Workiuni Energies

8/11/2019 Workiuni Energies

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I dedicate this to:

First I want to dedicate this

monograph, the people who

gave birth: My parents, Yolanda

and Hernan.They were

instructing were from my

childhood years, God also to all

people contribute every day to

make me a better person.


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This paper made a lot of effort, aims to raise awareness to everyone about the

great damage that mankind is causing our planet earth.

This monograph discusses the disadvantages that cause non-renewable

energies, and major changes to the quality of human life that can cause the use

of renewable energies.

I sincerely hope to create awareness in all people have the opportunity to read

this document, so that not only us to enjoy the benefits of this type of energies

but future generations.


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1. Oil and its environmental impact

1.1

What is the environmental impact?

2. Non-renewable energy

2.1

CONCEPT

2.2

Advantages and disadvantages

3. Renewable energy

3.1

Concept.3.2

Type

o

Wind power

o

Hydropower

o

Solar Energy

o

Biomass

o Biofuel

o Geothermal Energy

4.

Renewable technology

4.1 Solar Car

4.2 Charging Station Electric Car

4.3 Solar Cell Phone Chargers


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1.Oil and its environmental impact

1.2What is the environmental impact ?

Could the Environmental Impact Assessment ( IA ) defined as alteration ,

modification or change in the environment, or any component of a certainmagnitude and created or produced by the effects of human activity powered

complexity. This can be an engineering project , a program, plan , or

administrative - legal act with environmental implications. Must be explained ,

however, that the term does not imply negative impact , because it can be both

positive and negative

Human actions affect so obvious to many ecosystems, thus altering the natural

history of the planet.

What is Environmental Impact Assessment ?

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA ) is an administrative - technical legal

procedure aimed at the identification , prediction and interpretation of the

environmental impacts of a project or activity occur in the event of execution ;

and the prevention , correction and evaluation thereof. All this in order to be

accepted , modified or rejected by the various competent government .

Another definition is considered as a set of studies and technical systems that

estimate the impact that the implementation of a project , work or activity on

the environment cause .

Projects subject to EIA may be, for example, the construction of a hydroelectric

dam , a bridge or a factory; irrigation of a large valley ; the development of the

port area; the establishment of a protected area or building a new housingcomplex . The EIA report identifies potential environmental problems and

measures to reduce the adverse environmental effects of the project. The

overall objectives of the EIA are two:

* Provide level decision makers , information on the environmental effects of

the proposed project to evaluate different implementation options .


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* Produce , insofar as possible, environmentally appropriate projects.

The methodology regarding the EIA depends directly on the type of project you

are going to apply , the environmental characteristics of the site of implantation

of the project and the intensity and extent of potential impacts generated . Exista number of basic guidelines , an Environmental Impact usually revolve around

the following three steps :

The first is to predict and identify changes caused by the project , including

identifying possible causal relationship of each alteration, the analysis of the

objectives and actions likely to produce impact and defining diagnostic

environment. This diagnosis includes display elements capable of being modified

, the inventory of these items and inventory valuation .

The second step is the identification and prediction of environmental impacts . If

more than one alternative design should make the assessment of impacts for

each of them, which then will allow a comparison of these alternatives and

selecting the most appropriate. At this stage predicts or estimates the

magnitude of impact indicators .

The final stage will involve the interpretation of the IA and the selection of

remedial and mitigation measures , the definition of residual impacts afterimplementing such measures , the monitoring program and control changes and

, if necessary , additional studies and the abandonment and recovery plan

Oil and environmental impact

The natural oil , better known as crude oil is a complex mixture of thousands of

different molecules. Composition varies in different parts of the world depends

on the age and conditions of formation. The main component of the oil are

hydrocarbons, which are molecules composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen .Some crude oils have up to 98 % oil . Other components are : sulfur, nitrogen ,

nickel, iron , vanadium and oxygen . The refined oil fractions are obtained by

heating the crude oil.


