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SUMMER TRAINING REPORT I

Apeejay College of Engineering Varun Chopra

Apeejay College of Engineering

Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering

Summer Training Report

Submitted by:

Name-Surname : Varun Chopra

Roll Number : 083115

Name and Location of Company : Wireless Monitoring

Organization (WMO)

Village - Ghitorni,

IMS Campus, MG Road,

New Delhi - 110062

Duration of Training : Six Weeks



SUMMER TRAINING REPORT II


CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that VARUN CHOPRA student of Bachelor of

Technology, Electronics and Communication Engineering, 3rd Year,

(APEEJAY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (SOHNA, GURGAON) has

successfully completed his 6 weeks industrial Training at Wireless

Monitoring Organization (WMO), Village - Ghitorni, IMS Campus, MG

Road, New Delhi –

110062. He has completed the whole training as per the

training Report submitted by him. The matter embodied in this thesis is

original and has not been submitted for the award of any other degree.

Training In charge:

Mr. Vishal Singh Yadav

Officer In charge, WMO

Village - Ghitorni, IMS Campus,

MG Road, New Delhi - 110062



SUMMER TRAINING REPORT III


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank Mr. Vishal Singh Yadav, my guide for the training, for

providing me with the opportunities of studying, learning and gaining

practical experience in various fields during the period of training. His

invaluable suggestions not only helped me to reach the successful

completion of the tasks assigned, but also made me learn a lot. I would like

to give special thanks to Mr. Pranaya Subbah for helping me throughout

with his wise suggestions, innovative ideas and whole-hearted help. I want

to thank Mrs. Anita Shani, Mr. Ajit Singh and all others in the department

who helped me during my work here. And finally I would like to thank the

HR my institute, College of Engineering, for giving me the opportunity to

have a precious and rewarding experience of training in the prestigious

organization of Wireless Monitoring. With profound respect and gratitude, I

take the opportunity to convey my thanks for permitting me to complete my

training here.

VARUN CHOPRA

Apeejay College Of

Engineering

Sohna, Gurgaon



SUMMER TRAINING REPORT IV


ABSTRACT

This thesis presents about WMO (Wireless Monitoring Organization) and

the technologies used in monitoring. They allocate global radio spectrum

and satellite orbits, develop the technical standards that ensure networks and

technologies seamlessly interconnect,

This report describes the summer training experience in the Wireless

Monitoring Organization at Ghitorni, New Delhi. I worked on Esmeralda

software, Spectrum Analyzer, HF and VHF receivers along with various

antennas.

In addition, I came across the wireless monitoring concept. In this report I

describe major components used in WMO and work done on them.

VARUN CHOPRA

Apeejay College Of

Engineering

Sohna, Gurgaon



SUMMER TRAINING REPORT V


DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of

my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or

written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been

accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or

other institute of higher except where due acknowledgement has been made

in the text.

Signature :

Name : Varun Chopra

Roll No. : 083115

Date :



SUMMER TRAINING REPORT A


Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION

……………………………………………………………………………………………..1

1.1 ITU

………………………………………………………………………………..……1

a) Introduction

………………………………………………………………………..……1

b) Sectors of ITU

………………………………………………………………………..……2

1. Radiocommunications

………………………………………………………………..……3

2. Standardization

………………………………………………………………..……3

3. Development

………………………………………………………………..……3

C) History of ITU

………………………………………………………………………..……4

1.2 Telecommunication in India

………………………………………………………………………………..…… 4

a) Ministry of Communication and Information Technology

………………………………………………………………………..……4

b) History behind DoT and DoP

………………………………………………………………………..……5

c) The Telecom Commission

………………………………………………………………………..……6

I Introduction

………………………………………………………………..……6



SUMMER TRAINING REPORT B


II Organizational Structure

………………………………………………………………..……

III Functions of Telecom Commission

………………………………………………………………..……7

d) Organizational Structure

………………………………………………………………………..……7

(A) Telecommunication

………………………………………………………………..……8

(B) Postal Sector: Department of Posts

………………………………………………………………..……8

(C) Information Technology

………………………………………………………………..……9

(D) Information and Broadcasting

……………………………………………………………………10

e) National Radio Regulatory Authority since 1952

……………………………………………………………………………11

2 Department of Telecommunications (WPC and WMO)

……………………………………………………………………………………………12

2.1 Introduction

……………………………………………………………………………………12

a) WPC (Wireless Planning & Coordination)

……………………………………………………………………………12

I Introduction

……………………………………………………………………12

II Functionalities of WPC

……………………………………………………………………13

b) WMO (Wireless Monitoring Organization)

……………………………………………………………………………14



SUMMER TRAINING REPORT C


I Introduction

……………………………………………………………………14

II Functionalities of WMO

……………………………………………………………………16

III Spectrum, User & WMO

……………………………………………………………………17

1) Spectrum

……………………………………………………………17

2) Relationship

……………………………………………………………18

3) Spectrum Allocated

……………………………………………………………20

IV Organizational Structure

……………………………………………………………………21

V Need for monitoring cited via Example

……………………………………………………………………22

VI Purpose of monitoring

……………………………………………………………………23

VII Parameters to be checked during monitoring

……………………………………………………………………24

VIII Steps for Monitoring

……………………………………………………………………25

IX Types of Monitoring

……………………………………………………………………27

1. Net Monitoring

……………………………………………………………27

2. Band Monitoring or Frequency Scanning

……………………………………………………………28

a) Activation Parameters for scanning:

……………………………………………………29



SUMMER TRAINING REPORT D


b) Detection Conditions:

