Wood in carbon efficient construction - WoodWisdom-Net€¦ · Giuliana Iannaccone ... 1986...

WoodWisdom-Net Research Programme Final Report

Final Report 1(24)

Wood in carbon efficient construction

€CO2

FINAL REPORT

Title of the research project Wood in carbon efficient construction (€CO2)

Coordinator of the project Mr. Matti Kuittinen, Aalto University

BASIC PROJECT DATA

Project period 01.12.2010 – 31.03.2013

Contact information of the coordinator Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture PL 11300 00076 AALTO Tel. +358 50 594 7990 Fax. - E-mail: [email protected]

URL of the project http://www.eco2wood.com

FUNDING

Total budget in EUR 2 119 931,50

Public funding from WoodWisdom-Net Research Programme: Finland Tekes - Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation 711 905,40 Germany Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)/Project Management Agency Jülich (PtJ) 50 000,00 Sweden Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA) 337 000,00

Other public funding:

FFG, Austria 195 284,7


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Other funding:

CEI-Bois 300 000,00

Swedish Forest Industries Federation, Sweden 161 400,00

Finnish Wood Research, Finland 80 000,00

FederLegno Arredo, Italy 30 000,00

Träbyggnadskansli, Sweden 21 540,00

Austrian Industry, Austria 14 000,00

GreenBuild Ltd., Finland 5 000,00

PROJECT TEAM Name Gender Organisation Title Country

Work Package 1 Leif Gustavsson, PhD M Linnaeus University Professor Sweden

Ambrose Dodoo, PhD M Linnaeus University Senior Lecturer Sweden

Roger Sathre, PhD M Linnaeus University Researcher Sweden

Krushna Mahapatra, PhD M Linnaeus University Senior Lecturer Sweden

Per-Erik Eriksson M SP Wood Technology Head of section Sweden

Joakim Noren M SP Wood Technology Dr., LCA specialist Sweden

Diego Peñaloza M SP Wood Technology Dr., LCA specialist Sweden Work Package 2 Matti Kairi, Dr., M Aalto University Professor Finland

Lauri Likosalmi, M.Sc. M Aalto University Researcher Finland

Atsushi Takano, M.Sc. M Aalto University Researcher Finland

Anna Fomkin, M.Sc. F Aalto University Researcher Finland


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Work Package 3 Tarja Häkkinen, Dr. F VTT Senior principal scientist Finland

Sirje Vares, M.Sc F VTT Senior scientist Finland

Antti Ruuska, M.Sc M VTT Research scientist Finland

Nusrat Jung, M.Sc F VTT Research scientist Finland

Appu Haapio, Dr. F VTT Senior scientist Finland Work Package 4 Winter, Stefan. Dr.-Ing M TU München Professor Germany Chair of timber structures and building construction

Hafner, Annette. Dr.-Ing F TU München Researcher Germany

Ott, Stephan. Dipl.-Ing M TU München Researcher Germany

Takano, Atsushi M Aalto University Researcher Finland M.Eng. (Arch.) Department of Forest Products Technology

Kuittinen, Matti M Aalto University, Researcher, Coordinator Finland M.Sc (Arch.) Department of Architecture Work Package 5 Tomi Toratti M VTT Dr., Senior researcher Finland

Jesper Arfvidsson M Lund University Dr., Professor Sweden

S Olof Mundt-Petersen M Lund University Researcher, PhD cand. Sweden

Jorma Heikkinen M VTT M.Sc.(Eng), Senior Researcher Finland Work Package 6 (also part of WP Austria) Saana Tykkä F BOKU MA, Researcher Austria

Gerhard Weiss M BOKU Dipl-Ing.Dr., Area leader Austria

Alice Ludvig F BOKU Dr., Senior Researcher Austria


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Work Package Austria Franz Dolezal, Dr M Holzforschung Senior researcher Austria

Alexander Deutsch, DI M Holzforschung Researcher Austria

Christina Spitzbart Mag. F Holzforschung Researcher Austria

Sylvia Polleres, DI F Holzforschung Senior researcher Austria

Rupert Wolffhardt, Ing. M Holzforschung Senior researcher Austria

Hildegund Mötzl, Mag. F IBO Key researcher Austria

Philipp Boogman, DI M IBO Senior researcher Austria

Robert Stanek, DI M IBO Researcher Austria

Astrid Scharnhorst, DI(FH) F IBO Researcher Austria

Susanne Geissler, Mag.Dr F Austrian Energy Agency Senior researcher Austria

Maria Amtmann, DI F Austrian Energy Agency Researcher Austria

Oskar Mair am Tinkhof M Austrian Energy Agency Junior researcher Austria

Work Package Italy Enrico De Angelis M Politecnico di Milano Associate Professor Italy ABC Department

Giuliana Iannaccone F Politecnico di Milano Assistant Professor Italy ABC Department

Giovanni Dotelli M Politecnico di Milano Associate Professor Italy G. Natta Department

Francesco Pittau M Politecnico di Milano Project researcher Italy G. Natta Department

Nadia Villa F Politecnico di Milano Research fellow Italy ABC Department

Giulia Zanata F Politecnico di Milano Research assistant Italy


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Industrial main research partners Tuija Brandt F StoraEnso Manager, Sustainability Finland

Tuovi Valtonen F StoraEnso Environmental specialist Finland

Pasi Typpö M GreenBuild Ltd. CEO Finland

Jenni Kemppainen F Micro-aided Design Ltd. Expert, ArchiLogs Finland

Josef Huber M Huber & Sohn CEO Germany

Paolo Lavisci M Strutture di Legno CEO Italy

Helena Johnsson F Lindbäcks Bygg CEO Sweden

Niclas Svensson M Träbyggnadskansli CEO Sweden

Per Lundgren M Martinsons CEO Sweden

Johan Åhlen M Moelven CEO Sweden

DEGREES Degrees earned or to be earned within this project.

