Workforce Education & Workforce Education & Development in JamaicaDevelopment in Jamaica

Tabitha ServiceTabitha Service

Diane SpokusDiane Spokus

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF WORKFORCE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF WORKFORCE EDUCATION & DEVELOPMENT in JamaicaEDUCATION & DEVELOPMENT in Jamaica

GOVERNMENT

• Centralized• Funding for

education• Priority to WFED

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMEN

T

• Geography• Infrastructure• Natural

resources

HUMAN CAPITAL

• Population• WF

participation Literacy

• Human Develop. Index

SOCIALCAPITAL

• Resist. to change• Social & Economic

expectations• Role of women• Trust and

cohesion• Social Stability

ECONOMIC Development

• GDP• Economic

growth• Sectors of

employment • Gov. vs. private

ownership

Input (influencing factors)

Process (WFED System)

PUBLIC SECTOR K-12 Community Colleges Universities Other Government-

sponsored WFED Military Training

PRIVATE SECTOR

• Formal

• Informal

CIVILIAN LABOR FORCEHigh or low skilled workersOutput

IMMIGRATION

EMIGRATION

EVALUATION

Physical EnvironmentPhysical Environment

GeographyGeography 143 miles long, 51 miles wide, 4,244 sq. mi143 miles long, 51 miles wide, 4,244 sq. mi 555 miles of coastline555 miles of coastline 3 counties, 14 parishes3 counties, 14 parishes Average Temperature 80 degreesAverage Temperature 80 degrees Independent since 1962Independent since 1962

Cities:Cities: CapitalCapital--Kingston metro area (pop. 628,000).--Kingston metro area (pop. 628,000). Other large citiesOther large cities--Montego Bay (96,600), --Montego Bay (96,600),

Spanish Town (122,700)Spanish Town (122,700)40% Jamaica’s population live in these 3 cities40% Jamaica’s population live in these 3 cities

Civilian Labor ForceCivilian Labor Force Stable population (2000): 2.65 million with Stable population (2000): 2.65 million with

annual growth rate (2000): 0.6%.annual growth rate (2000): 0.6%. April of 2005 labor force comprised of 1,193,300 April of 2005 labor force comprised of 1,193,300

individuals or 36% of the population.individuals or 36% of the population. Males 664,000, Females 529,300Males 664,000, Females 529,300 Unemployment rate is 12.2%Unemployment rate is 12.2% Workforce: Agriculture 21%, industry 19%, Workforce: Agriculture 21%, industry 19%,

services 60% (1998)services 60% (1998) Since the 90s higher “Since the 90s higher “skillsskills” are more in ” are more in

demand than lower skills and unskilled. demand than lower skills and unskilled. Flight of Human Capital in ages >25Flight of Human Capital in ages >25

ImmigrationImmigration Historically, Jamaican emigration has been heavy. Since Historically, Jamaican emigration has been heavy. Since

1967, About 20,000 Jamaicans migrate to the United 1967, About 20,000 Jamaicans migrate to the United States each year; another 200,000 visit annually. At States each year; another 200,000 visit annually. At present there are approximately 478,000 Jamaicans present there are approximately 478,000 Jamaicans living in U.S.living in U.S.

Relaxed immigration policies in U.S. & the Relaxed immigration policies in U.S. & the labor demandlabor demand There are an estimated 2.5 million Jamaicans living in There are an estimated 2.5 million Jamaicans living in

other countries.other countries. New York, Miami, Chicago, and Hartford are among the New York, Miami, Chicago, and Hartford are among the

U.S. cities with a significant Jamaican population.U.S. cities with a significant Jamaican population. Remittances from the expatriate communities in the Remittances from the expatriate communities in the

United States, United Kingdom, and Canada, estimated United States, United Kingdom, and Canada, estimated at up to $800 million per year, make increasingly at up to $800 million per year, make increasingly significant contributions to Jamaica's economy. significant contributions to Jamaica's economy.

EmigrationEmigration

28% or 715,000 persons are between age 28% or 715,000 persons are between age 15-29.15-29.