……………………………………………………29

3. Specific or Fixed Frequency Monitoring

……………………………………………………………30

3.1 Introduction

……………………………………………………30

3.2 Parameters

……………………………………………………30

4. Mobile Monitoring

……………………………………………………………32

4.1 Broad Architecture of MMS

……………………………………………………32

4.2 Receiver Chain

……………………………………………………33

4.2.1 Antennas

……………………………………………33

4.2.2 Antennas Switches

……………………………………………35

4.2.3 Equipment Rack

……………………………………………36

3 ESMERALDA

……………………………………………………………………………………………39

3.1 Integrated station for spectrum monitoring

……………………………………………………………………………………39

3.2 Total Compliance with ITU Recommendations

……………………………………………………………………………………41

3.3 Mastering the Radioelectrical Spectrum

……………………………………………………………………………………41



SUMMER TRAINING REPORT E


3.4 Spectrum Management and monitoring interactivity

……………………………………………………………………………………42

3.5 An Efficient Solution

……………………………………………………………………………………43

3.6 A Unique Solution

……………………………………………………………………………………43

3.7 A Multipurpose Architecture

……………………………………………………………………………………45

(A) Fixed HF / VHF / UHF Stations

……………………………………………………………………45

(B) Mobile and / or semi fixed HF / VHF / UHF Stations

……………………………………………………………………46

(C) Transportable VHF / UHF Stations

……………………………………………………………………46

3.8 A Complete Software Suite

……………………………………………………………………………………47

3.8.1 LG 309: operation software for digital receivers

……………………………………………………………………………47

(a) Design

……………………………………………………………………47

(b) Features

……………………………………………………………………47

3.8.2 LG 111: operation software for direction finders

……………………………………………………………………………45

(a) Features

……………………………………………………………………48

(b) Result Windows

……………………………………………………………………49

3.9 A Modular Configuration

…………………………………………………………………………………… 51



SUMMER TRAINING REPORT F


(a) Measurement receiver

……………………………………………………………………51

(b) Two channel radio direction finding

……………………………………………………………………51

4 HF Receivers (10 KHz – 30 MHz)

……………………………………………………………………………………………53

4.1 Introduction

……………………………………………………………………………………53

4.2 Software and Methodology of latest technology HF Receivers

……………………………………………………………………………………54

a) Esmeralda LG 309 software

……………………………………………………………………………54

b) Direction finder / Locating unidentified Transmitter

……………………………………………………………………………54

I Triangulation Method

……………………………………………………………………54

II Using Yagi Antenna

……………………………………………………………………55

III Using Loop Aerial Antenna

……………………………………………………………………55

4.3 Examples

……………………………………………………………………………………56

5 VHF/UHF Receivers (30 MHz-3 GHz)

……………………………………………………………………………………………58

5.1 Introduction

……………………………………………………………………………………58

5.2 Features

……………………………………………………………………………………59

5.3 Examples

……………………………………………………………………………………60



SUMMER TRAINING REPORT G


6 Spectrum Analyzer (500 Hz - 3 GHz)

……………………………………………………………………………………………61

6.1 Introduction

……………………………………………………………………………………61

6.2 Features

……………………………………………………………………………………62

6.3 Examples

……………………………………………………………………………………63



SUMMER TRAINING REPORT A


List of Figures

FIGURE 1: ITU

SOURCE – www.itu.int

……………………………………………………………………………………………..1

FIGURE 2: Various mobile operators

SOURCE – telecomtalk.info

……………………………………………………………………………………………..3

FIGURE 3: Electromagnetic Spectrum

SOURCE – kollewin.com

……………………………………………………………………………………………21

FIGURE 4: Spectrum of Visible Light

SOURCE – loke.as.arizona.edu

……………………………………………………………………………………………21

FIGURE 5: Organizational Structure

SOURCE – WMO

……………………………………………………………………………………………21

FIGURE 6: Bandwidth

SOURCE – Self drawn

……………………………………………………………………………………………22

FIGURE 7: Cellular Networks

SOURCE – www.wikipedia.com

……………………………………………………………………………………………2 7



SUMMER TRAINING REPORT B


FIGURE 8: Instrument used in mobile monitoring

SOURCE – www.thalesgroup.com

…………………………………………………………………………………………… 32

FIGURE 9: Electronic Compass

SOURCE – www.wikipedia.com

……………………………………………………………………………………………38

FIGURE 10: Esmeralda


……………………………………………………………………………………………39

FIGURE 11: Esmeralda Hardware Setup


……………………………………………………………………………………………40

FIGURE 12: ITU Recommendations


……………………………………………………………………………………………41

FIGURE 13: Mobile Monitoring by Esmeralda

SOURCE – WMO

……………………………………………………………………………………………44

FIGURE 14: LG 309


……………………………………………………………………………………………47



SUMMER TRAINING REPORT C


FIGURE 15: LG 309


……………………………………………………………………………………………48

FIGURE 16: LG 111


……………………………………………………………………………………………49

FIGURE 17: Modular ConfigurationSOURCE – www.thalesgroup.com

…………………………………………………………………………………………… 52

FIGURE 18: HF Receivers

SOURCE – www.rohde-schwarz.com

……………………………………………………………………………………………53

FIGURE 19: Triangulation Method

SOURCE – Self

……………………………………………………………………………………………5 4

FIGURE 20: Direction Finder


……………………………………………………………………………………………56

FIGURE 21: Primitive HF Receiver


……………………………………………………………………………………………57



SUMMER TRAINING REPORT D


FIGURE 22: VHF/UHF Receivers (30 MHz-3 GHz)


……………………………………………………………………………………………60

FIGURE 23: Spectrum Analyzer (500 Hz - 3 GHz)


……………………………………………………………………………………………61

FIGURE 24: Spectrum Analyzer (500 Hz - 3 GHz)


……………………………………………………………………………………………62

FIGURE 25: Spectrum Analyzer Software

SOURCE – www.spectrumanalyzerpro.com

……………………………………………………………………………………………64



SUMMER TRAINING REPORT E


List of Illustrations

ILLUSTRATION 1


……………………………………………………………………………………………..1

ILLUSTRATION 2


……………………………………………………………………………………………..3

ILLUSTRATION 3


……………………………………………………………………………………………..3



SUMMER TRAINING REPORT F


List of Tables

TABLE 1: Spectrum Allocation

SOURCE – WMO

……………………………………………………………………………………………20

TABLE 2: Target Report

SOURCE – WMO

……………………………………………………………………………………………22



SUMMER TRAINING REPORT 1


1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 ITU (International Telecommunication Union):-

a) Introduction

ITU is the United Nations specialized agency for information and communication

technologies – ICTs.

We allocate global radio spectrum and satellite orbits, develop the technical standards

that ensure networks and technologies seamlessly interconnect, and strive to improveaccess to ICTs to underserved communities worldwide.

ITU is committed to connecting all world's people – wherever they live and whatever

their means. Through our work, we protect and support everyone's fundamental right to

communicate.

Figure 1 ITU





Illustration 1

Today, ICTs underpin everything we do. They help manage and control emergency

services, water supplies, power networks and food distribution chains. They support

health care, education, government services, financial markets, transportation systems

and environmental management. And they allow people to communicate with colleagues,

friends and family anytime, and almost anywhere.

With the help of our membership, ITU brings the benefits of modern communication

technologies to people everywhere in an efficient, safe, easy and affordable manner.

ITU membership reads like a Who’s Who of the ICT sector. We’re unique among UNagencies in having both public and private sector membership. So in addition to our 192

Member States, ITU membership includes ICT regulators, leading academic institutions

and some 700 private companies.

In an increasingly interconnected world, ITU is the single global organization embracing

all players in this dynamic and fast-growing sector.

b) Sectors of ITU

ITU has three main areas of activity organized in ‘Sectors’ which work through

conferences and meetings.





1. Radiocommunications:-

ITU's Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) coordinates this vast and growing range of radiocommunication services, as well as the international management of the radio-

frequency spectrum and satellite orbits.