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Since the beginning of the oil industry in the middle, in which it has developed ,

has been affected by numerous interventions that have severely damaged the

surrounding environment. The most obvious signs , which can be found in all

parts of the world where oil has been exploited , often have been caused by

accidents in storage tanks for oil or with so-called super- tankers. However

accidents , despite being typically up events more visible to the public , are not

the only sources of pollution or environmental degradation , or even the most

important .

2.Non-Renewable Energy

2.1 Concept

The non-renewable energy sources are those that are found in nature in limitedquantities and are extinguished with its use. Once exhausted , reservations can

not be regenerated . Are considered non-renewable energy sources , fossil fuels

(coal, crude oil and natural gas) and uranium , which is required for the energy

produced by the processes of nuclear fission and fusion raw material. All these

sources of energy are finite , and it takes a long time to recover, and

geographical distribution is not homogeneous, in contrast to renewable energy,

caused by the continuous flow of energy from nature. Generally , non-

renewable energy sources are called conventional energy sources . They are alsoconsidered dirty energy , as its use is the direct cause of further damage to the

environment and society , the destruction of ecosystems , damage to forests and

aquifers , the onset of disease , reduced agricultural productivity , corrosion of

buildings , monuments and structures infrastructure , deterioration of the ozone

layer and acid rain . Can not forget to mention the indirect effects , such as

accidents in the oil and coal mines , chemical spills or contamination of fuel.

Currently, one of the most serious environmental problems caused by energy

system that favors the use of non-renewable energy sources , is the greenhouse

effect . Facilities that use fossil fuels not only produce energy but also large

amounts of water vapor and carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) gas that is a major

contributor to the greenhouse effect on the planet. Alongside this, still emitted

into the atmosphere other harmful gases, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx ) , sulfur


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dioxide (SO2 ) and hydrocarbons ( HC ) . These gases, in turn , cause a number of

serious environmental changes and whose concentration in the atmosphere and

pollution cause the formation of acid rain , fog (called photochemical smog ) ,

increasing the greenhouse effect the planet and eminent concentrations

tropospheric ozone . Another problem stems from an energy system based on

fossil fuels is the economic dependence of the non-producing countries of raw

materials . Differently, alternative and renewable energies are usually eaten in

the place where they are generated , that is to say , are indigenous sources of

energy. Therefore, it is possible to reduce dependence on external supplies , and

also contribute to regional balance and creating jobs in poorer areas. In this

sense , it is estimated that renewables are responsible for creating five times

more jobs than conventional generating very limited employment opportunities

, addressing his turnover.

2.2 Advantages and disadvantages

Fossil Fuels

Fossil fuels are coal, oil and natural gas. They come from remains of living

organisms buried millions of years ago that under suitable conditions of

pressure and temperature became endowed with energy properties of

substances .

The fossil fuel can be used directly , burning in furnaces, boilers and engines for

heat and movement. It can also be used to produce heat or electricity in

thermal power plants. In them, the heat generated by the burning of these

fuels steam is obtained , which led to pressure, is able to operate an electric

generator , usually a turbine.

ADVANTAGE

Ease of removal ( almost all).

Great seasonal availability . Great chronological continuity .

Comparatively cheap.


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DISADVANTAGES

Greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere that are toxic to life.

Chance of termination of reserves in the short and medium terms .

Decreased availability of suitable for manufacturing products , instead of

being burned materials .

3.Renewable Energy

3.1 Concept

Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources

which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such

assunlight,wind,rain,tides,waves andgeothermal heat.Renewable energy

replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas:electricity generation,hotwater/space heating,motor fuels,andrural (off-grid) energy services.

[3]

About 16% of global final energy consumption presently comes fromrenewable

resources, with 10% of all energy from traditionalbiomass, mainly used

forheating, and 3.4% fromhydroelectricity. New renewables (small hydro,

modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) account for another 3%

and are growing rapidly. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the

world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy

supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to growstrongly in the coming decade and beyond.Wind power,for example, is growing

at the rate of 30% annually, with a worldwideinstalled capacity of

282,482megawatts (MW) at the end of 2012.

Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to

other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries.

Rapid deployment of renewable energy andenergy efficiency is resulting in

significantenergy security,climate change mitigation,and economic benefits. In

international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting

renewable sources such as solar power and wind power.

While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable technologies

are also suited torural and remote areas and developing countries, where

energy is often crucial inhuman development.United Nations' Secretary-

GeneralBan Ki-moonhas said that renewable energy has the ability to lift the

poorest nations to new levels of prosperity.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hot_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hot_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_heatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-alone_power_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy#cite_note-ren15-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy#cite_note-ren15-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy#cite_note-ren15-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_resourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_resourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installed_wind_power_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_energy_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_security_and_renewable_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_developing_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_development_(humanity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_development_(humanity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_developing_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_security_and_renewable_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient_energy_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installed_wind_power_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_resourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_resourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy#cite_note-ren15-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-alone_power_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_heatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hot_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hot_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight


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3.2 Types

Wind power

TheShepherds Flat Wind Farm is an

845megawatt (MW) wind farm in the

U.S. state ofOregon.

Airflows can be used to runwindturbines. Modern utility-scale wind

turbines range from around 600 kW to

5 MW of rated power, although

turbines with rated output of 1.53 MW have become the most common for

commercial use; the power available from the wind is a function of the cube of

the wind speed, so as wind speed increases, power output increases

dramatically up to the maximum output for the particular turbine. Areas where

winds are stronger and more constant, such as offshore and highaltitude sites,

are preferred locations for wind farms. Typicalcapacity factors are 20-40%, withvalues at the upper end of the range in particularly favourable sites.

Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be five

times total current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity

demand, assuming all practical barriers needed were overcome. This would

require wind turbines to be installed over large areas, particularly in areas of

higher wind resources, such as offshore. As offshore wind speeds average ~90%

greater than that of land, so offshore resources can contribute substantially

more energy than land stationed turbines.

Hydropower

Energy in water can be harnessed and used. Since water is about 800

timesdenser than air, even a slow flowing stream of water, or moderate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherds_Flat_Wind_Farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_of_airhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shepherds_Flat_Wind_Farm_2011.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_of_airhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherds_Flat_Wind_Farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shepherds_Flat_Wind_Farm_2011.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shepherds_Flat_Wind_Farm_2011.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shepherds_Flat_Wind_Farm_2011.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shepherds_Flat_Wind_Farm_2011.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shepherds_Flat_Wind_Farm_2011.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shepherds_Flat_Wind_Farm_2011.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shepherds_Flat_Wind_Farm_2011.jpg


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seaswell, can yield considerable amounts of energy. There are many forms of

water energy:

Hydroelectric energy is a term usually reserved for large-scale hydroelectric

dams. The largest of which is theThree Gorges Dam inChina and a smaller

example is theAkosombo Dam inGhana.

Micro hydro systems are hydroelectric power installations that typically

produce up to 100 kW of power. They are often used in water rich areas as

aremote-area power supply(RAPS).

Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity systems derivekinetic energy from rivers

and oceans without the creation of a largereservoir.

Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region

generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest

hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010,representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are now three

hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: theThree Gorges Dam in China,Itaipu

Dam across the Brazil/Paraguay border, andGuri Dam in Venezuela.[31]

Solar energy

Part of the 354 MWSEGS solar complex in northern San Bernardino County,

California.

