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* .; REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA

MINISTRY OF IIEALTH AND ENVIRONMtENTAL PROTECTION

COMMITTEE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATION AMD

PROTECTION

REPORT ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL

SITUATION IN ALBANIA

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIONPLAN

(Draft)

Tirane, July 1993

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

llie final Report on the Environniental Situation and the National Environ-meintal Action Plan were prepared by the study team which inclided Dr. LirimScifo. Chairitan of the Conmintec of Eivironmental Prescrvation and Protec-tion. Ass. Prof. Diimiter Haxhimihiali, Head of the Chenical TedchologyDeparttient at the University or Tirana, Mr. Gani Dliui. vice-diainnan ofCEPP and Ms. Drita Dade, specialist of iiiformation and public awvareness toCEPP.

In addition, tire preparation of the Report on the Environmental Situationwas based on the draft national environmental report prepared by Mr. Sh.Kamnberi, Prof. Dr. T. Tartari. Dr. L. Scifo, Dr. V. Pika. Mr. A. Shehi, Mr. G.Dcliti, Dr. N. Peja, Dr. V. Peculi and Dr. K. Mici.

The team of the Committee of Environmental Preservation and Protectiongratefully acknowledges the invaluiable assistanceprovided bythe World Bankaiid the Italian Consulting Firms of TEI and ELC who carried out the AlbanianEnvironmental Strategy Study.

Finally, the team acknowledges the contribution of the Organisation ofthePreservation and Protection of Natural Environment in Albania (PPNEA) inproviding very useful suggestions and detailed commenits.

I url lcs l tion was i aC oi

thanlLs to tlne fiinmcilil StillpI of'\ tie UJNDP Office. ITiraina Albani.

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,r

-. ~~~~~~~~

S ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I

TABLE OF CONTIENTS

rOREVHRD ml

EXECIMlVE SUMMARY IX

1. INTRODUC=ION

2. NATURAL RESOURCES

2.1 Mineral Resources2.2 Biological Resources2.2.1 Flora2.2.2 Fawna2.2.3 Forests2.2.4 National Parks

3. ECONoMIC AND SOCIL DKrVEWHET 14

3.1 Mines3.2 Enemy3.3 Industry3.4 Transport3.5 Agriculture3.6 Population, Health, Education

vit

FORMWORD

ThiC economilic and social developimients within the frames of tie central-ized economily lhave had adverse inmpacts on all aspects of the Albaniancuvironmetit.l4. ENVIRONIMENTAL SITUATION 25

4.1 Soil Er-osioni anid Defor-estationi Thlesc impacts have been idaiufied in the 'Reporl on Environniertifl4.2 Air Pollattioii Sitiuation inl Albanian, withintliepossibilities offered bytheenvironniental dats4. WAiter Pollution. available.4.4 Solid WVastes Tihis Report. whiidi is tie first one to address the environniental issues4.5 Tlheats lo Biocfiversity *on iatioiatl level, iiteaids not only lo provide an overview of the state of tIle4.6 Occtipational Health aid Safcty nauliralrcsotirccsanidenivironimient,butalsotogivcapictureorihc economnic'

and social developiiments in the last 20 years. since tlie first United Nations.5. ENVfl((JNSIENTAL bIANAEMENT . .12 Confecraice on [lie Hunian Envirominil, held in Stockholimi.

5. I Envir otlliciital Legislation lThc qucshiols related totlihe evironiliaital situation andtlic avironmcn-a.2 Sectoral ancd Institutional Organization tatl mianageimaet are sutbjects of separatc diapters, whilst tlie priorities of the5.3 Inteniational Cooperation environenitiaal policy are summarized in thC aid of lic Report.5.4 Finanicial Resotuces for Environmiiienital Policy

Althoughi Albania is a small coutiin tilc environmental problems are6. SUMtIMARY Oa R EIommrrNDATiONS 3 varied and diverse. The clininationi ortlhc initigauion, of rte consequences orthe

dainiges an1d pollitioni causedl in thle the past and the adversc impacts on(. I Prior itics orfiie Prcsalt Envirommnital Policy qiviroiiiicni from tlie new economic activities. require a continuous and

concrete commitment or all state and privale ageicies.

ANNEX I - Dctailcd Plan or Action 4.1 T1C political. Cco01o101ic and social changes in our counry'. the orienta-tiol towards imiarkct econ0om01y. aid thc increase of foreigm investimienis in thefiuturc have pllt forward tlie Inecessity that tlhe civironiiiieneal protection be

ANNEX 11 - List of Priority Proiccts to be considrceld 07 tr6cmcd as a priority issue in the dcvelopmuatt programmne.utnder (lie National Environmiiiental ActiotiPlan* The Nativ:ial Environinilctal Action Plan (NEAP) aims al the in-

tegratian of thtcnvironmencaltal protection wiihtlie devclopliienlt oftlheeconornicanid social sector s throughi the instituitionlal strenigthelinig. tlhe establishlimlent ora Iegl anid icguolaorn frame. dccrlopiiaitl of a sounid ccolloIllic policy andnianiagcncicnt or thic natural rcsources in a sustainable wav. anid also tlirouigh

lxVilll

investments in the cnvironment al feld, infonration and public participation. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Thle NEAP is a detailed analysis of the ten point strategy defined in thcstudyon "Thle Strategyof the Environniental Protection in Albaniia", whicilwis In tOei ole spectreof economic and social changes thal have characterisedcarried out by thc Commnittee of Environmiental Preservation and Protectionii i recent developments in Albania, environmental preservation and protectioncooperation with thte World Bank. needs to be seriously assessed. Mhis is because of the new environmental

situation which has been created during the transition to a markct economy.

In order to implement the NEAP and safeguard thc cnvironmnct it isnecessary to follow a more sustainable path. nihe Commnittee of Envi ronnitlial As in other fomer communist countries, Albania has sufrered from most ofPreservation and Protection and the relevant institutions and agencies shouild all the same social and economic problems. whidi include among others, environ-integrate environemntal considerations into their developnient sciemiies in order niiatal degradation and poor natural resource management caused by theto meet the challenges posed by sustainable development. . economic mismaniagement.

Problems stch as deforestation and soil erosion are widespread. Soundnatural resource management is also a priority as Albania seeks to developsectors su1cIh as tourism, agriculture, oil, and mining in the future.

DI. LIRIM ELFO--... /CR O/ The key environmental issues which need to be addressed in the future are

A< ,,(t;,lthe foalowing:

-- soil erosion associated with poorly maintained hillside terraces andCORhtlrF'EE OF ENVIRONMENTAL overgrazing oflivestock, and deforestation due to the unreliable cnergy supplies

PRESERVATION AND PROITECTION anid uncontrolled cultinig of trees;

-- contaminiiation of surface waters. because of uncontrolled discharges ofindtistrial and domestic waste waters. and die complete absence or sewagetreatment tlhrouighiout Albania:

-- loss of biodiversity due to lack of resources for souid elvironmaitalnmanagemeilgct of coastal resources, national parks. forests. and protccted areas;

-- cimssions of toxic gases and particulates from v thermal power andinduistrial plants in a limiited niuimiber of industrial areas

Ilie geographic distribution and severity of tilese environnicital prob-lems arc sutiiniuarised in Table I whicih providcs a list orlic emivironiiiantal "hotspots" in Albaniia. nTc most important "hot spots" whiclh need lo be addressedas a priority are Elbasain, Vlore, Fier, Ballsh, Kukes, Rubik, La, and Tirane

6 6 xi

Tliese areas are considered to be the most important, because they iiclude identification of policie, technical assistance, prograMMes, andseveral of tie largest cities and important agricultiural and coastal areas of investments fur improving cosastal zone and natural resnourceAlbania wlici lItave considerable values conceming rtiture developmenit of management.tourism.

To. effectively tackle its environmental problems, the Governmcnt needs to -- designingstrategiesfordisseminalon ofenvironmentalinformationaddressfirsttheeconomic. lgalandinstitutionalftameworkgovemingenviron- to increase the public awareness.miiental managemiienit in Albania. The Natinnal Environmental Action Plan includees a Detailed Plan

Thiese are (lie buildinig blacks upon whiich further aivironti'iietesal iiiiiatives Action for addressing these and other issues over the next three years. Thewillneedtobebased. Aflertliat, moredetailedeffortscanbe imadein odierareas estimated costm of implementing this plan are 7-8 milliton USD.sudc as:

-- the restructuring of economic incentives to encourage inureefricient resoiurce utilisation by removing subsidies for fuclwotid,electric'ty, coal, water, and petroleum pruilucls:

-- careful preparation of environmental legislalion whicil wouldinclude general laws concerning protection of the environment andspecific laws, regulations, and standards (e.g., air, water, soil,coinservation of natural resources);

-- institutional strengthening of the Committee of EnvironinentalPreservation and Protection (CEPP), since it has primary responsibilityfor the implementation of environmental policy, the NatioiialEnvironmental Actiuin Plan, and overall environmental managemcntin Albania;

-- strengthening of other government institutioins responisible f(irenvirinmental and natural resoiurce management, both at the centraland loIcal level;

-- identificatioin if the existing pauterns and causes of'soilerosion anddertiresiatoi. and developing a stra(egy It reduce (he adverse eflectsof erosion and deforestation in these areas:

-- identification of policies, technical assistance, programmes, andivestmeits for improving water management and reducing waterpollution; andi

xii A 'lbania: ltcporl on Inviroameats,l Situation . IT'abilet - Siiiiiiiary of Key Environitiueni(l Problemils in Allania

1. INTRODUCTION

ENVI_ ONMENTAL MOST S_VERELYAFFCTED Albania is a small European country situated in tihie Sotih VWestem parlENVIROBLEMENTAL MOST IS TRICT S :I,of Balkan Peninsula on thecoast oftitc Adriatic and lowan Seas. It lies betweenI'RtODLENI, S D)ISTRtICTS ilheparallcis 39"38'and42 39 'andmcridians 19 16'and 1140 Albania

.___________________________ .covers 28 748 km2(34.8 % are coiiJpriscd orforcsts. 15 % of pasturc. 24.3 %of agricultural land and 4 % of lakes). 11e sea surface area within the stateDurrcs, Elbasan, Ficr, hucove, borders is aboutt 12.900 km2.

Lushnje. Peqin, Tirane.Soilroii nl eItr(s ti 4n d f r station . ............................................ ....................... igarlloy1dOtl bdeins10 )n.ol fwld rkSuit crosii~~~~~iialsnd deratrGrainhatKoaj..Thiegoiieral lonigitutdcof thcborderlinlcis 1094 km. out orwhich 520uknm

Librazlid, Periict, rlskodcr, cover lic borderwilil IhefomierJiugoslavia (Notil and Norit EasL)and 271 kmTcpci neVl, Vloenct, Shkodcr witli th border of Grecce (Soutli and Sotlh E-ast). The coastlinc is 476 ki long,

Durres,Elbasan.FiertKav,ajc, ................... niTc populationi is 3 256 000 inhabitants ( 1Q90) of whici 63.9 % live inCu,nt;al11ination tif Soil ansd Waiter Lusrnje,ShkoderETirane, Vlorc the counliryside and 36.1 °e inl urban arcas. Thc 111ainl seve cities of Albania

1. AgriCL.tUl Cli.nas ......us ........................... lolive 40-S0 tliousand iiiabitaiis. wrlile Tirane tlic capital city has about 290trtum Agriciiltur.al Chclt.'ials ............................Berat,Korce,Kirjc,Lac,Lezhic, tihousaid. hlic main sca liarbotirs arc Durrcsi. Vrlor!. Sarandc and ShatJini.Peslin,Peshkopi,Po,gradcc, Sarandc

________________ _______________ Pcqin,Peshkopi,Pograde Sarande thlc Albaniani landscape is very ridi and diverse and is coniptised orElbasani, Ficr beaches wvliici lay near the Adriatic and lonian sas. and diains or lills and

Surface. GrouLid Waters and Soil Berat,Builqize,Dtirres,lKaovjc, iioimitains. imlost of whiclh arc atforested. Tie Albanian mountains rcach thePollition froiti Induistrial and ..... , . .h........... leigJht of 2-3 tliousanid meties abovc sca lcvel. Tnic natural lakes of Shkodtr.

Doiestic Wastes Korco,Ku;ovc,Lac,Rreshcn, Olhrid. Prespa. Butrititi. Lura. scevral artificial lakes. andtlic lagoonsof Lezih.Shkoder,Tirane,Vlorc,Ballshi Narla. Iaravasta and water reservoirs along ilic coast create tliousards of

special and beautifiul natural views w%uch1 constiltite a preciots weailtli for ourElbasan,.Fier.Ktikes,Lac.Ruibik natural aevironimient.

Enlissoll oToxicGascs Ballsli,Kiava ,jclorcc,lKruicEn.is.....o..To.ic...scs........Kavaje,............ The cliiiate is mainly MIediterranean (field. IlIlii anid preniounlainotus

Ktuiove,Lczjie.Shkoder.Tiraiic, Vlore oio). In hlic Sodlhern part of the couLtilr ilic cliniiate tieds to be subtropical.w_ilie in ;heC Norti the mountain ranges have alpine climnate

Non1cAliltoughi, the cointry's induistrialisition and tourismil dcvlopment havc

Loss of Diodivcrsitv.,Los been limited. environmental problcnis still cxist.EIbasai. Fier, Kukcs.L.nq

Tnic political overthrow of stars 1 )8-- I00 in East European countricswhich frccd tliciie from the centralized system of planiing and manageatt.

Districts arc divi(led illto two grouplis: those inost critically givc an impctus to tlic changes and processes of democracy that occurred inatcctc(l nid tllose significally affcctcd. Albania. as vell.

,%*UIIaam &A&VIOUgsull a.|asuaumaumuia ; IIiiSiUII Albomiaa: ieplrt on ionvirounnieituai aiwaon * X

The first pluralist political elections were held in 1991. In Mardi 1992, improved resource conservation and recovery.dile opposition coalition won in the elections and presently tihe democraticgovemment is leading [lie economic and social reforms. Foremost, thesewould indude low-cost measures such aspricingreform

and improved operation and maintenance oa equipment ("housekeeping"),But the process of transition in Albania is developing under groat more efTicient use of raw material inputs such as futdwood, enar, water, and

hardships. The poorest country in Europe, Albania is undergoing a difficult agricultural chemicals, and improved resource and product recovery (eg., oftransition, whiclh hias widespread impacts on environment, because of the cement dust, sulphur from SO2 emissions for making sulphuric add etc ...). Inlimited resources available for environmental protection and natural resoLirces thelongrun,thiswill befarmorebeneficialtotheeoonomyandtheenvironment,manageienit. and less expensive than dean-up through end-of-pipe technological fixes.