Illustration 2

2. Standardization:-

ITU standards (called Recommendations) are fundamental to the operation of today’s

ICT networks. Without ITU standards you couldn’t make a telephone call or surf the

Internet. For Internet access, transport protocols, voice and video compression, home

networking.

Illustration 3

3. Development:-

ITU's Telecommunication Development Sector (ITU-D) has a programme to offer –

http://www.itu.int/itu-r







whether you are interested in entering or expanding your presence in emerging markets,

demonstrating global ICT leadership, learning how to put good policy into practice

c) History of ITU:-

ITU was founded in Paris in 1865 as the International Telegraph Union. It took its

present name in 1934, and in 1947 became a specialized agency of the United Nations.

Although its first area of expertise was the telegraph, the work of ITU now covers the

whole ICT sector, from digital broadcasting to the Internet, and from mobile technologies

to 3D TV.

1.2 Telecommunication in India:-

a) Ministry of Communication and Information Technology:-

The Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, Government of India, is

the apex body for overseeing telecommunications in the country. It is headed by a Union

Minister, who is assisted by a Minister of State and a well-established organizational base

to effectively discharge the onerous duties, functions and responsibilities of his office.

As per the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961, there are at present

three departments under the Ministry, viz.,

o The Department of Telecommunications (DoT),

o The Department of Posts (DoP) and

o The Department of Information Technology (DIT).

The Rules also lay down the distribution of subjects amongst these three departments.

The initial Order prescribing the Rules is produced in the box below.

It was signed by Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of independent India.





b) History behind DoT and DoP:-

The Indian Posts and Telegraphs Department was managed by the P&T Board headed by

its Chairman, who was also the Director General of Posts and Telegraphs (DGP&T) and

the Secretary, Ministry of Communications.

With effect from 31st

December 1984, the P&T department was divided into two

independent departments, viz.,

o The Department of Posts, and the

o Department of Telecommunications (DoT),

Both headed by respective Secretaries.

Major policy and operational decisions were to be taken by the respective Boards having

functional Members.

MTNL and VSNL

In 1986, the Overseas Communications Service was converted into Videsh Sanchar

Nigam Ltd. (VSNL), and the two key operative units of DoT – Delhi Telephones and

Bombay Telephones – into Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. (MTNL).

Both VSNL and MTNL were established under the Indian Companies Act of 1956. In

April 1989, the DoT superstructure was further modified by upgrading the Telecom

Board to the level of Telecom Commission, with the Secretary, DoT, functioning as the

Chairman of the Telecom Commission.

In March 1999 the government announced the new National Telecom Policy, called

NTP-99. As a part of the continuing process of opening up of the sector, and in pursuance

of NTP-99, the Department of Telecom Services (DTS) and Department of Telecom

Operations (DTO) were carved out from DoT in October 1999 for providing

telecommunications services in the country.





Figure 2 Various mobile operators

c) The Telecom Commission:-

I Introduction

The Telecom Commission was set up by the Government of India on April 11, 1989 with

large administrative and financial powers to effectively deal with multifarious problems

concerning growth of telecommunications. It replaced the erstwhile Telecom Board and

had a much broader mandate. A copy of the gazette notification setting up the

Commission is reproduced in Annexure B at the end of this chapter.

II Organizational Structure

The Commission continues to exist to date and comprises of a chairman, four full time

members that are ex officio secretaries to the Government of India in the Department of





Telecommunications, and four part-time members who are secretaries to the Government

of India in other departments.

The part-time members are the Secretary (Information Technology), Secretary (Finance),

Secretary (Planning Commission) and Secretary (Industrial Policy and Promotion).

The Secretary, Department of Telecommunications, as the chief executive officer of the

Department heads the Commission as its chairman.

III Functions of Telecom Commission

The major functions of Telecom Commission include:

o Formulation of telecommunications policy,

o Licensing of telecommunications services,

o Assignment, monitoring and control of wireless spectrum,

o Administrative control of telecom public sector units (PSU), research,

o Development and standardization of telecommunications equipment and techniques,

o Cooperation with various international telecommunications bodies.

NOTE:-

The financial powers of the Telecom Commission, its Chairman, and its Members are

given at the end of this chapter in Annexure C, D and E respectively.

d) Organizational Structure

(A) Telecommunication

I. Department of Telecom

Department of Telecommunications ( DOT )





Telecom Commission

Wireless Monitoring Organization ( WMO )

Wireless Planning & Co-ordination Wing(WPC)

II. Regulatory Bodies

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)

Telecom Dispute Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT)

III PSU Providing Telecom Services

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. ( BSNL )

Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd. ( MTNL )

IV Development and Manufacturing of Telecom Equipment

Indian Telephone Industries (ITI)

Telecom Engineering Centre (TEC)

Centre for Development of Telemetric (C-DOT)

(B) Postal Sector: Department of Posts

Expansion of Postal Network

Computerization of post offices (installation of MPCM), Accounts and

Administrative offices and Software Development.

Computerization and networking of Mail Offices

Up gradation of Customer Care Centre

Modernization & up gradation of VSAT system

Modernization of operative / working systems (improving ergonomics)

AMPC

Mechanization / up gradation of mail movement

Modernization / up gradation of premium products





Up gradation and promotion of philately

Training

Construction of buildings

Modernization of circle stamp depots

Computerization of international mail processing

National data centre

Research and development / studies / surveys

Establishment of express parcel post centre

e-Post

e-Bill Post New products and services including development of financial products and

services.

(C) Information Technology

I. Department of Information Technology

Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC).Department of Electronics Accredited Course on Computer (DDEACC).

Society for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering & Research (SAMEER).

Centre for Material for Electronics (CMET).

Education & Research Network (ERNET) India,

Software Technology Park of India (STPI).

Technology Development Council (TDC).

Semiconductor Complex Limited (SCL).

National Informatics Centre.

II. Strengthening of IT infrastructure in States / UT

E-governance

Community Information Centre (CIC).





(D) Information and Broadcasting

I. Ministry of Information & Broadcasting

II Prasar Bharati Corporation

All India Radio

Doordarshan

III. Information Sector

Press Information Bureau (PIB).

Publications Division

Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity (DAVP)

Song and Drama Division

Directorate of Field Publicity

Photo Division

Registrar of Newspapers for India (RNI)

Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC)

Press Council of India (PCI)

IV. Film Sector

Films Division

National Film Archives of India (NFAI)

Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute, Kolkata

Film and Television Institute of India, Pune (FTTI, Pune).

Children Film Society of India

National Film Development Corporation, Ltd.