Rapid decline in population after age 25.Rapid decline in population after age 25. Noticeable 30-year patternNoticeable 30-year pattern Alternatively a large population of Alternatively a large population of

expatriots over age 60 migrating back to expatriots over age 60 migrating back to Jamaica after years abroadJamaica after years abroad

Public SectorPublic Sector

Financial ServicesFinancial Services Education Education Public Utilities Public Utilities National Security National Security Health Health Transportation Transportation

EducationEducation Inherited a British educational model. Inherited a British educational model. Different types of schools aimed at different Different types of schools aimed at different

segments of the populationsegments of the population In colonial days formal education was provided In colonial days formal education was provided

for the children of planters and plantation for the children of planters and plantation management. There were no provisions for management. There were no provisions for slaves.slaves.

First preparatory schools established. First preparatory schools established. Post emancipation (1836-1962) the formal Post emancipation (1836-1962) the formal

education system developed to include the lower education system developed to include the lower classes.classes.

Types of SchoolsTypes of Schools

All Age School, basic education provided for children up All Age School, basic education provided for children up to the age of 15 to the age of 15

Primary schools, up to age 12Primary schools, up to age 12 Secondary Schools (remedial and vocational education)Secondary Schools (remedial and vocational education) Traditional High School Traditional High School Comprehensive high schools and Technical High schoolComprehensive high schools and Technical High school Prep schools accounts for only 4% of schools.Prep schools accounts for only 4% of schools. 3 universities, 7 teachers colleges, 6 community colleges 3 universities, 7 teachers colleges, 6 community colleges

Common entrance examination offered at grade 6Common entrance examination offered at grade 6 HEART/NTA is the government body responsible for the HEART/NTA is the government body responsible for the

vocational training system in Jamaicavocational training system in Jamaica

Formal Private SectorFormal Private Sector

Goods producing Goods producing Mining Mining Agriculture Agriculture ManufacturingManufacturing ConstructionConstruction

ServicesServices Other-Transport, communication, distributive Other-Transport, communication, distributive

trade and financial servicestrade and financial services Represented by the Private Sector Organization Represented by the Private Sector Organization

of Jamaica (PSOJ)of Jamaica (PSOJ)

Problems in the Formal EconomyProblems in the Formal Economy

The economy faces serious long-term problems The economy faces serious long-term problems due to high interest rates; increased foreign due to high interest rates; increased foreign competition; a pressured, sometimes sliding, competition; a pressured, sometimes sliding, exchange rate; a sizable merchandise trade exchange rate; a sizable merchandise trade deficit; large-scale unemployment; and a growing deficit; large-scale unemployment; and a growing internal debt, the result of government bailouts to internal debt, the result of government bailouts to ailing sectors of the economy. ailing sectors of the economy.

The ratio of debt to GDP is close to 150%.The ratio of debt to GDP is close to 150%. Inflation, is expected to remain in the double digits. Inflation, is expected to remain in the double digits. Depressed economic conditions have led to Depressed economic conditions have led to

increased civil unrest, increased civil unrest,

InfrastructureInfrastructureGross Domestic Product

government services6%

real estate services8%

Basic services18%

Construction9%

Mining9%

Agriculture8%

Household & private non-profit services

1%

Miscellaneous including hotels

4%

Manufacturing17%

Distributive Trade20%

financial institutions0%

Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development The Jamaican economy is heavily dependent on The Jamaican economy is heavily dependent on

services, which now services, which now account for 70% of GDP. account for 70% of GDP. In the 1980s In the 1980s The economy of Jamaica was The economy of Jamaica was

primarily agricultural primarily agricultural most of its foreign exchange from tourismmost of its foreign exchange from tourism, ,

remittances, and bauxite/alumina. remittances, and bauxite/alumina. the terrorist attacks in the US on 11 September the terrorist attacks in the US on 11 September

2001, stunted economic growth;2001, stunted economic growth; the economy rebounded moderately in 2003, the economy rebounded moderately in 2003,

with one of the best tourist seasons on recordwith one of the best tourist seasons on record

Informal Private SectorInformal Private Sector

48% of labor force involved in the informal 48% of labor force involved in the informal labor market.labor market.

Agriculture or community, social and Agriculture or community, social and personal services.personal services.