Year Degree Gender Name and year of birth Institution Supervisor 2012 M.Sc. M Takano Atsushi, 1979 Aalto University Kairi Matti, Professor (Tech.) Aalto University

2013 Ph.D M Francesco Pittau, 1984 Politecnico di Enrico De Angelis, M.Eng in 2009, Milano Politecnico di Milano Building engineer

2013 M.Eng F Giulia Zanata, 1986 Politecnico di Bruno Daniotti, B.Arch. in 2011, Milano Politecnico di Milano Building engineer


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ABSTRACT

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Background

The building sector is responsible for a significant share of the total primary energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in Europe. Although sophisticated tools for the analysis of life cycle environmental impacts of many goods and services have been developed over the last several decades, the typical life cycle assessment (LCA) methods are not fully adequate for analysing the primary energy and GHG balances of wood products and buildings. There are several reasons for the increased complexity of the environmental analysis of wood products compared to that of most other products: a long time frame is involved; a range of useful products can be obtained at different points in time; a broad array of joint products can be obtained from a tree; and the unique relationship between forest development and environmental services, including climate stability. Furthermore, the life cycle analysis of buildings is also more complex than that of many other products due to the long lifespan of most buildings, with impacts occurring at different times during the life cycle; the multitude of different variables that influence the life cycle impacts of the building; and the lack of standardisation of building design and construction, making each building unique. 1.1.2 Objectives The main objectives of ECO2 have been

to create a holistic understanding of carbon efficiency in the full life-cycle of a building,

to define the technical potential and obstacles for the use of wood in carbon efficient construction,

to develop practical solutions for calculating and optimising the carbon footprint of different wood construction systems

to define the factors leading to a long service life of the external envelope of a timber building, and

to disseminate the scientific results efficiently to relevant stakeholders, including e.g. authorities, regulation developers and construction industry.

1.2 Results and discussion

Work Package 1: Primary energy and greenhouse gas balances over a building life cycle A report highlighting methodological issues and scientific principles for lifecycle primary energy and greenhouse gas analyses of buildings has been compiled. It indicates that efficient use of wood products involves material and energy flows in different economic sectors, including forestry, manufacturing, construction, energy, and waste management. The closer integration of


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these flows can improve the overall life cycle environmental performance of wood-based products. A thorough understanding of the relative impacts caused by the different products over their entire life cycles is needed to design effective wood substitution that minimizes carbon footprint. The lifecycle primary energy use and GHG emission of a Swedish building has been analysed for wood building systems using:

cross laminated timber (CLT) elements,

beam and column and

volumetric modules as structural systems.

The building was designed as a conventional house to meet the requirements of the 2012 Swedish building code or as a passive house to meet the Swedish passive house criteria. The assumed building lifespan is 50 years and the end-use heating is district heating with combined heat and power (CHP) production using biomass-based steam turbine technology. The results show that the operation phase dominates the lifecycle primary energy use and GHG emission for both the conventional and the passive house versions of the building. Household electricity constitutes the largest share of the lifecycle primary energy use, and is proportionally more significant for the passive house buildings. The material production primary energy use is lower than the recoverable energy content of the biomass residues. Significant quantities of biomass residues are produced due to the use of wood framing material. Overall a passive house with CLT elements gives the lowest lifecycle primary energy and GHG balances, in part because this system has better airtightness compared to the other building system studied.

Work Package 2: Evaluation of carbon efficiency of industrial wood products Several LCA databases were studied and compared. There was significant variation in the assessment results of building components, when different databases were used. On the other hand the comparison of different LCA databases is not self-evident, because of dissimilar methodology behind datasets. Different allocation methods in A1-A3 phase were discussed and studied. Current LCA databases are using different allocation methods: physical allocation, economic allocation or main product allocation. Drying process has biggest energy saving potential in production phase (A1-A3) of the life cycle of wood-based construction materials. Regarding greenhouse gas emissions, phases of life cycle where fossil fuels are used – such as transportation - have biggest reduction potential.

Work Package 3: ICT methods for evaluation with common data Important issues that affect the assessment results of wooden building products include the consideration of carbon up-take during growth, effect of harvesting on carbon balance of forests and the consideration of the so-called substitution effect. WP3 discussed the significance of these issues and made conclusions about the justified consideration of those on product level


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assessments or on economy level assessments and when seeking information of long term or short term impacts. Among other issues the project recommends that product level assessments should use attributional LCA without considering the so-called substitution effects. Added use of wood may cause significant consequences which include:

1) potential changes in the carbon balance of forests because of (added) use of wood,

2) changes in the use of different kinds of building materials, and

3) increased availability of wooden by-products and concurrent changes in the use of other materials including fossil fuels.