Directorate of Film Festivals

Central Board of Film Certification





(V) Public Sector Units (PSU)

National Film Development Corporation (NFDC)Broadcast Engineering Consultants India Ltd. (BECIL)

e) National Radio Regulatory Authority since 1952

R adio Frequency Allocations for all types of radio usages

To ensure sharing of Radio Frequency Spectrum (RFS)

Mechanism:

National Frequency Allocation Plan/Specific Authorization

Licensing of ' Private' Radio Systems

Coordinated clearance of citing of 'Fixed' Radio Installations

License Fee, Spectrum Fee

Adherence to International Radio Regulations as a part of

Global sharing of RFS and Satellite Orbit

Nodal Agency interacting with International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

and he Asia Pacific Tele community (APT)

Wireless Monitoring Organization (WMO), field unit for verification by

Monitoring & Inspection of Authorized Radio Station





2. Department of Telecommunication WPC and WMO

2.1 Introduction

WPC and WMO stand for:

WPC (Wireless Planning & Coordination) and

WMO (Wireless Monitoring Organization)

These are defined under the Telecommunication Department in the ministry along

with DoT and Telecom Commission.

It works on some guidelines defined by ITU (International Telecommunication

Union).

Limit no. of frequency & spectrum to provide satisfactory services.

Responsible for Technological Advancement

Frequency for radio services etc.

Establishment In a manner not causing harmful interference to radio services and

communication.

a) WPC (Wireless Planning & Coordination): -

I Introduction:-

Telecommunication is recognized as a key factor in economic, commercial, social and

cultural activity. Radio Communication is one of the key elements in the world of





Telecommunication. Development of Telecommunication infrastructure cannot be

visualized without utilizing techniques of radio communication in one form or other.

Wireless Planning & Coordination (WPC Wing) has an important role to play in the

Telecommunication Sector.

The Wireless Planning & Coordination (WPC Wing) was created in the Ministry of

communications in 1952 as an independent, non-user agency to bring about orderly

utilization of the radio frequency spectrum in the country as well as to participate in the

work of International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

II Functionalities of WPC :-

• Ensuring proper assignment and protection to India’s recent and planned

requirements of satellite orbit positions in International forum.

• Orderly assignment of radio frequency for all users in the country.

• Protection of National radio users against interference from other countries as

per the provisions of international radio regulations of the ITU.

• Formulation of long term national frequency allocation plans (NFAP) and

policies.

• Piloting India’s proposals to take care of present and long terms interests in

international radio conferences and meetings convened by ITU from time to time .

• Enforcement of the provisions of Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 and rules there

under so for as they relate to Wireless usage.

• Investigation with ITU for International investigations on specific cases by way of

participation in International monitoring campaigns.





• Formulation and implement of national Acts/ rules in so for as its functions are

concerned.

• Conduct of examinations for pilots, Radio officers, navigators on board ship and

Aircraft as per International standards.

• Issue of equipment type approvals (ETA).

• Grant of license to Wireless stations (except receivers for broadcast reception).

• To clear sites for wireless installations.(SACFA)

• Licensing: It issues license on bound conditions that are to be followed strictly.

These conditions are formulated keeping in mind

Error free transmission

Interference

Infringement

Bandwidth Requirement

Power rating of antenna

Antenna length

Number of transmitters and receivers

Tolerance of each frequency is defined etc

b) WMO (Wireless Monitori ng Organization): -

I Introduction:-

Wireless Monitoring Organization (WMO), also setup in 1952, is responsible for

spectrum engineering, planning and allocation; frequency coordination and assignment,





administration, monitoring and enforcement of wireless licenses and is essentially the

eyes and ears of the Wireless Planning & Co-ordination (WPC) Wing in the Ministry of

Communication & IT.

WPC is divided into major sections like

o Licensing and Regulation (LR),

o New Technology Group (NTG) and

o Standing Advisory Committee on Radio Frequency Allocation (SACFA).

The last named makes recommendations on major frequency allocation issues,

Formulation of the National Frequency Allocation Plan (NFAP), and various issues

related to International Telecom Union (ITU).

It also sorts out problems referred to the Committee by various wireless users, and gives

site clearance of important wireless installations in the country.

The Wireless Monitoring Organization is the field organization of the WPC Wing. It

provides essential inspection and other technical support for spectrum management with

a view of

o Ensuring interference-free operation of all wireless networks,

o Ensuring adherence to assigned technical parameters and

o Licensing and also fulfilling the international obligations.

Recently the WPC has decentralized some of its licensing functions by creating five field

offices called the Regional Licensing Offices, with headquarters at Chennai, Delhi,

Kolkata, Shillong and Mumbai.

It’s primary task is to monitor the entire radio frequency spectrum with a view to provide

the requisite technical data and logistic support to the WPC Wing in the enforcement of

the National and International Radio Regulatory and statutory provisions for efficient

management of Radio Frequency Spectrum (RFS) and Geo-Stationary Satellite Orbit

(GSO).





This is in the interest of vital national service which, though not revenue bearing, yields

considerable indirect benefits through promoting the efficient utilization of the radio

frequency spectrum and the geostationary satellite orbit.

Effective and efficient spectrum management is the key element for ensuring the co-

existence of various radio communication networks, without causing interference to each

other. Wireless Planning and Coordination Wing (WPC Wing), Department of

Telecommunications, of the Ministry of Communications & IT is the nodal agency for

the management of radio frequency spectrum, which is a limited natural resource, so that

various radio communication networks can co-exists & function in an interference-free

radio environment.

It is essential that radio frequency spectrum is used in the most effective and efficient

manner by all radio communication users across the country, without causing interference

to each.

II Functionalities Of WMO :-

• Interference resolution

•

Enforcement of licensing conditions• Spectrum surveillance and Inspection

• Aid to spectrum planning

• Channel loading Assistance

• Assistance to national users

• Radio Regulation Board’s (ITU) monitoring campaign

• Assistance to foreign Administrations

• Unwanted/ spurious emissions

• Field strength measurements.

• Emission bandwidth measurements.

• Recording of spectrum occupancy.

• Radio direction finding

• Identification of unauthorized station.





III Spectrum, User & WMO:-

1) SPECTRUM

A spectrum (plural spectra or spectrums) is a condition that is not limited to a specific set

of values but can vary infinitely within a continuum

The word saw its first scientific use within the field of optics to describe the rainbow of

colors in visible light when separated using a prism; it has since been applied by analogy

to many fields other than optics.

Thus, one might talk about the spectrum of political opinion, or the spectrum of

activity of a drug, or the autism spectrum. In these uses, values within a spectrum may

not be associated with precisely quantifiable numbers or definitions. Such uses imply a

broad range of conditions or behaviors grouped together and studied under a single title

for ease of discussion.

Figure 3 Electromagnetic Spectrum





Figure 4 Spectrum of Visible Light

2) Relationship:

The relationship between the spectrum, the spectrum-user and the WMO is best

understood with the facts below but first let us know about spectrum.

Spectrum, like other natural resources, is characterized by quantity and quality.

Whereas the WPC Wing, the national nodal agency for the spectrum and related

matters, is solely responsible for the quantitative aspect of the spectrum, it is the

WMO which ensures the quality of spectrum in India.

