Workers, Unions, Cities Immigration. Workers & Work Division of labor changed the way things were...
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![Page 1: Workers, Unions, Cities Immigration. Workers & Work Division of labor changed the way things were made in factories. No single person could make a product.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649dfe5503460f94ae69af/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Workers, Unions, Cities Immigration
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Workers & Work
• Division of labor changed the way things were made in factories.
• No single person could make a product alone.
• The division of labor was called specialization.
• The division of labor increased the amount a worker could produce.
- More products = lower prices- Usually higher wages were paid , allowing people
to buy more.
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• The plants were run very efficiently without taking into account the human side of production.
- Breaks were few & work was monotonous- Sometimes guards patrolled to keep people from
talking
• These & other more horrible working conditions would eventually lead to unionization.
• Keep in mind there are no government social services to help people who have been injured on the job or to help widows whose husbands were killed on the job.
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Union
• A union is a group for employees.
• Its purpose is to improve working conditions.
• Collective bargaining = negotiating with the managers/owners for better conditions.
• Strike: not working until demands are met by owners
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UNIONIZATION
• Workers joined unions to counter-balance the power of the large corporations.
• A union is a group for workers to help them negotiate for better conditions at work.
• This is known as collective bargaining.
• One of the first unions was the Knights of Labor (1869)– Secret organization at first; they feared retaliation
from business owners.– Allowed blacks, women, immigrants & unskilled
workers to join.
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• Goals of the Knights of Labor– 8 hour work day– Strict regulation of trusts– Equal pay for men & women– Outlaw child labor
• The Knights became very popular until the Haymarket Bombing.– There was a strike at the McCormick Harvester
Machine Company.
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- Police tried to break up the strike which was organized by some radical unionists.
- Someone threw a bomb that killed 7 cops.- The Knights were accused of this crime & public
opinion turned against them.
• The Knights lost members & finally dissolved in 1917.
• By 1886, a number of craft unions would establish the American Federation of Labor (AFL)
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– The AFL was led by Samuel Gompers.– Membership was exclusive to skilled workers
(painters, plumbers, bricklayers, etc.)– Concentrated on bread-&-butter issues:
1. higher wages,
2. shorter hours,
3. better working conditions.– B&B issues are those that most closely affect the
workers.
• Employers would try to stop the spread of unions by using the yellow dog contract & blacklisting.
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• Yellow dog contract: agreement between the employer & the employee that the employee would not join a union.
• Blacklist: a list of union members who would be denied work.
• One of the most violent strikes in American history was the Homestead Strike in Homestead , PA.- Iron & steel workers called a strike to protest
reduced wages.- The company retaliated with a lockout & used
scabs.
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• A lockout is when the company locks out striking workers from the plant.
• Scabs are workers who cross the picket line to take the jobs of the workers.
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- The scabs were protected by private police from the Pinkerton Agency.
- A small-scale battle broke out at the waterfront between the strikers & the Pinkertons. (7Ps & 9Ss died)
- The strike lasted 4 months & eventually the union had to give in to the company’s demands.
- The workers went back to work but at reduced wages..
• The power of the unions would come & go during American history.
• The unions have done important things for American workers.
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THE GROWTH OF CITIES
• Massive amounts of immigrants would come to America between 1860 & 1900.
• Most of the immigrants came to find work & better opportunities in the growing industrial areas of the country.
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OLD Immigrants
Pre-1880 (AKA Old Immigrants)
1. Spoke English
2. Western & northern Europe
3. Educated & skilled
4. Money
5. Protestant
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NEW Immigrants
After 1880 (AKA New Immigrants)
1. Spoke very little or no English
2. Mostly uneducated & unskilled
3. Poor
4. Catholic , Jewish , or Orthodox
5. Southern & Eastern Europe or Asia
• These immigrants ended up with the lowest paying jobs & in the worst possible living conditions.
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• They tended to live together as a community & began the ethnic neighborhoods in cities.
-Little Italy, Irish Channel (NOLA), Chinatown,
Germantown, etc.
• The waves of new immigrants were resented by many native born Americans. (Nativists)
-The New Immigrants would work long hours for low pay.
-They could also weaken the political power of the old established families & the unions.
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• The old established powers started anti-immigration organizations & urged Congress to pass national legislation restricting immigration.
- One such type of legislation was the Literacy Test: immigrants had to prove they could read & write English before they were allowed in the country.
- Most of the legislation didn’t become law because of the influence of big business.
- Businesses saw the new immigrants as a huge source of cheap labor.
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• Congress did pass the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882.
-- It prohibited Chinese from entering the country for 10 years.
--This legislation would stay in effect until 1965.
--The problem was on the West Coast where the Chinese resisted assimilation & were a threat to the people of the West Coast.
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• Assimilation: blending in with the rest of the people ; leaving behind ethnic identity to be like the majority.
• Assimilation was encouraged because it was a way of advancing in society. It was considered “bad” to show your ethnic differences.
• The majority of immigrants ended up in the urban areas of the country.
• They felt safer in the cities where they could live among people of their own people.
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PROBLEMS OF CITY LIFE
• After the civil war , many people left the rural areas for better opportunities in cities.
• Some places that were just small towns boomed between 1870 & 1900.
-Birmingham, AL -Denver, CO -Memphis, TN -Seattle, WA
-Portland, OR -Atlanta, GA-Pittsburgh, PA -San Francisco, CA
• The cities grew faster than housing & other facilities could be provided for the inhabitants.
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-Real estate values skyrocketed.
-Tenement slums became the norm.
• Problems facing cities included
1. crowded tenement buildings
2. inadequate police & fire protection
3. no garbage or sewer services
4. public water supply was impure
***Life for the poor was horrible no matter which city they were living in during this time period.
• There were some people who tried to improve the living conditions for the poor.
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-Cities created boards of health -Social workers created settlement houses,
which were community centers that helped the people of the neighborhood. The most famous of these settlement houses was started by Jane Addams.
***Hull House in Chicago became the model for many other settlement houses (Jane Addams.)
• Transportation was also a problem that many urban areas tackled during the late 1800s.
-Horse drawn street cars eventually gave way to electric trolleys (by 1880)
-Cable cars were installed in San Francisco (variation on a theme.)
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-Bridges & roads were built to improve traffic flow in the cities (Brooklyn Bridge in NYC.)
• Many cities used the prosperity of industrial expansion to improve the lives of the inhabitants.– City parks were built to give people a “country”
setting in which to relax & socialize.– Grand public buildings were built to impress visitors.– Tourism became important for the middle & upper
classes.– Art museums & other cultural activities were started.
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• The industrial expansion of the late 1800s would improve the lives of many, but it would also leave huge gaps between the poor & the wealthy.
• This industrial expansion would lay the groundwork for our lives today.
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