These consequences should be studied with help of scenarios that comprehensively describe the alternative systems. Many countries still lack adequate information on the carbon footprint of building materials. To improve the availability of carbon footprint data, the €CO2 project collected and presented carbon footprint data of building products. The report focuses on wooden building products from different European countries. In addition, the purpose of the report is to present carbon footprint information for other building materials in order enable the assessment of whole buildings. The report was written, based on publicly available databases, and data provided by the €CO2 project. The data covers mainly information, which is relevant in €CO2 partner countries: Finland, Sweden, Germany, Austria and Italy. Comprehensive LCI analyses of sawn timber have also been made in the project. The analyses were made for two big manufacturers with the focus on Finnish saw mills though some data was also collected in other countries. At the same time the project also improved understanding about the factors that affect the carbon footprint of sawn timber. A simple Excel based tool for the assessment and comparison of embodied GHGs has also been developed in the project. The tool supports the definition of structures and the whole building and the assessment of carbon footprint with the help of the database included in the tool. The possibilities of integrating sustainable building assessment methods with BIMs have been studied in earlier research projects. €CO2 summarised the results. Interoperability and openness of different tools have been assessed in terms of data import and data export. The current results show that none of the common software solutions are sufficient to perform a comprehensive sustainability analysis but a number of software have a connection to the BIM and are thus able to retrieve information from it. For the moment, most of the tools are able to retrieve technical information to perform some calculation and edit a report.

Work Package 4: Principles for wood products and building services of a carbon efficient house

Deliverables of WP4 have included:

- Revealing differences in database comparison


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- System boundaries, databases and inclusion of biogenic carbon is handled differently all over Europe

- Clear description of the assessment processes and results is a fundamental requirement

- Simplified system boundary is proposed for practical carbon footprint calculation

- Inherent properties of wood (renewability, carbon storage, energy content) are clear benefits of wood products and wood-based construction

- Environmental impacts from construction work seem to be minor, but it is important to mitigate them at the industrial level

Work Package 5: Building physical risk analysis and service life

The 5 main factors leading to a good building physical performance and therefore to a long service life of the external wall were identified. These were identified through measurements made in rel buildings and with simulations with 2 different software. Also claddings (surveyed in the earlier woodexter project) were considered and important factors linked to their service life identified. Separate workshops with WP4 were arranged to identify wooden structures that are both moisture safe and carbon efficient. Work Package 6: Dissemination of results

Carbon efficient construction with wood can be seen as part of sustainable construction policies. The sustainable construction sector is an emerging sector that is shaped technically by a number of standards on both the national and international levels. EU policies provide a certain frame around the relevant standardisation processes. The specific advantages of wood are not well reflected in such generic frames and there is much work to be done for raising awareness and supporting policy changes. The ECO2 project has contributed in this respect by developing clear tools, refining methods and defining boundaries in combination with their application in selected case studies in this respect. The policy analysis part has furthermore contributed by determining the main policy areas and policy actors that shape the relevant policies.

Work Package Austria: Eco Timber sub-project

Deliverables of WP Austria have included:

Methodological discussion: clarification of important topics for the calculation of LCAs like to include all CO2-flows throughout the whole life cycle

Reviewing and verification of basis data for LCAs of Austrian wood and wooden products: data for wood harvest was surveyed and compared to the Ecoinvent dataset, data for scenarios like transport, service life and end-of-life have been specified

LCAs for wooden products: life cycle inventory data was collected for CLT, windows, doors, internal doors, GLULAM, wooden floors, solid wood boards and cellulose fibre


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LCAs for three wooden reference buildings (multi-storey building, row house, single family house) with variations in building materials, services, service life and building concept have been calculated and analyzed

Analysis of contribution of building materials to Green Building label indicators

Update and extension of dataholz.com – Catalogue of reviewed timber building components for thermal, acoustic, fire performance requirements and ecologic drivers

A Stakeholder analysis has been carried out to identify interested parties

Results have been presented to relevant stakeholders industry and building sector representatives (see publications)

Work Package Italy The use of wood in the new building construction in Italy has risen significantly in the last decade. Although concrete and masonry are still the most used materials for construction, from the considered case studies wood seems to be the construction material able to gain the most positive environmental benefits, thanks to its carbon neutrality and carbon storage which lead to a great CO2 saving potential, allowing to decrease significantly the GHG emission along the life cycle of the building. The EPDs, defined according to European standards, will be in the next future very practical instruments in the hands of designers for making more conscious choices. At national level, the project allowed to estimate for the first time the impact from the production of CLT panels made of local wood, comparing the achieved results with similar European products calculated with the same methodology. This is an important step which brings for the first time to the collection of an European dataset for timber products.

1.3 Conclusions Work Package 1 A system-wide lifecycle perspective is needed to minimize the overall primary energy use and GHG emission of buildings. The primary energy use during the operation phase still dominates the lifecycle primary energy use for a passive house, but the relative importance of the other lifecycle phases increases with improved operating energy efficiency. An efficient energy supply system is also of great importance for a low energy building and may be an integral part of the effort to create a low energy built environment. Wood-frame passive houses with district heating based on CHP production seem to be an effective means of reducing primary energy use and GHG emission in the built environment.

Work Package 2 Manufacturing process (A3) of wooden products is the most energy consuming step in cradle to gate (A1-A3) phases. Greenhouse gas emissions (fossil) from different steps are related directly to the energy source. If energy, electricity & heat, in A3 step is produced from renewable energy sources can emission be less than A1 phase.


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€CO2 consortium decided to recommend physical allocation in A3 phase for wood based construction materials, because physical values don’t vary as economic values can.

