- community involvement in construction, such that they acquire

knowledge and skill in sanitation facilities construction, maintenanceand operation.

* establishment of sludge treatment and disposal system,- selection of treatment technology- selection of location- cost benefit analysis (technical, social, environmental and financial)- permitting and support from local officials (including environmental

clearance)- construction, operation, maintenance, management and monitoring.

III PROCEDURES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW

3.1 Regulatory context

Applicable environmental regulations and policies in determining potential levelof impact and necessary management response include:

* World Bank: Environmental Assessment (OP/BP/GP 4.01)* World Bank: Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, 1998.

General Environmental Guidelines (see Attachment B)* Government of Indonesia Law no. 23/1997 concerning Environmental

Management

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* Government of Indonesia Regulation (Peraturan Pemerintah, or PP) no.27/1999 concerning AMDAL

* Decree of the State Minister of the Environment No. 17/2001 concerningTypes of Activities which should be accompanied by AMDAL (seeAttachment A)

* Decree of the Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure No.17/2003 on Types of Activities which should be accompanied byUKIJ/UPL (see Attachment A)

* Decree of the State Minister of the Environment No. 86/2002 concerningGuidance for the Preparation of UKIJUPL

* Decree of the State Minister of the Environment No. 112/2003 on effluentquality standards

* Decree of the Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure No.534/2001 on guidance for minimum service standards on spatial planning,housing, settlement and public works (see Attachment C).

The Ministry of Settlements and Regional Infrastructure also routinely appliesStandard Operating Procedures associated with contracts issued for constructionpurposes. SOPs cover a range of onsite management, health, safety andenvironmental management requirements. It is the responsibility of the contractorto ensure compliance with these requirements.

3.2 Potential environmental impacts

The sanitation component seeks to address critical environmental and publichealth concerns. Indonesia has one of the lowest rates of urban seweragecoverage in Asia leading to widespread contamination of surface andgroundwater, as well as high incidence of environmentally attributable disease. Inthis sense, the sanitation component is clearly 'environmental' in its approach andobjectives.

However, it is also recognised that sanitation options themselves, ifinappropriately designed or located, may lead to significant (albeit localised)impacts. Therefore proposed options must be designed to meet applicableenvironmental standards relating to safe disposal/discharge of residues, and thenmanaged to achieve these standards. Key areas of concern1 include:

resulting from collection systems,* public health hazards from sewer overflows and backups;

resulting from treatment systems,

A useful summary of potential environmental impacts associated with sanitation programs is provided inthe Bank's 1991 Environmental Assessment Source Book (Volume II: Wastewater Collection, Treatment,Reuse and Disposal Systems).

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* degradation of neighbourhoods or receiving water quality from treatmentwork by-passes, or treatment process failures;

* degradation of receiving water quality, despite normal system operation,from inappropriate siting and design;

resulting from disposal systems,* soil and groundwater contamination and disease vector breeding at sludge

storage, reuse or disposal sites;* existing solid waste management problems exacerbated by sludge

disposal.

These issues are made particularly acute where water quality problems are alreadysevere and in densely populated areas.

3.3 Environmental review process

The environmental review process for sanitation sub-projects will be closelylinked to the SANIMAS decision making process (see Table 3), and will includethe following steps:

* Environmental screening in accordance with LH KepMen 17/2001 andKimpraswil KepMen 17/2003; following section of technology and siteselection.

* Where required, completion of draft UKLIUPL in line with LH KepMen86/2002; in parallel with cost benefit analysis.

* Review and approval of UKL/UPL, ensuring that design specificationsmeet all relevant environmental standards2 in relation to siting anddischarges; prior to issuance of principal permit.

* Implementation of UKL/UPL recommendations and Standard OperatingProcedures; during construction and operational phase.

Table 3: Environmental Review of SANIMAS sub-projects

SANIMAS Process Environmental Review ResponsibilitySelection of treatmenttechnologySelection of location Environmental screening Responsible Dinas

Department, notifiesBapedalda

Cost Benefit Analysis Draft UKLIUPLs Responsible Dinas Dept, orappointed consultant

2 World Bank general environmental guidelines for wastewater discharges (see Attachment B) will beapplied in the absence of a suitable GoI standard.

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Permitting Review and Approval of BapedaldaUKL/UPLs

Construction, Operation and Application of environmental Responsible DinasMaintenance mitigation and monitoring, and Department/contractor,

SOPs Monitoring by localcommunity and Bapedalda

The central Project Coordination Unit will monitor and oversee compliance withthis review process, supported by local implementing units. Additional oversightwill be provided by the Bank via periodic supervision missions. The requirementto adopt this process and to adhere to relevant Gol regulations will be put into theUWSIEP Project Operation Manual.