TheCopper Mountain Solar Facilityis a 150 MW

solarphotovoltaic power plant inBoulder City,

Nevada.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swell_(ocean)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_hydrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote-area_power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaipu_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaipu_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guri_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy#cite_note-wi2012-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy#cite_note-wi2012-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy#cite_note-wi2012-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEGShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Mountain_Solar_Facilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder_City,_Nevadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder_City,_Nevadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nevada_Solar_One.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ombri%C3%A8re_SUDI_-_Sustainable_Urban_Design_&_Innovation.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_Plant_kl.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nevada_Solar_One.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ombri%C3%A8re_SUDI_-_Sustainable_Urban_Design_&_Innovation.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_Plant_kl.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nevada_Solar_One.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ombri%C3%A8re_SUDI_-_Sustainable_Urban_Design_&_Innovation.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_Plant_kl.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder_City,_Nevadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder_City,_Nevadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Mountain_Solar_Facilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEGShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy#cite_note-wi2012-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guri_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaipu_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaipu_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote-area_power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_hydrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akosombo_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swell_(ocean)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nevada_Solar_One.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ombri%C3%A8re_SUDI_-_Sustainable_Urban_Design_&_Innovation.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_Plant_kl.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nevada_Solar_One.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ombri%C3%A8re_SUDI_-_Sustainable_Urban_Design_&_Innovation.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_Plant_kl.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nevada_Solar_One.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ombri%C3%A8re_SUDI_-_Sustainable_Urban_Design_&_Innovation.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_Plant_kl.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nevada_Solar_One.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ombri%C3%A8re_SUDI_-_Sustainable_Urban_Design_&_Innovation.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_Plant_kl.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nevada_Solar_One.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ombri%C3%A8re_SUDI_-_Sustainable_Urban_Design_&_Innovation.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_Plant_kl.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nevada_Solar_One.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ombri%C3%A8re_SUDI_-_Sustainable_Urban_Design_&_Innovation.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_Plant_kl.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nevada_Solar_One.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ombri%C3%A8re_SUDI_-_Sustainable_Urban_Design_&_Innovation.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_Plant_kl.jpg


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Photovoltaic SUDI shade is an autonomous and mobile station in France that

provides energy for electric vehicles using solar energy.

Solar energy,radiantlight andheat from thesun, is harnessed using a range of

ever-evolving technologies such assolar heating,solar photovoltaics,solar

thermal electricity,solar architecture andartificial photosynthesis.[32][33]

Solar technologies are broadly characterized as eitherpassive solar oractive

solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy.

Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels andsolar

thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include

orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorablethermalmass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces thatnaturally circulate

air.

Solar power is the conversion ofsunlight intoelectricity, either directly

usingphotovoltaics (PV), or indirectly usingconcentrated solar power (CSP).

Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to

focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Commercial concentrated solar

power plants were first developed in the 1980s. Photovoltaics convert light into

electric current using thephotoelectric effect. Photovoltaics are an important

and relatively inexpensive source of electrical energy where grid power isinconvenient, unreasonably expensive to connect, or simply unavailable.

However, as the cost of solar electricity is falling, solar power is also increasingly

being used even in grid-connected situations as a way to feed low-carbon energy

into the grid.

In 2011, theInternational Energy Agency said that "the development of

affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge

longer-term benefits. It will increase countries energy security through reliance

on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource,

enhancesustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigatingclimate

change,and keep fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global.

Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be

considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be

widely shared".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_heatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_photovoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_photosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy#cite_note-ie11-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy#cite_note-ie11-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy#cite_note-ie11-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_solarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_solarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_solarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_solar_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_solar_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_solarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_solarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_solarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy#cite_note-ie11-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy#cite_note-ie11-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_photosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_photovoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_heatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy


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Biomass

Rotor stump remover recover a tree roots for a biomass central, this is an

example for eco-sostenible managing of forest.

Sugarcaneplantation inBrazil (State of So

Paulo), cane remains used to production

ofbiomass energy.

Acogeneration plant inMetz,France. The

station uses waste woodbiomass as energysource, and provides electricity and heat for

30,000dwellings.