Althouigih environmental degradation is not as extensive as in other Before detailed environmental strategies can be devdoped. lher, acountries in Ccnitral and Eastem Europe, environmental problems exacerbate comprehensivesetofguidingprindplesandcriteviaforimprovinge ne-poverty in many rural areas and liave significant health implications in urban talprotectionandmanagementisneeded. Inadditiontotheprincipleonow-costareas. Soil erosion, derorestation, and pollution from fertilizer and pesticide approadies already mentioned, six other guiding principles for environmestalninoff are notable throtigliotit large portions of the cotmtryside, and are nianagement are put forward. These include:economilically signiricant since approximately 75% of the couintry's landresources are devoted to agriculture and forestry activities and these sectors - Measures to improve public health, agricultural productivity, and theaccount forapproximately5O% ofCDP. In addition, urban areaslhave suffered overall quality of the environment;from water supply sliortages, lack of sewerage treatment, and, in some cases,localized air pollution fronm nearby industrial operations. -- Measures which encourage more efdrient use of resources (e.g.

resource recovery, reyling, and aier conervation) should enhance theAlbania is niow emitbarking on a rundanicital transition froiii a centrally competitiveness of agriculture and industry, and not detract frown it;

planlned econoiic systeII to a market-oriented one. The actions and policies tosupport tiis transitioni need to be intricately linked to thosc for improvinig -- Measures should focus on minimizing the adverse effects of environ-evironimiental managem)ent if either is to be efTective. menital damages rather than pollution levels. since the fonner are more impor-

I tant from a public policy perspective;Environmental protection and preservation goals can only be achieved

over the long-terni in Albantia, and ror hiat reason a stable aid eniduring systemil - Environmental planning should be forward looking and take intofor environmental and natural resoumrce management must be establislied. account that future environmental and natural resource management problemsEnvironmental protection must be balanced and integrated with cconomic are likely to be different froni present ones because of ongoing economicdevelopment objectives as carefully as possible, and environmnatal objectives restnicturing and future economic growth:miist be achieved at tlhe lowest practicable costs. In this regard, an environmen-tally benign development strategy should be a major underlying objective of the -- Environmental policyand managementmustnot onlylakeintoaccountGovernment's overall strategy for economic transition. ilie linkages between economic restructuring and the environment, but also be

iitegrated dosely with macroeconomic, agricultural, and industrial polides toTlieconierstoneorfievironimiental managementin Albania siouldbetlihat imaximiiize the environmental benefits from economic resinudiring and

it first promotes thlose measures which simultancously increase environmentalquality, improve humani hcalth, and enhance economic productivity througi -- Measures should increase the predictability and stability of the

4l *\All iallil: IlCiIOi 4111 AllVa; UIlaaCIII;cl Sigia;ill ,itlahlai KCIort On I! Lviroiiiiciiial ilIuaIioi . :k

btisiniess cliiniato by establishing clear standards and liability. and be Generally, theAlbaniancoastisunpolluted vith thcexceptionofthelocalsustainable in Ilie long-nin by realistically taking into accolunt tile CCOlOI10iC contamiiination caused by urban and industrial adivities.climatc and pace of market refonirs.

Soil crosion and deforestation are consequences of the erroneous policyPrcciscequaileidcataon lloeviroaiiental problemssin Albaniaris problit- in relation to the exploitation of natural resources in general and domestic

available. Nevertliless. tlie information getered dtiring the coirise ofr c heating requirenieits in rural and urban areas, in particular.Environimenltal Strategy Study can be used broadly to rank cnvironntliallalproblcilis thirouglhout thc districts of Albania.

Tablc 2 slImma-iws thc most scvcrcly affected disiricts for cach ofAlbanlia's 1iiost scrious environmiicntal problems, and provides a basis rorprioritizing ftiture investmncit and tedcnical assistance ainied at addlressingparticular environmental and natural resoumrce managementi lproblems (SecMapx).

11The most importan{t "ihot spots" whiicIh n1eed to be addressed as a priority

arc Elbasan, Durrcs. Vlorc. Fier. Ballsh, Kukds. Rtibik. Lat. and Tilan&

By viewing (lie past environimcental probleiis in [lie developiment of lihcmlainl cetralised economic sectors. it is noticed hliat tliey liave been increasing

orOn o11C five-year plan to tlhe other.

Tliere have been considerable damiages of forests, wihicih liave catise thileintensification or soil crosion.,

lie industrial disciharges lave crcated locCl air pollution and soilcontaminiation, damages of nora and relatively broader exteiision ofjollutionin some of iie rivers, especially in their downstream.

Tliere exist no treaiitiet planits for waste water and sewage. while iltcpriniitivetreatitientof urbani solid wastes nayaffcd tlie qualityorgrotiuidwaterswhich are the niain source of drinkinig water.

Thiedrinikiingwaterinetworkis veryold and lossesiintie waterdistribtitioinetwork account for 40 0. In sonie cases there has becn lihc contamiinationl odriinking water firotii sewage waters.

/ \74 \

K .4 N < >., LEGEND

31irp1; 1 > t | \a Contnminmation tromuk b a-. agricultural chemical

s I Ourfacwaters pollution from

Le, } ) P"hkopl 1tl| groufldwator and surface

~' dL' ~) ,~. Isirom minesoacttgl and

>- _ ~ \ _\* - ;. domEsticewona toxicgas

Laikb 7onImmInLl; O of blodiversitY

coh Adminlstrative boundary

0 Dunr0\|p ...... ? ;51 IllRAN8n>& - ; t _ _State boundary

'.;|~~..

ION IA NSEA (.

.0 I( 20 30 40 5D WI

'Hot-spot' areas

Table 2 - Environmental "lot Spob" and Problems in Alnb

Legend: . U . U *.. * UModerate Significant Critical

1. B!nrn Curri_ =-*=4. Misch. t~~ ~ bdsh * * _ * s iSr li * a...

J BalIshl _e _ .

6. Barrli aIL Car*vode

9. Durres *ee *o *e as

10. Kihban ** _ ** *

II. Rekrs *-__ =ILi ier *e *- *o -IJ. Cilrokwsier = *o

4. Cramsh *oo

1i. Kop=ik

I7 Korce S * *

It KruSe --G * *19. Krume = 020. Kucove _21. Kukes ___ _IRLa Lu 5 06

23. Lesh. _ h

24. Uhbrahd * 0 *2S. Lushole so26. Peqln 27 Pendet - as

2. P.'hkloi _29. Pagrndec s *o JO. Pake j

3I. Rreshen _ - *3L Sarnnde *. * 0 0J3 Shkoder _ a

34. Tepden- 03S. Tirane Sr *o *o *oo *-

136. Vlore = *o

8 ,VAlbania: lReport all I nViroinmentual Silualiuol '_' __

2.2 Biological resources2. NATURAL, RESOURCES

L21 Flora2.1 Mineral Resources

The Albanian flora in proportion with the surface area of the cotry, isThough Albania has a small surface area, it has considerable miincral one of the richest in Europe. It consists of more than 3 200 species, mainly

resources, metallic and non metallic ores, particularly oil, natural gas, coal, spontaneous and migrated ones.chromium, copper and iron-nickcl.

Generally, the Albanian flora has a Mediterranean nature. At the same

The majority of oil sources which are being exploited are located along time, there exists a specific flora represented by eidemic planis. The majority

the water basin of the Osum (Senan) and Vjosa rivers, in the districts of Fieri, oftlte flora hasbeen studied, whilethestudy and analyscs ofrgeationhavejust

Vlortcand Bcrat. Oil reserveslhavealsobeendiscoveredevenin Sarandedistrict. begun.

Natural gas deposits are located in a land strip of several hlidred kim Humaninterentionstotheflorahavehadbhahrau ccasequelcestoitand

along the coastal line front Durresi, Lusluija, Fier, VlorP and Sarande. to vegetation as for example:

The proven oil reserves are estimated at 29.2 million tons (possible 300 -cultivation of new lands by destroying natural pastures and deforee-

millioni); associated gas assets at 8 i20 million ni and natural 8as at 522 lionl, withouttleidantificationofthecxistingph)toc1osesandtheposilitiCs

million mn'. of their substitution with new ones.

Ligniitc coals arc located in the central and soulh eastern zoncs of the - the exploitation without any ctcwia ofthe medical aromatic plants has

country in Tirane. Durres, Tcpelene, Pogradec and Korq6 districts. Tlicir ledtoa maximum rarityandthreatsfor snespecies like mounliitea, cena

reserves are estimiated at 700 million tons. kinds of ordiis, Salvia offcinalis, and Coldcum aluominalis.

Iron-nickel ores are concentrated in Kukes, [ibraziid, Pogradec and Although there have been no studies about the impact of polluUts on

Korqe districts. Tliese reserves are assessed at 150 miillion tons atid at existing flora and vcgeation,ithasbeennoicedthattheuseolherbicide.pesticidesa&Wlevels of exploilationi, they are quite sufTicient for another 100 years. fertilizershashad,asa subsidiaryeffecsthethreatofextinctionorsornespecial

plants or plant families harmful wder some conditions and useful in some

Copper ores, mainly of dialcopyite type are fotud in the Nonrh Eastern others.and NoTthem zones of the country in the districts of Puka, Mirdita, Ktukes.Shkoddr and in thc Soulh in Korde district. 'lie reserves arc estimated at aboutl 2.2.2 Fauna

53 millioni tons.Thegeographical position of Albania and the steep territories. its dinute

lihe chiromiuimii reserves are important resources wlhichi make Albania olle and the very developed hydrographic nctwork haven made for the ridcness ad

of thic idiest cotintries in ile woTld conceminigthis mineral. ihe main sources variety of fauna. Te couftry's fauna consists of many elemets of the

are located in Bulqiza and in tie districts of Kukes, Tropoja and Pogradec. Mediterranean fauna and other elemts fromn the Cntral European fauna.

Chromiuiim reserves are estimated at 37 million tons, anid under prsenitcxlraction rates tlhey will neet country's needs for anotlher 35 to 40 years.

I j0IUiIIIhI. SvtjIII3 S Sail lgSfi tpuagtam.IEStaulls ,iu,,an * SW-.-*. .S

Amonig the wild animals, are the wolf, jackal, weasel, fox, liare, boar,marten, and squirrel. Albania alsohasother rareanimals likethebadger, wild During about 50 years, morethan 280 thousand hedares of forests havegoat, roe and bear. So far, there has been no study to detennine exactly their beon destroyed. The most serious damages are caused to the bushes and lowextension and their inventory in particular. forests. High forests in the moudains are in relatiwelygood conditions. Remote

mountainous regions have old natural forests (about 150 thousand hectares ofnhe marine fauna of Albania has distinguished authentic species like 100 years old forests) which from the viewpoint of exploitation are over

mullet, skates, raja, Pagrus coeru, Morone labrsax and other migratory species matured, but have great values for their fauna, biodiversity and reoeationlike tuna and sword fish. purposes.

The most important fishes of marine fauna or the Albanian coast arc The main concem for forestry deweopment based an enviruenmalsardines, cod fish, flounder; pilchard and sharks. principles is the solution of enery supplies for domestic heating and cooking

So far, 100% of cooking and heating demands are met by using fuehwood in the2.2.3 Forests countryside, and 90 % in urban areas. Ths situation has brougt abott strikn

local over exploitation of forestry resources in some areas.Albania is rich in forests. Its forests consist of 1.045.000 hectares of

forests and busies which cover about 36 % of the whole territory. Forests are The situation was vey grave during the winter 1991-1992, when theabundant in the Northem, North Eastem and South Eastem regions of the diannels of normal supply and distribution of fuedwood stopped. Durng thiscoumtry. Most of them can be found on slopes of 20-50 % and playan important period, more than 5 thousand ha of forests were illegally cut down.role in soil protection and the hydrological balance of the whole'country. Highforests occupy about 47 % of forest areas, low forests 29 % and bushes 24 %. Other alternative sources for domestic enagy have been studied andBushes, low forests and woods art located mainly close to inhabited centres and reviewed, but nevertheless, it seems that fuel wood will still remain an importantlong transport routes. source.

According to wood composition, the main kinds are: Consequently, the rehabilitation and improvement of forest resourcesshould be achieved, in order to avoid furlher degradation of forests. Also, the

Beech (Fagus silvaticay 17 % (166 thousand ha) allowable cutting should be determined more exactly than until now, beforePine (Pinus) 15 % (142 thousand ha) affirnming whither Albanian forests are really reduced on a national scale andOak (Quercus) 32 % (300 thousand ha) to what extenLFir (Abies) 2 % ( 13 thousand ha)

The reforested surface is estimated to be 150 thousand ha. The objectivesand othier broadleaved species. of the reforestation programme have been soil protection in regions of degaded

lands and to some extent production of wood for industrial and constructinMost of the forests (about 90 %) are natural. As a result of the great purposes.

growth of the population, whichi during the last 50 years has increased 3 times,the forests have been overexploited. Their over exploitation and especially the Grazing is an important factor to the state of the Albanian forests whikuncontrolled cutting for fuelwood and private construction, has aggravated the has gradually increased its pressure during the last decades, as result of therecent economic situation and has led to the degradation of considerable forest increase in thenumber of cows, sheep and goats, while the forests area has beenareas. For example, about 50% ofoak woods are considered as degraded forests reduced.because of their over exploitation and overgrazing.

,_________ -_________,_________________._________'________"________''______ Albania: Kepoar oE Enviroimiesital Situa2ioti 1 3

Simililai to oliher lIcditcrrancani cotuitries soil erosion is a great problemin Albania cspecially in the agricUitural sector, and in forcst areas. Most of tlic 12aka Park (1250 ha) is located 30X0 km South XVest from Tirane,forests arc located on steep slopes (80 % of forests are grown on slopes of 20- near tle coast. Vegetation consists of natural pine forests (Pinus halepensis and50 %) wliicli are easily croded. lle erosion of forest areas is aggravated as a some Pinispinea) dunesandaquatic vegetation.The southern extrernityofthe

result of their over exploitation, nlliCCtioI of forest regeneration and inteisive park consists of a narrow strip of land between the sea and the shallow lagoongrazing. of Karavasta. The strip of land is a zone of international' importance for aquatic

It has becni deterimiined thtat tlie iiost sensitive forest areas with rcspect to fowl, because in these areas rare species like pelicans (Pdicanus crispus) have

erosion are those witlh tree crown denisity of less than 40% whiichi occupy about made their nests.26 % offorcst areas. Out ofrieseareas, 150 thouisand hectares canl not playtlieir The Fir Parkof Drenova is located intheEastempartof thecountry, nearrole in protecting (he soil fromi erosion. Unless adeqLiate measures are takae, Koro at an altitude of 1200-1700 m. The prevailing kind of vegeation isthese areas will becomie non-productive and will reduce the forest resources of firwoods, alongwith pine and beech woods and bushes. The animals inhabitingthe country. this zone are bears, wolves and wild goats.