Work Package 3 When analysing the potential of wood products on the reduction of GHGs, a consequential LCA is needed. This should take place by studying comprehensive alternative systems providing equivalent services. Attention should be paid to the true market potential for substitution, possible marginal effects and justified allocation of credits because of the use of by-products and recovered materials. In order to avoid double counting and unjustified outcomes, product level assessments should always be based on attributional LCI/LCA. The potential of the use of wood products on the reduction of GHGs essentially depends on the ability of a forest to absorb carbon and the effect of harvesting on this phenomenon. While the consideration of the overall life cycle is important when seeking sustainable long term solutions that ensure the continual availability of renewable materials and low CO2 balance, urgent solutions for the mitigation of climate change should not be justified with the help of carbon up-take data. From the view point of a short time perspective covering the coming decades, the sequestration of carbon into logs used for long lived building products is less important than the effect of harvesting on the carbon balance of forests. The positive impacts take place in situations where the use of logs from forests cause a short-term disturbance (or no disturbance) to the carbon uptake of forests and the harvesting takes place in phases where it actually enables the further growth and sequestration of carbon. Much more information than is currently available is needed in order to consider the real consequences of the added use of wood. Average, regional or country specific information should be developed for the land use impacts of wooden products. This would make it possible to consider reference land use scenarios in the LCAs of wooden products. There is an urgent need for further development of current standards in order to better support the assessment of the GHG reduction of potential of wood products especially regarding the political targets to rapidly reduce GHGs within the coming decades. Geographical and country specific differences have significant effects on carbon footprint of wood based products. Climatic differences between Northern, Central and Southern Europe have an effect on forest species, and how logging is done. Country specific energy mixes also have an impact on GHG emissions. The most important potentials to improve carbon efficiency of the process is to control manufacturing and drying processes to reduce energy use and at the same time to decrease the GHGs. Also renewable energy sources should be made use of in an optimal way. As the timber is produced for different applications different seasoning is needed. Special dry, shipping dry and un-seasoned timber consume different amounts of energy for drying. In addition, the energy type for drying can vary from renewable to non-renewable sources. When the heat is made from the wood based co-products then CO2 emissions come


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from renewable sources; it was taken as net zero value in carbon footprint assessments. But when this co-product is sold out and heat is bought from non-renewable source then heat used for timber drying causes CO2 emissions. Because of big possible variations in saw mill-specific results, it is recommended that country specific assessments should always be available, the result should cover as many mills as possible, and the result should be presented separately for different timber types produced. Different kinds of assessment tools are available for the environmental assessment of buildings. The usefulness of tools is mainly based on two issues: the inclusion of environmental data for relevant materials and support for calculation processes. An essential issue is whether the determination of material qualities and quantities is taken place separately or whether the environmental data can be directly linked to the design based information on the bill of quantities. Work Package 4

- Prefabrication work seems to be the more environmentally efficient construction method than on-site construction work.

- Designing a low-carbon building needs action on all stages of design process.

- Advantage of wood as temporary carbon storage and energy content needs to be developed further.

- Further research is required for the assessment of construction process.

- Implementation of the design process to real projects is next step Work Package 5 It is essential to avoid excessive moisture in the structures. Conditions for mould growth should be checked and good methods and software for this task have been described. Good performance is usually obtained by providing ventilation on the external parts of the wall and avoiding mould sensitive materials in the external sections of the wall. Demands on weather protection during the construction phase should also be addressed and such regulations already exist in some EU countries. The weather conditions and the degree of protection are very crucial on the good performance of the façade, with proper design, detailing and regular maintenance a 50 year service life is well achievable. Work Package 6 Conclusions from IS-Analysis (WP 6) of standardisation in wooden construction: In sum, the current normative framework is still under development for reflecting the specific advantages of wood in construction when it comes to environmental performance in general, and carbon efficiency in particular. This is especially the case when it comes to environmental performance in general (ISO 1400 family), and carbon efficiency in particular (ISO 10467, draft version).


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Work Package Austria EcoTimber The project has added to the availability and quality of LCA data for wood, wooden products and buildings:

A common method of LCA calculation could be found at least within Austria’s LCA calculation institutions.

It could be shown that figures for logging in Austria are quite similar to generic data in Ecoinvent, and differences can be explained with slightly different harvesting methods.

Ecological data and drivers of Austrian wooden products were collected and calculated. A data base with current data was established and average values for production of different wooden products in Austria calculated. Also impact of different transport phases of products was determined and compared to impact of production and use phase. Results were also transferred to dataholz.com information platform.

Reference buildings were assessed and results show ecological impact of different building parts, different phases of the life cycle of a building and the favourable effect of the use of wood as a building material on the environmental impact of buildings.

Work Package Italy From the results achieved in the project, production phase (mod. A1-3) plays a key role in the whole life cycle analysis, for this reason it is essential for the timber industrial sector to improve the research in the next years in order to decrease as much as possible the environmental burden from cradle to gate of timber products. Construction phase (mod. A4-5) seems to have a minor importance if only wooden building elements are considered, nevertheless it is necessary to mitigate that contribution at the industrial level. Further research is required in order to develop practical and reliable assessment tool for the collection of data from prefabrication and on site construction.

1.4a Capabilities generated by the project .