From a regulatory standpoint, radio network is borne in WPC Wing, lives its entire

life in WMO, and then dies in WPC Wing.

The purpose of the WMO, on behalf of the Indian Administration, also derives from

the Preamble of the Radio Regulations of the ITU. The Preamble contains, inter alia,

the following :





• With a view to fulfilling the purposes of the International Telecommunication Union

set out in Article 1 of the Constitution, these Regulations have the following

objectives:

To facilitate equitable access to and rational use of the natural resources of the radio-

frequency spectrum and the geostationary-satellite orbit;

To ensure the availability and protection from harmful interference of frequencies

provided for distress and safety purposes;

To assist in the prevention and resolution of cases of harmful interference between

the radio services of different administrations;

To facilitate the efficient and effective operation of all radio communication services;

To provide for and, where necessary, regulate new applications of radio

communication technology.

Note:-

WMO basically keeps check on the licensee that the specifications are same as defined in

the license.

Amateur band

License is required for this band.

This proves to be very helpful in case of some disaster conditions when all means of

communication is disrupted.





3) Spectrum Allocated :-

Table 1 Spectrum Allocation

Radio Access 9 – 14 KHz

Mobile (Distress Calling) 495 – 505 KHz

Broadcasting 535 – 1605.5 KHz

Maritime mobile

2065.0 – 2107.0 KHz2170.0 - 2178.5 KHz

2190.5 – 2194.5 Khz

Fixed, Mobile broadcasting 610 – 806 KHz

Mobile, fixed broadcasting 890 – 960 KHz

Mobile satellite 942 – 960 KHz

Radio Location 1350 – 1400 KHz

Mobile, fixed space operations and research 1710 – 1930 KHz

Amateur band People who research professionally

ISM (Industrial scientific Band) Vacant for research/study





IV Organizational Structure:-

Figure 5 Organizational Structure





V Need for monitoring cited via example:-

It is needed for efficient radio communication.

Communication can also be classified as

o Communication in which public is involved

E.g. Mobile Network, Radio Broadcasting etc

o Communication inn which public is not involved

E.g. Aircraft landing etc.

In both the cases the monitoring is needed as any problem in any of them cannot be

negotiated.

Example:-

Problem:-

In Tata CDMA noise occurs due to interference due to cable operator i.e. in the CDMA

band.

Table 2 Target Report

Site ID LOCATION Latitude Longitude

xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

Basic Instrument used:

Rohde and Schwarz Miniport Receiver EB200 and Gunn Antenna.

Source:-

Channel with Video Signal at 836.5 MHz and Audio Signal at 839.250 MHz. This

interferes with the CDMA band allocated to the Tata.





Reason:-

This problem occurs mainly due to booster or amplifier and also from improper

insulation.

The cable operators are permitted to transmit information in the cables only and not in the

outer space.

Basically it originates from the leakage of current from the cables into the space

interfering with the frequencies allocated causing problem.

Signal Strength: -

Here the channel refers to the interfering channel of cable operator in CDMA Band.

Channel OFF - (2 to 4) db

Channel ON + 22 db

Solution:-

Proper insulation is required i.e. either by covering the booster or amplifier or by taping

the stray wires.

An alternative approach can be used and the channel can be closed.

VI Purpose of monitoring:-

Occupancy / Vacancy of the band monitored.

Error free transmission.

To ensure there should be no unwanted/ spurious emissions.





.

VII Parameters to be checked during monitoring:-

SS ( Signal Strength)

Frequency

Occupied Bandwidth

Bandwidth measurement method is standardized by ITU as shown below in the

diagram i.e. measured 26 db below the peak value.

Figure 6 Bandwidth

Emission

Type M – Modulation Technique

Type S – Signal Nature

Type I – Information





Example:-

Examples of emission are as follows:

F3E F - Frequency Modulation

3 – Single channel analog information

E - Broadcasting

A3E A - Amplitude Modulation

3 – Single channel analog information

E - Broadcasting

6KA3E 6 KHz BW

6KSA3E 6 KHz BW Single sideband

Note: -

In broadcasting always 3 is used i.e. single channel analog information.

VIII Steps for Monitoring:-

Following are the steps for monitoring :-

1. Go close to the original transmitter.

2. Check noise.

3. Trace Noise.

4. Correction of the noise.





NOTE:-

WORKING AT WMO:

Target Strategy:-

Target strategy is employed i.e. each employee is given targets from MoT in such away

that each frequency allotted is checked periodically

.

Reports:

The reports are formulated and enclose information about following:

Licensed Instruments

These are the instruments which are covered under the license.

Unlicensed Instruments

This includes the instruments which are applied for the license but awaits permission

from WPC.

Non Authorized Instruments

These are the instruments which are used without any license and prone a problem for

licensed customer.

Example:-

FM frequency allocated to Radio Mirchi is 98.3 MHz and bandwidth of 180 KHz.

Low power transmitter and receiver are used when low range is required.





IX Types of Monitoring:-

1. Net Monitoring:-

It gives information about country and area of mobile. It uses ARFCN Absolute

radio-frequency channel number , BTS ID Base Transceiver Station Identification

Number , CC Country Code and LAC Local Area Code.

In a cellular radio system, a land area to be supplied with radio service is divided into

regular shaped cells, which can be hexagonal, square, circular or some other irregular

shapes, although hexagonal cells are conventional.

Figure 7 Cellular Network

The group of frequencies can be reused in other cells, provided that the same frequencies

are not reused in adjacent neighboring cells as that would cause co-channel interference.

We get to know about the area of the mobile network usage BTS ID and approximate

location can be found out.





2. Band /Fr equency scanni ng Monitoring: -

Conducting a search for signals over a band or range of frequencies by means of a

manually or automatically tuned receiver.

Frequency scanning may be used to enable radar to transmit on a clear frequency, i.e., a

no-interference frequency, by searching a frequency band and then tuning the system to a

clear portion of that band.

Following parameters are involved:

Sub-range Number

Minimum frequency

Maximum frequency

Name

Detection threshold

Scanning step/Detection filter

Scanning type

Validity

Antenna

Note:

The tuning rate, i.e., the frequency change rate, may be fixed or variable, or it may be

performed mechanically at low speed or electronically at high speed.

Memory scanning :-

It is same as frequency scanning as far as parameters are concerned. The only difference

lies in its modes and the fact that the channels are stored in memory and can be accessed

easily whenever required. There are parameters and modes predefined by ITU. These are

discussed briefly here.

http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-004/_0527.htm


















a) Activation Parameters for scanning:

Modes supported:-

o Manual mode:

Memory scanning is interrupted as soon as level fulfilling the detection conditions

is detected; the scanning is resumed at the operator request.

o Infinite stay time mode:


is detected; the scanning is resumed at the hold time defined by the operator.

o Semi automatic mode:


is detected; the scanning is resumed at the dwell time defined by the operator.

o Rated mode:

Memory scanning is interrupted on each screened channel; the scanning is

resumed at the dwell time defined by the operator.

o Automatic mode:

This mode is quicker to acquire and display level data. Operator cannot intervene

in this mode.