2.2.4 Natioiial h'nrk3 Llogara.park is the most Southem park of the countrylocated near the

South Westem coast in a mountainous zone at the altitude 500 - 2000 ni aboveAlbaniai asusix natior al parksopromutlgatd byo a govelinewilil decrce sea level. The prevailing kind of vegetation are pine and beech woods. This

1966. Their surface area is approxinmately 10 thousanid ha whidic constitutes 0.0)rgo sihbtdb idbas5X of forest areas ancl 0.35 % otilic wiole counitry's surface area. In comparison region is inhabited by wild boars.wioti otLIer countries, te surfac areas of the national parks and toe dillesions An institution of national importance is the Botanical Garden establishedof panticular parks arc too stiall to ensure an efrective protection orieauma and in 1971, in the Southem end ofTiran&. It deals with the ollection, introductiongenetic resoturces whlich constitute the main aimi of tleir establishmllenit, and cultivation of flora in Albania. It has a surface area of 14 ha and aboud

1 300 species of the country's vegetation are grown there.Th1tLhi PaFk (2.300 lia) is located in the region of the Albaniani Alps. On

the Northiem border of,the Drini Rivers watershied. Its altitude is 700-2.500metres above sea-level. Qeecl-woods and in several special zones pine woodsare prevailing. Tlis park has also somie very bare slopes anid witliout-lcibiglimited in its zone it is inilabited by several rare species of animiials like, Oear,wolf, rue, and wild goat.

Lura Park is a small park (1.280 ha) about 60 km to the North East ofTirane. In the nmidstof natural pineforests, tiereareseveral small natural lakes.Flora and fauna in this park are very ricih. Among the identified species ofanimals in this zone are the bear, wild goat and thc eagle.

. iampark round Dalti mouitain (2.1 19 ha) lays only 5-10 km to the Eastof Tirane, at the altitude of 200 - 1.600 mn. Vegetation consists of bushies in thelow parts and forests miainly bcech woods, in the altitude above 1.100 - 1.200nietres.

1 4 Al;liaida: Itcliart ooi 1150irOinuaeital Sitianlion Albaiiia: Report an Environmental Si;ualion 1 5

3, ECONOMIIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMIENT For the extraction of coal, there have been many mines opened nearTirang and in the Southem and South Eastern part of the country. From 1985

The economicand social developmentof Albania upto 1990 followed tie and on, theextracted amounthasbeen morethan 2 million tons/year. Thequalitymodel of centralised economy, based mainly on the exploitation of natural of coals is verypoor becausetheyhave a high percentageofasliesand sulphurresources and raw materials of the country. In the determination of the main (35 °)trends and methods of national developmait, an erroneous economic policywasadopted by having a priority for developing branches of heavy industry, add the Oil extraction in the central southern areas of the countly readhed theproduction of consumption gdods; development of agriculture, on an unfavour- figure of 1.2 million tons per year in 1986, but it fell to I million tons in 1990,able basis of collective ownership and the autarkyprinciple of self-reliance. wiuledieproductionofnatural gases and associated gases of oil since 1985 has

beae approximately 200 million m31year.Since 1986, national inconie has fallen (with the exception of 1989) and

In 1990itwas 93.6 % coinparedto 1986. From 1990theeconomicsituation of Oil, natural gas, and coal are the primary energy resources of Albania.the country has rapidly worsened. Tiis year marked a fall of about 8 % of the Flive roreign companies have been provided licences for off-shore drilling andGross National Product, while in 1991 it was estimated at 'about 50 %. mie exploration in the Adriatic sea.Gross National Product per capita for 1991 was 510 USD.

Albania occupies thethird placein chromium ore extraction (after SouthPresently, Albania is undergoing a difficult transition towards a market Africa and the forner Soviet Union). Since 1980 the extracted amount has

economy. Thec economic reform foresees' macro economic stability and ani- exceeded I nillion tons/year, but the content of Cr203 in the extraded ore, hascrisis measures, to prevaet the filiier aggravation of the situation gradually decreased. The most important mine is located in Bulqiza...

These measures include mieasures of anti-inflation, liberalisation of The iron-nickel ores are extracted in the mines between Libraihd andprices, operations on the activalion of bank deposits, reinvigoration of the Pogradec and the largest mines are in Prrenjas and Gur i Kuq (Pogradec).niarket of consumption goods throughi the abetting of die free market, reactiva-tion of the most viable parts of the economy, especially those whichl would eam The extracted amount of ores readied more than I million tons in 1988-foreign currency, measures for buidget strengtheninig, the iinstitultiolialisation of 1989 and fell to 930 thousand tons in 1990.miarket CCooMythlr0Hpig refonns in ovwnership, bank and credit systemi, rorcigilrade, taxation systeimi, rud ioeasinres for social assistance. Copper ores are extracted in the mines located mainly in the district of

Mirdita, Puka, Kukes, Shkoder, Korpe etc. After the year 1985 the extractedNoexactforecastcanbemadeconcemingthiesedevelopancnts,buit it has amount exceeded I million tons/year and in 1990 it dropped to 933 thousand

been stated that.the national production of 1989 can not be readied prior to tons.1996. The analysis of various economic and social sectors tip to l990 arepresented below. In Albania a number ofother meallic and non metallic ores are extracted

as well as limestone, clay, kaoline, rock salt. pyrite, quartz, dolomite, bauxite.3.1 Mines and gypsumn.

The development of the extracting industry of fuel and ferrous and tiomi Generally, thetechnologyand extractingtechnique ofthese ores, aswellferrous minerals has been one of the main priorities for several decades, as the technology for their enrichnent is outdated, and measures for pollution

control, are not implemented. Because of this, the extraction of resources hascaused serious damage to the environment, although there does not exist an

assessienat or tIIe IeveI of politition.and damage. production of ammonia nitrate at a production capacity of 1 1 0 thousand tons/year (NH., N03) and two plants of urea production at a capacity of 87 thousand

A considerable atount of solid and liquid substances are dischargedinto nand 100 thousand tons/year CO (NH2)1.rivers and lakes,.polluting then1 withi suspended substances and chemicals.Freqtivltly,ttliisliasdegradedlileareasnleartheiiiiiescoverdwillipilesorsoiid * 1C plant of phospilorous fertilizers located in Lac consists Of twowastes, wlitlc (l smina s tdlid selves suffered seriotis probres ot crosionl. factories for the production of superphospiale, each having a production

capacity of 165 thousand tons/year and of two plants for the production ofIt has been estimatod that the amount of solid wastes discharged by SLIlpIluric acid at the capacity of 40 000 tons/year.

enrichmnent factories has been about 1 1.8 miillion tons/year. Thelie plant of Soda and PVC in Vlore initially produced soda ash (Na2

3.2 Entergy CO,) and caustic soda by chemical processes. After that it was extended withfactories for the productions of Ca C2., Cl, and caustic soda byeectrolyses and

Tlie oil and bitunien industry accounted for 5.1 % of tIegross industrial syntheses of PVC. Later the workshops for the production of Na2CO, andproduction in 1990, the coal industry for 1.6 % and electrical energy ror 2.9 % electrolyses were extended achieving production capacities to 40.0 thousand

tonslyearNa,CO,, causticsoda 29.7ithousand tons/year, calcium carbide 10.0

Aboutt 90 % of the electrical energy is generated by hydro power stations thousand tons/year and PVC 6.0 thousand tons/year, as well as small amountsand in normial hydrological years, this amotuit reached 95 . of sodium and calcium hypochlorite.

Thie electric power installed in hiydropower stations is 1.444 MIW, wbile ne Pesticide Factory in Durres has as its main activity the formWationth T i eestallc t power or tliemal power siations is 204 MW. and packagingof many chernicalsfortheprotecion ofplarts from diseases and

pests, mainly on the basis of active imported components.

The production of electrical energy has been wavering from one year.to TheChemical Enterpriseinriranegeneratesniainlypaintsandpigmais.the other. Durinig the decade 1981-1991 the highest production lias been 5.07GWh in 1986 and 3.19 GWh in 1990.

All the chemical fadories mentioned above do not implement measures

3.3 Indu1listry ' for cnviranmental and human health protection.

In 1990, industry accotunted for 58 % of the gross national product, btut Oil refinement is made in the refineries dose to Ballsh, Fier, Cerrik andthe decrease oflheavy inidustrial production in 1991 and 1992 was greater thalnl KuVove and their processing capacity totals 2.7 million tons/year, but actuallythe decrease of overall produclion whichd was 8% in 1990 and about 50 % in they are very little exploited.

1991. Ballshi plant is quite large (processing capacity 1.2 million tons/year)Tbe clmical induistry was developed niainly for production of nitrogae and it deans up sulphur from gasoline and, kerosene and produces aromatic

and phosphale fertilizers, soda ash and caustic scla. PVC, oil and coal hydrocarbon (benzene, toluene).processing, and production of some pesticides and inorganic salts. Tic niain Thereisalsoa complexfortheproductionoflubricantoilsformotorsandproductive coitres or tiie chemical industry are the following:Thriascopefterduonlbiatisomtradindustrial equipment, established near Ballshi Plant. Although they do not

Nitrogeni Fertilizers Plant in Fier whicih incilides a plant for the operate at their full capacity, oil refinery plants still have adverse effects on

In --... , ,

environment. sented bytwoplants forcarbon ferro-chromium smeltingin Burrel and Elbasanat a production capacity of 70 thousand tons/year each.

lf tieywould work at tieir rull capacity, as anticipated in tIiedevelopiiientprogrammes for this sector, serious damages would be caused to the environi- Teindustryofconstruction matedalstogetherwiththeindustryofglassment unless these plants are equipped with special apparatus for the sare and day is anotiher important sector of Albanian industry. It includes manytreatment and removal orgoscous, liquid and solid wastes. factories for the production of cement, ordinary bricks, glass, fire residant

bricks and other similar materials. A special place is occupied by the conentIron and ferro-ciromiinm copper metallurgy occiupies an iiiportanit place factories in Vlore, Fuslie KrujC and Elbasan from the viewpoint of ecomiic

in Hie industrial production of the courtry, but it lhas an adverse cffect on (lie importance, as well as from the level of their impact on environmenLenvironment.

The present production of the cement factories is about 850 thousndThe biggest metallurgical complex, is the Elbasani comxbine, built up in tons/year. The applied tecnology is oudated (the wet process is being used).

1976, with a treatmneit capacity of 800 thousand tons/year of iron-nickel ores. 'Me amount of dusts enitted in the atmosphere from cement factories is vuyhigi (10 % of tile production) and thus, it is one the larged sources of dust

This metallurgical combinie applies a non-erncieit techiology anid its emissions.equipment is outdated. Operating e(Tectivaeess of the treatmenl plant of gisesand dust and water discharges has always been very low, anid thc negative The industry of wood and paper is represented by mhny saw mills,impacts on environmnat have bemn vcryevidaet especially in tihc territorial air enterprises of wood processing and several paper factories. Saw mills exploitinciidingElbasani cityaand the Slikiibin river wierepollution lcvels have been and transport about 160 thousand n1 of fudwood and about 750 thousand m3

very hig,h. wood for industrial processing Te factories for writingand printingpapearelocated in Lezhe, and Lushnje, while in Tirane and Shkodlr there are factories

Mie mncallurgical copper smielters are sd up in Rubik, I;ukes aid Lac, whidi generate card paper. Their production capacity is 9 thousan tons ofwhiere copper minerals or its concentrate obtained in the eirichiictt firctories, printing pa,per, 9 thousand tons of paccaging paper and 11 0WO tons of cardare smelted to blister copper. There are also plants for thennal and electrolytic paper.refineient in Rubik and Lac, each of them geierating 12-14 thouisand tons/yearof electrolytic copper. . Paper factories, especially in Lushnje and Lezhe are great sources of

natural water contamination because their waste waters are direcly dischagedRubik and Kukesi plants apply obsolete siieltingtechnologies and cause without beingtreated sincedeaningup plants ofwaters either do not exist (and

considerable pollution to the environment,.especially pollutiorf of dlie atnios- Lushnje) or do not operate effectively (Lezhe).phere by SO2, because all the gases of the smelting fumaces of ores and of theconverters are directly emitted into the atmosphere without preliminary treat- Liglht and food industry have traditionally been essential sectors in thenient. industrial structure of the courntry. The main facilities of the light indu are

several textile factories which producetextile fabrics and doth, sonielmit-warLaci plant, set up in 1979 has a higher tedmological sophistication. The enterprises, leather processing, and shoe factories.

gases from copper smelting are colleded and processed into sulphuric acid (93%). But the continuous interruption of the work in the plant of sulphuric acid The impact of these textile and leather fadories on environent ishas caused the emission of great amounts of sulphur gases into the atmosphiere. considerable, because they have no treatment plant for discharged wates and

in general, the technology they apply is very old.The ferro-chromiini mdtallurgy is a new branch of metallurgy repro-

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.-.. .

The 7 lcchlanical iidustiry is alsoan impottant branci, wvhoscspecific role income was respectively4 1,8 and 35,9 % despite the prejudicc in the ddcrTni-in t(lc gancral hidtistrial productioni durinig the period 1985-1990 was fairly nation of prices accordingto the systen of planned economy which stimulatedstabic before th1e decline in 1991- 1992. Generally, tllis induistry was oriented the development of other sectors or economy, especially industry It can betowards thc productioni of spare parts, supplies and apparatuses; bit tlhc quiality affirmed that the importance of agriculture as one of thepillars of te nationalof these products has not been satisfactory. economy is considerable and its share in the national income will continue to3.4 Trantsport increase in the shortterm.

ile surface of the arable lands in 1990 was 704 thousand hectares.Tlie mlajority of goods and passaigers transport is perfomied by road. Accordingtosurface area and production valuethe main crops arewheat, comTransport vdhiclcs are very old and mi0ost of theie lhave passed tihe period of and vegetables. Perennial crops (ordiards. olives and vineyards) as wdl asprofitable filunctioninig and this has led to high consumptioin of fuel, frrquiat export cultures(tobacco, cotton. sugarbeet) playa less important role. In 199defects, high maintenance and repair costs and especially to the increase orthe the planted surface of crops occupied 82.2 % of the arable land. orchards 8.5emissioin of pollutant gases. %, olives 6.4 % and vineyards 2.8 %.For all urban and interurban services there are about 15 thousand tnicks During 1970-1990 wheat yidds increased from 15.4 to 29.9 quintalihaand 1 700 buses. Up to 1991 private cars were not permitted, but by the second anid comn fronm 20.7 to 33.5 quinialAha. Nevenhetess, owingto the snall surfacehalf of 1992 about I thousanid trucks were imported or became private. TIhis oragricultural land(aboutO.2hapercapita)thegeneral agricplturalproductionprocess is continting and the number of private cars is rapidly increasing, and in Albania is very low. Production of cercal does not meet the populationby the cnd or 1992 cxceeded 30 thousand. demands for bread throughout the year.

ie first railwayscofTirand-Durres(38 km)and Durres-Elbasan(72km) . Also, some industrial crops do not nieet all the domestic demands and awerebuiltonlyaftcrtileSecondWorld War.1terailwaynetworkofUtecountry certain amount of oil, sugar and cotton besides wheat, is necessary to beis 720 kni, 465 kmi of wlhich are primary routes. imported every year.