Biomass isbiological material derived from

living, or recently living organisms. It most often

refers to plants or plant-derived materials which

are specifically calledlignocellulosic biomass.As

an energy source, biomass can either be used

directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it tovarious forms ofbiofuel.Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by

different methods which are broadly classified into: thermal, chemical,

and biochemicalmethods.

Wood remains the largest biomass energy source today; examples include forest

residues (such as dead trees, branches andtree stumps), yard clippings, wood
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chips and evenmunicipal solid waste. In the second sense, biomass includes

plant or animal matter that can be converted into fibers or other

industrialchemicals, includingbiofuels. Industrial biomass can be grown from

numerous types of plants,

includingmiscanthus,switchgrass,hemp,corn,poplar,willow,sorghum,sugarcane,bamboo,and a variety oftree species, ranging fromeucalyptus tooil

palm (palm oil).

Plant energy is produced by crops specifically grown for use as fuel that offer

high biomass output perhectare with low input energy. Some examples of these

plants are wheat, which typically yield 7.58 tons (tonnes?) of grain per hectare,

and straw, which typically yield 3.55 tons (tonnes?) per hectare in the UK. The

grain can be used for liquid transportation fuels while the straw can be burned

to produce heat or electricity. Plant biomass can also be degraded

fromcellulose toglucose through a series of chemical treatments, and theresulting sugar can then be used as a first generation biofuel.

Biomass can be converted to other usable forms of energy like methane gas or

transportation fuels likeethanol andbiodiesel.Rotting garbage, and agricultural

and human waste, all release methane gasalso called "landfill gas" or "biogas."

Crops, such as corn and sugar cane, can be fermented to produce the

transportation fuel, ethanol. Biodiesel, another transportation fuel, can be

produced from left-over food products like vegetable oils and animal fats. Also,

biomass to liquids (BTLs) and cellulosic ethanol are still under research.

There is a great deal of research involving algal, or algae-derived, biomass due to

the fact that its a non-food resource and can be produced at rates 5 to 10 times

those of other types of land-based agriculture, such as corn and soy. Once

harvested, it can be fermented to produce biofuels such asethanol,butanol,

andmethane,as well asbiodiesel andhydrogen.

The biomass used for electricity generation varies by region. Forest by-products,

such as wood residues, are common in theUnited States.Agricultural waste is

common inMauritius (sugar cane residue) andSoutheast Asia (rice husks).

Animal husbandry residues, such as poultry litter, are common in theUK.
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Biofuel

Biofuels include a wide range of fuels which are derived frombiomass.The term

coverssolid biofuels,liquid biofuels, andgaseous biofuels.[Liquid biofuels

include bioalcohols, such as bioethanol, and oils, such asbiodiesel. Gaseous

biofuels includebiogas,landfill gas andsynthetic gas.

Bioethanol is analcohol made byfermenting the sugar components of plant

materials and it is made mostly from sugar and starch crops. These

includemaize,sugar cane and, more recently,sweet sorghum.The latter crop is

particularly suitable for growing in dryland conditions, and is being investigated

byICRISAT for its potential to provide fuel, along with food and animal feed, in

arid parts of Asia and Africa.

With advanced technology being developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees

and grasses, are also used as feedstocks for ethanol production. Ethanol can beused as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as

agasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions. Bioethanol

is widely used in theUSA and inBrazil. The energy costs for producing bio-

ethanol are almost equal to, the energy yields from bio-ethanol. However,

according to theEuropean Environment Agency,biofuels do not address global

warming concerns.

Biodiesel is made fromvegetable oils,animal fats or recycled greases. Biodiesel

can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a

diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, andhydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles. Biodiesel is produced fromoils or

fats usingtrans esterification and is the most common biofuel in Europe.

Biofuels provided 2.7% of the world's transportfuel in 2010.

Geothermal energy

Steam rising from theNesjavellir GeothermalPower Station inIceland.

Geothermal energy is fromthermal

energy generated and stored in the Earth.