Dwell time:-

It is used when monitoring is in the rated or semi automatic mode.

Hold time:-

It is used when monitoring is in the Infinite stay time mode.

Antenna:-

It is selected by antenna switching unit controlled directly via PC.





b) Detection Condi tions:-

Detection on a minimum level .

MIN THRESHOLD value is used.

Detection on a threshold range.

Between MIN THRESHOLD and MAX THRESHOLD

S/N correction

In semi automatic mode only

3. Specifi c/Fi xed fr equency Monitori ng:-

3.1 Introduction

In this mode, the receiver is set to a frequency. The user can modify the parameters to

improve listening or to change the frequency.

3.2 Parameters

Parameters which can be altered are:

o Tuning frequency

o Squelch and squelch threshold

It is used to deactivate the audio outputs when the signal level is lower than the squelch

threshold.





o Demodulation

It depends on frequency band. E.g. 88.0 MHz to 108.0 MHz is allotted to FM.

o RF Head

It depends on the band and therefore the frequency entered

o Beat frequency oscillator

Settings authorized for special emissions like A1A etc.

o IF Filter

Listening filter depending upon the band





4. Mobile Monitoring:-

The mobile monitoring system has been constructed on a Swaraj Mazda vehicle. The

vehicle has been divided into various isolated sections to achieve the monitoring

objectives.

Figure 8 Instrument used in mobile monitoring

4.1 Broad Archi tecture of MMS (Mobil e Monitori ng System) :-

4.1.1 Operators Cabin

It houses GPS receiver. Antenna switches, UPS, air conditioning unit, a mast for

installing antenna and storage compartment for storing various antennas.

4.1.2 Diesel Generator Cabin

It houses a mast and a 7.5 KVA diesel generator.





4.1.3 Dr ivers Cabin

It has air conditioning unit and also a LCD screen connected with operators cabin LCD.

4.2 Receiver Chain

4.2.1 Antennas

ANT184A:

Range: 20 Hz –

3 GHz

It is a direction finder antenna housed on the top of the mast. Only used when vehicle is

stationary i.e. the mast is lowered while moving.

It consists of two concentric arrays with five pentagonal structure dipoles.

The direction finder principle works on interferometry principle i.e.

The difference in phase of incident wave is result of the difference in the path of wave.

This difference in path depend upon two parameters

o Distance between the antenna, and

o Incidence angle of incoming wave

NOTE:

Movement of mast is based on the same principle as hydraulic lift.





RN2134:

Range: 20 MHz – 500MHz

It is a passive directional cross log periodic antenna (vertical as well as horizontal

polarization). It has 64 elements which have to be served manually to a fish – bone

structure. This fish bone structure , in turn has to be attached to the rear mast each time

monitoring has to be carried out.

RN2135:


It is also a passive directional cross log periodic antenna (vertical as well as horizontal

polarization).

The difference between RN2134 and RN2135 is that RN2135 is encased in a fiber

cylinder to protect against humidity, dust, and damage. A reflector has been added in the

front of the antenna to increase its gain also a LNA is attached for both H/V polarizations.

RN4202:


It is a horizontally polarized Omni-directional passive antenna.

RN4301:

Range: 500 MHz – 3 GHz

It is a horizontally polarized Omni-directional passive antenna.





RN1034:


This bi-conical antenna is a vertically polarized Omni-directional passive antenna.

RN1029:


It is a vertically polarized Omni-directional passive antenna.

RN4206-9F:

Range: 9 KHz – 30 MHz (VLF/LF/HF/VHF)

20 MHz – 3000 MHz (VHF/UHF)

T his is a VLF/LF/HF/VHF active vertically polarized Omni directional antenna.

GPS Antenna:

This antenna is connected to the GPS receiver and is not used for monitoring.

4.2.2 Antenna Switches

Antenna switches and its description:





AEA192

It is a two channel antenna switching unit connected to the base of direction finder

antenna. It enables to select one of the antenna sub ranges and then to switch a dipole

base to a receiver.

It generates a test signal to test the whole direction finding equipment.

Switching unit is broken down according to the operation of the sub assemblies:

o The 20/700 MHz selector

o The 700/3000 MHz selector

o The amplification output selector

o The test oscillator

AEA192

This unit is housed in the equipment rack and designed to accommodate switching

modules. The switching unit is particularly suited to receiving applications requiringeither remote or manual selection.

4.2.3 Equipment Rack

REC 108:

It is a two to three channel multi – range receiver used by the Direction Finder and

monitoring receiver.

When used as Direction Finder receivers, it receives signals from antennas, filters them

and changes them into the acquisition frequencies used by the radio direction finders.

When used as monitoring receiver, it ensures reception ad measurements as per ITU

standards.





Industrial computer:

It runs on WIN NT (sp6) Operating System and has all the s/w necessary to acquire,

display and demodulate data. Its major elements are:

o Qsharc Caraibe and Qsharc Biac:

It is a signal processing board. It performs direction finding processing such as spectrum

analysis and retrieval of the transmissions required by the Direction Finder

functionalities.

Cal Unit:

It’s an antenna Control and Power supply unit. It processes antenna signal sent to a

Direction Finder Receiver. Its main tasks are:

o To receive VHF/UHF signal intended for the Direction Finder Receiver.

o To Power the antenna switching unit and the active antenna, and

o

To Receiver control signal from the Direction Finder Receiver and send them back to the antenna and switching unit

GPS Receiver:

It uses constellation of 24 satellites and determines the approx. position

(longitude/latitude and altitude) on earth.

Electronic Compass:

It has an outdoor unit connected to PC. It informs the Direction Finder of the angle

formed by the reference axis of the antenna and true North direction.





Figure 9 Electronic Compass

Software used is Esmeralda - LG 309 and LG 111.





3 ESMERALDA:-

Figure 10 Esmeralda

3.1 Integrated station for spectrum monitoring:-

• A unique solution for automatic spectrum monitoring (9 KHz – 3 GHz)

• Compliant with to the latest ITU recommendations and Spectrum Monitoring

Handbook, edition 2002

• Automatic spectrum monitoring missions

• Reliable and accurate technical measurements and radio finding

• Multipurpose and modular: autonomous station or network remotely controlled stations





• Antennas perfectly adapted to each configuration

• Signal analysis and transmissions identification

Figure 11 Esmeralda Hardware Setup





3.2 TOTAL COMPLI ANCE WITH I TU RECOMMENDATIONS

Figure 12 ITU Recommendations

3.3 ESMERALDA: MASTERING THE RADIOELECTRICAL SPECTRUM

Born of THALES Communications expertise as designer, integrator and manufacturer of

equipment and Radioelectrical Spectrum Management and Monitoring systems,

ESMERALDA is the solution to the challenge of controlling radioelectrical

transmissions, classical as well as modern (TDMA, CDMA, OFDM, frequency hoppers),no longer detectable by classical measurement tools.