During tie years 1985-1986 trie railway connection wi]i, the fonier In I I1Q, thegovemment approved the law on land, according to whichYugoslavia in Titograd was e4tablished 25 kmn away from the Albaniani Border tlic agncultural land.and other property of agricultural cooperatives, began to(Hani i Hotit). Tlhe railway infrastructure and the carriage inventoryare in bad be distnbuted to the members of the cooperatives. This process was 90 %condition, due to lack of inaintenaiice and investment. complete by the end of 1992.Marinetransport isperformed througji 4 harbourswihich ranked accord- On November 1992, the law on distribution of state farms land was alsoingtotheirimportancearetloseof Durres, Vlore, Sarandeand Slienriin. Diirres approved, this process is realised to the amount of about 74 %.seaport is the most importanlt and liandles 2.7 million tons of goods per year.

T:e iUse of fertilizers in agriculture has been relatively high. averaging3.5 Agniculture 200 kgi/ia of cultivated lands ( 1990). This can be partially explained by the lowprice of fertilizers, subsidised by the govemnient and partially by the attmiptsAgriculture, including crop cultivation, husbandry and forestry is the to increase to a maximum the cultivated land productivity which is ratherpredominant productive sector from the view point of anployment and national limited. The main kinds of fertilizers used and produced in Albania are urea,ammonium nitrate, and simple superphosphate.income. In 1990 the place occupied by industry and agriculture in the national

.- - - .. -

,- , --.- ' Albania: Report on EnvironmentAl Sittaioti . 2 3

Also the application of pesticides and herbicdes is higl, average is 9 kg/ ma general livestock production per capita like agricultural productionha. Recently, not less than 70 kinds of pesticides and herbicides have been *Isverylow. hus, recerdly,lessthan70thousandtonsofmeatperyearhavebemproduced and used in the counrly, some of which are very toxic and hazardous. importad to meet the deands ofthe popWation.

A rather dangertus case during 1991-1992 has been the entering under Phe aidpated ctinuous increaseofthin.mberofcattlecancreatepmblansthe mask of humanitaran aid of 465 tons of pesticdes from ex-Eastern forthealvironment in the future, becausethenunber of cattloperha of land isGermany stocks. This amount of harmful expired pesticides has been located now very high.neartheborderandtheirdisposal presentsagreqtproblem and concen, becauseof the lack of technical and financial resources to dispose themn. Th6problern ofthe high densityof sheep and goat inpasturesi also very

serious, because they graze in the forests with bushes and woods which haveFrom the above exposition it is alear that it is quite necessasy to make always bee exploited and, in some cas i oortoited.

sfictontrl overthedosesofagrcultural diemicals, propettiesandtoxicology bof the active comp6nents of several pescides,, so that the healt of thdr users 16 Popullo'n, Health, Educadonbe protected. and the contamination of soil and agrictltural produds andconsequently the diseases and poisoning of men and animals fed on then be From 1970-1990 the Republicbf Albania's populati incraseod fromavoided. Accumulation in the soil.and consequently the contaumination of 2.136millionto3.256million.Thus,therehas Ienanincres'eof morethansurface and ground water resources must be controlled and the possible 50 %.eutrophication of water ways; lakes and coastal waters must be avoided.

'Me average density ofpoptiatfon in 1990 was about 113 inhabitants perLivestock plays an imp6rtant role in providing food for the population km', but it has a great variance according to the districts, from less than 50

wvhich up.to 1989 spent 25-30 % of food expenses for livestock products. inhabitants/uln' in some mountainous distictsto about 300 inhabitantsllaW inAlthough the development of animal husbandry has not been encouraged there tie districts of Tirang and Durres.has bem an increase in the nunmber of heads of cattle (to several thousands)which is shown in the following table. Albanian occupies.thd first place in Europe for the propotion of

population livingin the rural areas, sincethe ratioofrural with urban populationwas 2: 1 in 1980.

The most populated cities of Albania are: Tirane 290 thousand inhabit-x ........ | . | fi X Sants in 1990, DuFsi 1054 00, Elbasan 83300 Shkoder 81 800, Vore 73 00,

4te [' <ris. i 407 . 60 v.Kor 653300,Fierl45200andBerati 43S .

Mhe expectation of life at birth accordingtothe ofricial statistics of 1990.S__eeP.__ a; . A -was 72.2 years. In the age structure, the worldng age group (15-59 years for

.QlOat~ ' , . :'.782 { 810 .'114$ males and 15-54 for females) account for 57.8 %, although the yrung ages

Pigs| -11; il4 17_ 220(under 15 years) comprise 32.6 % of the population.

Poultry 2171. 3491 5259

. .~~~~~~~~~~~~A

2 4

4.1. Soil Erosioii and Deroresla(ionTYPE O[F SCIIOOL 1970 1980 1990

Altiough there exist many problems caused by industrial pollution, onePriiiary school 34600 60400 60500 of Ilhe country's top priorities is soil erosion and deforestation.

Secondary scliool 350() 28000 35500 Thlis situation becomes more serious whien we take into accoumt the fact. ____________________ _________ l ________ tihat the agricultural sector lhas a prevailing role in the country. and problems

H1igh schiool 1613 2877 3990 related to the rapid increase or livestock have to be faced..~~~ -_. - . -

The education l cvcl of thc populationi has gradually increased in tie citics The poor management, illegal cutting and overgrazing of forests, as welland countryside and it can be said that today Albaniia has a good level or as inappropriate methods or forest and soil iianagenent are tie main causes orCdtlcation. mlic numiiber of pupils and studenits wlio have been graduated in the pheniomienlon of erosion. It is spreading more and more and it is beingvarious schools according to years is presented below: intaisifiedin iimaniyhillyandmouwitainousregionsofttecountrywherelandsare

miore subject to erosion due to the irregular relief, great slopes and abundantPresently.Albania lIas 7 tniversities, one Academy of Fine Arts and one rainfalls( 1800-2000 mm/year)whicli often areciharacterisedbya veryerosive

Highi Instittile of Phiysical Educationi attcaded by 22 643 studeiis and 515 power.general and professional secondary scliools attaided by 102 690 ptipils.

Extremclv grave is the situationi in 21 % of thie cotu try's forests, theThne scicetific researchi activity is carricd OUI by 12 instiliutes majority of wlicid is located in the districts of Berat Elbasan, Skrapar. Permet

whicl are inicluded in tlie Academy oIrScicnces set up in 1972, as well andTirane.wlerethedensityoftreecrownisverylow(uptoO.4). Tbeseforestsas by 50 otdler inistitutionis deleicdanit on various miiiistries wliicih cain not play any more the role of protecting the soil from erosion and unlessperfonm sciciliic rcsearcih in the field of applied scicnces. measures for the rdiabilitation of these areas are taken. they will become

noni-produictive zones and reduce forest resotirces.

4. ENVIROINMENTAL SITUATION4* ENVIRONNIENTAL SITUATION Also, the situation of 3 1 % of other surface areas of forest which have atree crown densityof O.5-0.6, will become critical unless adequatemeasures areundertaken. Erosion in these areas is quite evident and in order to reduce soilerosion. relevant measures should be taken.

Tlhe phenomena of erosion are noticed also in the districts of Diber.Elbasan, Pogradec, Kor;d. Tirane, Shkoder, Beral. Bajram Curri and Fierwhere orchards are intensively cullivated on sloping terraced lands. Thbe poordesign and tmainteriance of terraces and inappropriale practices of cultivationhave led to the increase of erosion. whidc in some places is very intensive anddestructive.

About 300 thousand ha of forests and buishes, mainly in the mountainsand hilly regions have been tuined into cultivated lands and pastures, wito

taking preventive measures against erosion.Tie miin air pollutaiU in urban areas are SO2, dust and sooL It has becn

It has been estimated that Albania loses every year 1.5 mm of soil and in estimated that only about 7 % of- the total amount of SO, emitted in tdesome zones of high erosive intensity, this value readies 4 to 7 mm. atmosphere belongs to the domesic sources, another 7 % to transport vhides

and the remainder from industry. Also, about 11 % ofthe emission of dust andMassive deforestation in the plains and low hilly zones has also caused soot comes froth city sources and 9 % from tnspor vehides.

Ithe impoverishment of biocenoses and destruction of biotopes. Woods like elm,maple and ash are almost extinct and negative impacts are noticed even in oak The main source of urban pollution is buring of fud for industrial andwoods. communal purposes, i.e.,domestic heating and cooking

The main industdal fuds are coal and oil whidh have high composition4.2 Air Pollution of sulphur. The technological systems and supplies for their buring are

outdated which leads to the pollution of S02, soot and ashMie majority of the country has no obvious air pollution, but this

phenomenon is felt in industral areas and in the largest cities.4.1 Water Polution

The low techinological level of the existing industries has contributed tothe emission of large amowits or harmfiul gases (like SO2, H, SO4 mist, CO, Theecoomiocdevedopmentofdecountry,basedontheapplicaionofddNH3, NOx, smog) and dusts in the atmosphere. tecinologies, the increase of utilisation of fetiliws and pestiddes in agdcul-

ture, and the increase of dties, along with the neglection of the anvironmatFew systematic programmeshavebeen prepared todeterminetheatmos- issues, has led to the progressive increase of the amount of polluted water

pheric pollutants, not even for a short period of tde year. Moreover, in many discharged into surface waters.cases the special measurements carried out by institutes were not associatedwith meteorological elemnets. Industry discharges about 250 million m3/year waste waters whidc

contain more than 30 kinds of pollutants.Theindustrial centreswherethe largest amount ofairpollution have been

noticed are Kukes, Rubik, Lac, Elbasan, Tirane and Vlore. The main industries The mines of copper ores and their enrichment factories in Fush Arrez,which cause air pollution are copper metallurgy (Kukes, Rubik, Lac), cast iron Reps, Kurbnesh discharge large amotnts of solid matter in the rivers of Fani iand steel metallurgy (Elbasan), chemical industry (Fier, Vlore, Lac, Tirand) Madcl and Fani i Vogel.cenent factories (Kruj5, Elbasan, VMore), thermal power stations wAiich usecoal as fuld (Elbasan, Tirana, Korce) and oil extraction and refinement (Ballsli, liug oil extraction industry discharges 1.4 million m3/year of pollutedFier, KuqovG, Cerrik). water wicih contain 150-300 mg/l of hydrocarbons.

In theworkingenvironment ofsomeoftiheindustrial centres, airpollution Oil refineryplants (Ballsh, Fier, Cerrik) discharge 50 million m/year ofwhich exceeds the admissible levels poses a risk to the workers' health. waters polluted by oil products, sulphur, phenols and oeher chemicals.

Airpollution from transpor and domestic sources observed in tie largest Some industrial enterprises dischargetheir contaminated waters directlycities is mudi less than the pollution caused by industry. into coastal waters. Out of five paper factories (in; Shkoder, Lezhe, Tirane,

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Kavajc, anld Lushlinjc) only Lczhe factory has a wastc water treatmael plant sulphliur. Tihe. frequen1t curraits whiich blow in this zone disseminate largeoperating by a burning process, but ,tiis plant frequently does not operate. quantities of theii in the whole tcrritorv and causc respiratory diseases lo the

population of the town.Every day thc paper industry discharges about 30 tons of organic

substanices intotiesea. Lcz2iefactorydiscl1arges into tliesea abotit 500 iis3flsotir Urban solid wastes (0.4 kg/capita/day) are collected and transported inof polluted waste waters per hour contaminated with fibres and organIic open vehicles to special areas. After the preliminary selection of inorganicsubstances. Tlie amotunt of the discharged waters from wood and cclilulosc (glass, nictallic) aidplasticsubstances,theorganicpart isleft bogd dried inthefactories in Lac is 50-70 m3/h'our, and in Luslhnje up to 300 ns'Aiouir. Tle open and to be used later as composted maniure.chemlicical demanid ror oxYgCii in tie paper industry's dischiarged waters is 400mlig o0A. A similar Field fortihetreatiiuent orftilan waste(capacityabout 100 on/

clay) is located only 20 kni away fromil Tirane. close to the Erzeni river.The plant of soda and PVC in VlorC discharges into (lie sca or in (lic

territory close to tlie scaside, contaminated waters froii suspended matter. Solid wastc management is a great problemi on a national scale. Sincemercury, vinyl chloride, natriutii hypoclilorite and alkalis whlicil causc conisicl- collectioni is limited, and the general population oflen disposcs wastc in ancrable polluttioi to tilhe zone nearby the plant. uncontrolled manner solid waste of industrial and uiiban origiyn are usually

deposited and stored withlout any treatment or controls. in relation to theAgreat coicen is alsolihcdischiargeofcomnuruia waters wiich hias iighsl protection of the surrounding environment. Very oftcn. the disposal places are

bacteral substances and( considerable values of BOD. Untreated waters are located nicar the seC or river, and in tlhis way they may causc uncontrollablcdlirectlydischarged into rivers and lakes, while in coastal cities tirban waters Rlc contamlillation of water. On the otiher hanid, worth meniioning is thc possibilityvery often discilarged near tlhc beaches and inihabited ccntrcs. of tlhe solid waste interaction with groundwater of phrcatic zones.

4.4 Solid Wanstes 4.5 Tlreats to Diodiversily

Manyofrite solid wastes disciarged byllie iiduistryof imines ietaliluigy Fromi 1970-1991 the genitic fund of wild plants and aninmals hasand other indtistries, as wcll ds urban activities, cause envir onmuental olluttioll experienced slight changes. Concemiiig the spontaneous plants no extinction ofand dey adation. species has been noticed, but nattirallytlieir arca has been narrowed in the zones

.where new agrictiltuiral lands have beeii cultivated. Generally speaking, thisIn general, chelicical plants (witi the exceptiol1 of the Nitrogen Ferlilizer flora reiains rich and diverse.

Plant in Fier)generatelargcquanltitiesof solid wastewhich arecollected in largcpiles withouit any prcliminary treatment. Some of these wastes contaiin toxic In relation to fauna, dianges are more evident. Th1us, many fuir animalconmponenits. species have been decreasing, becauscof illegal hunting On the otherhand, due

to tile violation of huntilng regulations and use of prolhibiled means, rare andThe Soda aind PVC Plant in Vlore discharges about 10 tilouisanid tons/ threatened animals likewildgoat. fawr,jackal. wildcat. and themountaineagle

year of solid wastes, mainly sludge which has various percalnages of CaCO,. have been killed.Ca(OH)j, NaCI, clay and gypsumii.

Tihe Plhospliatic Fertilizers Plant in Lac generates about 32 tlhouisanld . As a result of reclamation activities in the low coastal zones. thetons/year of solid wastes nnd dust, whicil contain various metal oxides, and. appropriate environmeiat for the reprodutctio. stay and hibemage of authenlic

water fowl anid imigratory fowls (especially lhuntinig rowls like lienis, wild goose situation lias been discontinued as a result of the evident lack or nmeasuringand s ipshas been reduced. ilie damiage of these areas lhas also r-eduiced (lie eqimn,saeprsadraet.Nevertheless, the impact or CO, heavy

atnootit of preciouis rislh like mnullet anid skate. Damages of aqua1tic rauna are mietals, pesticides, other chenical conmponenits and noiseliavecaused problemsnoticed downstreaniofthecrivers ofGjanice, Senman, Slikunibinj irane, Fan and to the workers,Mat, because of the inidustrial and urban pollution.