Thermal energy is the energy that determines

the temperature of matter. Earth's geothermal energy originates from the
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original formation of the planet (20%) and fromradioactive decay of minerals

(80%). Thegeothermal gradient,which is the difference in temperature between

the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal

energy in the form ofheat from the core to the surface. The

adjective geothermaloriginates from the Greek roots geo, meaning earth,and thermos, meaning heat.

The heat that is used for geothermal energy can be from deep within the Earth,

all the way down to Earths core4,000 miles (6,400 km) down. At the core,

temperatures may reach over 9,000 F (5,000 C). Heat conducts from the core

to surrounding rock. Extremely high temperature and pressure cause some rock

to melt, which is commonly known as magma. Magma convects upward since it

is lighter than the solid rock. This magma then heats rock and water in the crust,

sometimes up to 700 F (371 C).

Fromhot springs, geothermal energy has been used for bathing

sincePaleolithic times and for space heating since ancient Roman times, but it is

now better known forelectricity generation.

4.Renewable technology

4.1 SOLAR CAR

A solar vehicleis anelectric vehicle powered completely or significantly by

directsolar energy.Usually,photovoltaic (PV) cells

contained insolar panels convert

thesun's energy directly

intoelectric energy. The term

"solar vehicle" usually implies

that solar energy is used to

power all or part of a

vehicle'spropulsion.Solar

power may be also used to

provide power for communications or controls or other auxiliary functions.

Solar vehicles are not sold as practical day-to-day transportation devices at

present, but are primarily demonstration vehicles and engineering exercises,
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often sponsored by government agencies. However, indirectly solar-charged

vehicles are widespread andsolar boats are available commercially.

4.2 CHARGING STATION ELECTRIC CAR

An electric vehicle charging station, also called EV charging station, electric

recharging point, charging point , charge point and EVSE(Electric Vehicle Supply

Equipment), is an element in an infrastructure that supplieselectric energy for

the recharging ofplug-in electric vehicles, includingall-electric

cars,neighborhood electric

vehicles andplug-in hybrids.

Asplug-in hybrid electric

vehicles andbattery electricvehicle ownership is expanding, there is

a growing need for widely distributed

publicly accessible charging stations,

some of which support faster charging

at higher voltages and currents than

are available from domestic supplies.

Many charging stations are on-street facilities provided by electric utility

companies, mobile charging stations have been recently introduced. Some of

these special charging stations provide one or a range of heavy duty or specialconnectors and/or charging without a physical connection using parking places

equipped withinductive charging mats. A special form of a charging station is a

battery swapping station in which the batteries are switched instead of

charged.

4.3 Solar cell phone chargers

Solar cell phone chargersuse solar panels to charge cell phone batteries. They

are an alternative to conventional electrical cell phone chargers and in some

cases can be plugged into an electrical outlet.There are also public solar chargers for mobile phones which can be installed

permanently in public places such as streets, park and squares. The model which

is according to European Commission proclaimed as the first in the world is

theStrawberry Tree, public solar charger invented by Strawberry energy
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Company. This solar station won the first place at "EU Sustainable energy week

(EUSEW) 2011" in the Consuming category.

Some models of cell phones have a built in solar chargerand are commercially

available for GSM cellphone models.

Solar cell phone chargers come in different shapes and configurations including

folding and rotating types.

They also come in the form of straps, with solar cells on the outer surface and a

nickel metal hydride battery within. Currentsolar cell technology limit the

effectiveness and practicality of

phone solar chargers for everyday

use. Phone charge times vary

depending on the battery capacityinstalled which continues to

increase, further extending the

charge times of solar chargers. The

fold-out design has proven to allow

for higher charge current while

maintaining a compact size and

current designs are capable of

charging a modern smartphone in 3 hours.

Solar chargers are also available for other cell phone accessories, such as

Bluetooth headsets and speaker phones.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_types_of_solar_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_types_of_solar_cells

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