IV ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION AND MONITORING

4.1 Mitigation and Monitoring

Community-based sanitation systems generally comprise the followingcomponents: toilets; collection systems; treatment systems; disposal; andoperation & maintenance. Their environmental impacts are well known as arerelated mitigation and monitoring requirements.

Environmental impacts tend to accumulate at or around points of discharge/disposal, providing a focus for monitoring efforts. Mitigation measures can beapplied across all components, though key opportunities generally relate to designand siting of treatment and disposal systems.

Table 4 provides a framework for identifying suitable mitigation and monitoringmeasures, based on a range of design options available under SANIMAS. Thistable will be further developed based on the proposed study of lessons learnedfrom SANIMAS (see section 4.2).

Table 4: Mitigation and Monitoring Options

Sanitation Options Siting Construction OperationCollection SystemsOpen rainwater drain Regular maintenance to

remove solids, withappropriate disposal

Covered rainwater Regular maintenance todrain remove solids, with

appropriate disposalCondominial Private service providersewerage or efficient community

institution needed formaintenance

Treatment SystemsCommunity septic Minimum distance - Regular de-sludging

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tank from water supplies with appropriateenvironmental disposal

Imhoff tank Minimum distance - Regular de-sludgingfrom water supplies with appropriate

environmental disposalAnareobic baffled Minimum distance Application of SOPs - Annual de-sludgingreactor from water supplies for management of with appropriate

spoil, dust, noise and environmental disposalsite rehabilitation - ongoing monitoring at

point of outflowAnaerobic filter Minimum distance Application of SOPs - Annual de-sludgingreactor from water supplies for management of with appropriate

spoil, dust, noise and environmental disposalsite rehabilitation - Ongoing monitoring

at point of outflowAnaerobic, Minimum distance Application of SOPs - Regular de-sludgingfacultative and from residential for management of with appropriateaerobic lagoons buildings, water spoil, dust, noise and environmental disposal.

supplies site rehabilitation - Designed to meetapplicable effluentquality standards- Ongoing monitoring

I at point of outflowDisposal SystemsDischarge into river Wastewater Wastewater monitoring

discharge meets at point of dischargeapplicable standards

Soil infiltration pits - Minimum distance Occasional monitoringof leach pits to of adjacent well waterwater supplies quality- Minimum depththe groundwatertable

Aquaculture Minimum distance Application of SOPs Ongoing monitoring atfrom residential for management of point of outflowbuildings, water spoil, dust, noise andsupplies site rehabilitation

Sludge drying bed Minimum distance Application of SOPs - Seepage water stillfrom residential for management of requires collection andbuildings, water spoil, dust, noise and treatmentsupplies site rehabilitation - Monitoring of

maximum annualcharge of sludge perbed

Reed bed Usually an existing Occasional test ofbanana/papaya composition of de-plantation composed sludge for

infectious bacteriaComposting Minimum distance Regular testing of

from residential composition of compostbuildings and water for infectious bacteriasupplies

Vacuum truck

Implementation of mitigation and monitoring measures will primarily be theresponsibility of the community, while monitoring responsibilities will be sharedwith the local environmental office. Typically, the community will be responsiblefor non-technical monitoring while the local environmental office will carry outdischarge monitoring of raw water and treated water.

4.2 Lessons Learned from SANIMAS in Indonesia

SANIMAS is a system that has been implemented in Indonesia under the Waterand Sanitation Programme. Experience to date is positive with communitiescontinuing to manage the systems, while local authorities are responsible formonitoring performance and providing technical advice.

Lessons learned both from communities and local authorities will be collated andintegrated into an operational guideline (based on Table 4) to assist preparation ofproposed community based sanitation options under UWSIEP. The centralProject Coordinating Unit will be responsible for ensuring that these measures aretaken.

4.3 Evaluation

A review of the environmental performance of selected CBS schemes will beundertaken as part of routine project evaluation, with participation both from localcommunities and local environmental authorities. As a pilot scheme, it isimportant that the results of environmental review are disseminated and caneffectively feed into the process of replication in other urban areas in Indonesia.Effective environmental compliance will ensure the long term sustainability of theSANIMAS approach and help to address critical human health concerns.

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Attachment A: screening criteria for projects requiring ANDAL orUKLIUPL .