As a result of the above mentioned environmental factors, in the ServiceWhile, in the upstream of the Slkunmbin river, tierehlave beeni 12 specics or Professional Diseases in Tirane 6.741 sick persons were hospitalised from

identiried, in its downstrearn al-e idenitiried ontly 4. In Vlore Bay, as a rcstult of 1976-1990. Diseases of the respiratory systemi are prevailing and thieir mainthe waste,discdiarges or Soda and PVC Planit, ictic anid beitioniic famin lhave Mause is the great numitber of working places exposed to duist, and tlhe ionigycarsbeen damnaged and there hiave beaui sipus of algie developuinat. In Drinii bay. of work in the same profession.species like pra%n anid StLurgeoin have becomie rathier scarce.

The samie situation pe-tains to the grave damages of hearing caused byFawia lias suffered pattial damiages as a result of thie nion-rationial the higji level of industrial noises. For exaniple, in a group of workers of the

exploitation, of somie fatma grotipiings which are used miainily for expott like textile induistry that have been working for iiore than 1 0 years, the number ofsnails, green frogs anid coastal oysters. workers suiffering fro:ii liearing damiages was about 30 %

Thbese adverse phienomien'a can be reduced and kept tinder conitrol in (liefuture only through thenmonitoring roflice evironment anidtieredtuction ofrlie 5.ENIVIRONNIEZNTAL MANAGEMENTpollution of the aturrace area.

Even in women workers professional diseases and health inju-4.6 Occupa(ioiial liestlilt atid Safety ries fronm toxic substances are frequent and have impacts during the4.6 Occupatioumal health and Safety ~~lactation period by causing malformation of foctus, and mnorbidity of

The applicationi of outdated teclinologies in miost of thie inidustrialbai.activities has caused problems to time occupational miicro environmiient anld hiasliad adverse effecs on the heal(h of vadious categories of workers.

Problems of professionial diseases hiave been cauised by thec presence oftoxic gases and vapours by miodirication of physical paranmeters (nloise, vibra-(ion, temperature, relative humidity) and by sclerogenic dusts. Problemls existinthe indoorenvironment, aswell as in tlegenueral environment and poseadthreatto the people exposed to excessive heat.

The technical infonnationi collected in relation to thie exposuire to noiseand sclerogenic dust (working environnient) and in relation to the concentrati onof indus'trial pollutants of air in urban areas (whicdh have inidustrial activities)

can not be considered comipletely valid due to the lacks in niethodology andmecasurements techniques. Reccntly, time follow-up of the mionitorinig of tlie

licences, depending on the occasion shall be closed down, interrupted orThncaimi oftriecvironilmental policyofAlbania istoprcscrveand eiliance discontinued totallyor patially.

the s.tate of envi ronnient in stich a way t1at: The Albanian legislation foresees important duties also for thpreserva-

- existing environinenital damiage will be.reduced and clitinal; tion and protection of the soil. The law no.7501, July 1991 obliges natural and- lharm to people, animals, plants and the environment will be prevaited: legal persons whohaveobtained agricultural land astheirproperlyor utilise it,- spaces for tie developtitait of ftiture gencrationis and various wildlife to exploit it only for agricultural purposes, protect and increase the productiveand natural lanidscapes, be opcned, preserved and extenided. capacities and engage in practices to protect the land.

5.1 Eitvirotimatental Lcgislation The law "On forestry" dated 25.6.1968, amended by the law no. 6727.dated 29.1.1983 andthedecreeno.7441,dated 1.12.1990establishesimportant

Past environmiental protection legislation has beei very dcficielt. The regulations for forests management and protection. The state forests aredccree no. 5105, datcd 30.10.1973 can be considered as thec first legal act for nmanagedbytheMinistryofAgriculturethroughitsforestsenterprises.ThislawdnviroeIeanlal protcctioI. N3 vert7eless, teis act was ncvcr efiorced aisl icarty establishies regulations for the increase and improvement or forests and theirall cconomic actapttiis carned out aflertlie approval of this a s ecrechiave emitted exploitation forwood material andgrazing Theopeiingofroadsandthesingand discargcd polluating subistanices ablove thpcir admissibl lcrcelsv up of various quarries will be made only after the permission of the forestsenterprises.

hlic new law " On Enviroineiaital Protection " wlhichl was approved bv(the Parlidmect in Jaimiary 1993, was conipiled on ilic basis of Itic legislation or . S and Institutional Organhatimndiffereit European couitries and consultation with experts of inlernatiolialorgonlizationis stucli as dile World Bank and UNEP.

*us o B a. Up to the year 1985 there existed the Central Commission for Environ-The niew lav's goals are Itie prevention and reduction of pollution. mental Protecion in the Ministry of Health, but with the sharpening of the

conscrvation of the biodiversity specific to the natilral biogeographical back- environmental problems it became a Commission on the dependence of theground oftil cotuntry, rational managemilenit of nattral resources and avoidancc Council of Ministers headed by the deputy Prime Minister.of their ovcr cxploitation. ecological restoration of the areas damilaged fronrlhunian activities ornatural destructive phcluoniaea, prcscrvation orfite ccologi- Aio ftecrae the Committe oenronme nta5 P atid P.roteconmis-cal balance and of the quality of life, amid maintenance and imti pirovemilait of tilc sion became the Commitee or Environmental Preservation and Prdection asenvironment, a collegial and decisive body under the Council of Ministers. After theestablishment of the Democratic Government in April 1992, the Minmstry of

Tlis law foresees for tle fi rst tinie procedLureTor envirotnimmtal inmpact Health and Environmental Protection was created. The Committeeof Enviir-Thies illtaw foresees fortltefigalors fortlproedurectorandatroncnal impactha mental Preservation and Protection is th central body in the Republic ofassessmienit (EIA) which are obligattory for all projects amid activities wliichi have Albania responsible for environmental issues.significanit impacts on the cnvironillent or ate particularly dangerotis to humilanihecalthl. The duties and responsibilities of the Committee of Environmetal

Tlic new law on environimenital protection compels all natuiral and legal Preservation and Protection are the following:persons who develop economilic and social activities wliich influencc or miay - It defines thegovemmental strateg in th field of enviroment, coordinatesilce e eviroet, to get licences fro the resposible autorities. theconrollig fcon of ministries, othercentral institions and loca alo-Existing activities whlichi do not suibitii to the conditions for elvironmenital

3 4 ISaenii:en: nciIeiir earn &.rnr,nivar namwanarrs.Mrnuaauon rIBhIhSIIId. 1%c:jl a t£sllds A1.1lYlUtAIEEEEugnhsfes '.i_ .

ties. Figure 1 - THE STRUCIrE OF TmE Co ItAffME OF TilEENVIRONMMENTAL PRESERVATION AlND PROTECTION

- It organizes the monitoring of pollution on a national scale and proposescbncrete steps to be tndertaken for the protetion of air, water and soil purity MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND ENVIRON__E_AL PROTEC _*Nand gendoic fund of the country.

CEPP- It detenmines tlie main policics and defines priorities in investments to protect CHAIRMANthe environmint, which are consistent witl economic and social developmnatand real possibilities of lIhe coltlry. r -- i r---------

Legal OfTice | Directories 1 1 Air Pollution- Il approves the admissible limits of gascous, liquid, solid and radioactivc _ Air _ualiq _ _ Ipollutant sutbMsanices disclharged in tihe water, air and soil as well as admissible War Quaitylevels of the hannfuil and toxic substances in hazardous waste and substances. WaWeerQulliiy

Preseitly, the Committee of Environmental Preservation and Protection has a limited staff of seven experts and it is assisted by consultancy groups Orspecialists of differaet ficids from Luliversities, research institutes and minis- Natural Reswrcestries. Nevertheless, the Committee of Environnieatal Preservation and Protec- Naure Resoures ediontion will not be able to perform its finctions tuless it is abkc to recruit additional N reesourcesspecialists. Soil Soil Rehbilition

Rehabilitation. _ __ __ 1

The Commitltec ofEnvironmental Preservation and Protection could act Solid And I Forw"more indepeidently and would have more enforcement power if it would be Hazardous Wasteseparate from tdie Ministry of Health and Environmental Protection and be Managenun _attached to tie Council of Ministers. Tiis has been the opinion of nationial and Soid Vte

intemational specialists who know well the environmental problems in Albaniaand they have suggested to the highest state bodies that the status or theCommittee of Environmental Preservation and Protection should be carefully National Haadw Waereviewed to secure in the future its independence and impartiality. Infomation Ma e l

I System for ||- 'Mere exist no organisations of environmental protection at the local Envronmet N |N If _

level.,Mdissituation demands not onlytherestructuringandstrengtheningof I Enironmental i stem oEnithe Committce of Environmental Preservation and Protection, but also Ihe Aslmentestablishment of relevant structires at the local level. Figure I provides the Planningandstructure of the Committee or Environmental Preservation and Protection Finmci Ass Ime I

(CePP). I_4_

'Te scicntific research studies in the environmbntal field are carried out -_ ____Financing Iby tile Academy of Sciences, Committee of Science and Tecinology and

Uniivcrsitics. -lThe first and the most aclive NGO is the Organization for the Prma-tion and Protection ofNatural Environment sdup in iJue 1991. It has morethanThte institoite of Hydroiacateorollogyotlie Acadel11yOrSciccs dells 300 membersfromuliversitiesandresearchinstiites. liis NGOhas brxheswitil thc iionitoriiig of air and watcr pollution. It has a national network of in several districts in the couniry and a youlh section (The Pearl) of studems.stationis for taking watcr samples, especially in tlhe miailn rivers to nica tare Ihe OtierNUOshavealso been establisied. forexampletheOrgnizationofFowflevel orpollutioni. There exist iio fixed stations in lakes and samilples are taken and Wild Animal Protedion, Ecoclub, Association of Environmeral Doctors.only on thfe spot. Research studies about pollution have been perfonied in Association of Decorative Flowers, and Association of HIZionists and theirButrinli and Prespa lakcs. Also Karavasta and Narta lagoolns hlave beel studied activities are increasing every day.about thc increase of salinatio,,, values of pH, and level of oxygen. 111eequipmetnt used for tliese purposes was outdated. *.3 International Cooperation

Tie Commiittee of Science and Tecihnology tliroughl its network of '1ie policy of isolation followed by the ex-communis regime deprivedresearch institiutes also carries out studies related to environmenit in tihc field or Albania of internatioral cooperation necesary for emironmental protetio.agriculture, niines, geology and construction. Only after 1990 and especially after the coming into power of the DemocraticGoverment new steps forward were made in this fidd. At the same time, theT1te Facullty or Natural Sciaices in (fie University of Tirania perromnis benerits of this cooperation were ridtstuidies in tie ficld of threats to biodiversity, chemical analytical aspects ofpollution, as well as tie physical, diemical and technological aspects of waste In June 1990, Albania ratified the Barcelona Convion vAile inwater treatment. lie studies for the degradation of land and soil erosion are October 1991 it ratified Espoos on "Envirome pacl Assed t inperforninod by the Gcography Dep 'iemt ini tie Faculty of HIistory and Transboundary Context". Also, Albania is a party in the Adniatic InitiativPhiilology. wlilch foresees cooperation in the emironmenlal fidd between the criies ofthe Adriatic like Italy, Slovieia, Croatia, Albania and GrecThe Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology supervises and manages hC

studies about the level of toxic substances in the air and water in urban areas, 1n cooperation with UNEP and the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) incontrolling of drinking water supplies and the system of the urban watcr Athens,theprojectformonitoringofthepollutionintheAdriaticandlimansedischarges. and the main river mouthswhich are discharged into them, has alreadysartedIn the frame of the Barcdona Convenion CEPP and UNEP Fsall can out ati e Research y litinustr ofi emical Technologys arries o. studics abo studyon Coastal Area Managemat Program (CAMP)CwWi aaims atpmothc invcntory Of liquid inidustrial and urban discharges. the sustainablea evdevelopment of ano economic activities in ths zone In cdPea-,tion with METAP somne assessment programi of the environatal sihtuaic9 ie airsc non-gove,mine ental organizations (NGO-s) werc created during financed by the World Bank (WB) arnd European Co'uniies (EC) will be1991. Lbey are free, independent,non governmenlal organizalions whic dlo lot performed.have official functions. Nevertheless, they develop fnniiful activiticsin thcfilddof environmental protection. Tliese organizations conduct infoniationi caim- Anoher aspect of international coeration are the numerous mnissipaigns about environmental protection fromi industrial and urban pollutioni, coming to Albania from important org;nizations like EC, WB, UNDP andpreservation of nature and biodiversity, protection of hum1an lhealtli from European Bink for Reconsudion and Devdopmnt (EBRD) w'idd havepollution. They also, organize scientific activities, conferences, television carmied out studies about the nironmeial protection in Albania. he mosprograms and publishi articles about the environment. important and comprehWnsive study is the awirtnmental review and stategystudies carried out by the WB. This study will constitute the teduical

dIoctin1eitatiott to support die Albaniian govenineiet's eflotts for the inmprove- Bradly speaking, there are three categories of instnmuneis or ilteFvew-miiien ofanvi ronntiental conditionis and establislinent of the basis for its National lions which the Government will use for promnotinig environmental and naturalEniviroiiniauetal Actioni Plan,. resource managenent. Tbese include:

A. Institutional Measures;5.4 Fiinancial Resouirces for tite Environmental Policy B. Indirect Inttrenutions; and

C. Direct Interventions.So far, in Albania there lias been no assessment or die environimental

expenses, buit is clear tliat the inpplementation ar the futitre programs and Institutional measures include measures such as training, increasing theprojccts, in die context at a national environmental strategy will need greater nurnberof staffworkingvneavironment, anddhangasinthelegal andregUlatoryfunds. Thecse funds will be created by tie entorccnient at taxes and tees tar thc framework governing environmental and natural resource nmanagnemat; indi-poillution as foreseen in the existing law which obliges legal and natuiral personls rect initerventtions inidude policy intervenitions whichi are noL direiy aimfed atto pay tar thia damiages caused to tile environnment. Thuis, the application aftthe enmironmnental management but can still yield substantial environmeta ben-priniciple ot "the polltiter pays" will guarantee that the real ecological casts or cruts (e.g., renoving subsidies which encourge wasteful resource consump-every activity whichi influtence the enviroinment are paid for. tion); and direct interventions indudethosemteasures aimed at specfifcenviron-

mental problems (e.g., coastal zone mmoangemeintdustzal air pollutionAnothier soturce tar the creation oftan environmental ftnd will be service abatement, and water and sewerage treatmert).