New methods to assess the performance of structures were developed, mainly through linking building physical models to mould models. WuFi and Comsol software’s were applied and compared with each other and with measurements proving good applicability. Also a new application of the ISO factor method to estimate the service life of claddings was produced. (WP5) Results of wood product LCAs are fed into computer programs like EcoSoft, SimaPro and the information platform dataholz.com and will be useful for companies and researchers working on product and building LCAs for different purposes: EPDs, green building labels, research projects, etc. (WP Austria)


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From the doctoral thesis carried out by Pittau in 2013, an increasing use of wood in new construction in EU-27 is highly beneficial. The annually GHG emitted falls with a saving potential in GHG emissions from new construction up to 10%. The total amount of potential savings is relatively high, the calculated maximum saving is 43 million tonnes or 106 million tonnes if also carbon uptake is considered. However, the relative share of savings, in relation to the GHG emissions of EU-27 (3’577 million tonnes in 2009 according to OECD statistics) remains quite low: roughly 1.2% or 3% when absorbed carbon is taken into account. If only the relative share of GHG emissions due to residential sector is considered (7.9% of the total emissions from statistics) the influence rises sensitively: 15% or 38% when absorbed carbon is considered. (WP Italy)

1.4b Utilisation of results

Work Package 1 The results of the project have been presented to the research consortium, including the industrial partners in several meetings, to transfer knowledge from the project. Key information in our findings applicable in practice includes the role of insulation materials, airtightness and energy supply systems in achieving low energy and carbon efficient buildings. Our results show that the choice of insulation material can have a significant impact on the production primary energy use. Using stone wool instead of glass wool insulation reduces production primary energy use. Improved airtightness is crucial to achieve low energy building and to meet the passive house standard. The choice of heat supply system has major impact on life cycle primary energy use and GHG emission of buildings. To further disseminate the project outcome, our findings will be presented at Forum-Holzbau Nordic 2013 in Kouvola on 23-24th of May 2013. A book documenting the findings of the €CO2 project is under preparation and is set for publication in summer 2013. The book is targeted at several groups including engineers, architects, politicians, scientific researchers, teachers, planners and students. Work Package 2

- LCI data inventory template development, within Finnish Forest Industries

- New project planning, ECO2data

Work Package 4

- Holistic understanding of carbon efficiency in full-life-cycle of wooden building

- Optimize construction process in industry, develop prefabrication process further


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Work Package 5 The methods may be used to predict the performance during the use phase in different climates of new energy efficient structures. The software has been proven to be sufficiently reliable to predict the performance by comparing to measurements. Also the inclusion of mould models to building physics analysis gives additional value to the meaning of the results. Work Package Italy The data collected in this project and the achieved results have been used by industrial partners to understand the benefits in the use of wood instead of alternative materials. In particular, thanks to the common methodology defined into this project, the comparison between the production of building products with the use of local wood against the importation of not national wood allowed to estimate the effectiveness and the quality of the national manufacturing potential. Finally, the calculation tool developed into this project should be the base for future collaborations between universities and industrial partners in order to make the tool effectiveness as much as possible.

1.5 Publications and communication

a) Scientific publications 1. Articles in international scientific journals with peer review

Work Package 6

Ludvig, Alice and Weiss, Gerhard (2013): Governing Carbon Efficiency: Standards for Wooden Products in Construction, under Review: ÖZP, Austrian Journal of Political Science.


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2. Articles in international scientific compilation works and international scientific conference proceedings with peer review

Work Package 4

Hafner, A., Winter, S., Takano, A.: Wooden products as building material in life cycle analysis. Proceedings of the third International Symposium on Life-Cycle Civil Engineering (IALCCE 2012), Vienna, 3-6 October 2012, Life-cycle and Sustainability of Civil Infrastructure Systems, Taylor & Francis Group, pp. 1530-1537.

To be published in June, September and October 2013:

Takano A, Kuittinen M：Comparison of different accuracy in a building life cycle

assessment: A case study on the three different accuracy of inventory, CESB13 – The 3rd international conference Central Europe towards Sustainable Building, Prague, CESB13 Conference proceedings; 2013.06.

Hafner, A., Ott, S.; Winter, S.: Recycling and End-of-Life scenarios for timber structures. sb13 – sustainable building conference, Graz, SB13 Conference Proceedings; 2013.09

Takano.A, Pittau, F., Hafner, A., Ott, S.: Greenhouse gas emission from construction process of multi-story wooden buildings. sb13 – sustainable building conference, Graz, SB13 Conference Proceedings; 2013.09.

Hafner, A., Ott, S.; Winter, S.: End-of-Life scenarios for timber structures. Rilem Timber Structures Conference; Springer Media, New York; 2013.10.

Work Package 5

S. Olof Hägerstedt, Lars-Erik Harderup, Control of moisture safety design by comparison between calculations and measurements in passive house walls made of wood, XII DBMC, International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components April 12th -15th 2011 – Conference proceedings, Porto, Portugal, 2011, 978-972-752-132-6.

S. Olof Hägerstedt, Lars-Erik Harderup, Comparison of measured and calculated temperature and relative humidity with varied and constant air flow in the façade air gap, 9th Nordic Symposium on building Physics NSB, May 29th – June 2th 2011, Tampere, Finland 2011, 978-952-15-2574-2.

S. Olof Mundt-Petersen, Petter Wallentén, Tomi Toratti, Jorma Heikkinen, Moisture risk evaluation and determination of required measures to avoid mould damage using the Folos 2D visual mould chart, Thermophysics 2012 – Conference proceedings, 17th International Meeting of Thermophysical Society, Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, 2012, ISBN 978-80-214-4599-4.


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Tomi Toratti, Jorma Heikkinen, S. Olof Mundt-Petersen, Jesper Arfvidsson: Calculations and measurements of moisture and temperature in highly insulated house walls made of wood for a moisture safe design. World Conference on Timber Engineering, WCTE, 16th – 19th July 2012, Auckland, 2012.