Subsistent farmers, street vendors, Subsistent farmers, street vendors, household helpers, informal importers, household helpers, informal importers, hairdressers dressmakers, gardeners, etc.hairdressers dressmakers, gardeners, etc.

GovernmentGovernment The Jamaican Constitution promulgated in 1962The Jamaican Constitution promulgated in 1962 Parliamentary system of government patterned Parliamentary system of government patterned

after Great Britainafter Great Britain Legislative authority is vested in the Parliament:Legislative authority is vested in the Parliament:

60 members of the House of Representatives60 members of the House of Representatives terms up to 5 yearsterms up to 5 years 21 members of the Senate appointed by Governor 21 members of the Senate appointed by Governor

General (GG)General (GG) Prime Minister is Head of GovernmentPrime Minister is Head of Government British Monarch is the Head of State (Queen) British Monarch is the Head of State (Queen)

She is represented by the G GShe is represented by the G G

GovernmentGovernment

Executive Power in Jamaica is vested in a Executive Power in Jamaica is vested in a cabinet which consists of 20 ministers and cabinet which consists of 20 ministers and is headed by the Prime Minister who is is headed by the Prime Minister who is leader of the Majority party—appointed leader of the Majority party—appointed from the House of Representatives by the from the House of Representatives by the GGGG

Prime Minister appoints the ministers of Prime Minister appoints the ministers of the cabinet the cabinet

Political PartiesPolitical Parties

Jamaica has a two-party political system:Jamaica has a two-party political system: The People’s National Party (PNP) –socialistsThe People’s National Party (PNP) –socialists Jamaica Labor Party supports free enterprise Jamaica Labor Party supports free enterprise

in a free economyin a free economy Other minor parties not recognized:Other minor parties not recognized:

• Workers’ Party of Jamaica, a Marxist groupWorkers’ Party of Jamaica, a Marxist group• Jamaican American Party, favor U.S. statehood for Jamaican American Party, favor U.S. statehood for

JamaicaJamaica

Human CapitalHuman Capital Population 2.6 million (July 2001)Population 2.6 million (July 2001) Since 1990s there has been a significant Since 1990s there has been a significant

increase in the output of trained personnel increase in the output of trained personnel from Jamaica’s education and training from Jamaica’s education and training institutioninstitution

Shows 315% Shows 315% skilled & semi-skilled skilled & semi-skilled manpowermanpower

135% 135% technical, managerial and related technical, managerial and related manpowermanpower

17% of Jamaica unemployed received 17% of Jamaica unemployed received training—an increase from earlier yearstraining—an increase from earlier years

National Training AgencyNational Training Agency Trains approximately 60,000 people annually.Trains approximately 60,000 people annually.ProgramsPrograms School Leavers Training Opportunities School Leavers Training Opportunities

Programme (S.L.T.O.P.s)Programme (S.L.T.O.P.s) Women's Constructive CollectiveWomen's Constructive Collective

http://www.cardef.org/home.HTMhttp://www.cardef.org/home.HTMhttp://www.heart-nta.org/http://www.heart-nta.org/

Social CapitalSocial Capital

PovertyPoverty Jamaica is characterized as a middle-income Jamaica is characterized as a middle-income

countrycountry Per capita GDP is U.S.$1,293/yr.Per capita GDP is U.S.$1,293/yr. Total expenditure among poorest quintile is Total expenditure among poorest quintile is

JA$10,510 (U.S. $314) JA$10,510 (U.S. $314) Second poorest quintile is JA$17,480 (U.S.Second poorest quintile is JA$17,480 (U.S.

$522)$522) Median income is JA$34,975, (U.S.$1,049)Median income is JA$34,975, (U.S.$1,049)

Social CapitalSocial Capital

SocialSocial Disruption is characterized by high level of Disruption is characterized by high level of

violence, industrialization disputes and violence, industrialization disputes and civil disturbancescivil disturbances

In 90s increase in white-collar crime in In 90s increase in white-collar crime in financial institutions & custom regulationsfinancial institutions & custom regulations

In economic terms the high crime rate is In economic terms the high crime rate is deterrent to high investmentdeterrent to high investment