tarifrs like, far exaniiplc the expenises ot EIA when this impact is niegative,environmental taxes for environmientally unsowid prodticts, tar coal extraction, The country's challengewill beto find the appropriatenlix ofgmtJl yt)eanid production of fertilizers, and othier miaterials. Thie necessary funids for ofinstruments.Giventhelimitedamountofresourcesavuilableforenvironamr-enviroinmental protectioni especially for thec pollutioni caused in the past by tal management and investment, Albania has to focus its initial efToits aninduistrial activities, will be secur6l trom the central government, institutional strTngtheningand indirectpolicyintervwtionssincetheearelikely

to yield tar more benefits with lower costs. Work carried out under theIn the present period of economic reromni in Albania when thie riniancial Environmental Action Program for Central and Eastern Europe has danmn-w

state is very delicate and the country depends a great deal on foreigni aid, tile strated tiat thisis the most cost-effective approach to improvirngenvirorunentalconitribution provided by initernational organizations in addrcssinigthc enivironl- and natuiral resource managemnent.

iiiental roblems i Albania,is of parniount inportance.To efTectively tacdde its environmental problemns, fte Govemment firtwill needto address the economiic, legal, regulatory, and institutional frameworkgoverning environmental managemnent. These are the building blaclCs tpewhich further environmental initiatives will need to be based. Once these

6. SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS measureshave beentaken, moredetailed efforts can be madein otheareas suchas:

I. Restructuring economic incentives to encourage more efriciat re-source utilization by remnoving subsidies for fuelwood, electricity, coal, andwater;

2.Careful preparation of invironmental legislation which would inude

general laws conenming protection of the cwvironini,etit amid spccific laws, Allninia: Report on Environmntal Situation 41rcgullations, and standards (e.g., air, water, toresls);

3 .Institutional strcngtlierinigofthc Commniitlec for En\' onmclntnl Protec- - the supervisioni ofthe forests situation and soil erosionbytaling measures forLion and Prcservalion (CEPP), since it has primary responsibility for implcmcn- the tilediate intemrption of illegal cbtti ri of forests and tiesubstittion fortatioti of envirolitiletinal policy and overall environmiental management in the tilizationofwoodforheatin& andbycaringoutudiafdrnstnlaltsAlbantia and the establisimnint of thie regional environmental prolecioll units. for the prevention of soil erosion caused by natural pheomena and human

activities.4. Strengtheninig ol' other govenmment institutions whlich) hlive enviroul-ntental responsibilities (e.g., Forestry Directorate in lie Mirlistiy of Agricul- -predseassasmentofthenaturalaitodstpontsaI oftheAs banian Coatalture, thc Ministiy of Constriction, Housing, and Territorial Planninlg, and thle Areaswherithemostimpomt antforreuire estsmotsrforesom inthenearaftureMinistry of Industiy, Mining, and Energy). siould take into account the reqtirements for environmental prtbdial.BecIllse environmexnial management cTPabilihiesarcseverelycohisiriilo(I Tle most imporant goals of the long term strategy are the regenraonby btidgd cousterints lld til iclainis orti economic Iransitio lcixlic of damaged and polluted zones and complete implanentation of two meda-reviye acid reassissilnst o of trlat can s rcalisticallybe trwi) b llic nisms wiiich guiarantee the enironmental preservation to the level of Europeana rsc eo hcrisallY becdhieved will be requiredl. standards.

6.1 Prioritics orldie Presenit Enviroui,etilal Policy Special topics of this strategy will indude:

The economic refonit towards a iarket econoniy aiid tie replaccillient o - tle preparation and implementation of a clean up programme for theinfrastnicture and tie existing backward industry will reiiirc tilC developmes,t restorationoftlhedamaged andhighlypolluted zones,throughtheestablishmentand implementatioti of best strategies for environniental 1i1anageineit aind of cleaning up plants, and rehabilitation and reconstruaion of industrialprotection. Inthiscontext,itisimsporant toappropriatelybalaiicetheshorterm facilities and also the closing down of industral activities.rehabilitation actions and preventive medium and long temi measures. tde implementation of enimmnentally-sotnd products and environmetally-

Among the special topics of the short tenn strategy and th eilergency friendly technologies and services, induding thermral energy system, agrict-measures plan are: ture, diffTrent branches of industry, construction, and transport, and- organization orpollutioii monitoring in industrial and urban areas near 8icn, - the de6elopment of environunental knowledge and increased public pauticipa-by establising the admissible standards of pollution for productiveenterprises, tion in civironnental issues.which pollute the awvironment.

- organization of monitoring of urban pollution and environmental sitluation,especially in the large cities including here air pollution from SO., CO, NO%,

dust, hydrocarbons, and water contamination from industrial and urbandischarges.

43 Nb

Annex 1 ALBANIA: NATiONAL ENVInONMENTAL- ACTION PLAN - DETAILED PLAN OF ACTION

ThemeITopicflssue Responsible Counterpart Recommended Actions and Options RequiredOrganization Donor Resources

Organization Short-Term Medium-Term Long-Term0-1 yrs 1-3 yrs 3-5 yrs

1 PRICING POLICYAND ECONOMICRESTRUCTURING

Pricing Policy Mlnistry of Economy World Bank/IMF Raise price of Begin to develop Ensure thatfuelwood to 50X of system of charging economic pricingcost-covering Irvel for solid and principles are

hazardous waste followed so thatRaise price for non- disposal, and prices for naturalhousehold electricity wastewater treatment resources and wasteto cover costs and discharge disposal services

increase to reflectRaise price of Raise prices of increasing supplykerosene to 50X of the fueltood, domestic costs, cover futlproducer price electricity, coal, costs of supply and

and water to full- services, and areIncrease water prices cost recovery levels adjusted forto reduce demand and inflationincrease self- Remove any remainingfinancing capability stbsidies for Reduce reliance onof water enterprises kerosene rationing of

supplies of waterand energy, andIncrease relianceon market

:_____________--_______ ________________________ instruments

Privatization Ministry of Economy World Bank/IMF Begin privati2ation Continue Completeand restructuring privatization and privatization and

National Agency of program for targe restructuring restructuringPrivatisation enterprises, taking program for large program for large

Into account Issues of enterprises and enterprisesenvironmental continue carryingliability and clean-up out envirormentalof any past poltution atudits as an

integral part of theindust r ialrestructuringprocess

EB ......

'.: ThomeJTopiclissue Responsible Counterpart Recommended Actions and Options Required;'., . Organization . Donor Resources

Organization Short-Term Medium-Term Long-Term0-1 yrs 1-3 yrs 3-5 yrs

Environmental Liability Ministry of Economy EC Pass legislation Establish clear Develop andand Foreign Investment Ministry of Justice ensuring that implementing implement policies

CEPP envirornental regulations and to encourageliability for past guidelines foreign investmentpollution damages is concerning and promoteborne by the environmental linkages betweengoverrwent, so as not liability, and carry emerging foreignto discourage out environmental and domesticprivatization audits to assess copanies to

past pollution from providestate enterprises environrentalbeing considered for services

____________________________ ______________________ ________________ _ __ __ prilvatization_at_ _ _ _

Priority Setting CEPP and Sectoral Develop general Adjust overall Develop progrma for

Ministries enviromrental policy envirorgental secondary prioritystatement with priorities in light areas whilecriteria for setting of improved continuing topriorities, and use Information and adjust focus andadopted criteria for continuing changes erplasis on overallsetting program in economic prioritiespriorities within the restructuringNational Envirormental effortsAction Plan

Ensure environmentalconcerns are Revise sectorrecognized In the Implementation of policies on adesign of.new sector new sector policies periodic basis topolicies which fully reflect reflect changes In

principles of krnioledge andenvironmental Informotionprotection and pertirwnt tosustainable envirormental

:.. . ~~~~~~development protection and

- __________________ _____________________ developmntsus eal n tabldv o ent

.. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I ., . ...

: ' . '. ' '. '

*~~~ ...... l ;,

. ;^', 'S . *-s . ,. !; ' ~~~~~~~~~~~~.9'.*1 '.I J *. i.

45

Theme/Topic/lssue Responsible Counterpart Recommended Actions and Options Required.1Organization Donor Resources

Organization Short-Term Medium-Term . Long-Term0-1 yrs 1-3 yVi 3-5 yrs

2 LEGAL ANOPEruAJLTORYFRANEUIRK

Envirormental Legislation CEPP, Ministry of Ec Prepare clear Prepare specific Finalize 25 thousand SBasic Law Strategy Justice, and guidelines for legislation (to be preparation of

Sectoral Hinistrids drafting legislation co-signed by CEPP) draft legislationconcerning In the areas of ihich has not beeninstitutional roles forestry, bold and coqpleted midand responsibilities, hazardous waste review legislationmonitoring and management, use of to Identify gapsenforcement, agricultural and newrequirements for chemicals. issues/topicstareasenvironmental Impact irrigation water, which will be needassessments, revised air and water to be addressedpotlutien charges and quality, coastalpenalties, and zone management, andenvironmental conservation of

| _________________________ ____________________ financing natural_resources ____________________ fi a c ngn t ra___r e

Environmental Regulations CEPP. Ministry of EC Begin revlew of Prepare implementing Revise implementing 25 thousand Sand Standards Justice, and envirormental regulations and regulations to take

Sectoral Ministries regulations and standards in the into accountstandards to identify treas of forestry, effects an qualityareas whlch must be solid and hatardaus If air, water,addressed once new wnste management, soil, flora aidenvironmental use of agricultural fauna, and huinlegislation is passed chemicals, health

Irrigation water,Adopt Interim air and waterstandards and quality, coastalcompllance schedules tone management, ndto govern industrial conservatiwon ofinvestment and natural resources

l ___________________________ ______________________ ______________________ rehabih l tation

4 6 ..46,.~~~~~.

ThemelTopicl/ssue Responsible Counterpart Recommended Actions and : Options ReqLiredOrganization Donor * Resources

. - . . O,rganization -Short-Term Medium-Term Long-Term0-1 yrs 1-3 yrs 3-5 yrs

Air Standards CEPP, Ministry of EC, Uorld Health Begin review of Develop anbient air Inple nt rww 2S thousawd SHealth, Ministry of OrganloatIon existing ambient air quality staniards. mient air qualityTransport, Ministry qunlity standards and and point-source standardsof industry, point-source emission emisslon limitsMining, ard Energy limits which are realistic

and enforceable

Develop regional air Irplement regionalmanagement air *na9gmentstrategies, based on strategies andpermitting system permitting systenswhich establishes focusing n mastspecific emission seriously affectedlimits so that residential areas

aliient air qualitystandards can bemet, and establishwarning systems for

__ _ ___________________ larger cities

water standards CEPP, Ministry of EC, World Health Begin rrvlew of Develop ambient Implement new 100 thousandSHealth, ministry of organization existing ambient water water quality ambient waterConstructlon, quality standards and standards, and quality standardsMinistry of point-source effluent point-sourceindustry, Mining, limits effluent lifitsand Energy which are realistic

and enforceablelplement

Develop system of permitting systempermitting for for industrial ndindustrial and manicipal water;micipal water pollution, focusingpollution which Is first on mostconsistent with seriously affectedambient standards residential areas

47

homelToplclssue Responsible Counterpart Recommended Actions and Options RequiredOrganization Donor Resources

Organization Short-Term Medium-Term Long-Tenm0-1 Yrs 1-3 yrs 3-5 yrs

ste Standards CEPP, Ministry of EC, World Health Issue regulations on Develop and issue Develop aid SO thousand SHealth, Ninistry of organization ltport, collection, regulations iple.entConstruction, storage, concerning the regulations aimedHMnistry of transportation, and location, at minimizing theIndustry, Mlning, disposal of hazardous construction, and mixing ofand Energy uastes operation of norMazardous and

mfunicipa landfills hazardous wastes

forcement CEPP, MlnistrV of EC, Bilateral identify regulatory Develop standards Full enforcement 200 thuusandSJustice Assistance priorities and for monitoring and and coepilance with

information needs, In enforcement, applicableorder to sVstematize effective permitting standardsrisk assessment systems, capplance (especially forrelated to selective schedules, and primary polluters)enforcement of identifying patternsregulations of non-compliance

Initiate preparatory Develop conflictwork, including resolution processes Conflict resolutiontraining and including processes In placeeducation. for negotiation, and functfoningiqroved standard arbitration,setting, permitting; ahministrative law,and enforcement and access to the

judicial system _

48

Theme/Topicllssue Respe'nsible Counterpart Recommended Actions and Options RequiredOrganization Donor Resources

Organization Short-Term Medium-Term Long-Term0-1 yrs 1-3 yrs 3 5 yrs

Internntional CEPF, Ministry of EC, Bilateral Sign internationalEnvirorvnental Treaties Justice, Ministry Assistance treaties on climate

of Foreign Affairs change, bioltogicaldiversity, ozoneprotection, andmarine pollution toincrease potentialto participate inactivities andreceive assistanceaider the GlobalEnvirorment Facilityand otherinternationalenvirorimental

____________________ program s

Envirormental lupact CEPP, Sectoral EC, Bilateral Establish EIA Establish Full lmplementatlon 150 thosandSAssessment Ministries Assistance Regulations, and organizational units af EIA procedwres

develop formal and to monitor EIA to ensure thorouighpractical EIA iplaementatlon nd ElAs are carriedprocedures which processes, and out as part of allshould be ensure coupliance project preparationinstitutionalized as activitiespart of prelectpreparation activitiesfor future investmentprojects

I

49 9

Theme/Topiclissue Responsible Counterpan Recommnended Actions and Options RequiredOrganization Donor j Resources

. ~~~~~Organization Short-Term Medium-Term Long-Term. ~~~~~~ ~ ~~0 1 yrs 1-3 yFs 3-S yrs

3. INSTITUTIONALSTRENiGHENING _

General/NEAP CEPP Sectoral UNOP Adiopt Nntional laplement National Revise Naticral 150 thousandwMinistries Environmental Action Environmental Action Erwlromittal

Plan, and approve Plan through Actlon Plan onrestructuring the provision of wnnual or biarsalComnittce for technical basis to reflectEnvironmetital assistane, and changingProtection and technical and institutional rolesPreservation with management training andlong-run objectives if In enviroruental and responsibilitiesexpanding the staff to natural resource20?25 professionals, managementand becomingindependent of the Provision ofMinistry of Health necessary office

equipment to supportAppointment of expansion of CEPPinternational adviser

____________________to work with CEPP

Inter-Agency Coordination CEPP, Sectoral UNDOP, EC Clearly specify cross- Establish Lnits in Revie mid redefine 25 thdusand SHinittrles sectoral linkages and each ministry which role of other

environrental and are primarily pAblicnatural resource responsible for organizatfonsmanagement envi rosrental ard (e. g UiversityresponsibilitIes of natural reseurce of lirane *ndall goverrent management, Committee forministries and research, developing Sciunce mndagencies at the policy and -progrm Technology)central and Local recommndations, andlevels coordination with

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C E P P _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

50

ThemelTopic/Ilssue Responsible Counterpart Recommended Actions and Options Required