S. Olof Mundt-Petersen, Lars-Erik Harderup, Moisture safety in wood frame constructions – What do we know today? – A literature overview, Sustainable Building Conference 2013, SB13, 22th – 24th May 2013, Oulu, Finland 2013.

Work Package 6

Ludvig, Alice and Weiss, Gerhard (2013): Governing Carbon Efficiency: The international Regime of Standards in Wooden Construction, In: SB13 Implementing Sustainability – Barriers and Chances, Book of Full Papers, 68-81

Work Package Austria

Mötzl H, Dolezal F (2012). Austrian Research project ECOTimber – wood used in sustainable building constructions. International Symposium on Life Cycle Assessment and Construction – Civil Engineering and Buildings, 10-12 July 2012, Nantes.

Dolezal F, Mötzl H, Deutsch A (2012). Austrian research project ECOTimber – wood used in sustainable building constructions (subproject of ECO2). Ecowood, 5th international conference on environmentally-compatible forest products, September 2012, Porto.

To be published in September 2013:

Dolezal, F., Mötzl, H., Mair O., Spitzbart C.: Wood in Carbon Efficient Constructions. SB13 – Sustainable Building Conference, Graz, SB13 Conference Proceedings; 2013.

Work Package Italy

Pittau F, De Angelis E, Masera G, Dotelli G, (2011). LCA Based Comparative Evaluation of Building Envelope Systems. CISBAT11 International Conference. Lausanne.

Pittau F, De Angelis E (2011). Wood in carbon efficient construction: environmental impacts assessment for the mitigation of climatic changes. LCM 2011 - Towards Life Cycle Sustainability Management. Berlin.

Pittau F, Villa N, De Angelis E, Masera G, Iannaccone G, Dotelli G (2012). How can costs and technology interact in sustainable building over a LCA perspective? A comparative analysis in Italian context. BSA 2012 - 1st International Conference on Building Sustainability Assessment. Porto.

Villa N, Pittau F, De Angelis E, Iannaccone G, Dotelli G, Zampori L (2012). Wood products for the Italian construction industry – an LCA-based sustainability evaluation. WCTE 2012 - World Conference on Timber Engineering. Auckland.


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De Angelis E, Dotelli G, Pittau F, La Torre A, Porcino C, Pansa G, Villa N (2013). LCA and LCC based Energy Optimization of Building Renovation Strategies. SB13 – Sustainable Building Conference. Graz.

Takano A, Pittau F, Hafner A, Ott S (2013). Greenhouse gas emission from construction process of multi-story wooden buildings. SB13 – Sustainable Building Conference. Graz.

3. Articles in national scientific journals with peer review (none) 4. Articles in national scientific compilation works and national scientific conference proceedings with peer review

Pittau F, De Angelis E (2011). Il legno nelle costruzioni “low carbon emission”: valutazione degli impatti sull’ambiente per la mitigazione dei cambiamenti climatici. Codat 2011. Roma.

5. Scientific monographs

Work Package 1

Gustavsson, L., Sathre, R. and Dodoo, A. 2012. Report on methodological issues in determining primary energy and greenhouse gas balances over a building life cycle. €CO2 Work Package 1.

Dodoo, A., Gustavsson, L., and Sathre, R. 2013. The role of wood in carbon efficient construction. Primary energy and greenhouse gas balances over the life cycle of different wood building systems: Swedish case-study building. €CO2 Work Package 1. Draft final report.

Peñaloza, D. Norén, J. and Eriksson, P-E. 2013. Life cycle assessment of different building systems: The Wälludden case study. Draft report.

Work Package 5

Hägerstedt, S. Olof, 2012. State of art/ Mould and moisture safety in constructions. Report TVBH-3053, Building Physics, Lund University, Lund 2012.

6. Other scientific publications, such as articles in scientific non-refereed journals and publications in university and institute series

Work Package 1

Gustavsson, L., Sathre, R. and Dodoo, A. 2012. €CO2 Work Package 1 Mid-term report on methodological issues in determining primary energy and greenhouse gas balances over a building life cycle.


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Gustavsson, L., Dodoo, A. and Sathre, R. 2012. LCA proposal of Work Package 1: Methodological issues in determining primary energy and greenhouse gas balances over a building life cycle. Final report submitted to €CO2 project coordinator.

Gustavsson L., 2013. Lifecycle greenhouse gas and primary energy balances of a building. International Holzbau-Forum Nordic 2013 (IHN 13), Kouvola, Finland, May 23-24.

Work Package 2

Fomkin A., Linkosalmi L., Takano A. (2011). Principles of LCA in a wood-construction point of view - Background material for €CO2 project. 38 pp.

Linkosalmi L., Kairi M., Takano A., Kuittinen M., Winter S. (2011). Summary of database studies - Background material for €CO2 project. 27 pp.

Takano A. (2012). Comparison of life cycle assessment databases: a case study on wood construction material. Master thesis. Aalto University. 80 pp.

Linkosalmi L. & Takano A. (2012). Energy and carbon balances of box buildings. Poster & Abstract. International Symposium on Life Cycle Assessment and Construction 2012, Nantes, France.

Linkosalmi L. & Takano A. (2012).Comparison of LCI databases for three box buildings. Poster & Abstract. ECOWOOD 5th International Conference on Environmentally – Compatible Forest Products, Porto, Portugal.