3.4 SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT AND MONI TORING INTERACTIVI TY

■ Preparation of automated spectrum monitoring missions and processing of results,

linked with any existing spectrum management administrative and technical database,

■ Execution of automated spectrum monitoring missions

■ Direction finding and location by triangulation, from monitoring or management centre

or from the ESMERALDA stations upon execution of automated missions





3.5 AN EFFI CIENT SOLUTION:

ESMERALDA offers a complete range of automated missions for optimum effectiveness

of spectrum monitoring systems,

■ Systematic control of transmitters

■ Occupancy rate by transmitters

■ Occupancy rate by frequency

■ Specific frequency surveillance

■ Search for unknown transmitters

■ Channel analysis (manual mission)

■ Television measurements

■ Field measurements along the route (mobile station)

3.6 A UNI QUE SOLUTI ON

■ Interceptor/ fast direction finder

■ High performance digital receiver

■ Spectrum analyzer





■ Spectrum occupancy analyzer

Figure 13 Mobile Monitoring by Esmeralda

■ Real time decoder for data transmissions

■ Frequency meter

■ Field strength analyzer

■ Modulation analyzer

■ Signal vector analyzer

■ Wide band interference analyzer





■ Audio recorder

■ Wide Band digital RF signal

■ TV demodulation and display

■ Edition of reports

3.7 A MULTIPURPOSE ARCHI TECTURE

Thanks to its compact and modular structure, ESMERALDA is adapted to every

necessary configuration of a

spectrum monitoring system: a dedicated antenna for each configuration, identical

functional capacities.

Fixed HF / VHF / UHF Stations:





This configuration may be completed by monitoring antennas (omnidirectional or

directional) for horizontally polarized transmissions.

B) Mobile and / or semi fixed HF / VHF / UHF Stations:

ESMERALDA can be integrated in a wide range of vehicle (4 wheel drive, vans, etc.)

including GPS receiver, magnetic compass as well as numerous options: remote

exploitation from the passenger front seat for homing application, alternator integrated

into the vehicle engine or independent power supply, additional air conditioning, etc.

C) Transportable VHF / UHF Stations:





3.8 A COMPLETE SOFTWARE SUITE:

3.8.1 LG 309: operation software for digital receivers

a) Design

It is designed to control and operate a station which consists of:

A digital receiver

An associated antenna network

A calibration generator

Antenna switches connected to the equipment.

b) Features

Features:

■ Reception/ listening-in

■ Fixed frequency monitoring

■ Supports Frequency and Memory scanning

Figure 14 LG 309

■ Transmissions demodulation / filtering





■ ITU measurements operation

■ Graphical and textual displays to take full advantage of the richness of acquired and

measured data

■ Automatic spectrum monitoring missions

■ Real time decoding of data transmissions

Figure 15 LG 309

3.8.2 LG 111: operation software for direction finders

a) Features

Features:

■ Local operation of radio direction finders

■ Homing for mobile stations

■ Single Station Location (SSL) for direction finders in HF range

■ Graphical and textual displays to take full advantage of the richness of acquired and

measured data

■ Remote operation





Figure 16 LG 111

b) Result Windows

Widely used result windows and its description:

Numeric Result Window:

It displays the direction finding data, information contained in this window:

Azimuth

Elevation

Frequency

Power level

Duration

Number of measurement

Quality mark





Frequency/Azimuth view:

This view may be accessed in fixed frequency and frequency scanning modes and is used

to display direction finding results in Cartesian form i.e.

o Azimuth on Y axis, and

o Frequency on X axis.

Amplitude Spectrum view:

This view represents spectrum of the signal received in the elementary acquisition range.

Frequency Histogram view:

It represents histograms that are elaborated according to the frequencies o which direction

finding results are computed. It allows quick look at the frequencies.

Homing view:

It is used in a moving vehicle. It is in fact a histogram polar view that highlights the level

and direction changes of the signal listed.





3.9 A MODULAR CONFIGURATION:

ESMERALDA, (standard configuration) integrates a measurement receiver coupled to

a radio direction finder:

♦ A) Measurement receiver:

Digital technology with numerous filters and demodulators

♦ B) Two channel radio direction finding

It ensures a high stability of measures, thanks to the automatic compensation of drifts of

the two channels and an entirely digital process.

High measurement precision, guaranteed by systematic calibration, fixed configurations

as well as for mobile configurations:

Note:

Announced performances are field proven.





Figure 17 Modular Configuration





4 HF Receiver (10 KHz – 30 MHz) :-

4.1 Introduction

Threshold voltage can be set along with it the signal strength can be displayed in

either dbuV or dbmv

Frequency and bandwidth are set.

Latest HF Receiver based on Esmeralda software shows the spectrum and also

operations like frequency scanning and memory scanning can be performed

accurately.


Rohde and Schwarz VLF – HF Emfanger Receiver EK070

Figure 18 HF Receiver





4.2 Software and Methodology of latest technology HF Receivers -

a) Esmeralda LG 309 software

Latest technology HF Receiver serving Monitoring Purposes (Spectrum/Bandwidth

parameters) already discussed before.

b) Direction finder / Locating unidentified Transmitter

It is used for finding out the signal direction i.e. North, South etc.

Direction finding (DF) refers to the establishment of the direction from which a received

signal was transmitted. This can refer to radio or other forms of wireless communication.

I Triangulation Method

By combining the direction information from two or more suitably spaced receivers (or a

single mobile receiver), the source of a transmission may be located in space

via triangulation.

A

B C

Figure 19 Triangulation Method

Its location is found out by approximation i.e. by taking various readings and

approximating its location as shown in figure above.





II Using Yagi Antenna

Direction finding often requires an antenna that is directional (more sensitive in certain

directions than in others). Many antenna designs exhibit this property. For example,

a Yagi antenna has quite pronounced directionality, so the source of a transmission can

be determined simply by pointing it in the direction where the maximum signal level is

obtained. However, to establish direction to great accuracy requires much more

sophisticated techniques.

II Using Loop Aerial Antenna

A simple form of directional antenna is the loop aerial . This consists of an open loop

of wire on an insulating former, or a metal ring that forms the antenna elements itself,

where the diameter of the loop is a tenth of a wavelength or smaller at the target

frequency.

Such an antenna will be least sensitive to signals that are normal to its face

and most responsive to those meeting edge-on, this due to the antenna sensing the

difference between the voltages induced either side of it at any instant because of the

phase output of the transmitting beacon.