Organization Short-Term Medium-Term Long-Term'0-1 yrs 1-3 yrs 3-6 yrs

training andt Human CEPP, Sectoral UNOP, lorld lank Review staffing needs Develtop luplement !00 thsandResources Ministries and draw up plans for coqmrehensive staff coqrehetulve staff

managed growth of developnent plan drvelpuent planCEPP, and other which includes which incltuesagencies charged with provision of provisions forvarious aspects of technical and support andenviromuentat and management training financing fornatural resource opportunities for training coursesmanagement employees of all and eojcatfan.

agencies charged ftorilitedIdentify categories of with various *spects cooperativestaff needing short- of envirronental and trainingterm training through natural resource arrangements mithin-house seminars, management international andtnngunge training,, nationalinternational study Establish unit organizations, andtours, and within CEPP strong formal linksinternational responsible for to the Albanianconferences envirornental educational system

economics and policyIdentify categories of analysisstaff needing longer-term training through Collaborate withacademic institutions educational systemor twimning to providearrangements with adequately trainedforeign enviroruuental entry-level

________ ________ _______ __ _____ ________ _______agencies professionat staff _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

51

hmemeTopic/lssue Responsible Counterpart Recommended Actions and Options RequiredOrganization Donor .. Resources

Organization Short-Term Medium-Term Long-Term0-1 yrs 1-3 yrs 3-5 yrs

ocal and District CEPP, UNOP Prepare policy Establish local Corplete 100 thousandSesponsibilities Hunicipalities statoment on the role units of CEPP uhich estabtlshment of

of local and district will work elosely local units ofgoverrients in with the district CEPP, and begin toenvironrental ar*d municipal expand theirprotection and natural governments on responsibilitiesresource management, ipIementation, for implementationfocusing on Improving monitoring, and of envirormentalmonitoring and enforcement policies andenforcement progr_s, including

monitoring andDevelop strategy for enforcementfinancing local anddistrict governrents' Establishenvironmental environmental units ExparJ theactivities, focusing within selected establishment andon improving larger cities responsibilities ofmonitoring and locally managedenforcement utilities and

regionat air andwater qualityboards uhich willneed to worktogether with CEPP

cupational Health and Hinistty of Labour. EBRO Review needs for Initiate newfety Mlnistry of Health legistation and regulations and

regulation governing compliance prograrsoccupational healthand safety _

52;

ThemelTopicllssue Responsible Counterpart Recommended Actions and Options RequiredOrganization Donor Resources

Organization Short-Term Medium-Term Long-Term. | 0 1 yr5 1-3 yrs 3-5 yrs

4. SOIL EROSION ANDCONTAMNINATION

Soil Erosion Ministry of Uarld Bank, EC, FAO Ikentify existing Evaluate the Contirne soil 400 tho _mnSAgriculture patterns, causes, and potential of using conservation

Inpacts of soil VetIver Grass to efforts in mosterosion in those areas rehabilitate the seriously affectedmost severely soil and alleviate areas, and begin toaffected, and develop soil erosion In the develop strategya strategy for most seriously for ritiomuide soilreducing soil erosion affected areas conservationand its adverse efforts to preventaffects in these areas liplement policy on erosion frao

solt conservation. worsening In lessfsprove mrintenance affected areas

Develop policy on soil of hillsideconservation, and terraces, and ensure . pappoint high level that agricultural ttask force plus and forestry land-adviser to guide soil use patterns take Introduce creditprotection efforts into account the progrem for newu

potential effects on landowiers/farers;Devetop training soil erosion to meet nem soilprogra, for newly conservation andprivatized landowners Iad anagementIn general aspects of -standardsenviromental andnatural resourcemanagement

4.~~~~~~~~~ ...

4 .~ ' * '*

* ;.

*~ ~~~~ ~~~ . .