Linkosalmi L., Kairi M. (2013). Carbon Footprint Calculations for the Stora Enso Sawmills.

Work Package 4

Hafner, A., Ott, S., Winter, S.: Holzbau, Heft 2: Herausforderungen Ökologie und Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung; S.13-16; Verlag Kastner; Wolnzach; 2012

Hafner, A., Ott, S., Winter, S.: Holzbau, Heft 3: Rohstoffverwendung in Nutzungskaskaden; S.37-41; Verlag Kastner; Wolnzach; 2012

Hafner, A., Ott, S., Winter, S.: Holzbau, Heft 3: Holzbauten Nutzung und Lebenszyklus; S.42-45; Verlag Kastner; Wolnzach; 2012

Takano, A. Comparison of Life cycle assessment databases: A case study on wood construction materials, Aalto University, No.794/2004, 2012

Work Package 6

Tykkä, Saana, together with by Tomas Nord, Denise McCluskey, Fahrudin Bajric, Laura Bouriaud, Mårten Hugosson, Anders Q Nyrud, Pekka Ollonqvist, Anders Roos, Kadri Ukrainski, and Kristian Bysheim (2011): Role of policies and national programs on innovations in timber frame construction, in: Weiss, G., Pettenella D., Ollonqvist P., Slee,


Final Report 20(24)

B.(eds.) (2011): Innovation and European Forestries: territorial and value chain approaches, 204-233.

Other dissemination The research work has been collected into a technical guidebook “Wood in carbon efficient construction. Assessment, tools and case studies.” The book will be published during 2013. In addition, the work packages have done the following dissemination activities:

Work Package 1

Sathre, R., Gustavsson L. and Dodoo, A. 2013. What is carbon footprint and life cycle assessment? Chapter 2.2 in: The role of wood in carbon efficient construction. Draft manuscript.

Gustavsson L., Dodoo, A., Hildegund, M. and Sathre, R. 2013. Fundamentals- greenhouse gas and primary energy balances over a building life cycle. Chapter 3 in: The role of wood in carbon efficient construction. Draft manuscript.

Dodoo, A and Sathre, R.2013. Building level methodological issues: Full carbon footprint. Chapter 4.4.2 in: The role of wood in carbon efficient construction. Draft manuscript.

Dodoo, A., and Gustavsson L., Sathre, R. 2013. Wälludden case-study building for different wood building systems. Chapter 8.2 in: The role of wood in carbon efficient construction. Draft manuscript.

Peñaloza, D. 2013. Carbon Footprint calculation methodology: Product level. Chapter 4.3 in the role of wood in carbon efficient construction. Draft manuscript.

Work Package 3

Häkkinen, Tarja, Haapio, Appu, Principles of GHG emissions assessment of wooden building products. Submitted to Journal of Sustainable building technology and urban development.

Jung, Nusrat, Häkkinen, Tarja. Needs, levels and potential of integrating CF assessments with BIMs. Project report.

Ruuska, Antti. ECO2 Carbon footprint for building products- ECO2 data for materials and products with the focus on wooden building products. Draft for VTT Technology 2013

Ruuska, Antti. Carbon footprint calculation tool for wooden buildings.

Vares, Sirje. Environmental aspects and CO2e emissions from sawn timber production (StoraEnso Oyj), VTT-CR-01788-13. 2013 (for the use of industry, summary published in ECO2 final report)

Vares, Sirje. Environmental aspects and CO2e emissions from sawn timber production (UPM), VTT-CR-01789-13. 2013 (for the use of industry, summary published in ECO2 final report)


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Häkkinen, Tarja. The assessment of embodied GHGs of buildings - tools and databases. International Holzbau-Forum Nordic. Kouvola. 2013. 4 p.

Work Package Italy

De Angelis E (2011). I benefici ambientali dell’edilizia in legno da filiera corta. Energethica National meeting. Fortezza da Basso, Firenze.

De Angelis E, Dotelli G, Iannaccone G, Pittau F, Villa N, Zampori L (2012). Analisi della filiera Legno Toscano e applicazioni pratiche. Impatto ambientale ed emissioni di CO2 connessi al processo produttivo. Consultancy report. Milano.

De Angelis E, Dotelli G, Iannaccone G, Pittau F, Villa N, Zampori L (2012). Analisi del pannello X-LAM - Legno Toscano. Impatto ambientale ed emissioni di CO2 connessi al processo produttivo. Consultancy report. Milano.


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Work Package 4

Disseminated in various German lectures

Kuittinen M (3/2013). The role of wood in environmentally sustainable construction. Presentation at conference of Latvian Wood Industry Federation. Riga, Latvia.

Kuittinen M (2/2013). Puu vähähiilisessä rakentamisessa (Wood in low carbon construction. Presentation at Finnish Green Building Council. Helsinki, Finland.

Kuittinen M (2/2013). Vähähiilisten puurakennusten suunnittelu ja toteutus (Designing and building low carbon wooden buildings). Presentation at press conference of Aalto University. Espoo, Finland.

Kuittinen M (1/2013). The role of wood in carbon efficient construction. Presentation at Aalto Wood Conference. Espoo, Finland.

Kuittinen M and Linkosalmi L (1-4 / 2013). Puurakennusten hiilijalanjäljen laskenta (Carbon footprint calculation of wooden buildings). 14 presentations at Puuinfo national roadshow. Finland, January – April 2013.

Kuittinen M (12/2012). Wood construction and resource efficiency. Presentation at ROK-FoR final conference. Brussels, Belgium.