These criteria and thresholds are pursuant to prevailing Indonesian regulations, including:

* Decree of the State Minister of the Environment No. 17/2001, dated 22 May2001; and

* Decree of the Minister of Settlements and Regional Infrastructure No.17/KPTS/2003, dated 3 February 2003.

SCALESECTOR and ACTIVITY 3 4

ANDAL3 UKL/UPL4

Water Supplya. Development of distribution network (serving area) 2 500 Ha 100 - < 500 Ha

b. Development of piped transmission network (length) 2 10 km 2 - < 10 km

c. Water intake from surface spring water, river, lake, or 2 250 /sec 50 - < 250 Usecother sources (intake debit)

d. Development of water treatment plant (debit) > 50 I/sec

e. Ground water intake 2 50 I/sec > 5 - < 50 I/sec

Solid Wastea. Final disposal with control landfill system/sanitary

landfill (non-hazardous waste)

- Area coverage, or > 10 Ha < 10 Ha

- Total capacity 2 10.000 ton < 10.000 ton

b. Final disposal in tides area5

- Landfill coverage, or > 5 Ha < 5 Ha

- Total capacity 2 5.000 ton < 5.000 ton

c. Development of transfer station- Operational capacity 2 1.000 ton/day < 1.000 ton/day

d. Final disposal with open dumping system All size

e. Development of Incinerator All size

f. Building for composting and recycling > 4 ton/day> 500 m2

Construction of WWTP & Seweragea. Waste water treatment plant (feces) 2 2 Ha < 2 Ha

b. Waste water treatment plant 2 3 Ha < 3 Ha

See Decree of the State Minister of the Environment No. 17/2001 dated 22 May 2001 on Types of Activities that Need tobe Accompanied by AMDAL

4 See Decree of the Minister of Settlements and Regional Infrastructure No. 17/KPTS/2003, dated 3 February 2003 on Types ofActivities that Need to be Accompanied by UKIJUPL.5 This applies for controlled landfill in tides area as well

SECTOR and ACTIVITY SCALEANDAL 3 UKL/UPL 4

c. Sewerage piping > 500 Ha < 500 Ha

Drainagea. Development of drainage in large city / metropolitan area

- Primary drainage (length)- Secondary and tertiary drainage (length) > 5 km < 5 km

> 5 km 1 -5 km

b. Development of drainage in medium-sized city- Primary drainage (length) > 10 km < 10 km- Secondary and tertiary drainage (length) > 10 km 2 - 10 km

c. Development of drainage in small-sized city > 5 km

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Attachment B: World Bank limits for process water, domestic sewage,and contaminated stormwater discharged to surface water, for generalapplication

(Excerpt from Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, 1998)

(milligrams per litre, except for pH, bacteria, and temperature)Pollutant or parameter Limit

pH 6-9BOD 50COD 250

Oil and grease 10TSS 50

Heavy metals, total 10Arsenic 0.1

Cadmium 0.1Chromium

Hexavalent 0.1Total 0.5

Copper 0.5Iron 3.5Lead 0.1

Mercury 0.01Nickel 0.5

Selenium 0.1Silver 0.5Zinc 2.0

CyanideFree 0.1

Total 1.0

Ammonia 10Fluoride 20

Chlorine, total residual 0.2Phenols 0.5

Phosphorus 2.0Sulfide 1.0

Coliform bacteria < 400 MPN/100 ml

Temperature increases < 3 degrees Ca

Note: MPN, most probable numbera. The effluent should result in temperature increase of no more than 3 degrees C at the edge of the zonewhere initial mixing and dilution take place. Where the zone is not defined, use 100 meters from the pointof discharge.

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Attachment C: Excerpts from Decree of the Ministry of Settlement andRegional Infrastructure No. 534/2001 on guidance for minimum servicestandards on spatial planning, housing, settlement and public works(including waste water and sanitation).

The Decree contains the following guidance:

- Grey water should be separated from black water- Black water should be discharged into a septic tank with no leaks or smell- There should be no contamination of ground water- Removal efficiencies for BOD and SS > 85%- No complaint on sludge treated in sludge treatment plant

On site sanitation should be provided to cities with population density of 2 200persons/ha, with groundwater level >2 meter and its potential cost recovery is notsupporting full sewerage system

Off site sanitation could only be implemented in the metropolitan city with a density of 2200 persons/ha, groundwater level <2 meter, where potential cost recovery is notsupporting a full sewerage system with sewer network and wastewater treatment plant.

The quality of the facility should not have blockage, removal of BOD and SS inWastewater treatment plant > 90%, and Escherichia coli >+99.9%.

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