%1

~~~, q ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ V

53

ThemefTopicllssue Responsible Counterpart | Recommended Actions and Options RequiredOrganization Donor Resouacas S

Organization Short-Term Medum-Term Long-Term |______ _ 0-1 yrs 1-3 yrs 3-5 yrs l

Soil Contamination Ministry of World Bank, EC, FAO Evaluate use and Implement program Review utilization 100 thousndsAgriculture, application of for training of patterns of *11

agricultural chemicals farmers in the safe agricuttwratto ensure that application of chemicals tomeasures can be taken fertilizers ard evuluate tleirto minimize the pesticides, and effects an shortadverse envirorwaental integrated pest awd long-termeffects of improper mnage ent agriculttwal andapplication soil productivity

Develop strategy forthe safe disposal oftinused agricultural Iqipleent strategychemicals for the safe

disposal of wunsedagricultural

_______ ______ ______ ______ _______ ______ _ ___ chemicals

Food Contaifnatlon Ministry of Health World Health Review effects of Review effects of Design and 50 thousand SOrganization contaminated soil and water iaplement program

irrigation water on contamination an for menitoring ofsoil and food quality, food contamination food for foodand ascertain with a view towdrds contaminationpreliminary steps defining andwhich could be taken recowmerdingto iwprove Irrigation appropriateeffiriency regulations

policfes, andRevieh adequacy of programs to minimizemonitoring and the adverse healthinspection system for effects of foodfood qurlity contamination

.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _

E

.

.ThihisTopa I us.u. Responisible Counterpart Recommended Actions and Options Required, 4 82 , e, ̂ ,.,0, ;Organzieflon Donor Resoures

__ ; r: .:~ <Organization Short-Term Medium-Term Ltng-Term0-1 yrs 1-3 yrs 3-5 yrs

' E SEFCPESTATI K

Forest Manageient Ministry of World Dank, FAO identify existing Implement strategy Coplete 1 ililin S,Agriculture, patterns, causes, and for reducing ihple-ntation of-- Forestry effects of deforestation In forestry midDirectorate deforestation in those most severely household erirgy

areas most severely affected areas, and d e _ntaffected, and develop reduce short and policies anda strategy for long-term demwd for progrs to nsurereduclng deforestation fueluood from these sustainable long-in these areas, and areas by cutting up term forest usecom nncing to 500,000 cubicreforestetion efforts meters per year (for

next two years) frx Introiwe wasuteslqprove enforcement to surplus wod areas to promtemlinimie uncontrolled and inproving privatization ofcutting of trees to substitution of forest researesprovide fuelwood, and electricity, uwder stricttake measures to kerosene, a peat erwirormntalirprove the for fumlwood controls, w. withreliability of realistic royaltyharvesting, transport implement inproved paiwntsand distribution of forest mAnagement,existing fuslwod and e.plhasizing low-costenergy supplies measures

Appointment of high Revieu forestLevel task force plus management andadviser to evaluate reforestationpositive and negative polices to empasizeenviroruontaI aspects conservation ofof forestry management original forest

species, and the useof agroforesotrypractices to promote

!<* S I ,soil atd water__________________________ e___________________ ____________________ conservation ________________ ___os rv t o

| Theme/Topic/lssue Responsible Counterpart Recommended Actions and Options RequiredOrganization Donor .Rtsources

Organization Short-Term Medium-Term Long-Term0-1 yrs 1-3 yrs 3-5 yrs

6. URBAN .UIrl ...

Water Management and Hinistry of World Bank, METAP, Carry out assessment Analyze sources of Begin pilot 600 thousandPollutlon Construction. CEPP, WHO of institutional urban pollution and projects for

Municipalitles, strengthening develop least-cost construction ofMinistry of Health requirements in water strategy for water and sewerage

management (including reduction in a treatment plants,irrigation) demonstration with pre-treatment

project/city of IrdustrialConduct needs survey wastesfor water supply and Evaluate the healthsewerage management, effects of grourd Review and reviseand develop national and surface water design criteria forstrategy including pollution in major wastewaterchnical assistance, cities (and rural treatment levels

,ivestment, and areas) In order totraining for inproving estabifsh priorities Develop progrm forwater management and for water pollution new manicipal waterreducing losses of abatement, sewerage supply andunaccounted water systems ard wastewater

treatment of treatment projectsmptlement sewerage drinking and based on relative

charges to reduce irrigation water risks,demands on natlonal insfitutionalbudget, and transfer lmplement policy and capability, andresponsibility to set technical measures self financingwater user charges to rationalize per capability (e.g..(industrial and capita water in Tirani, Durr6s)municipal) to district consumptionand/or localauthorities in order Improve drinkingto encourage self- water qualityfinancing through Improved

monitoring and watertreatment

56

ThemeiToplcllssue Responsible Countetpart Recommended Actions and Options RequiredOrganization Donor Resaurces

Organization Short-Term Medium-Term Long-Term0-1 yrs 1-3 yrs 3-5 yrs l . :

WEaste Hanagement Ministry of METAP, Italy Develop a strategy for Implement strategy Full-scale 300 thousandSConstruction, CEPP, solid waste management for municipal waste Implementation of -

Municipalities, In urban areas which management, taking municipal wasteHinistry of Health takes into account the into account the management

increasing waste potential for services, Includingstreams which will privatizing waste both private andaccoipany economic collection and pubiic provision ofdeveloptent disposal services services, which ore

self-financing andDevelop project setf-managedplans for selectedcities which wouldincludedemcnstrationprojects for wastecollection, wastedisposal, and

______________________ ~recycling_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Air Pollution CEPP, EC, Bilateral Develop transport Analyze nature. Develop and 500 thoundSMunicipalilties, Assfstance policles and plans extent, and Impact Implement urban airHinistry of Health. which minimize of increasing qualtity plans inMinistry of dependence on private industrial activity selected cities, asTransport vehicles (e.g., and pollution on necessary

through more use of urban air qualitybuses, taxis, and Consider adopting abicycles) in order to Analyze nature, system of vehicleprevent air pollution extent, and impact emission limits 3from reaching of increasing use of should vehicularunhealthy levels in private vehicles on emissions become an

I ______________________ ___________________ __________________ the future urban air quality increasing proble reasing_proble

4

57 1

ThemelTopicilssue Responsible Counterpart Recommended Actions and Options RequiredOrganization Donor . Resources

Organization Short-Term Medium-Term Long-Term0-1 yrs 1-3 yrs 3-5 yrs

7.INDUSTRIAL, ENERGY,AND MINING POILLUT ION _________

Industry CEPP, Ministry of EC Appointment of high Develop training Develop linkages 300 thousandSIndustry, Mining, level task force plus curriculum for betweenand Energy adviser in energy, envirormental evironmental

industry, and mining audits, provide sutdits and riskwhich would evaluate guidelines andc assessmentlinkages of activities training toin these sectors to enterprises to Review prioritiesthe envirorwent conduct audits, and for industrial

begin pilot program wastewaterof industrial treatment based on

Determine prloiity envirerwnental audits relative risks.investments for major economic viabilitypolluters (e.b., Evaluate waste of enterprises, ancement plants) disposal practices self-financing

of industry and capabilityAs part of Industrial mining inand economic agricultural areasrestructuring efforts, to ascertain theidentify which Iiepacts on soilenterprises are likely contamination,to be viable, and establishwhich sectors are priorities, andlikely to accoint for develop guidelineslarger shares of for minimiaingfuture pollution loads damage to the soil

mining CEPP. Ministry of EC, World Bank Review institutional Delineate mineral Develop adequate 100 thoiusnIndustry, Mining, arrangements for environrmental stupportingand Energy monitoring and policies and capabilities

enforcement compliance strategies, and through trainingprepare and provision ofenviromnentat norms, necessaryand guidelines laboratory:governing mining facilitiesactivities

. . . __~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

. . . .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

. S * a Y

58

ThemelTopic/lssue Responsible Counterpart Recommended Actions and Options RequitedOrganization Donor Resources

Organization Short-Term Medium-Term Long-Term____________ ] 0-1 yrs 1-3 Yrs 3-5 yrs J

Energy CEPP, Ministry of EC, lnrld Bakik Review options for loegin preparation Full-scale 100 thousandsIndustry, Mining, controlling air, and in'ple.entation iaplementation ofand Energy water, and waste of energy energy conservation

pollution from conservation progrm progrmrefining operations in In all sectorslalIsh

Develop plans forReview options for mitigatingcontrolling air envirornntalpollution from thermal inpacts from fururepower plants in Fier offshore and ow,lrc !and ial Ish oll developnent

Hazardous Wastes CEPP, Hinistry of legin to develop Develop Master Plan Iplement Master 100 thousandsIndustry, Mining, hazardous waste for safe disposal of Plan for safeand Energy information syswr'm for existing industrial disposal of

classification ,arx and hazardous industrial anddeveloping onr.nntory wastes, including hazardous wastesof hamar,lu.,.. wl..I%t mixing with any

irported Industrial Upgrade inventoriesPrcp mrs o t L ty wastes of production of;Jo-it ifng inport toxic and hazardousIt'-I.I Iiins of legin effort to wastes nd pastrceltitmal and hazardous clean-up past danp duW sites,wastes sites, and evaluate including screening

potential for for relative risksprivate sector toassist In hazardouswaste disposal

59 '

ThemelTopic/lssue Responsible Counterpart Recommended Actions and Options Required *

Organization Donor ResourcesOrganization Short-Term Medium-Term Long-Term

0-1 yrs 1-3 yrs 3-5 yrs

8. NATURAL RESLIRCESNANAGUCt NT

Vatershed Hauin1ioent CEPP, Ministry of EC Develop Master Plan Implement Master Draw Lop river basin 4O0 thomandSAgriculture for integrated Plan for integrated water quality

watershed management wztershed management management plans.In the Shkuijbini River in the Shktnbini incuiding non pointBasin River Basin sources and

groundwater issues

Coastal Zone f'nagement CEPP, ministry of HETAP, UNEP/MAP, Identify major coastal Develop ma'ter plans Segin oOO thoustandConstruction, EBRD zone management issues for coastal zone Implementation ofMinistry of Tourism and infrastructure management, towrism Hast;w Plan lor

requiremwnts which development, and coastal zoneneed to be addressed envirorientat nwgemcnt and

protection in the tourism developmentdevelopwort of in preparation foroffshore and onshore possible EB1D loanmineral resources for tourism

deve I oentPreservation of Cultural Ministry of Identify major Prepare strategy for Irpleaent strategy 800 thousndSProperty and Historic ,Culture, Ministry historic sites which preservation of for preservation ofMormnents of Tourism. are/wilt be subiect to historic sites and historic sites *nd

envirmruiental stress cultural property, cultural property,inclutxing pilot which takes into

. program for key account potentialarea% such as impacts of tourisnButrinti andlorApolinnia

60

'home/Topic/lssue Responsible Counterpart Recommended Actions and OptionsOrganization Donor

.______________________ Organization Short-Term Medium-Term Long-Term0-1 yrs 1-3 yrs 3-5 yrs

*iodlversfty Protection CEPP, Ministry of World lank/GEF, EC, Develop a nature Develop plans for Implement plans for 600 thoausarSAgriculture -- IUCN conservation policy protection of protection ofForestry which balances biodiversity and biodiversity mndDirectorate scientific, sensitive sensitive

developmental, and ecosyst , ecosyste ,recreation/touris nanagement of *aaeet ofobjectives national parks, rational parks.

protected areas snd protected areas, Develop specific national forests and nationalpolicies for forests with a viewclassifying and Prepare Project for towurds integratingprotecting endangered Slodiversity these plans withflora, fauna, and Protection nd those for touris-habitats National Parks dovel.it

Managemnt in theS.sess threats to Karavastasi Lagoonnational parks ard and Diviaki Nationalprotected areas from Park (Possibly underpollution and GEF)

________ __ _ mismanagod devalopment

Gender Issues CEPP, Ministry of UNDP Review gender Issues Oevelop a strategy 150 thotmmdSAgriculture and role of woen in for Increasing

envi ronmental and awareness of gendernatural resource issues andmanagemEnt ivplmeant m_asres(especially in the which would inproverural areas) natural resource

*________________manageme nt

S.2

'-.id

.1

61 ,i

ThemelTopic/ilssue Responsible Counterpart Recommended Actions and Options RequiredOrganization Donor Resources

Organization Short-Term Medium-Term Long-TermJ _______________ =_____________ _ o0-1 yrs 1-3 yrs 3-5 yrs

9. ENVIRONNENIALFINANCING AD0

Pollutton Chargem CEPP, Ministry of EC Review and strengthen Inmlenent ait and Unde-take arialiris 30 thmrsabd SEconomy framework for the water pollution to estimair' levcls

collection and use of charges. w-ise of pollutionpollution and user disposal fees. and charges ihich wouldcharges, taking into ensure that these more closelyaccount the are indexed to reflect long-termlimitations on the use inflation so that pollution damagesand impnlementation of their incentivethese instruments so effects are notlong as the private reduced over timesector is not well-developed, andmonitoring andmetering capabilities

___________________ are limited

Taxes CEPP, Ministry of EC Review scope for and Prepare a cystem of Begin applying 30 thousand SEconomy, MInistry implement taxation royalties. profit- system of royalties,of Industry, measures which would sharing. fees, and and other payaentsMining, and Energy also have beneficial extraction licenses to the extraction

revenue effects (e.g., for mineral and of naturaloutput taxes, taxes on natural resources resourcesraw materials, taxeson petroletmi products.taxes on toxic wastesand productionprocesses generatingtoxic wastes)

62

ThemefTopicilssue Responsible Counterpart Recommended Actions and Options RequiredOrganization Donor Resources

Organization Short-Term Medium-Term Long-Term0-1 yrs 1-3 yrs 3-5 yrs

Budget CEPP, Ministry of EC Review experience of Use proceeds from Evaluate prospects 50 thowand SEconomy other countries in environwantal taxes, for establishing

Central and Eastern fees, and fines to district mndEurope in establishing finance and mailcipala National establish national evwircrumntal fundsEnvironmental Fund envirormental fund. modelled an the

and possibly earmark national fundEvaluate efficacy of a small portion ofearmarking revenues the proceeds from Begin creation offrom various pollution privatization to district/msnicipalcharges, user fees, finance arn clean-4p erwironra ntal ftndsand/or environmental costs to be financed bytaxes for particular pollution chargesenvironmental funds Evaluate potential and fines assessed

for having asmicipal and collected atDevelop criteria for and goverrnent thesetting priorities for agencies actirwg as regional/mmicipalsupplemental state "semi-autonomous level (e.g., fundsfinancing of local corporations" managed by Riverinvestments charged with Basin or Watershed

responsibility for anaegemet Boards)managing particularaspects of Start phmseout any

envirormental general budgetarymanagement (e.g., financing oftransport works, enwirmentatlsewerage works, Irnestments, withetc...) increasing reiiance

on polluter adf_user paysprinciples

S U . . 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

63

| Themeffopiclissue Responsible Counterpart *Recommended Actions and Options Required.Organization Donor Resources

Organization Short-ToM Mzdnm-T rm Long-Term|.______________ JJ________________0-1 yrs 1-3 yrs 3-5 yrs

Invironmentat Investment CEPP, Ministry of EC Set up guidelines to Identify, on a Provide suport for 50 thousaid SEconomy, Sectoral determine priorities least-cost basis, iuhstrial andMinistries among competing priority financing umicipal air ad

investment proposals needs and current or water pollutionpotential sources of control mid solid

Establish priorities such financing and hazardow astefor envirornental *anagmpent throughInvestment, technical Begin enviroramntal lines of creditassistanrce, and audits, andtraining so that irplementation of Provide support forgovernment and donor low-cost investments Investmernt requiredresources which will awd operation wd for envircnmetalbe prosided to support maintenance investment ndthe National improvements natural resourcesEnvironmental Action identified through protection inPlan can be charvelled envirormental audits agriculture, natureto their highest- aid blodiversityvalued uses in preservation,anvirormental coastal oan*management _ n"a EInt

Develop preliminarylist of investmentpriorities based onlow cost options withhighest economicreturns which Hill beIdentified throughenvironmental audits _ __

64

ThemelTopic/lssue Responsible Counterpart Recommended Actions and Optons RequrdOrganization Donor Resources

Organization Short-Term Medium-Term Long-Term. . | . l ~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~ ~~0-1 yrs 1-3 yrs 3-5 yrs-

10. PUilCPARTICIPATION AND

iNFORlMATION -

|ublic Participation CEPP UNDP, UNEP Estabtish pollcy on Incorporate public Revieu issues of 50 thesmiad Spublic access to participation models piblicenvirornental in design and participation inInformation, and build establishment of developing policy.formal public district and local setting fees orparticipation into enmirormntal standrds,policy and standards entities enforcement, anddevelopment monitoring wiReview role of NGOs Design and initiate evatuationand Green Party. and pubtlie partifcpationdevelop policy fnr progrmgsf inancIal andinstitutional Establish policy onassistance to NGOs public access to

environmentalmonitoring data

Environmental Monitoring CEPP UNDP, UNEP Develop national Complete conceptual CoMplete 50 thowsand Sand Information envirormental design of acquisition of

informatIon systeal comprehensive monitoringwhich would Include monitoring, eqlipent ardconprehensive plans statistics, impliwntfor Improving Informtion, and laboratorymonitoring of air, dissemination system. capabilitywater, and soil, and which builds oncentralixed collection existing Review researchand dissemination of capabilities priorities awddata by the CEPP Inforintion needs

to fine tureInformation ad

j___ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ __ __ monitorfrig efforts

65

Th.melTopic/lssue Responsible Counterpart Recommended Actions and Options RequiredOrganization Donor Resources

: .Organization Short-Term Medim-Term Long-Term0-1 yrs 1-3 yrs 3-5 yrs

Public Information CEPP UNIP, UNEP Develop plans to work Design strategy for Develop plais to 50 thousand Stogether with dissemination of includenongovernnental envi ronnental mni r.rntslorganizations to information through education in theincrease the public's newsletter, curriculua ofawareness of brochures, an prinry mdenviromental Issues environrental secondary schools,through television and yearbook, and/or and at theradio, the print technical Journals University levelmedia, journals,periodicals, Develop plan toconferences, and rationalize researchtechnical seminars and data system awdwerkshops analytical/laborator

y needs, to bettercoordinate effortsof Universities,Academy of Sciences,ard the Govermuentin the collectionand dissemination ofenvironrmntalresearch and

______ ____________ _____________________ inform tion

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLANI ~~~~~~~~~PRWJECr N.. I

* IRJECt|rrLa Karavasta Lagoon and Divjia Pine Zon

PRIORNY CATEGRY High prixty/ first categoy

The Karavasla lagoon and Divjaka pine zone lie|1RIEFDECRIPTION between the fivers Sea in the South aiShkumbini in the Nonh 9 thousand hctiams ofthis,_._,_._._._.. are covered by wat and I housand by frests

- .o make the nocessay inventay of the zme plantsOWECIIVES - to iniprove the managenent policy and dmaineI'ROBLEM TO U3 die status of the zone pooction

.* QUALIATIV - to set up scientific research centres, equipmentDECRIMFON supplies and tourist constuicions in harmony withQUANTATVr the envirment

INDICATORS - to make ihorough analysis of Ihe local e and* it relations with natural rcsourcm,

PROJECrTrATus Feasibility study ready

PINANCINGSTATUSDlONOR COMTMIT4MT

NDONOR INrERESr No donr idenlitied yd*NO DONOR IDENllFIED

COUNTIUPARIM^NAME"ADDRES'CONTACIPERSON

IMPLEM1TINGACGENCY

fl .. The cests oAthe projeds are predicted to be 200BUDGIErMOPOSAthousarnd IJSD.

Stating rfn Januamy 1994O'RATI year-duration.

69NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN NATIONAL ENVIRONMENAL ACTION PLAN

PROJECr No. 2 PRWWE No. 3

P k ECr TMu.K Air Pollution Monitoring Netserk in Albania Afforestabw and Wateshed _ n the2 - FRWM ECFTTFIZ dstricts of Berd nd Skr min a rea or about

The nmeasurements cuaned out so far show that same 3000 haRIUORllY CM'E:CURV residental and industrial areas have high Ilvels ofPR.ORrrY CAI'EGORY dust, soot and S02, but Ihe infomialion is not RIORny CATEGORY High piority

_____________________ reliable.

The project will assist in tihe monitoring or all data These, ncistits amlrcated in liable toy orsiOIIIEt DEcRIrrIION and measuremenits of uth most important ttir

pollutanis in some urban areas near tlhe industrial URIEF DECRIPTlON e caused by tih desiutpeod of the nmmOactivities. ecosyslems Dinn a shorl perod of ti rnore thus

I0 thousand of Mcukfierua siubs mid oak speies-- The project will enable the specialists to know Ihe ahavw be.w rmitedoair pollulion situalion and take appropriale nICasures _________

OR."IECTIVFN lo reduce health inipacts and economic losses. - Th elimination of lW dogical caastrolhe.* M'ROULPN TO IIF' -- Thb network will be very simple: only asic sct of oI.EcTIVS po , usifresg fo veaaion combined widtA LnRrAsIIVn eqtipilient (SO2. soot and suspended pailiculale tc Iyilecia BE

ECRlirrION iiialter, CO. NOx) ror each city (seven cities), S02 -QUAUrATIV - e studyooAle rnwoandcslas,sm dofh' QIIANfrIAtivI apparatlsses for thiee urban centits near copper lDECRIIONbc soINDICATORS smelting plantis and two auito laborntories willi QUANTITATIVE h e oft a

ruievait fracilities for thie evaluatiois or direct polliutioni INDICATORS -ThestabhislueiOlieitleafIoresliion

_________________________ from inidisifal paints, technology mad o41w meme for ersin c d.

MJEFA.r MIATIWS Ieasibily sludy ready WIJECrSTATt1B Feasibility sudy r*y

FINANI.Nr. SrATIS No donors identified. FINANCINGSTA1tB'DONOR cOM IrIAtIteNr ;lhe possible donors would commil themselves for the *rNORCOIMMTATUMDONOR iNrE:PS equipncnt purcliase and iraining nr the Albanian IDONOR rE rN& idMifiedNO DONOR experts on equipment use, analysis, modelling and *NO DONOR IDENlFIED

IDENTIFVIED data processing.

cOUNTERVARTS COUNTERPARTS*NAMF 'ANAMEA nDlNREFSS *ADDRESS

' CONrACFr t'ER5I)N *CON1ACIF PERSON

ItII't.KEMYNTING Al:ENCY Global ivironmenm Monitonng System IMPLEIWINGAGEMCY

7 ecy.Apment sets (S02, SPM, Soot, IIC.CO.NOx)7 x 1i10.000 S a affoareslati 3000X 700 S= 100.000

MM PROPOSAL ~ 3 S02 appar atusses 3 x 20.000 S MrOSAb.h&ch J m 3W X =1 Otillm:gr l'ROll)SAl, 3S2 auMl.arwauss 2xa150000S WD b.hycOP(ed C kch Js9 s 3000X500S= 1500.10002 MUtO labGFRtDFiGg 2 x 150 000 S ~~c. tech. assinsce 36000 X $8% - 288.000)

2 expens training (6 months each) 15.000 S TOTAL 3.388.000TO TAL 1.215 000S __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

TIIE FRARIT I Sturing in 1994 or 1995 *SrARr

* nURATION one year duration ODURATION 10 ye_u durad0 n

70

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AC1rION PLAN 1PROJECT NM. 4

Wasto WatthTlwaiat Plait WInVioa ?4A l; :NAL ENVIRONIMlENAL ACTION PLANWas1eWA1aTwftiattUAbWrj' IPROJECT No. .

,koklROaIEm n LE oritc Water Tvamet Piuz in Pegrade

. Vi; i a cosal chy kcated in die Sotili Wcszia1ilRl@DiDlETI1O pit ofdc coutiy. It is a pory arfordi PRIOR . EGtRY Hi& P&o4

,~ J .,,' ' r' .' &niat. _ (bveqtilicitdlormsr. Popadec is a IAUj Iid on fo dtRIVJEF T O a of of cowt. isi. nnysefitm

. . -lThe nPain 1 is diBe (Aglaoa ald idening u qor .d Inup

QUAUtAI. die tttcrdAidu "ixtydisdLwguIldIcS PROC iEt'ItTODE - gjis the ltiI5 SddUflUpiNLItWIN . tt Mllwt anypreliiia tADOl.L %*D .rl is etydischau# in t(QVAN11A'I1IM aQUi .1 I'A1 lE ewaiWMYdd 1(!5Y

* DId .i prIor4 lke withA my pdwany t_dLyn.QUs ' rUTATIVE

rTCIFA1; niefeasil il sy*sloidbeextoedbyiSPUK iNDIs -tRlSaid fs1dn cumilftig cqx%T fba5ilcity swud sold be e aceed by ISPUK

- - -, . ,1 _ . . PRO Iltcr STATUS foreign coiWbSg expes.

'noral3flu ' . .. _ OUUU iACN T&DGXt k "ia NodNusisitiEiWed *' O COMMJThINrc t.o onsin

ODONOR ftluEd n

. . . *"a ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4DtoltO lff cR rr

,w ,.,tond mIedion ttte orwatcrimd CUNlRPARTS RW _ Project11 inslitic ofWate am

, ScwagsW*bluk#SlXUK) *NAMI Sewa Water Nedwxk (SPUK)

SctreIwN c%vgU Wa(aN34 w2 14 MK 'ACONTR CTIG355 TtUll 35542235 14 Turnm'CWW01A&FI'ILMN TcWaxc 35.5 42 235 14 'frdme cofADDRNFm MM

VtWIflIRUWEM .~CY IMIPLMNTDG AGIMV

.. . ____________________ _ .e ._ cadt orde prjewifl be puusdy duinldilile w61 ofd1pep,jedLtii bepncisclydctanwad dt FRO ' illa 11e psj dipi.

IEJDGCETrxL Ailleprjotdieas . , he iim cos will be 300.000

lilet hsvnA11 WillG5obe 50.OO S. TIE MAW Sing ftom Jany 1994 or 1995._ _ ' . . *STAFT ''I yeardurabon

D tIIye1Oar ly duimtirn