Kuittinen M (11/2012). Puurakennusten hiilijalanjälki (Carbon footprint of wooden buildings). Presentation at Puu-päivä conference (national timber day). Helsinki, Finland.

Kuittinen M (10/2012). Bioenergy and wood construction. Presentation at North Carelian Biosphere Conference. Joensuu, Finland.

Kuittinen M (10/2012). Puukerrostalon hiilijalanjäljen laskenta (Calculation of carbon footpring of multi-storey wooden buildings). Presentation at FinnBuild conference. Helsinki, Finland.

Kuittinen M (5/2012). Puurakentamisen hiilijalanjälki ja alueelliset hiilivirrat (Carbon footprint of wood construction and regional carbon flows). Presentation at 2nd Lieksa Wood Academy Conference. Lieksa, Finland.

Kuittinen M (3-4/2012). Puu vähähiilisessä rakentamisessa (Wood in low carbon construction. Presentations at Puuinfo national roadshow. Finland, March – April 2012.

Kuittinen M (2/2012). Assessment and promotion of carbon efficient wood construction. Presentation at ROK-FoR conference. Bilbao, Spain.

Kuittinen M (6/2011). Innovative application of wood in sustainable construction. Presentation at EESC Expert Hearing. Prague, Czech Republic.

Kuittinen M (6/2011). Puu vähähiilisessä rakentamisessa (Wood in low carbon construction. Presentation at the Ministry of Employment and the Economy. Helsinki, Finland.

Project results have also been presented at annual WoodWisdom-Net conferences and at CEI-Bois general assembly and board meetings.


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Work Package 6

Presentations at International Conferences:

Ludvig, Alice (2012): Structuring Policy Measures in Carbon Efficient Wood Construction, presentation of abstract and poster at Finnish Forest Research Institute, Metla, Jonesuu, May 21, 2012, Joensuu, Finland

Tykkä, Saana and Weiss, Gerhard (2011): Policy Analysis of Sustainability in the Construction Sector in the EU, Presentation at University of Salzburg, Austrian Society for Political Science (ÖGPW) “Tag der Politikwissenschaft”, October 2011, Salzburg

Work Package Austria

Dolezal F (2013). Carbon efficient wood construction in Austria and Italy. 2. International Holzbau-Forum Nordic (IHN 13), May 2013, Kouvola

Mötzl H (2013). Ciclo di vita e EPD. Efficienza energetica e impatt ambientale. Oral presentation. Klimainfisso Bozen, 08. March 2013, Bozen

Dolezal F (2013). Eco Impact Wood-Window. Umweltwirkungen von Fensterkonstruktionen – Ergebnisse aus aktuellen Forschungsprojekten der HFA. Fenster-Türen-Treff 2013, March 2013, Baden

Dolezal F (2013). Nachhaltigkeit und Ökobilanz von Holzgebäuden. Seminar “Bauen mit Holz – Wege in die Zukunft”, pro:Holz Arbeitsgemeinschaft der österreichischen Holzwirtschaft, February 2013, Vienna

Dolezal F (2013). Austrian Research Project EcoTimber – Wood and Wood Products Used in Sustainable Building Constructions (Subproject of ECO2). BauZ! – The Vienna Congress on Sustainable Building, February 2013, Vienna

Dolezal F (2012). Der nachhaltige Holzbau im Vergleich innovativer Gebäudekonzepte. 18. Internationales Holzbau-Forum, December 2012, Garmisch

Dolezal F (2012). Entwicklungen in der Nachhaltigkeit. Zwischenergebnisse des Projektes Ecotimber. Seminar der österreichischen Parkettindustrie, June 2012, Geinberg

Dolezal F (2011). Nachhaltigkeitsnachweis und LCA für den Holzbau – aktuelle Entwicklungen und Trends. Umwelttag der Holzindustrie, November 2011, Vienna

Tykkä S, Weiss G (2011). Policy Analysis of Sustainability in the Construction Sector in the EU. Presentation at University of Salzburg, Austrian Society for Political Science (ÖGPW) “Tag der Politikwissenschaft”, October 2011, Salzburg

Dolezal F (2011). Green Property – Nachhaltiges Bauen in Holz. MHC-Architekturgespräche 2011, June 2011, Wels

Dolezal F (2011). Green Property – Gütesiegel für nachhaltiges Bauen. Windays 2011, March 2011, Biel


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Dolezal F (2011). Gütesiegel für nachhaltiges Bauen. Fenster-Türen-Treff 2011, March 2011, Villach

Dolezal F (2011). Nachhaltigkeit im Holzbau – aktuelle Entwicklungen und Tendenzen. Seminar “Aktuelle Fragen aus der angewandten Holzforschung und dem Prüfwesen” at University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, January 2011, Vienna

1.6 National and international cooperation National cooperation has taken place between research institutions and participating companies. Most of the cooperation has been international in its nature. Nine international thematic workshops have been arranged in addition to eight project and steering committee meetings. Discussions have taken place with national timber councils and forest-sector federations. On international level the main discussion partner has been CEI-Bois. Furthermore, the €CO2 project has participated into the standardization work of CEN/TC 175 WG1, which has been developing standards for the assessment of sequestration of atmospheric carbon (prEN 16449) and product category rules for environmental product declarations of wood-based construction products (prEN 16485).

Wood in carbon efficient construction - WoodWisdom-Net€¦ · Giuliana Iannaccone ... 1986...

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