Turning the loop face on will not induce any current flow: think of the radio wave

slipping through the loop. Simply turning the antenna to obtain minimum signal will

establish two possible directions from which the signal could be emanating.

The NULL is used, as small angular deflections of the loop aerial near its null positions produce larger changes in current than similar angular changes near the loops max

positions. For this reason, a null position of the loop aerial is used.





Figure 20 Direction Finder

NOTE :-

The Receiver is portable and hence the readings can be taken easily.

The location output is displayed as latitude and longitude when two antennas are

used and their delta mean is calculated.

4.3 Examples:-

Wave Based:-

1. Medium Wave :- 819.0 Khz Delhi

2. Short Wave :- 4860.0 Khz Delhi





Emissions based:-

1. A1A Emission – Morse code

2. A3 - Emission – LSB

3. A3 + Emission – USB

Figure 21 Primitive HF Receiver

External Service Frequency Schedule:-

Thai AM 17740.00 Khz

Tamil AM 13795.00 Khz

Russian AM 15140.00 Khz

Persian AM 17845.00 Khz

Arabic AM 17965.00 Khz

NOTE:-

CW takes only 300 Hz bandwidth but still is not widely used as it is time consuming.





5 VHF/UHF Receiver (30 MHz-3 GHz) :-

5.1 Introduction

The device driver allows the Rohde & Schwarz EB200 Miniport Receiver to be used with

Radio Control.

The VFO mode (i.e. the "CW/Fixed" mode),

the up- and download of memory channels and

the device-internal scan and search function (M-SCAN and F-SCAN) are supported

In addition, care has been taken during device driver development to fully support

the concurrent control feature of the EB200, which allows simultaneous control of the

radio device, e.g. by the user via the radio device's front panel and Radio Control, or by

more than one application.

To achieve this aim, the device driver handles the events sent by the EB200 and forwards

state and value changes to Radio Control which can then react accordingly.

For example, when the user enters a new frequency or starts the scanner directly on the

radio device, Radio Control immediately reacts by displaying the newly entered

frequency, or by switching into scan mode






Rohde and Schwarz Miniport Receiver EB200

Figure 22 VHF/UHF Receivers (30 MHz-3 GHz)

5.2 Features:-

These receivers available are portable in nature.

It includes features like squelching, attenuation and level set etc.

SquelchingMuting of Noise Signal

Level Set Peak level, avg. level, etc

Bandwidth range varies from 0.15Khz to 150 KHz and can is used for AM, FM, CW,

USB, LSB, Pulse modulation techniques.

AFC circuits are used.

Frequency scanning can be done i.e. scanning of frequency channels between given

frequency range.





Memory scanning can be done i.e. scanning of frequency channels between given

frequency range and storing them in memory and recalling them whenever required.

Latest UHF/VHF Receiver based on Esmeralda software shows the spectrum and

also operations like frequency scanning and memory scanning can be performed

accurately.

Same software is used i.e. Esmeralda but the difference comes in their range.

5.3 Example:-

Scanning between 88.0 MHz and 108.0 MHz will give channels like Radio City, Radio

Mirchi etc

Scanning of Maritime Distress and Calling band between 495 MHz to 505.5 MHz.





6 Spectrum Analyzer (500 Hz - 3 GHz) :-

6.1 Introduction

A spectrum analyzer measures the magnitude of an input signal versus frequency within

the full frequency range of the instrument. The primary use is to measure the power of

the spectrum of known and unknown signals

The input signal a spectrum analyzer measures is electrical, however, spectral

compositions of other signals, such as acoustic pressure waves and optical light waves,

can be considered through the use of an appropriate transducer.

By analyzing the spectra of electrical signals

o Dominant frequency,

o power,

o distortion,

o harmonics,

o bandwidth, and

Other spectral components of a signal can be observed that are not easily detectable

in time domain waveforms.

These parameters are useful in the characterization of electronic devices, such as wireless

transmitters. The display of a spectrum analyzer has frequency on the horizontal axis and

the amplitude displayed on the vertical axis. To the casual observer, a spectrum analyzer

looks like an oscilloscope and, in fact, some lab instruments can function either as anoscilloscope or a spectrum analyzer.





Figure 23 Spectrum Analyzer (500 Hz - 3 GHz)


E4470B Spectrum Analyzer

6.2 Features

These receivers available are portable in nature.

It is used for viewing the signals present in a band. Say we take Maritime distress and

calling i.e. (495 – 505) MHz and can keep check by viewing the spectrum.

Alignment cable is used to align the spectrum analyzer to the antenna.

Provision of RBW (Resolution Bandwidth) for better visualizing as required. It

basically filters bandwidth set from energy plot

Attenuation and Amplification values can also be altered.





Figure 24 Spectrum Analyzer (500 Hz - 3 GHz)

6.3 Example

As seen in the diagram below the spectrum analyzers software are available like

Esmeralda which shows the entire spectrum. Hence monitoring becomes easy for any

given channel.

Let us take Maritime Distress and calling for example:-

Range

It is defined in the range 495 MHz - 505.5 MHz

Parameters

We define the parameters involved like

UPPER AND LOWER FREQUENCY VALUE

We set the upper and lower bandwidth as 505.5 MHz and 495.0 MHz respectively.





STEP:

It refers to the step size an i.e. interval after which channel is searched or signal is

processed.

Other parameters are similar to the previous ones like emission etc..

Then by watching at the spectrum we can easily identify channels in this band

corresponding to the peaks

.

Figure 25 Spectrum Analyzer Software





NOTE:

Basic difference in Esmeralda and Spectrum Analyzer

Esmeralda is defined in time domain whereas Spectrum Analyzer is defined in

frequency domain.



SUMMER TRAINING REPORT VI


CONCLUSION

The most significant part of my training is that I was able to experience

variety of work done at WMO. They allocate global radio spectrum and

satellite orbits, develop the technical standards that ensure networks and

technologies seamlessly interconnect. Monitoring is done 24X7 round the

clock and its necessity is understood. I worked on Esmeralda software,Spectrum Analyzer, HF and VHF receivers along with various antennas.

I came across the wireless monitoring concept. In this report I describe

major components used in WMO and work done on them.



SUMMER TRAINING REPORT VII

REFERENCES

Communication Systems by Sanjay Sharma

Communication Systems by Singh & Sapre

www.itu.int

telecomtalk.info

kollewin.com

loke.as.arizona.edu

www.wikipedia.com

www.thalesgroup.com

www.rohde-schwarz.com

http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/my%20doc/Downloads/www.itu.int


http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/my%20doc/Downloads/telecomtalk.info


http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/my%20doc/Downloads/kollewin.com


http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/my%20doc/Downloads/loke.as.arizona.edu


http://www.wikipedia.com/


http://www.thalesgroup.com/


http://www.rohde-schwarz.com/









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